05 - HPW 13 Ism 02 Ii PDF

Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs
ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis
43. As price increases, quantity supplied increases; p

is a function of q.
38. Domain: all positive real numbers

Range: all real numbers > 1
10
f(x)
50
4
10
1
x
3
10
30
210
44. As price decreases, quantity increases; p is a

function of q.
39. From the vertical-line test, the graphs that

represent functions of x are (a), (b), and (d).
25
40. From the horizontal line test, the graphs which

represent one-to-one functions of x are (c) and
(d).
41. Let y = credit card balance.
Then y = 9200 325x.
9200
28.31 the time to pay
If y = 0, then x =
325
off the debt (29 months).
If x = 0, then y = 9200the amount originally
owed.
5
q
25
45. 1000 y
42. The cost of an item as a function of the time of

day, x is
9, if 10:30 A.M. x < 2 : 30 P.M.
8, if 2:30 P.M. x < 4 : 30 P.M.
y = 13, if 4:30 P.M. x < 6 : 00 P.M.

18, if 6:00 P.M. x < 8 : 00 P.M.
13, if 8:00 P.M. x 10:00 P.M.
300
46.
14
x
21
y
4
Cost (dollars)
20
16
4 5
12
8
x
12
47. 0.39
4
10 12 2 4 6 8 10
A.M.
P.M.
48. 0.50, 0.57
49. 0.61, 0.04

50. 0.62, 1.73, 4.65
51. 1.12
52. No real zeros
53. 1.70, 0
54. 0.49, 0.52, 1.25
78
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.
Section 2.6
25
55.
15
a.
maximum value of f(x): 19.60
b.
minimum value of f(x): 10.86
56.
35
59.
a.
maximum value of f(x): 28
b.
range: (, 28]
c.
real zeros: 4.02, 0.60
60.
1
a.
b.
57. 6
a.
range: (, )
b.
intercepts: (0, 0.29), (1.03, 0)
c.
real zero: 1.03
61. 35
3
a.
maximum value of f(x): 5
b.
minimum value of f(x): 4
58.
10
a.
range: ( , )
b.
intercepts: (1.73, 0), (0, 4)
5
15
a.
b.
c.
range: [18.68, 34.21]
d.
no intercept
Problems 2.6
1. y = 5x
Intercepts: If y = 0, then 5x = 0, or x = 0; if x = 0,
then y = 5 0 = 0.
Testing for symmetry gives:
x-axis:
y = 5x
y = 5x
y-axis:
y = 5(x) = 5x
origin:
y = 5(x)
y = 5x
79
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then b = 5a, and

1
a = b 5b for all b, so (b, a) is not
5
on the graph.
b = 3 a a3 for all a, so (b, a) is not

on the graph.
Answer: (0, 0); symmetry about origin
then y = 02 4 = 4 .
y = x2 4
5. 25 x 2 + 144 y 2 = 169
y = x2 + 4
y = ( x) 2 4
Intercepts: If y = 0, then 25 x 2 = 169, x 2 =

so x =
y = x2 + 4
a = b + 4 b 2 4 for all b, so
(b, a) is not on the graph.
Answer: (2, 0), (0, 4); symmetry about y-axis
x-axis:
3. 2 x 2 + y 2 x 4 = 8 y
Intercepts: If y = 0, then
y-axis:
2 x 2 + ( y ) 2 x 4 = 8 ( y )
25( x )2 + 144 y 2 = 169
25a 2 + 144b2 = 169, and

1
a 2 = (169 144b2 ). (b, a) on
25
2( x)2 + y 2 ( x)4 = 8 y
2 x2 + y2 x4 = 8 y
2( x)2 + ( y ) 2 ( x)4 = 8 ( y )
2
25 x 2 + 144( y )2 = 169
25 x 2 + 144 y 2 = 169
origin:
Since the graph has symmetry about
x- and y-axes, there is also symmetry
about the origin.
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then
2 x2 + y2 x4 = 8 + y
origin:
13
;
5
25 x 2 + 144 y 2 = 169
2 x 2 = 8, x 2 = 4, or x = 2;
if x = 0, then 0 = 8 y, so y = 8.
y-axis:
169
,
25
169
, and
If x = 0, then 144 y 2 = 169, y 2 =
144
13
y= .
12
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then b = a 2 4, and
x-axis:
x = ( y )3
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then a = b3 , and
0 = x 4 = ( x + 2)( x 2) , or x = 2; if x = 0,
origin:
x = y3
x = y3
y = ( x)2 4 = x 2 4
y-axis:
origin:
2. y = f ( x) = x 2 4
y-axis:
x = ( y )3 = y3
x = y3
Answer: (0, 0); symmetry about origin
x-axis:
x-axis:
graph, then 25b 2 + 144a 2 = 169 and

1
a2 =
(169 25b 2 )
144
1
(169 144b2 )
25
for all b, so (b, a) and (a, b) are not
always both on the graph. Not
symmetric about y = x.
13
13
Answer: , 0 , 0, symmetry about
12
5

x-axis, y-axis, and origin.
2 4
2x + y x = 8 + y
2a 2 + b 2 a 4 = 8 b, but
2b2 + a 2 b4 = 8 a will not
necessarily be true, so (b, a) is not on
the graph.
4. x = y 3
Intercepts: If y = 0, then x = 0; if x = 0, then
0 = y 3 , so y = 0.
80
Section 2.6
6. y = 57
Intercepts: Because y 0, there is no
x-intercept; if x = 0, then y = 57.
x-axis:
(y) = 57
y = 57
y = 57
y-axis:
origin:
(y) = 57
y = 57
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then b = 57, but a can
be any value, so (b, a) = (57, a) is not
necessarily on the graph.
Answer: (0, 57); symmetry about yaxis
x-axis:
x = y 4
y-axis:
origin:
x = ( y ) 4
x = y 4
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then a = b4 and

b = (a)1/ 4 a 4 for all a, so
Answer: no intercepts; symmetry about x-axis
10. y = x 2 36
x 2 36 = 0,
x 2 36 = 0, x 2 = 36, so x = 6;
if x = 0, then y = 36 , which has no real root.
x-axis:
y = x 2 36
y = x 2 36
8. y = 2 x 2
y-axis:
Intercepts: If y = 0, then 2 x = 2, 2 x = 2,
y = ( x) 2 36
y = x 2 36
x = 1, so x = 1; if x = 0, then y = 2.
origin:

x-axis:
y = 2x 2
y = ( x)2 36
y = x 2 36 .
y = 2x + 2
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then b = a 2 36 or
y = 2( x) 2
b2 = a 2 36 and
y = 2x 2
origin:
x = y 4
x = y 4
7. x = 2
Intercepts: If y = 0, then x = 2; because x 0,
there is no y-intercept.
x-axis:
x = 2
y-axis:
x = 2
x=2
origin:
x = 2
x=2
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then a = 2, but b can
be any value, so (b, a) = (b, 2) is not
necessarily on the graph.
Answer: (2, 0); symmetry about x-axis
y-axis:
x = ( y ) 4
a 2 = b2 + 36 b2 36 for all b, so
Answer: (6, 0); symmetry about y-axis
y = 2( x) 2
y = 2x + 2
11. x 4 y y 2 + 21 = 0
Intercepts: If y = 0, then x + 21 = 0, so x = 21;
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then b = 2a 2 and
b+2
2b 2 for all b, so
2
a=
if x = 0, then 4 y y 2 + 21 = 0,
y 2 + 4 y 21 = 0, (y + 7)(y 3) = 0, so y = 7 or
y = 3.
9. x = y 4
Intercepts: Because y 0, there is no
1
x-intercept; if x = 0, then 0 =
, which has
y4
no solution.
x-axis:
x 4( y ) ( y )2 + 21 = 0
x + 4 y y 2 + 21 = 0
81
( x) 4 y y 2 + 21 = 0
y-axis:
x 4 y y 2 + 21 = 0
( x) 4( y ) ( y ) 2 + 21 = 0
origin:
y=
a 4b b 2 + 21 = 0 and
a = b2 + 4b 21, but
a=
b = a + 4a 21 will not necessarily

be true, so (b, a) is not on the graph.
Answer: (21, 0), (0, 7), (0, 3); no symmetry
12. x 2 + xy + y 3 = 0
if x = 0, then y 2 = 0, so y = 0.
x-axis: x + x( y ) + ( y ) = 0
x 2 xy y 3 = 0
x 2 + x ( y ) + ( y )2 = 0
x-axis:
y-axis: ( x)2 + ( x) y + y 3 = 0
x 2 xy + y 2 = 0
x xy + y = 0
( x)2 + ( x) y + y 2 = 0
y-axis:
( x)2 + ( x)( y ) + ( y )3 = 0
x 2 xy + y 2 = 0
x + xy y = 0
x 2 + xy + y 2 = 0
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then a 2 + ab + b2 = 0
b2 + ab + a3 = 0 will not necessarily

be true, so (b, a) is not on the graph.
Answer: (0, 0); no symmetry.
and b2 + ba + a 2 = 0, so (b, a) is on
the graph.
Answer: (0, 0); symmetry about origin,
symmetry about y = x
x3 2 x 2 + x
x2 + 1
x3 2 x 2 + x x( x 1)2
=
= 0, so x = 0, 1;
x2 + 1
x2 + 1
if x = 0, then y = 0.
x-axis:
Because f is not the zero function,
there is no x-axis symmetry
( x)3 2( x)2 + ( x)
y=
y-axis:
( x)2 + 1
y=
( x) 2 + ( x)( y ) + ( y )2 = 0
origin:
a 2 + ab + b3 = 0, but
13. y = f ( x) =
b3 2b 2 + b
Intercepts: If y = 0, then x 2 = 0, so x = 0;
if x = 0, then y 3 = 0, so y = 0.
x3 + 2 x 2 + x
14. x 2 + xy + y 2 = 0
origin:
( x)2 + 1
is not necessarily
b2 + 1
true, so (b, a) is not on the graph.
Answer: (1, 0), (0, 0); no symmetry of the given
types
( x )3 2( x)2 + ( x )
x2 + 1
a3 2a 2 + a
b=
, but
a2 + 1
x + 4 y y 2 + 21 = 0
y =
origin:
15. y =
2
3
x + 27
2
= 0 , which has
x + 27
2
no solution; if x = 0, then y =
.
27
2
y =
x-axis:
3
x + 27
2
y=
3
x + 27
x3 2 x 2 x
x2 + 1
82
y-axis:
y=
y=
origin:
Section 2.6
necessarily be true, so (b, a) is not on

the graph.
Answer: no intercepts; symmetry about origin
2
( x)3 + 27
2
17. 3x + y 2 = 9
Intercepts: If y = 0, then 3x = 9, so x = 3;
x3 + 27
2
y =
3
( x) + 27
2
y =
3
x + 27
2
y=
3
x 27
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then b =
if x = 0, then y 2 = 9, so y = 3.
3x + ( y )2 = 9
x-axis:
3x + y 2 = 9
3( x) + y 2 = 9
y-axis:
2
3
a + 27
3x + y 2 = 9
and
3( x) + ( y )2 = 9
origin:
2
2
27
for all b, so
3
b
b + 27
2
Answer: 0,
; no symmetry
27
3 x + y 2 = 9
a=3
16. y =
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then 3a + b 2 = 9 and

1
1
a = (9 b 2 ), but b = (9 a 2 ) will
3
3
not necessarily be true, so (b, a) is not
on the graph.
Answer: (3, 0), (0, 3); symmetry about x-axis
x4
x+ y
x4
= 0 , which has no
x
0
solution; if x = 0, then y = , which has no
y
solution.
x4
y =
x-axis:
x + ( y )
y-axis:
origin:
y=
x4
x + y
y=
( x) 4
( x) + y
x
3
18. x 1 = y 4 + y 2 or x = y 4 + y 2 + 1
Intercepts: If y = 0, then x = 1; if x = 0, then
y 4 + y 2 = 1, so no y-intercept
x-axis:
( x)4
y =
( x) + ( y )
origin:
x = y4 + y2 + 1
x = y4 y2 1
x = ( y )4 + ( y )2 + 1
x = y4 y2 1
x4
x+ y
a+b =
x 1 = ( y )4 + ( y )2
x 1 = y4 + y2
y-axis:
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then b =
x4
y=
x + y
y=
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then a = b 4 + b2 + 1

and b a 4 + a 2 + 1 for all a so (b, a)
is not on the graph.
Answer: (1, 0); symmetry about x-axis.
a4
, and
a+b
b4
a4
will not
, but a + b =
a
b
83
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then 2b = 5 a 2 .

(b, a) on graph, then 2a = 5 b2 .
(a, b) and (b, a) are not both on the
graph.
5
Answer: 5, 0 , 0, ; symmetry about
2
y-axis
x
5
19. y = f ( x) = x3 4 x
Intercepts: If y = 0, then x3 4 x = 0,
x(x + 2)(x 2) = 0, so x = 0 or x = 2; if x = 0,
then y = 0.
x-axis:
Because f is not the zero function,
there is no x-axis symmetry.
x
5
y = ( x)3 4( x)
y-axis:
21.
y = x + 4x
Intercepts: If y = 0, then x = 0, so x = 0; if
x = 0, then y = 0, so y = 0.
x-axis:
x y = 0
y = ( x ) 4( x)
origin:
y = x 4x
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then b = a3 4a, but
x y =0
a = b3 4b will not necessarily be

true, so (b, a) is not on the graph.
Answer: (0, 0), (2, 0); symmetry about origin.
5
x y = 0
y-axis:
x y =0
Since there is symmetry about the
x- and y-axes, symmetry about origin
exists.
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then a b = 0, thus
origin:
x
2
x y =0
a = b , and b a = 0, so (b, a) is
on the graph.
Answer: (0, 0); symmetry about x-axis, y-axis,
origin, line y = x.
20. 2 y = 5 x 2
Intercepts: If y = 0, then 5 x 2 = 0, so x = 5.
5
If x = 0, y = .
2
x-axis:
x
5
2( y ) = 5 x 2
2 y = 5 + x 2
y-axis:
2 y = 5 ( x)2
2y = 5 x
origin:
22. x 2 + y 2 = 16
2( y ) = 5 ( x)
2 y = 5 + x
if x = 0, then y 4 = 16, so y = 4.
84
Section 2.6
x 2 + ( y )2 = 16
x-axis:
x + y = 16
( x)2 + y 2 = 16
y-axis:
x + y = 16
Since there is symmetry about
exists.
origin:
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then a 2 + b2 = 16

2
24. x 2 y 2 = 4
and b + a = 16, so (b, a) is on the

graph.
Answer: (4, 0), (0, 4); symmetry about x-axis,
y-axis, origin, line y = x.
5
if x = 0, then y 2 = 4, y 2 = 4, which has no
real roots.
x 2 ( y ) 2 = 4
x-axis:
x2 y 2 = 4
x
5
( x)2 y 2 = 4
origin:
x2 y 2 = 4
Since there is symmetry about x-and
y-axes, symmetry about origin exists.
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then a 2 b2 = 4 and
23. 9 x 2 + 4 y 2 = 25
a 2 = 4 + b2 b2 4 for all b, so
Answer: (2, 0); symmetry about x-axis, y-axis,
origin.
25
Intercepts: If y = 0, then 9 x = 25, x =
, so
9
5
5
x = ; if x = 0, then 4 y 2 = 25, so y = .
2
3
2
x-axis:
y-axis:
9 x 2 + 4( y )2 = 25
9 x 2 + 4 y 2 = 25
x
2
y-axis:
9( x )2 + 4 y 2 = 25
origin:
9 x 2 + 4 y 2 = 25
Since there is symmetry about
exists.
2
25.
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then 9a + 4b = 25

1
and b2 = (25 9a 2 ). (b, a) on
4
6
6
graph, then 9b 2 + 4a 2 = 25 and

1
b2 = (25 4a 2 ), so (a, b) and
9
(b, a) are not always both on the
graph.
5
5
Answer: , 0 , 0, ; symmetry about
2
3
x-axis, y-axis, origin
y = f ( x) = 5 1.96 x 2 x 4 . Replacing x by x
gives y = 5 1.96( x)2 ( x)4 or
y = 5 1.96 x 2 x 4 , which is equivalent to
85
original equation. Thus the graph is symmetric

about the y-axis.
a.
Intercepts: (0.99, 0), (0, 5)
b.
Maximum value of f(x): 5
c.
Range: (, 5]
3.
10
f(x) = 1
x
x
10
y= 1
x2
26.
4.
10
f(x) = x
4
x
10
y= x2
y = f ( x) = 2 x 4 7 x 2 + 5 . Replacing x by x
gives y = 2( x)4 7( x)2 + 5 or
5.
y = 2 x 4 7 x 2 + 5 , which is equivalent to
original equation. Thus the graph is symmetric
about y-axis.
Real zeros of f: 1, 1.58
27.
f(x) = 1
x
11
1
1
y= 2
3x
5
x
6.
10
y
f(x) = |x|
y = |x| 2
x
10
Problems 2.7
1.
y
y = x3 1
7.
10
x
5
f(x) = |x|
x
f(x) = x3
y = |x + 1| 2
2.
10
f(x) = x2
x
5
y = x 2
86
8.
Section 2.7
f(x) =
14. Shift one unit left, four units down, and stretch
by a factor of 2 away from the x-axis.
15. Reflect about the y-axis and translate 5 units

downward.
5x
y = 13 x
16. Shrink horizontally toward the y-axis by a factor

of 3.
17.
9.
10
3
y = 2 + (x + 3)
f(x) = x 3
x
10
Compared to the graph for k = 0, the graphs for

k = 1, 2, and 3 are vertical shifts upward of 1, 2,
and 3 units, respectively. The graphs for
k = 1, 2, and 3 are vertical shifts downward
of 1, 2, and 3 units, respectively.
10.
y = (x 1)2 + 1
f(x) = x 2
x
18.
10
11.
10
y
3
f(x) = x
y = x

k = 1, 2, and 3 are horizontal shifts to the left of
1, 2, and 3 units, respectively. The graphs for
k = 1, 2, and 3 are horizontal shifts to the
right of 1, 2, and 3 units, respectively.
x
10
12.
10
19.
f(x) = 1
x
x
10
y= 1
2x

k = 2 and 3 are vertical stretches away from the
x-axis by factors of 2 and 3, respectively. The
1
graph for k = is a vertical shrinking toward
2
the x-axis.
13. Translate 3 units to the left, stretch vertically

away from the x-axis by a factor of 2, reflect
about the x-axis, and move 2 units upward.
87
15. A plane parallel to the x,z-plane has the form

y = constant. Because (0, 2, 0) lies on the plane,
the equation is y = 2.
Apply It 2.8
15. a.
b.
c(500, 700) = 160 + 2(500) + 3(700)

= 160 + 1000 + 2100 = 3260
The cost of manufacturing 500 12-ounce
and 700 20-ounce mugs is $3260.
16. A plane parallel to the y,z-plane has the form

x = constant. Because (2, 0, 0) lies on the plane,
the equation is x = 2.
c(1000, 750) = 160 + 2(1000) + 3(750)

= 160 + 2000 + 2250 = 4410
The cost of manufacturing 1000 12-ounce
mugs and 750 20-ounce mugs is $4410.
17. A plane parallel to the x,y-plane has the form

z = constant. Because (2, 7, 6) lies on the plane,
the equation is z = 6.
Problems 2.8
18. A plane parallel to the y,z-plane has the form

x = constant. Because (96, 2, 2) lies on the
plane, the equation is x = 96.
1.
f (1, 2) = 4(1) (2)2 + 3 = 4 4 + 3 = 3
2.
f (2, 1) = 3(2)2 (1) 4(1) = 12 + 4 = 8
19. x + y + z = 1 can be put in the form

Ax + By + Cz + D = 0, so the graph is a plane.
The intercepts are (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), and
(0, 0, 1).
3. g(3, 0, 1) = 2(3)[3(0) + (1)] = 6
4. g (3, 1, 2)
= (3)2 (1)(2) + 3(1)2 (2) + 3(1)(2)2

= 18 6 + 12 = 12
5. h(3, 3, 5, 4) =
3(3)
2
5 4
9
9
=
= 1
25 16 9
1
1
x
6. h(1, 5, 3, 1) = (1)(1) = 1
20. 2x + y + 2z = 6 can be put in the form

(0, 0, 3).
z
7. g (4, 8) = 2(4) 42 5 = 2(4)(11) = 88

8. g (4, 9) = (42 ) 9 + 9 = 16 3 + 9 = 57
9. F(2, 0, 1) = 3
2(1)
2
=
10. F (1, 0, 3) =
(0 + 1)(3) 3
11.
6
3
f (a + h, b) = [(a + h) + b]2
= a 2 + 2ab + 2ah + b 2 + 2bh + h 2
12.
f (r + t , r ) = (r + t )2 r 3r 3 = r t 2 + 2rt 2r 2
13.
f (200, 200, 50) =
14. P(3, 4) =
(200)(200)
= 800
50
( 14 ) ( 43 )
4!
4 3
3!(4 3)!
4!
( 14 ) ( 43 ) =
3
3!1!
3
64
88
Section 2.8
21. 3x + 6y + 2z = 12 can be put in the form

(0, 0, 6).
z
6
x
25. z = 4 x 2 . The x,z-trace is z = 4 x 2 , which is a

parabola. For any fixed value of y, we obtain the
2
4
parabola z = 4 x 2 .
22. 2x + 3y + 5z = 1 can be put in the form

1
1
The intercepts are , 0, 0 , 0, , 0 , and
2
3
1
0, 0, .
5
26. y = z 2 . The y,z-trace is y = z 2 , which is a

parabola. For any fixed value of x, we obtain the
1
5
1
2
1
3
parabola y = z 2 .
z
23. 3x + y = 6 can be put in the form

There are only two intercepts: (2, 0, 0) and
(0, 6, 0). The x,y-trace is 3x + y = 6, which is a
line. For any fixed value of z, we obtain the line
3x + y = 6.
z
y
x
27. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9. The x,y-trace is x 2 + y 2 = 9,
which is a circle. The x,z-trace is x 2 + z 2 = 9,

which is a circle. The y,z-trace is y 2 + z 2 = 9,
which is a circle. The surface is a sphere.
24. y = 3z + 2 can be put in the form

There are only two intercepts: (0, 2, 0) and
2
0, 0, . The y,z-trace is y 3z = 2, which is

3
a line. For any fixed value of x, we obtain the

line y 3z = 2.
89
28. x 2 + 4 y 2 = 1
5. For x to be real, x must be nonnegative. For

the denominator x 1 to be different from 0, x
cannot be 1. Both conditions are satisfied by all
nonnegative numbers except 1.
Domain: all nonnegative real numbers except 1.
The x,y-trace is x 2 + 4 y 2 = 1, which is an

ellipse. For any fixed value of z, we obtain the
ellipse x 2 + 4 y 2 = 1.
z
6. s 5 0
s5
Domain: all real numbers s such that s 5.
7.
f (0) = 2(0)2 3(0) + 5 = 5
1
2
f ( x) = 2 x 2 3x + 5
f (2) = 2(2)2 3(2) + 5 = 8 + 6 + 5 = 19
f (5) = 2(5)2 3(5) + 5 = 50 15 + 5 = 40
f () = 22 3 + 5
29. z = 5x + 8y
Choose z = 40, 60, and 80 for the curves.
8. h(x) = 7; all function values are 7.

Answer: 7, 7, 7, 7
y
16
9. G ( x ) = 4 x 3
G (3) = 4 3 3 = 4 0 = 0
5x + 8y = 80
G (19) = 4 19 3 = 4 16 = 2
5x + 8y = 60
5x + 8y = 40
0
10
G (t + 1) = 4 (t + 1) 3 = 4 t 2
x
20
G ( x 3 ) = x3 3
30. z = x 2 y 2
Choose z = 1, 4, and 9 for the curves.
5
x3
x+4
1 3
4
F (1) =
=
1 + 4
3
03
3
F (0) =
=
0+4
4
53 2
F (5) =
=
5+4 9
( x + 3) 3
x
F ( x + 3) =
=
( x + 3) + 4 x + 7
10. F ( x) =
x 2 y2 = 9
x
5
x 2 y2 = 4
x 2 y2 = 1
Chapter 2 Review Problems

1. Denominator is 0 when
11. h(u ) =
x2 6 x + 5 = 0
( x 1)( x 5) = 0
x = 1, 5
Domain: all real numbers except 1 and 5.
h(5) =
h(4) =
2. all real numbers
h( x ) =
3. all real numbers

4. all real numbers
u+4
u
5+ 4
9 3
=
=
5
5
5
4 + 4
0
=
=0
4
4
x+4
x
h(u 4) =
(u 4) + 4
u4
u
u4
90
12. H (t ) =
Chapter 2 Review
(t 2)3
5
b.
(1 2)3
27
=
5
5
3
(0 2)
8
=
H (0) =
5
5
H (1) =
) ( )
3
1 2
35
1
3
=
H =
5
5
3
2
3
(
x
2)
H ( x2 ) =
5
25
125 1
=
=
27
27 5
18. a.
13. f(4) = 4 + 16 = 20
f(2) = 3
f(0) = 3
f(1) is not defined.
14.
b.
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
3( x + h)2 + ( x + h) 2 (3 x 2 + x 2)
=
h
3x 2 + 6 xh + 3h2 + x + h 2 3x 2 x + 2
=
h
6 xh + 3h2 + h
=
h
= 6 x + 3h + 1
f ( x + h) =
7
7
=
( x + h) + 1 x + h + 1
7
7
f ( x + h) f ( x) x + h +1 x +1
=
h
h
1
3
1
1
f = +1 = +1 =
2
2
2
2
h
7 h
=
( x + h + 1)( x + 1)h
7
=
( x + h + 1)( x + 1)
f (0) = 02 + 1 = 1
2
1
5
1 1
f = +1 = +1 =
4
4
2 2
19. f(x) = 3x 1, g(x) = 2x + 3
f (5) = 53 99 = 125 99 = 26
f (6) = 63 99 = 216 99 = 117
15. a.
b.
16. a.
f(x + h) = 3 7(x + h) = 3 7x 7h
f ( x + h) f ( x) (3 7 x 7h) (3 7 x)
=
h
h
7 h
=
= 7
h
f ( x + h) = 11( x + h)2 + 4
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
=
(11x 2 + 22 xh + 11h2 + 4) (11x 2 + 4)

h
(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) = (3x 1) + (2x + 3)

= 5x + 2
b.
(f + g)(4) = 5(4) + 2 = 22
c.
(f g)(x) = f(x) g(x) = (3x 1) (2x + 3)

=x4
d.
( fg )( x) = f ( x) g ( x) = (3x 1)(2 x + 3)
e.
( fg )(1) = 6(1)2 + 7(1) 3 = 10
f.
f
f ( x) 3 x 1
( x) =
=
g
g ( x) 2 x + 3
g.
( f D g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) = f (2 x + 3)
= 3(2 x + 3) 1 = 6 x + 8
22 xh + 11h2
=
= 22 x + 11h
h
17. a.
a.
= 6 x2 + 7 x 3
= 11x 2 + 22 xh + 11h2 + 4
b.
7( x +1)7( x + h +1)
( x + h +1)( x +1)
f ( x + h) = 3( x + h)2 + ( x + h) 2
h.
( f D g )(5) = 6(5) + 8 = 38
i.
( g D f )( x) = g ( f ( x)) = g (3x 1)
= 2(3x 1) + 3 = 6 x + 1
91
20.
f ( x) = x 2 , g(x) = 3x 2
a.
b.
22.
( f + g )( x) = f ( x) + g ( x) = x 2 + 3x 2
= x 2 (3 x 2)
c.
( f g )(3) = (3)2 3(3) + 2 = 2
d.
( fg )( x) = f ( x) g ( x)
23. f(x) =
e.
x
f
f ( x)
=
( x) =
g
g ( x) 3x 2
f.
f
(2) 2
= 1
(2) =
g
3(2) 2
) (
x+2 =
x+2
x(3 x 2 ) = 0, x = 0, 3.
If x = 0, then y = 0.
x-axis:
y = 3x x3
y = 3x + x3 , which is not the
original equation.
= 3( x 2 ) 2
= 3 x 2 2
y-axis:
y = 3( x) ( x)3
y = 3 x + x3
( g D f )(4) = 3(4) 2 = 48 2 = 50
origin:
y = 3( x) ( x)3
y = 3 x x3 , which is the original
equation.
, g(x) = x + 1
( f D g )( x) = f ( g ( x )) = f ( x + 1) =
Intercepts: If y = 0, then 0 = 3 x x3 ,
= g ( x 2 )
x2
x + 2, g ( x) = x3
25. y = 3 x x3
( g D f )( x) = g ( f ( x))
3
x2
( g D f )( x) = g ( f ( x)) = g (2) = 3
( f D g )( x) = f ( g ( x))
= f (3x 2)
f ( x) =
3 x
24. f(x) = 2, g(x) = 3

( f D g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) = f (3) = 2
= 9 x 2 + 12 x 4
21.
x 2
3
1 2 x
= ( x + 2)3 / 2
= (3x 2)2
i.
( g D f )( x) = g ( f ( x )) = g
2
2
h.
( f D g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) = f ( x3 ) = x3 + 2
= ( x 2 )(3x 2)
g.
1
x
( g D f )( x) = g ( f ( x)) =
= x 2 3x + 2
= 3 x + 2 x
x2
1
, g ( x) =
3
x
( f D g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) =
( f g )( x) = f ( x ) g ( x)
f ( x) =
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then b = 3a a3 , but
a = 3b b3 is not necessarily true, so

( x + 1)2
1 1
1 + x2
( g D f )( x) = g ( f ( x)) = g =
+1 =
x2
x2 x2
Answer: (0, 0), 3, 0 ; symmetry about

origin
26.
x2 y2
=4
x2 + y 2 + 1
Intercepts: If y = 0, then 0 = 4, which is
impossible; if x = 0, then 0 = 4, which is
impossible.
92
x-axis:
x 2 ( y )2
x 2 + ( y )2 + 1
x2 y2
y-axis:
x2 + y 2 + 1
equation.
( x)2 y 2
Chapter 2 Review
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then b = 4 + a 2 and
=4
a = b 4 4 + b 2 for all b, so
Answer: (0, 4); symmetry about y-axis.
= 4 , which is the original
( x )2 + y 2 + 1
=4
4
x
10
x2 y2
origin:
= 4 , which is the
x2 + y 2 + 1
original equation.
( x )2 ( y )2
=4
( x)2 + ( y )2 + 1
x2 y 2
28. y = 3x 7
Intercepts: If y = 0, then 0 = 3x 7, or x =
= 4, which is the
x2 + y 2 + 1
original equation.

and b2 =
4(a 2 + 1)
a2 4
b2 a2
then
b2 + a2 + 1
b2 =
a 2b 2
a 2 + b2 + 1
If x = 0, then y = 7.
x-axis:
y = 3x 7
y = 3x + 7, which is not the original
equation.
y-axis:
y = 3(x) 7
y = 3x 7, which is not the original
equation.
origin:
y = 3(x) 7
y = 3x + 7, which is not the original
equation.
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then b = 3a 7 and
1
a = (b + 7) 3b 7 for all b, so
3
7
Answer: (0, 7), , 0 ; no symmetry of the
3
given types
=4
. (b, a) on graph,
= 4 and
4(a 2 + 1)
, so (a, b) and (b, a)

a2 4
are both on the graph.
Answer: no intercepts; symmetry about x-axis,
y-axis, origin, and y = x.
27. y = 4 + x 2
Intercepts: If y = 0, then 0 = 4 + x 2 , which is

never true.
If x = 0, then y = 4.
x-axis:
10
y = 4 + x2
7
3
y = 4 x 2 , which is not the original

equation.
y-axis:
10
y = 4 + ( x)2
y = 4 + x 2 , which is the original
equation.
origin:
7
.
3
29. G (u ) = u + 4
If G(u) = 0, then 0 = u + 4 .
0 = u + 4,
u = 4
If u = 0, then G(u) = 4 = 2 .
Intercepts: (0, 2), (4, 0)
Domain: all real numbers u such that u 4
y = 4 + ( x)2
y = 4 x 2 , which is not the
original equation.
93
Range: all real numbers 0

10
If u = 0, (u) = 0.
Intercept: (0, 0)
Domain: all reals 0
Range: all reals 0
G(u)
(u)
6
u
10
30.
f ( x) = x + 1
If f(x) = 0, then 0 = x + 1.
33. Domain: all real numbers.

x = 1 , which has no solution.
If x = 0, then f(x) = 1.
Intercept: (0, 1)
Domain: all real numbers
10
f(x)
x
10
34.
f(x) = x
2
31. y = g (t ) =
t4
If y = 0, then 0 =
x
y = x 2 1
2
, which has no solution.
t4
35.
2 1
If t = 0, then y = = .
4 2
1
Intercept: 0,
2
Domain: all real numbers t such that t 4
Range: all real numbers > 0
10
10
y
f(x) = x2
x
10
y = 1 x2 + 2
2
g(t)
36. For 2006, t = 5. Hence

S = 150,000 + 3000(5) = $165,000.
S is a function of t.
t
10
37. From the vertical-line test, the graphs that

represent functions of x are (a) and (c).
38. a.
32. v = (u ) = u
b.
729
359.43
If (u) = 0, then 0 = u ,
u = 0.
94
39.
Chapter 2 Review
b.
(1.92, 0), (0, 7)

20
44.
2
2
8
0.67; 0.34, 1.73

40.
20
90
a.
9.03
b.
all real numbers 9.03
c.
5, 2.
45. k = 0, 2, 4
30
1.38, 4.68
41.
k = 1, 3
2
5
1.50, 0.88, 0.11, 1.09, 1.40

42.
20
2
8
a.
0, 2, 4
b.
none
20
46. x + 2y + 3z = 6 can be put in the form

Intercepts: (6, 0, 0), (0, 3, 0), (0, 0, 2)
(,)
43.
20
2
3
20
a.
(,)
95
47. 3x + y + 5z = 10 can be put in the form Ax + By + Cz + D = 0, so the graph is a plane.

10
Intercepts: , 0, 0 , (0, 10, 0), (0, 0, 2)

3
2
10
10
3
48. P = 5x + 7y
Choose P = 2, 4, and 6 for the curves.
y
1
5x + 7y = 6
5x + 7y = 4
x
0
5x + 7y = 2
49. C = 2x + 10y
Choose C = 5, 10, and 15 for the curves.
y
2
2x + 10y = 15
2x + 10y = 10
0
2x + 10y = 5
Explore and ExtendChapter 2

1.
f (27, 000) = 1605 + 0.15(27, 000 16, 050)

= 3247.5
The tax on $27,000 is $3247.50.
2.
f (89, 000) = 8962.50 + 0.25(89, 000 65,100)

= 14,937.50
The tax on $89,000 is $14,937.50.
3.
f (350, 000) = 44,828 + 0.33(350, 000 200,300)

= 94, 229
The tax on $350,000 is $94,229.
4.
f (560, 000) = 96, 770 + 0.35(560, 000 357, 700)

= 167,575
The tax on $560,000 is $167,575.
96
Explore and ExtendChapter 2
5. Answers may vary.

6. There should be no jump in tax as one moves from one tax bracket to the next, since it would be unfair for two
couples whose incomes differ by only $0.01 to pay substantially different taxes.
7. g ( x) = x f ( x)
if 0 x 16, 050
x 0.10 x
x [1605 + 0.15( x 16, 050)]
if 16, 050 < x 65,100
x [8962.50 + 0.25( x 65,100)] if 65,100 < x 131, 450

=
x [25,550 + 0.28( x 131, 450)] if 131, 450 < x 200,300
x [44,828 + 0.33( x 200,300)] if 200,300 < x 357, 700
x [96, 770 + 0.35( x 357, 700)] if x > 357, 700
if 0 x 16, 050
0.90 x
0.85 x + 802.50 if 16, 050 < x 65,100
0.75 x + 7312.50 if 65,100 < x 131, 450

=
0.72 x + 11, 256 if 131, 450 < x 200,300
0.67 x + 21, 271 if 200,300 < x 357, 700
0.65 x + 28, 425 if x > 357, 700
8.
y
400,000
200,000
200,000 400,000 x
97

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Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

43. As price increases, quantity supplied increases; p

38. Domain: all positive real numbers

44. As price decreases, quantity increases; p is a

39. From the vertical-line test, the graphs that

40. From the horizontal line test, the graphs which

42. The cost of an item as a function of the time of

y = 13, if 4:30 P.M. x < 6 : 00 P.M.

48. 0.50, 0.57

49. 0.61, 0.04

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

maximum value of f(x): 19.60

minimum value of f(x): 10.86

maximum value of f(x): 28

real zeros: 4.02, 0.60

maximum value of f(x): 3.94

minimum value of f(x): 1.94

intercepts: (0, 0.29), (1.03, 0)

real zero: 1.03

maximum value of f(x): 5

minimum value of f(x): 4

intercepts: (1.73, 0), (0, 4)

maximum value of f(x): 34.21

minimum value of f(x): 18.68

range: [18.68, 34.21]

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then b = 5a, and

Testing for symmetry gives:

b = 3 a a3 for all a, so (b, a) is not

Intercepts: If y = 0, then 25 x 2 = 169, x 2 =

25( x )2 + 144 y 2 = 169

25a 2 + 144b2 = 169, and

line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then b = a 2 4, and

line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then a = b3 , and

Answer: (0, 0); symmetry about origin

graph, then 25b 2 + 144a 2 = 169 and

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

Testing for symmetry gives:

line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then a = b4 and

Testing for symmetry gives:

line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then b = a 2 36 or

line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then b = 2a 2 and

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

b = a + 4a 21 will not necessarily

b2 + ab + a3 = 0 will not necessarily

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

necessarily be true, so (b, a) is not on

line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then b =

line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then 3a + b 2 = 9 and

line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then b =

line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then a = b 4 + b2 + 1

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then 2b = 5 a 2 .