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WaterDistributionDesign ModelingV8imetric Full PDF
WaterDistributionDesign ModelingV8imetric Full PDF
WaterDistributionDesign ModelingV8imetric Full PDF
TRN012500-1/0006
Trademarks
AccuDraw, Bentley, the B Bentley logo, MDL, MicroStation and SmartLine are registered
trademarks; PopSet and Raster Manager are trademarks; Bentley SELECT is a service
mark of Bentley Systems, Incorporated or Bentley Software, Inc.
AutoCAD is a registered trademark of Autodesk, Inc.
All ther brands and product names are the trademarks of their respective owners.
Patents
United States Patent Nos. 5,8.15,415 and 5,784,068 and 6,199,125.
Copyrights
2000-2010 Bentley Systems, Incorporated.
MicroStation 1998 Bentley Systems, Incorporated.
All rights reserved.
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Table of Contents
Agenda ____________________________________________ ix
Day 1 ____________________________________________ix
Day 2 ____________________________________________ix
Day 3 ____________________________________________ix
Day 4 ____________________________________________x
Day 5 ____________________________________________x
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Agenda
Day 1
8:30 - Registration and
Check-in
Day 2
Day 3
8:30 - Begin
8:30 - Begin
Model Calibration
Extended Period
Simulations
Hydraulic Review
Demonstration of
WaterCAD Basics
Planning System
Improvements
12:00 - Lunch
Workshop 1 Building a
Network with Fire Flow Construct/Solve a basic
network
Other Pressure Network
Components
Workshop 2 Building a
Network with Pumps, Tanks
and PRVs - Analyze various
system scenarios with
pumping, minor losses,
check valves and reducing
valves.
4:30 - Q & A Session /
Adjourn
12:00 - Lunch
Workshop 4 System
Design Improvements Plan, Develop and
Implement a system
improvement strategy and
compare design costs using
WaterCADs new cost
manager.
Workshop 7 - Multisource
Mixing, Chlorine Residual,
Age and Trace Analysis - Run
several water quality
analyses on an existing
water model.
Fire Protection
Workshop 5 Automated
Fire Flow Analysis Calculating fire flows for a
subset of a distribution
system
Adjourn
Adjourn
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Copyright 2010 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Agenda
Day 4
Day 5
8:30 - Begin
8:30 - Begin
Transient Analysis
Workshop 9 - Automating
Calibration using Darwin
Calibrator - Automatically
design pipes using genetic
algorithms
ModelBuilder
Workshop 13 - Automating
Model Building using
ModelBuilder - Creating a
model from data
Automating Design
12:00 - Lunch
Workshop 10 - Automating
Design using Darwin
Designer - Automatically
design pipes using genetic
algorithms
LoadBuilder
Workshop 14 - Automating
Demand Allocation using
LoadBuilder - Importing
demand data from meter
data and population data
12:00 - Lunch
Automating
Skeletonization
TRex
Workshop 11 Skeletonizing a Large Model
using Skelebrator
Workshop 15 - Importing
Elevations using TRex Importing elevations from
raster grid
Interoperability is Driving
the Future of Modeling
WaterObjects.net
Flushing
Adjourn
Workshop 12 - Developing
System Flushing Routines
4:30 - Q & A Session /
Adjourn
Agenda
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Modeling Fundamentals
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Modeling Fundamentals
Modeling Fundamentals
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Modeling Fundamentals
Modeling Fundamentals
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Model Data
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Model Data
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Module Prerequisites
Module Objectives
After completing this module, you will be able to:
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Copyright 2010 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Getting Started
Getting Started
In this section you will create a new WaterCAD/GEMS project file and enter the
projects properties.
5 Click OK.
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Toolbars
Toolbar buttons represent WaterCAD/GEMS menu commands. You can remove
buttons from any toolbar, and add commands to any toolbar on the Commands
tab of the Customize dialog box.
3 Turn the buttons on or off as needed just by clicking on the menu items.
Managers
Most of the features in WaterCAD/GEMS are available through a system of
dynamic windows called Managers. When WaterCAD/GEMS first start; the default
workspace displays the Element Symbology and Background Layers managers.
dialog box. You can drag a floating manager anywhere and continue to work.
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Docked Static - A docked static manager attaches to any of the four sides of the
WaterCAD/GEMS V8i window. If you click and hold a floating manager, and
move it, you will see a docking dialog that looks as shown to the left, as well as
individual docking buttons along all four sides of the WaterCAD/GEMS V8i
window. When you drag the manager over one of the four sides of the
docking dialog it will dock the manager to that side of the window and if you
drag the manager to one of the individual docking buttons along the window
edges the manager will dock to that side. The manager will stay in that
location unless you close it or make it dynamic. A vertical pushpin in the
manager's title bar indicates its static state; click the pushpin to change the
manager's state to dynamic. When the push pin is pointing downward
(vertical push pin), the manager is docked static.
Docked Dynamic - A docked dynamic manager also docks to any of the four
Closed - When a manager is closed, you cannot view it. Close a manager by
clicking the X in the right corner of the manager's title bar. Open a manager by
selecting the manager from the View menu (for example, View > Element
Symbology), or by selecting the button for that manager on the appropriate
toolbar.
To close a docked manager, left-click the X in the upper right corner of the title
bar.
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4 When the Scenarios manager opens, click and hold the mouse button as
you drag it and place it under the drawing pane.
Note: The drawing pane is the white space where the model will be.
5 Select View > Properties or click the Properties button in the toolbar.
6 When the Properties manager opens, click and hold the mouse button as
you drag it and place it to the right of the drawing pane.
Your workspace should look like the following:
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11 Click Select.
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Note: The Hazen-Williams C field automatically updates to 150 once PVC has been
6 Click OK.
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8 Select File > Save As, enter ScaledNetwork for the file name, and then
click Save.
3 Click OK.
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Note: In the Element Symbology dialog click the Drawing Style button to choose
between CAD or GIS style. If you want the CAD style chage the multipliers as
mentioned above; if you want the GIS style leave the multipliers set to 1.0.
Follow the next set of instructions to layout the network as shown in the
following picture:
Hint: To view the text for the pipes and elements, it may be necessary to select the
Label check box in the Element Symbology manager for each corresponding
element.
4 Click the Pipe Layout tool and move your cursor over to the drawing pane.
Start by placing T-1, since P-1 is coming out of the tank.
5 Right-click, and on the context menu that comes up select Tank.
Note: You will notice that your cursor has changed from a pressure junction to a tank
symbol
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6 Left-click once on the drawing to place the tank in the desired position.
Hint: See the network drawing on the previous page for the tank location.
8 Left-click once to place J-1 in its correct location and notice how P-1 has
automatically been placed for you.
9 Continue laying out the rest of the junctions in the same manner until you
reach J-6.
10 After laying out J-6, right click and select Done.
11 Click on J-2 and go across the diagram, click to layout J-7, then up to J-8,
right-click and select Done.
12 Connect J-7 to J-4 and right-click to select Done.
13 Click on J-5 and move across and click to create J-9, right-click Done.
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1 Click on T-1 in the drawing to change the open Properties manager to the
tank properties.
2 Enter the following:
Elevation (Base) (m): 198.1
Elevation (Minimum) (m): 198.1
Elevation (Initial) (m): 202.7
Elevation (Maximum) (m): 207.3
Diameter (m): 15
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2 Double click Junction Table under Tables Predefined to open the Junction
FlexTable.
Hint: Another way to open the Junction FlexTable would be to select the down arrow
on the FlexTable button, from the toolbar, and select Junction from the list of
available FlexTables.
3 Right click on the Label column and select Sort > Sort Ascending.
4 Enter the elevations from the table below for each node:
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Junction
Elevation (m)
J-1
189.0
J-2
184.4
J-3
176.8
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Junction
Elevation (m)
J-4
166.1
J-5
155.4
J-6
176.8
J-7
176.8
J-8
182.9
J-9
149.4
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2 Read this message, and when you are ready, click Yes to continue to the
Demand Control Center.
3 Click the New button and select Initialize Demands for All Elements.
This will add all of the junctions in the model to the table so that flows and
patterns can be entered for them.
4 Right click the Demand (Base)(L/s) column header and select Global Edit.
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This will set the demands for all the junctions to 1.26.
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7 Complete the Results Table at the end of the workshop and answer the
questions about Run 1.
Warning: Make sure the units are consistent with those on the answer table. If they are not,
modify the units on the reports. Right click the column heading and select Units
and Formatting. Make the necessary changes. You also may decrease the Display
Precision to round your values to whole numbers. Click OK to apply any changes you
make.
You may turn off the background layer to make it easier to find elements
and review results.
8 In the Background Layers manager, uncheck the box for Scaled_Network.
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3 Right click Base Demand and select New > Child Alternative from the
context menu that comes up.
4 Click the Rename button to rename the new child alternative Fire Flow at
J-6.
Hint: You can also rename the alternative by right clicking the alternative to be
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7 On the right side of the dialog, change the Demand (Base) (L/s) to 63.
8 Click Close.
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6 Back in the Scenarios manager, select Fire Flow at J-6 and select the Make
Current button.
Note: Note that the Fire Flow at J-6 scenario icon now has a red check mark on it.
areas are most likely those pipes with the highest velocities and/or friction
slopes. Review the pipes with the highest velocities and friction slopes in the
pipe table. These pipes will need to be upsized.
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Diameter (mm)
P-1
250
P-2
250
P-3
200
P-4
200
P-5
200
P-6
200
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7 Close the Physical : New Diameters dialog when you are done.
Exercise: Creating the new fire flow scenario for new diameters
1 Open the Scenarios manager.
2 Select Base, click the New button, and select Base Scenario.
3 Enter the scenario name as Fire Flow with New Diameters.
4 Double click Fire Flow with New Diameters to open the Properties
manager.
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5 Select New Diameters as the Physical alternative and Fire Flow at J-6 as
the Demand alternative.
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Bonus
Bonus
If time permits, try annotating the pipes and junctions to view the results on a
plan view and to view how the results change over each scenario.
4 Click OK.
In the plan view, you can now see the placement of Velocity for each pipe.
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Bonus
Note: This information was determined by the Y Offset that you entered. The
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Results Table
Results Table
Run 1
Run 2
Run 3
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Workshop Review
Workshop Review
Now that you have completed this workshop, lets measure what you have
learned.
Questions
1 Why is the pressure so high at J-9 even though it is far from the source?
2 Why must you rely so heavily on pipes greater than 150 mm in this fairly
small subdivision?
3 What would really happen if you used the system from run 2 and had a fire
at J-6 that needed 63 L/s?
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Workshop Review
4 How does the split in flow between pipes 3 and 7 change as you change
pipe diameters? Why?
5 If another source of water were available along the highway at J-9, how
might that source affect the design?
6 What else could you do to help the pressures during normal demand
periods?
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Workshop Review
Answers
Run 1
Run 2
Run 3
131
26
125
247
-183
163
515
209
462
202
171
197
0.64
4.14
1.49
0.07
3.57
2.01
4.3
35.7
48.0
4.5
34.9
22.5
P-1
P-1
P-5
0.003
0.081
0.016
* Some answers may vary between users due to the nature of this schematic
model
1 Why is the pressure so high at J-9 even though it is far from the source?
It is located at the lowest elevation in the system.
2 Why must you rely so heavily on pipes greater than 150 mmin this fairly
small subdivision?
Streets are not laid out with water distribution in mind. More loops would
result in smaller pipes/greater reliability.
3 What would really happen if you used the system from run 2 and had a fire
at J-6 that needed 63 L/s?
You would not be able to get 1000 gpm. You would have lower flow with
higher pressures.
4 How does the split in flow between pipes P-3 and P-7 change as you
change pipe diameters? Why?
Initially they are the same but there is more flow through P-3 as it is
increased.
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Workshop Review
5 If another source of water were available along the highway at J-9, how
might that source affect the design?
You might need to make P-10 larger so it would not be a bottleneck for the
future source.
6 What else could you do to help the pressures during normal demand
periods?
If possible:
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Operate the tank with more water in the tank (higher static head).
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Module Prerequisites
Module Objectives
After completing this module, you will be able to:
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Prototypes
Before we get started laying out the system, we will set up a prototype for all the
pipes to be 200 mm diameter, 10-year-old cast iron pipe with a user-defined
length of 457.2 m.
2 Left click once on Pipe within the Prototype manager and then click on the
New button.
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3 Double click on Pipe Prototype-1 to open this prototype and set the
Diameter (mm) to 200 mm.
4 Next to the Material field, click on the ellipsis () button to open the
Engineering Libraries.
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7 Click Select.
You should now have Cast Iron as the chosen Material on the Prototypes
manager.
Note: The default roughness value for cast iron pipe is 130, since it is assumed to be
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System Layout
System Layout
Now that the pipe prototype is set up the system can be drawn out. In this section
you will layout the system shown below.
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System Layout
you can change its direction by clicking once on the element in the drawing
window to select it, and then right click to choose Reverse.
11 Before continuing, review each PRV and make sure that they are oriented
correctly (from upstream to downstream) and if they are not, use the
Reverse option to orient them correctly.
Node
Downstream Pipe
PRV-1
P-6
PRV-2
P-8
PRV-3
P-16
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Pipe
Diameter (mm)
Length (m)
P-1
300
3.0
P-2
300
3.0
P-3
300
1524.0
P-4
200
304.8
P-5
200
30.5
P-6
200
457.2
P-7
200
457.2
P-8
200
457.2
P-9
200
30.5
P-10
200
304.8
P-11
200
457.2
P-12
200
30.5
P-13
200
304.8
P-14
200
548.6
P-15
250
457.2
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Pipe
Diameter (mm)
Length (m)
P-16
250
304.8
P-17
300
457.2
3 While you are in the Pipe FlexTable, right click on the heading for Length
(User Defined) (m) and select Units and Formatting.
This opens the Set Field Options Length dialog.
4 Change the Display Precision to 1.
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5 Click OK.
Note: Notice that now the lengths are displayed as 457.2 instead of 457.20. Notice
also that many of the fields in the tables have values of (N/A). This is because
the values have not yet been calculated.
6 Close the Pipe FlexTable and save the file.
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Node
Elevation (m)
Demand (L/s)
J-1
249.9
0.0
J-2
249.9
3.2
J-3
265.2
3.2
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Node
Elevation (m)
Demand (L/s)
J-4
234.7
4.7
J-5
234.7
3.2
J-6
271.3
4.7
J-7
271.3
5.0
J-8
277.4
0.0
J-9
275.8
3.2
The Junction FlexTable with the elevation data should look like the
following:
Note: To enter in the demand data, you could enter in the data within the FlexTable
by clicking the ellipsis () button within each cell in the Demand Collection
column, which will then open a table where the demands can be entered for
that specific node. If you do not want to follow this procedure, proceed to the
following step.
3 Close the FlexTable: Junction Table.
4 Select Tools > Demand Control Center.
The Demand Control Center is often the quicker method of entering in
demand data.
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5 Click Yes if you are prompted with the dialog shown below.
6 Once inside the Demand Control Center, click the New button and select
Initialize Demands for All Elements.
7 Fill in the Demand (Base) (L/s)column from the data in the table on the
previous pages.
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PRV Label
Elevation (m)
Diameter (mm)
PRV-1
249.9
100
285.0
PRV-2
253.0
100
286.5
PRV-3
253.0
100
286.5
3 Check the PRV FlexTable to see if Hydraulic Grade Setting (Initial) is in the
table. If it is, then fill in that column and go to Step 8.
If it is not, you will need to add the column for Hydraulic Grade Setting
(Initial) to the PRV FlexTable.
4 Within the PRV FlexTable, select the Edit button.
This opens the Table: PRV Table dialog.
5 Scroll through the Available Columns list, highlight Hydraulic Grade
Setting (Initial), and select the first Add button.
6 Using the Up button, move Hydraulic Grade Setting (Initial) under
Diameter.
7 Select OK to update the table with the values from the PRV table above.
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Note: Make sure Label is sorted in ascending order and enter the data from the table.
8 Close out of the PRV FlexTable and FlexTables manager to return to the
main drawing screen.
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Flow (L/s)
Head (m)
Shutoff
48.8
Design
63
39.6
Max. Operating
88
33.8
5 After you have entered the data, view the graph that gets created.
Note: Do not worry about the blue line. That is only used for efficiency in energy
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9 Use the dropdown menu next to Pump Definition and select Pump
Definition - 1.
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Elevation
(Base) (m)
Elevation
Elevation
(Minimum) (m) (Initial) (m)
Elevation
Elevation (m) Diameter (m)
(Maximum) (m)
307.8
313.9
326.1
320.0
125
289.6
15.0
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You will be calculating the base scenario, that uses the base demand
alternative, in order to generate results for an average daily steady state
analysis.
2 Rename the Base scenario to AVG Daily by right clicking Base, selecting
Rename, and typing the new name.
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Note: Notice how there is now a check mark next to J-5 indicating that its data has
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4 Open the new scenario and change the Demand alternative to Avg Daily +
Industry.
5 Within the Scenarios manager, click the down arrow next to the Compute
button and select Batch Run.
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Workshop Review
Workshop Review
Now that you have completed this workshop, lets measure what you have
learned.
2 Which PRVs will be the main feed to the lower zone? As the pressure
drops, which PRV will open last: PRV-1, PRV-2, or PRV-3? Why?
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5 What can you say about the capacity of the system if this output is for
average flow conditions?
6 If the pump is a nominal 63 L/s pump, what can you generally say about its
efficiency?
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5 What can you say about the capacity of the system if this output is for
average flow conditions?
6 If the pump is a nominal 63 L/s pump, what can you generally say about its
efficiency?
7 How much more would the pump PMP-1 need to produce to keep the
tank T-1 from draining?
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Answers Run 1
1 What is the hydraulic grade line elevation at junction J-6? At J-4?
J-6 has HGL at 320.5 m
J-4 has HGL at 286.5 m
2 Which PRVs will be the main feed to the lower zone? As the pressure
drops, which PRV will open last: PRV-1, PRV-2, or PRV-3? Why?
PRV-1 will open last because it has a lower HGL setting.
5 What can you say about the capacity of the system if this output is for
average flow conditions?
The system is adequate to meet capacity for average daily conditions.
6 If the pump is a nominal 63 L/s pump, what can you generally say about its
efficiency?
Good efficiency, because it is operating close (within 65.5 L/s) and 39.1 m
of head which is very close to the design point on the pump curve. A more
accurate efficiency % can be determined by consulting the efficiency
curves in the pump manufactures catalog.
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Answers Run 2
1 What is the hydraulic grade line elevation at junction J-6? At J-4?
J-6 has HGL at 304.7 m
J-4 has HGL at 284.8 m
5 What can you say about the capacity of the system if this output is for
average flow conditions?
The system is not adequate to meet capacity for average daily conditions
because the tank is draining.
6 If the pump is a nominal 63 L/s pump, what can you generally say about its
efficiency?
The pump does not appear to be operating efficiently. It is operating at
approximately 8.4 L/s above its design operation point. A more accurate
efficiency % can be determined by consulting the efficiency curves in the
pump manufactures catalog.
7 How much more would the pump PMP-1 need to produce to keep the
tank T-1 from draining?
Approximately 47.6 L/s
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Module Prerequisites
Modeling Basics
Module Objectives
After completing this module, you will be able to:
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Pressure transmitters at the pump discharge (J-1) and a monitoring point (J13)
You know that one pump is operating at the pump station, and both tanks have a
water surface elevation of 48.8 m. There are no unusual events in the system to
cause abnormal demands. You have taken your elevation data from maps with
0.6 m contour intervals, so you feel confident about elevations. You checked the
pump curve and know it is correct.
There are two kinds of pipes in your system:
Older cast iron pipes from the original system, which will initially have a Cfactor of 90.
Newer ductile iron pipes, which will initially have a C-factor of 130.
The hydrant flow test at J-10 produced 71 L/s and the test at J-31 produced 66 L/s.
These flows will be entered as demands in the appropriate demand alternatives.
The data collected in the field is as follows:
Static Condition
Location
Pressure (kPa)
J-1
483
56.7
J-2
393
47.5
J-4
324
48.5
J-8
207
48.5
J-12
365
47.9
J-13
352
47.9
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Feb-10
Static Condition
Location
Pressure (kPa)
J-23
296
48.2
J-32
393
47.9
Pressure (kPa)
J-1
448
53.6
J-10
186
39.3
J-13
283
41.1
Pressure (kPa)
J-1
448
53.3
J-13
255
38.4
J-31
234
32.9
This data has already been set-up as User Data Alternatives making it easy to
compare the calculated results with measured field data. Hydraulic grade lines
have also been entered.
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157
4 Double click on the User Data Extensions category or click on the plus sign
next to the category to see the User Data Alternatives.
5 Each User Data Alternative has been named according to the field data it
holds.
6 Double click on each User Data Alternative to open it.
Note: The default display will be pipe information, but our field data (HGLs) are
Junction information.
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159
Note: Average Day demands already have been entered under the Base Demand
Alternative.
1 You want to retain the Base Demand alternative because it will be needed
later in the workshop, so create a child alternative from it called Average
Day.
2 Create two child alternatives from Average Day called Hydrant Flow at J10 and Hydrant Flow at J-31.
Your screen should appear as follows:
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Feb-10
4 Locate J-10 in the node list, select it, and input the hydrant flow rate of 71
L/s in the Demand (Base) (L/s) column.
5 Close the Demand: Hydrant Flow at J-10 dialog to apply the demands.
6 Edit the Hydrant Flow at J-31 alternative, locate J-31 in the node list,
select it, and input the hydrant flow rate of 66 L/s.
7 Close the Demand: Hydrant Flow at J-31 dialog to apply the demands.
8 Save your file.
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161
2 Make sure the correct Demand and User Data alternatives are listed with
each Scenario.
Scenario
Average Day
Average Day
Static Condition
3 After the three scenarios are prepared, use the down arrow next to the
Compute button, and select Batch Run.
4 Click in all three boxes and then click the Batch button to run all three
scenarios.
5 Click OK after all the scenarios have been computed.
Note: Remember the field data is already entered into the model as User Data
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163
You will now see an Observed HGL column in the FlexTable: Junction Table.
Note: You had limited field data so several of the junctions will have no Observed
HGL. Focus on the junctions that you do have Observed HGL data for (Sorting
the data first, then filtering the data can make this easier) and fill in the
calculated values in the Results Tables at the end of the workshop. Remember
to note which scenario is active when viewing the Junction Table. You also can
select different scenarios while the table is displayed.
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Adjusting Demands
Adjusting Demands
For the next three runs, we will increase demands by a factor of 2 at each
junction, except for the hydrant flow rates. You will set up three additional
demand alternatives and scenarios. User Data are field measurements, so the
User Data alternatives already prepared will be used again.
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165
Adjusting Demands
Note: You are not ready yet to run these new scenarios. You need to double the
Note: All of the original average daily demands have doubled. In addition, since 2X
Average Day is the parent to 2X Average Day + J-10 and 2X Average Day + J-31,
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Adjusting Demands
all of the demands in those alternatives also doubled, except the hydrant flow
rates at J-10 and J-31 which were input as local data.
4 Close the Demand Control Center and use FlexTables to confirm this is
accurate.
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167
Adjusting Demands
1 Open the Scenarios manager, and batch run the 3 new scenarios with
doubled average demands and hydrant flows.
2 Close the Scenarios manager, and use FlexTables to compare these results
with the field data.
3 Fill in the Results Tables at the end of this workshop.
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Adjusting C-Factors
Adjusting C-Factors
For the next three runs, we will go back to using average daily demands, and will
try reducing C-factors to 80% of their original values. Pipe C-factors are a physical
property, so you need to create a new Physical Alternative.
3 Edit 80% C-Factors and right click on the column heading for HazenWilliams C.
4 Globally multiply all pipe C-factors by 0.8.
5 Create three more scenarios pairing the Average Day, Hydrant Flow at J10, and Hydrant Flow at J-31 Demand alternatives with the new Physical
alternative 80% C-Factors.
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Adjusting C-Factors
Note: Make sure that the correct Demand, Physical, and User Data alternatives are
Physical
Alternative
Demand
Alternative
User Data
Alternative
80% C-Factors
Average Day
Static Condition
6 Batch run these three Scenarios, and fill in the third column in the Results
Table.
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Adjusting C-Factors
Hint: Given the pressure drop near the pump, you might look for a closed or partially
closed valve on one of these pipes. Valves may be indicated by closed pipes.
Warning: This is the end of the workshop for those using a build of WaterCAD/GEMS V8i prior
to build 08.11.01.32 (Select Update 1). The next section is for those who have
upgraded to this latest build.
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The Scenario Comparison tool is a new tool that was added to build 08.11.01.32
(Select Update 1) for WaterCAD/GEMS. This new tool simplifies the process of
understanding and viewing the differences between any two scenarios in a
model. Since we have multiple scenarios in this model, lets take a look to view
the differences between two of them.
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5 Click OK.
The Scenario Comparison dialog will be updated to look like the screen
below.
Note: As you can see, all the available alternatives are listed in the left pane of the
dialog, and on the right you will see those same alternatives, except that the
alternatives that are different are highlighted. Also, note that for the Physical
alternative in the left pane, the icon contains a red mark depicting that the
alternatives are different between the two selected scenarios. The icon with
the green check indicates that there are no differences.
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the comparison was run, which scenarios were used, and the number of
elements and attributes for which there were differences.
8 Click on Differences below the Physical alternative to view these
differences.
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Note: As you can see, you are shown that the Hazen-Williams C values are different
between the scenarios. In the Average Day scenario for P-67 the C value is 90.0
whereas, in the Average with 80% C scenario it is 72.0.
9 Click the Select in Drawing button and choose Select in Drawing from the
menu.
10 Move the Scenario Comparison dialog out of the way and see that all the
pipes in the model are selected. This means that all of the pipes have
different C-values between the two selected scenarios.
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Results Tables
Results Tables
Static Condition
Node HGL
HGL Run 1 (m) HGL Q=2x (m) HGL C=80%
Observed (m)
(m)
J-1
56.7
J-2
47.5
J-4
48.5
J-8
48.5
J-12
47.9
J-13
47.9
J-23
48.2
J-32
47.9
HGL User 1
(m)
HGL User 2
(m)
HGL User 1
(m)
HGL User 2
(m)
HGL User 1
(m)
HGL User 2
(m)
HGL
HGL Run 1
Observed (m) (m)
J-1
53.6
J-10
39.3
J-13
41.1
HGL
HGL Run 1
Observed (m) (m)
J-1
53.3
J-13
38.4
J-31
32.9
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Workshop Review
Workshop Review
Now that you have completed this workshop, lets measure what you have
learned.
Questions
1 Did adjusting the nodal demands make a difference in the HGL? Why?
2 After which node did you notice a fairly abrupt drop in HGL in the
observed data?
3 Did changing the C-factors have a bigger effect on the static or fire flow
runs?
5 If you could get more data, what data would you get?
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Workshop Review
Answers
Static Condition
Node HGL Observed (m)
J-1
56.7
50.6
49.2
51.3
J-2
47.5
49.2
47.5
49.4
J-4
48.5
48.8
48.3
48.8
J-8
48.5
48.9
48.6
48.9
J-12
47.9
49.7
48.4
50.1
J-13
47.9
49.4
48.2
49.6
J-23
48.2
49.0
48.3
49.1
J-32
47.9
49.4
48.1
49.6
J-1
53.6
46.5
43.1
46.8
J-10
39.3
43.2
40.8
42.3
J-13
41.1
44.9
41.5
44.4
J-1
53.3
J-13
38.4
J-31
32.9
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Workshop Review
1 Did adjusting the nodal demands make a difference in the HGL? Why?
It had little effect on the static condition run.
It made a significant change on the fire flow runs.
The extra flow caused extra head loss but in the static condition scenario
the velocity was so low the HGL was flat.
2 After which node did you notice a fairly abrupt drop in HGL in the
observed data?
J-1
Closed valve suspected downstream of that valve.
3 Did changing the C-factors have a bigger effect on the static or fire flow
runs?
It had a bigger effect on the fire flow runs.
The velocity was too low in static run.
5 If you could get more data, what data would you get?
Another fire flow test with several residual gages downstream of P-22.
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Node
6.3
7.6
5.0
6.3
3.5
3.5
6.3
7.6
0.6
0.9
1.5
10
0.6
11
0.6
0.9
12
0.5
2.0
13
0.9
3.2
14
1.2
15
1.7
16
0.6
0.8
17
1.6
2.2
18
1.3
19
0.9
20
0.8
21
1.3
22
0.6
1.6
23
0.3
0.9
24
1.9
25
0.9
1.3
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Node
26
1.9
27
1.3
1.9
28
0.9
1.3
29
0.9
1.3
30
2.2
2.6
31
1.3
32
0.6
1.3
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184
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186
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188
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190
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192
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194
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196
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200
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206
Feb-10
Module Prerequisites
Modeling Basics
Model Calibration
Module Objectives
After completing this module, you will be able to:
Feb-10
Designg cost effective water distributions systems with the help of Darwin
Designer
207
Copyright 2010 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Problem Statement
Problem Statement
In this workshop, you will receive a network in which the streets and the piping
have been laid out for a new industrial park. You must resize a portion of the pipes
based on a set of criteria that is provided to you below. The network is stored in
the file SystemImprovements.wtg that you can find in C:\Bentley
Workshop\WaterDistMetric\Starter.
The industrial park is served through existing 1200 mm and 900 mm transmission
mains (pipes P-1, P-31 and P-30), which is fed from a reservoir (water plant
clearwell) at node R-3 and has an HGL of 296.0 m.
The reservoir provides water to residential areas at nodes J-17 (through a 600 mm
pipe, P-29) and node J-18 (through a 900 mm pipe, P-23).
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Feb-10
Label
Avg Day
Max Day
Peak Hour
J-1
25.24
37.85
63.09
J-2
25.24
37.85
63.09
J-3
25.24
37.85
63.09
J-4
12.62
18.93
31.55
J-5
J-6
6.31
9.46
15.77
J-7
6.31
9.46
15.77
J-8
6.31
9.46
15.77
J-9
12.62
18.93
31.55
J-10
6.31
9.46
15.77
J-11
6.31
9.46
15.77
J-12
6.31
9.46
15.77
J-13
6.31
9.46
15.77
J-14
6.31
9.46
15.77
J-15
12.62
18.93
31.55
J-16
6.31
9.46
15.77
J-17
126.18
145.11
189.27
J-18
157.73
220.82
283.91
J-19
209
Note: The demands can be sorted to match the table on the previous page by right
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4 Double click on that alternative, select J-14, and change the Demand to
230.28 L/s.
5 Create a scenario that uses that fire flow by opening the Scenarios
manager, Analysis > Scenarios.
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Pipe Sizing
Pipe Sizing
In this section you will learn how to go through the process of sizing pipes while
meeting specified constraints. You will be using physical alternatives to record the
different pipe sizes for each trial.
You are to size the pipes in the industrial park so that the following constraints
are met:
All nodes have at least 240 kPa and no more than 550 kPa when there is not a
fire occurring at J-14.
All nodes have at least 140 kPa and no more than 550 kPa during a fire on the
max day at junction node J-14.
The 1200, 900, and 600 mm pipes (P-1, 23, 29, 30 and 31) are existing
transmission mains, and the water authority does not want to add a tap onto
them for each customer. You can only tap into this line at two points (nodes J1 and J-8 are recommended).
Initially, all the pipes you must size have been set to 150 mm with a C-factor of
130. Change the diameters but not the C-factors.
Additional Tips
Feb-10
It will be helpful for you to set up color-coding of the pipes based on Diameter
so that you can easily see the different pipe sizes on a plan view.
Before getting started with sizing the pipes, run the base scenario to see that
the pipes work for the average day flow.
Next, run the Max Day Scenario already created. Review the pressure results
for this run.
Add another scenario using the Base-Physical alternative and the MaxDayJ14Fire Demand alternative.
Set up an additional color coding scheme based on Velocity for the pipes.
Allow WaterCAD/GEMS to initialize the colors or you can choose your own.
This will help you identify bottlenecks within the system.
Set up a new Physical alternative trying as a first pass using all 200 mm pipes
(excluding the transmission mains mentioned earlier) and except for a 300
mm loop made up of pipes P-2, P-15, P-3, P-4, P-5, P-6, P-7, and possibly P-16.
213
Pipe Sizing
Run the new sizes using the Peak Hour and the MaxDayJ-14Fire demands
since these are the scenarios that will give you the highest pressures and
should be used to size the pipes.
Continue trying various pipe sizes setting up a new Physical alternative each
time until you come up with a reasonable design (but not over-designed!).
Record your results as you go along in the table at the end of the workshop.
Set up color coding of Junctions for Pressures (using Color and Size) based on
the pressures, colors, and sizes below:
Value
Color
Size
100
Green
240
Cyan
300
Blue
400
Magenta
550
Red
Note: This color coding scheme will allow you to easily see where the problem areas
are once you start running the scenarios with various pipe sizes.
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Pipe Sizing
Note: You can also edit the Above Range Color and the Above Range Size if you would
4 When you have a solution that appears to meet the design criteria,
determine the cost for piping in that solution.
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215
Inside ($/m)
Highway ($/m)
150
200
262
200
302
381
250
413
512
300
531
646
350
659
791
400
797
942
500
1,086
1,257
600
1,404
1,594
750
1,919
2,129
900
2,477
2,700
5 Rename Cost Function New Pipe-1 to Inside and fill in the cost data from
the table above.
6 Set Material for all pipes to PVC and C-factors to 130.
Note: These C-factors are not used in costing.
7 Create another cost function for the pipe laid in the highway.
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When completed, the cost function should look like the one below:
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217
Note: You should have 16 pipes as shown in the screen shot below (though one pipe
6 Click OK and repeat for the Highway Pipes which include P-8, P-9, P-10,
and P-11.
The Design Groups tab should look like this when done:
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Feb-10
3 Create a manual cost estimate by clicking the New button on the left pane
and selecting New Manual Cost Estimate Run.
4 Assign it a name like that of the scenario you have chosen so that you will
remember the basis for the costs.
5 Make sure the box for Use Diameters from Representative Scenario is
checked.
6 Check Is Active for the pipe groups to be priced and select the appropriate
Cost/properties for each Design Pipe Group.
7 To start the cost estimate, click Compute and click Close when the run is
complete.
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219
Two new lines appear in the left pane; the one labeled Solutions displays
the total cost and the line labeled Solution 1 contains a detailed
breakdown of the cost for each pipe.
Warning: Nothing is displayed under the Simulated Results tab because a cost run does not
include any hydraulic calculations.
8 Repeat the iteration between hydraulic analysis and costing until you are
satisfied that the solution meets the design criteria at a reasonable cost.
9 Fill in the Results Table after each good run.
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Feb-10
Results Table
Results Table
Diameters
Pipe #
Run 1
Run 2
Run 3
Run 4
Run 5
Run 6
Run 7
Run 8
P-2
P-3
P-4
P-5
P-6
P-7
P-8
P-9
P-10
P-11
P-12
P-13
P-14
P-15
P-16
P-17
P-18
P-19
P-20
P-21
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221
Results Table
Run 1
Run 2
Run 3
Run 4
Run 5
Run 6
Run 7
Run 8
222
Feb-10
Workshop Review
Workshop Review
Now that you have completed this workshop, lets measure what you have
learned.
Questions
1 Explain why you selected the pipes you did.
3 Why was node J-14 so troublesome? How did you resolve this problem?
Feb-10
223
Workshop Review
224
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Workshop Review
Answers
Diameters
Feb-10
Pipe #
Run 1
Run 2
Run 3
Run 4
Run 5
Run 6
P-2
300
P-3
300
P-4
300
P-5
300
P-6
300
P-7
300
P-8
200
300
P-9
200
300
P-10
200
300
P-11
200
300
P-12
200
300
P-13
200
300
P-14
200
300
P-15
200
P-16
200
P-17
200
P-18
200
P-19
200
P-20
200
P-21
200
400
400
300
225
Workshop Review
Run 1
Run 2
Run 3
Run 4
Run 5
Run 6
Peak
Peak
Peak
Avg
Max
Max
Fire at
J-14
J-14
Fire Q (L/s)
230
230
195
216
249
291
-662
162
@ node #
J-4
J-4
J-4
J-4
J-14
J-14
285
287
291
295
191
276
P-2
P-2
P-2
P-16
P-16
1.66
1.30
0.53
7.32
3.25
Cost ($)
4.148 M
4.546 M
4.546 M
4.546 M
4.922 M
OK
OK
3.597 M
Check?
OK
3 Why was node J-14 so troublesome? How did you resolve this problem?
It is a dead end line at a high elevation.
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Copyright 2010 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
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230
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232
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234
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236
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238
Feb-10
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240
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242
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244
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246
Feb-10
Module Prerequisites
Modeling Basics
Model Calibration
Module Objectives
After completing this module, you will be able to:
Feb-10
247
Copyright 2010 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Problem Statement
Problem Statement
The overall steps of this workshop will include the following:
Setting up a scenario for max day demand (1.5 times average day) and running
it to get a feel for how the system will work under normal conditions.
Using the results of the fire flow analysis, simulate a representative fire to
determine the weak links in the system.
Making some improvements to the system and determining the effects on fire
flows.
The file to be used for this workshop is called Automated_Fire_Start.wtg and can
be found in C:\Bentley Workshop\WaterDistMetric\Starter.
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Feb-10
3 With the Scenarios manager still open, right click on Max Day Base
Physical and select Properties.
Feb-10
249
5 Within the Scenarios manager, right click on Max Day Base Physical and
select Make Current.
Note: Notice the red check mark will be displayed next to this scenario now indicating
Exercise: Multiplying the demands by 1.5 and computing the max day
scenario
1 Open the Demand Control Center (Tools > Demand Control Center).
250
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251
252
Feb-10
Feb-10
253
2 Expand the Fire Flow alternative category and create a Child Alternative
from Base-Fire Flow.
3 Name the child Greendale Fire Flows.
4 Edit Greendale Fire Flows and the Fire Flow: Greendale Fire Flows dialog
will appear.
5 Our analysis constraints are based on pressures, not velocity, so do not
check the Use Velocity Constraint? box.
6 Set the Fire Flow (Needed) to 41 L/s, and the Fire Flow (Upper Limit) to 221
L/s.
7 Set the Apply Fire Flows By to Adding to Baseline Demand in order to add
these flows to the existing demands.
8 Continue by setting the Pressure (Residual Lower Limit) to 130 kPa and the
Pressure (Zone Lower Limit) to 130 kPa.
9 Do not check the Use Minimum System Pressure Constraint box.
10 Let the Fire Flow Auxiliary Results Type remain as its default of None.
Note: The junction nodes in Greendale already have been placed into a selection set.
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Feb-10
J-145
J-210
J-139
J-204
J-224
J-138
J-117
J-197
J-217
J-143
J-208
J-236
J-199
J-136
J-198
J-219
J-144
J-209
J-237
J-221
13 Click on Close to exit the Fire Flow dialog, and then close the Alternatives
manager.
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255
4 Enter Fire Flow Calcs for the name by clicking the Rename button.
5 Open the Fire Flow Calcs Properties dialog by double clicking on Fire Flow
Calcs.
6 Change the Calculation Type to Fire Flow.
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Feb-10
4 Set the Fire Flow alternative to Greendale Fire Flows and also set the
Calculation Option to Fire Flow Calcs.
to the top of the table; these are the junction nodes that have values whereas
all other junctions have N/A in the various fields.
11 Complete the Results Table for Fire Flow Analysis found at the end of the
workshop as well as answer any questions that pertain to this run.
Feb-10
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258
Feb-10
6 Make sure that the Fire Flow (Needed) is set to 41 L/s, the Pressure
Constraints are both set to 130 kPa and Greendale FF Junctions are
selected for Fire Flow Nodes.
7 Close the alternative and create a new scenario called Auxiliary as a child
of Greendale Fire Base Physical.
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259
Now you will use the Fire Flow Results Browser to look at auxiliary results.
1 Select Analysis > Fire Flow Results Browser and you will see the dialog
below:
Note: This indicates that all the fire flows passed, but you would like to see the
260
Feb-10
Note: You will see results for all nodes from the Greendale FF Junctions set which
Note: Above shows results for when J-115 is selected in the Fire Flow Results Browser.
Feb-10
261
Note: The prior image shows results for when J-136 is selected in the Fire Flow
Results Browser. WaterCAD/GEMS does not save results for pipes that do not
meet the velocity criteria except for the pipes that are connected to the fire
flow node.
7 Fill in the Results Table at the end.
8 If you go back to the Fire Flow Results Browser and pick some other fire
flow junction node, you will see the results change in the Pipe FlexTable.
9 If you have additional time, use color coding to see which pipes are critical
for each fire flow node.
Color
Size
Blue
Green
Red
262
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263
8 Try zooming to the new development portion of the system to better see
the pipes.
264
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Results Tables
Results Tables
Pressure (kPa)
HGL (m)
J-83
J-114
J-138
Fire Flow Analysis - Fire flow analysis run with the existing
distribution system
Node
Fire Flow
(Available) (L/s)
Pressure (Calculated
Residual Lower Limit) Pressure at Fire flow Node
(kPa)
Junction with
Minimum Pressure
(Zone)
Calculated
Minimum Zone
Pressure (kPa)
J-115
J-136
J-197
J-237
Auxiliary Results Pipe Data - List pipes with Velocity greater than
3 m/s when fire flow node is J-115
Pipe Number
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Flow (L/s)
Velocity (m/s)
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Workshop Review
Workshop Review
Now that you have completed this workshop, lets measure what you have
learned.
Questions
1 In reviewing the pressures from the max day steady state run, what would
you conclude about the pressures in this system?
2 In the fire flow analysis for this system the node which limited the fire flow
was not near the fire, why was this the case?
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4 What pipe(s) had the highest velocity and were most responsible for
limiting fire flows?
5 What was the source of the water during the Max Day run vs. the source
for the Fire Flow run?
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Answers
Pressure (kPa)
HGL (m)
J-83
284
558
J-114
643
557
J-138
960
557
Fire Flow Analysis - Fire flow analysis run with the existing
distribution system
Node
Fire Flow
(Available) (L/s)
Pressure (Calculated
Residual Lower Limit) Pressure at Fire flow Node
(kPa)
Junction with
Minimum Pressure
(Zone)
Calculated
Minimum Zone
Pressure (kPa)
J-115
68.01
136
J-114
130
J-136
107.17
387
J-83
130
J-197
72.89
131
J-144
148
J-237
107.17
178
J-83
130
Auxiliary Results Pipe Data - List pipes with Velocity greater than
3 m/s when fire flow node is J-115
Pipe Number
Flow (L/s)
Velocity (m/s)
P-162
73.54
4.2
P-163
73.32
4.2
P-164
73.21
4.1
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Workshop Review
1 In reviewing the pressures from the max day steady state run, what would
you conclude about the pressures in this system?
Pressures are generally quite high. More than half of the node pressures
are greater than 600 kPa.
2 In the fire flow analysis for this system the node which limited the fire flow
was not near the fire, why was this the case?
High points other than at the flowed hydrant can control available fire
flow.
4 What pipe(s) had the highest velocity and were most responsible for
limiting fire flows?
Non-looped pipes had the highest velocity (e.g. P-162, P-163, and P-164).
However for some cases, head loss back in the other part of the system
controlled fire flow.
5 What was the source of the water during the Max Day run vs. the source
for the Fire Flow run?
Max day flows came from the pump while fire flows came primarily from
the tank. Pumps are limited by their curve.
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Module Prerequisites
Modeling Basics
Model Calibration
Module Objectives
After completing this module, you will be able to:
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303
Problem Statement
Problem Statement
In this workshop, you will compare the energy costs for following three different
pump operating strategies:
You will make this comparison by setting up and running a 24-hour EPS simulation
for each operating strategy. The network layout and most of the input data have
already been entered into the file EPS.wtg.
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Problem Statement
You will need to enter the demand pattern (continuous type) given below and
assign this pattern to all of the node demands for every scenario.
Hour
Multiplier
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
12
1.2
15
1.0
18
0.8
21
0.6
24
0.8
The pump efficiency curve for both pumps under all scenarios is described by:
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PMP-4
106.7
109.4
PMP-5
105.2
108.2
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Problem Statement
PMP-5 comes on when flow in P-18 is greater than 657.19 L/s; else, PMP-5 is
off.
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Getting Started
Getting Started
You will be using an existing WaterCAD/GEMS file named EPS.wtg. This file
includes the layout of the system with a base physical scenario for which node
demands, elevations, pipe, pump, and tank characteristics have already been
entered. You will need to finish entering the rest of the data to get the model set
up for the different scenarios.
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Hour
Multiplier
1.0
1.2
1.4
12
1.2
15
1.0
18
0.8
21
0.6
24
0.8
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Getting Started
2 Highlight Pump Definition 3 (PMP-4), select the Efficiency tab and enter
the following:
Pump Efficiency Best Efficiency Point
BEP Flow 657.19 L/s
BEP efficiency 75%
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Getting Started
3 Select the Motor tab and set the Motor Efficiency to 95%.
4 Enter the same efficiency data for Pump Definition-2 (PMP-5).
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Getting Started
1 Open the Pump FlexTable and set those conditions using the Status
dropdown menus.
Hint: You may need to edit the FlexTable to add Status (Initial) as a column in the
FlexTable.
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3 Select the following from the associated dropdown menus in the Control
Wizard dialog to enter the controls for PMP-4:
Pump: PMP-4
Tank: T-1
On Operator: <
On HGL (m): 106.7
Off Operator: >
Off HGL (m): 109.4
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4 Click the New button and add the following controls for PMP-5.
Pump: PMP-5
Tank: T-1
On Operator: <
On HGL (m): 105.2
Off Operator: >
Off HGL (m): 108.2
5 Click the Create button when you are done.
Note: When you click Create the Control Wizard enters the different Conditions and
Actions of the controls that you entered into their associated tabs on the
Controls dialog and builds the controls for you.
You should now see four controls listed on the Controls tab of the Controls
dialog.
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6 Click on the Conditions and Actions tabs to review what the wizard did.
Note: These four logical controls are needed for the first scenario, in which the pumps
are controlled by tank level. We are going to group them into a Logical Control
Set.
2 Move all four controls from the Available Items pane to the Selected Items
pane by clicking the Add All button.
3 Click Close when done.
4 Right click on Logical Control Set-1 and select Rename.
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5 Select Tank Controls from the dropdown menu for Control Set.
6 Click Close.
Note: This scenario will use the base topology, physical, demand and initial conditions
alternatives.
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3 Edit the properties for the Tank Control Scenario and set the Operational
alternative to Tank Control Operations and the Calculation Option to 24Hour EPS.
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6 Use the Chart Settings button to enhance the appearance of your graph.
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7 Arrange the information listed in the legend so the nodes are in ascending
order, left to right.
Note: Use the up and down buttons to rearrange the legend.
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Note: On the drawing nodes J-1, J-3 and J-9 may still be highlighted.
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2 Click the New button from the Graphs dialog and select Line Series Graph.
Again, make sure the correct Scenario, Element, and Field are checked.
Note: You can use Flow (Total) or Flow (Absolute) to plot pump flows.
questions. Computing energy cost will be addressed in detail after you have
set-up all 3 scenarios.
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6 Click Close.
7 Close the Alternatives manager.
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4 Click Close.
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4 Close the Scenarios manager and make No Tank Constant Speed the
active scenario.
5 Compute this scenario and check the results to make sure that there are
no warnings.
6 Close the Calculation Summary.
7 Go back to your graphs and view the pressure comparison graph you
created in the last scenario.
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Note: Make sure No Tank Constant Speed is the selected scenario in the Graph Series
8 Fill in the Results Table and answer the questions for this scenario.
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Note: Make no more modifications here; we will modify this alternative from the
drawing.
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maximum pressures.
8 Close the graph and give it a descriptive name.
9 Repeat these steps for junction J-3.
10 Complete the rest of the first Results Table.
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Energy Cost
Energy Cost
Now you are going to calculate the energy cost for each scenario.
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Energy Cost
7 Stay in the Energy Cost dialog and select the Tank Control Scenario.
8 Include PMP-4 and PMP-5 in the energy calculations and assign Uniform
Energy Price in the Energy Pricing column.
9 Click the Compute button on the Energy Costs dialog and record the daily
pumping cost.
10 Review energy cost information and pump/storage details.
11 Select the No Tank Constant Speed scenario, compute it, and record the
daily cost.
12 Finally, do the same for the No Tank Variable Speed scenario.
13 When finished, exit the Energy Cost dialog.
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Energy Cost
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Energy Cost
6 Change the graph to show Pump Head, and record the minimum and
maximum pump operating heads.
Note: Record head values that occurred when the pump is running.
one graph.
9 Complete the results table and finish the questions.
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Results Table
Results Table
Please use graphs and data tables to complete the results table with approximate
values. Do not record zero hour values. Complete this first table after the
extended period simulation runs.
Attribute
With Tank
No Tank Constand
Speed
No Tank Variable
Speed
After you complete the energy costing runs, fill in the table below.
Attribute
With Tank
No Tank Constant
Speed
No Tank Variable
Speed
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Workshop Review
Workshop Review
Now that you have completed this workshop, lets measure what you have
learned.
Questions
1 In the tank control run, why does the pressure vary more at J-1 than J-3?
2 In the variable speed pump run, why does pressure vary more at J-3 than
J-1?
3 What is the number of pump starts during the day for the scenario with
the tank? Is it excessive?
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4 Do you think the pumps have enough capacity for this application?
5 Which scenario had the lowest energy costs? Which do you think would
have the lowest life-cycle cost?
6 Why was the energy use for the no tank constant head scenario the
greatest? What did the other two scenarios do to lower costs?
7 What was the range of relative speeds for the variable speed pump? If the
target head were increase, how do you think the speed would change?
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Answers
Attribute
With Tank
No Tank Constand
Speed
No Tank Variable
Speed
702
537
630
537
692
527
589
495
Attribute
No Tank Constant
Speed
No Tank Variable
Speed
68.9
70.3
43.9
48.8
54.9
65.9
50.0
51.6
59.6
49.1
691
986
730
With Tank
1 In the tank control run, why does the pressure vary more at J-1 than J-3?
The tank tends to keep pressure constant. The cycling of pumps affects J-1
the most because of location.
2 In the variable speed pump run, why does pressure vary more at J-3 than
J-1?
Pressure is controlled to be constant at J-1.
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3 What is the number of pump starts during the day for the scenario with
the tank? Is it excessive?
5, not excessive.
4 Do you think the pumps have enough capacity for this application?
Yes, pumps turn off or run at less than full speed.
5 Which scenario had the lowest energy costs? Which do you think would
have the lowest life-cycle cost?
Tank had lowest energy cost, while variable speed will probably have
lowest life-cycle cost. Must compare VFD costs with tank costs and
benefits.
6 Why was the energy use for the no tank constant head scenario the
greatest? What did the other two scenarios do to lower costs?
Constant speed pump cannot turn off if there is no storage or slow down if
there is no variable speed drive.
7 What was the range of relative speeds for the variable speed pump? If the
target head were to increase, how do you think the speed would change?
0.87 to 0.92, speed would increase if target head increased.
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Module Prerequisites
Modeling Basics
Model Calibration
Module Objectives
After completing this module, you will be able to:
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Copyright 2010 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Problem Statement
Problem Statement
Runs 1-2
You are working with a system with two sources: one source (R-1) has low total
dissolved solids (TDS) of 250 mg/L, while a second source (R-3) has a TDS of 600
mg/L. The low TDS source runs continuously, while the high TDS source only
comes on when the water level in tank 1 drops to 50 m. It goes off when the level
reaches 51.5 m. You want to investigate the blending of the two sources in the
distribution system.
Runs 3-4
You are also concerned with the chlorine residual in the system. You will simulate
2 chlorine residual runs for the system, one considering wall decay and the other
not considering wall decay and compare the results.
Runs 5-6
There have also been reports that the water in the system may be quite old, so
you want to investigate the water age. In addition you would like to trace water
from R-1 to determine how much of the systems water is being generated by this
reservoir.
An EPS model of the system has already been constructed and is stored in a file
named WaterQuality.wtg. You will use this model to analyze the water quality
runs discussed above. Open this file from C:\Bentley
Workshop\WaterDistMetric\Starter to begin the workshop.
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4 Click on the TDS label and confirm that a Diffusivity value of 1.208e-009
m2/s is entered and the box for Unlimited Concentration? is checked.
Note: Since TDS is a conservative constituent, the reaction rate (bulk and wall decay)
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7 You will need to set the concentration of TDS in the two reservoirs based
on the table below.
Reservoir TDS-Concentration (Initial) (mg/L)
R-1
250
R-3
600
8 Select the Reservoir tab on the Constituent dialog to enter the above
concentrations.
Note: The initial TDS concentration in T-1, T-2, and the junctions are zero so you will
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4 Review the properties of TDS and set the Demand alternative to Peak
Hour and the Constituent alternative to TDS.
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To view the results graphically set up pipe color-coding for TDS using the
color range table below:
Value <=(mg/L)
Color
260
Green
300
Cyan
400
Yellow
500
Magenta
625
Red
1 Select View > Element Symbology if the manager is not already open.
2 Right click on Pipe and select New > Color Coding to create a color-coding
table.
3 Select Concentration (Calculated) for the Field Name.
4 Click the Calculate Range button to see the Minimum and Maximum
values.
5 Make sure Options: is set to Color.
6 Enter the information from the above table.
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Exercise: Using the EPS Results Browser to scroll through the time steps
The EPS Results Browser will be used to scroll though the TDS scenario
time steps.
1 Click the EPS Results Browser button or select Analysis > EPS Results
Browser.
2 Size and drag the EPS Results Browser window to a convenient location on
your screen.
3 Set the Increment to 1.0 hour and use the Step button to scroll through
several time steps and see how TDS levels fluctuate by observing link color
changes.
4 Click the Play button to automatically scroll through the time steps.
5 Use the Speed slider to increase or decrease the scroll rate.
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3 Select node J-13 from the drawing and click the Done button.
4 On the Graph Series Options dialog, the TDS scenario should be checked
and under Elements only J-13 should be checked.
5 In the Fields section, expand Results (Water Quality) and check the box for
Concentration (Calculated).
6 Clear the check marks for the other Fields.
7 Click OK.
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Note: You can enhance the appearance of your graph if you would like to.
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8 Click the Data tab to view the data that was used to create the graph.
Note: You can sort and filter the information shown under the Data tab.
9 To access the filter option, right click on the column header for Time and
select Filter > Custom.
10 You can apply a filter to show only the last 24 hours of any run and then
sort the TDS column in ascending and descending order to get the
minimum and maximum values.
11 Close the graph and in the Graphs manager, rename your graph TDS.
12 Open the graph again and use the graphs and tables to fill in the Results
Table and answer the questions for Run 1.
13 Save your file.
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144-hour run. Tank T-1 has a concentration of 255 mg/l and climbing and T-2
has a concentration of 256 mg/l and climbing. Based on these graphs, we
decide to modify our initial conditions for Run 2. A good starting condition for
both T-1 and T-2 is 300 mg/l for Run 2.
For this run you will need to create a new TDS alternative and enter more
accurate starting conditions (300 mg/l) for T-1 and T-2. Then set-up a second
scenario for this updated TDS alternative.
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3 Open TDS-300, click on the Tank tab, and enter 300 mg/L in Concentration
(Initial) for each tank.
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3 Edit the scenario and change the Constituent alternative used by this
scenario to be TDS-300, and change the Calculation Option to Constituent
Analysis 288 hours.
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6 From a bottle test of decay you know that the Bulk Reaction Rate is 0.3
(mg/L)^(1-n)/day.
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9 Enter a Concentration (Initial) of 1.0 mg/L for R-1 and R-3 on the Reservoir
tab.
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3 Open Chlorine + Wall and click on the ellipsis () to enter the wall reaction
coefficient.
4 Click on Chlorine and then click the Duplicate button.
5 Rename the new item Chlorine + Wall.
Note: The Diffusivity and Bulk Reaction Rate fields should already be filled in.
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6 Select First Order for Wall Reaction Order and enter -0.305 m/day as the
value.
7 Click Close.
8 Select Chlorine + Wall as the Constituent, and then click Close.
3 Edit the scenario and select Chlorine + Wall as the Constituent alternative.
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4 You want to analyze over a longer duration, so set the Calculation Option
to Constituent Analysis 288 hours.
5 Close Scenarios manager and make sure that Chlorine with Wall is the
active scenario on the main screen.
6 Select Compute to calculate the scenario.
7 Fill in the results column for Run 4 using tables and graphs.
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Run 5- Age
Run 5- Age
In the fifth run you will investigate water age in the system.
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Run 5- Age
5 Select the Reservoir tab and set the water age in the reservoirs to 0.00
hours.
6 Select the Tank tab and set the Age (Initial) in both tanks to 72 hours (3
days). This is a typical water age found in many tanks.
7 After you have entered these values close out of the Age alternative.
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Run 5- Age
3 While you are here, create another calculation option named Age-288
with the same parameters, but with a Duration of 288 hours.
Note: The answers at the end of the workshop are based on T-1 initial age = 72 hours,
T-2 initial age = 144 hours, and an analysis duration of 288 hours).
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Run 6- Trace
Run 6- Trace
In the sixth run you will do a source tracing for reservoir R-1. This will tell you the
amount of water at each node that comes from this reservoir.
You know from historical analysis that on average about 80% of the water comes
from reservoir R-1, so as a starting point, you will set the initial trace percentage
to 80% for all junctions and tanks. Set the initial trace percentage to zero for R-1
and R-3.
3 Open the Trace alternative and set the Trace Element to R-1 by clicking the
ellipsis () and then selecting R-1 from the drawing.
4 Select the Junction tab and globally change all Trace (Initial) (%) to 80%.
5 Select the Tank tab and set both tanks at 80%.
6 Close the alternative when you are done.
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Run 6- Trace
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Run 6- Trace
3 In the Scenario Properties set Trace as the Trace alternative and Trace-450
as the Calculation Option.
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Results Table
Results Table
Choose the minimum and maximum values by looking at the last 24 hours of each
simulation.
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Condition Run 1
Run 2
Run 3
Constituent
Initial values
at T-1
Initial values
at T-2
J-13
Min Value
J-13
Max Value
J-3
Min Value
J-3
Max Value
T-1
Min Value
T-1
Max Value
T-2
Min Value
T-2
Max Value
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Run 4
Run 5
Run 6
Chlorine
Residual
w/wall
(mg/L)
Age
(hours)
Trace R1
Workshop Review
Workshop Review
Now that you have completed this workshop, lets measure what you have
learned.
Questions
1 Why were initial conditions at the tanks maintained so long in comparison
with those at the nodes?
2 How long did it take to reach the equilibrium pattern of TDS at nodes:
J-13
J-3
T-1
T-2
3 What is the maximum water age at the two tanks (T1 and T2)? What type
of problems could result in tanks with water that is this old?
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Workshop Review
4 What part of the distribution system showed the greatest and least
temporal variation in source water tracing?
5 If you were deciding where to live in town based on water supply, which
area would you choose and why?
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Answers
Node
Condition Run 1
Run 2
Run 3
Run 4
Run 5
Run 6
Constituent
Chlorine
Residual
w/wall
(mg/L)
Age
(hours)
Trace R1
(%)
Initial values
at T-1
300
72
80
Initial values
at T-2
300
144
80
J-13
250
0.8
0.71
46
J-13
440
0.9
1.32
100
J-3
250
0.6
0.4
1.19
58
J-3
398
1.0
0.8
65.66
100
T-1
300
0.4
0.3
74.91
85
T-1
303
0.5
0.4
83.05
85
T-2
376
0.3
0.2
142.12
61
T-2
378
0.3
0.2
150.65
61
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Workshop Review
2 How long did it take to reach the equilibrium pattern of TDS at nodes:
J-13 - 10 hours
J-3 - 10 hours
T-1 - 250 hours
T-2 - 300 hours
3 What is the maximum water age at the two tanks (T1 and T2)? What type
of problems could result in tanks with water that is this old?
Maximum age in Tank T-1 is 3 days and the maximum age in Tank T-2 is 5
days. Especially in water as old as 5 days, you can lose your chlorine
residual and bacterial re-growth can occur.
4 What part of the distribution system showed the greatest and least
temporal variation in source water tracing?
The area near reservoir R-1 showed the least temporal variation while the
area near reservoir R-3 showed the most variation. This behavior is
because R-1 is always being used as a source and R-3 is intermittent.
5 If you were deciding where to live in town based on water supply, which
area would you choose and why?
In the area served directly by Reservoir R-1 (near nodes J-1, J-14, J-12, etc.)
because it is always served by a single source, the water is very young, the
TDS is lower, and the pressure is reasonable (420 kPa).
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Module Prerequisites
Modeling Basics
Model Calibration
Module Objectives
After completing this module, you will be able to:
Feb-10
Locate, analyze, and remediate critical pipe segments within a water system
429
Problem Statement
Problem Statement
In this workshop, you will start with a pipe network model that already contains
isolating valves. You will use the information about the valves to create
distribution system segments. You will identify problem areas in the system using
the information about segments and view the segments in the drawing.
You will then identify some pipes and valves that may be inserted into the
system to improve the performance of the system.
The pipe network you are starting with is shown below. The source is in the
southwest corner of the drawing.
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Getting Started
Getting Started
This section just walks you through the existing model so that you are familiar
with it for the rest of the workshop steps.
3 Use the Pan button or hold down the scroll wheel and follow the pipes
back through the system.
4 You may want to zoom out by rolling the scroll wheel or using the Zoom
Out button.
5 Select the scenario called Original Valves from the scenario dropdown
menu.
6 Zoom into any intersection and look at the isolating valve elements which
are labeled ISO-number.
7 Double click on one of the isolating valve elements so that the Properties
manager will open.
Note: Each isolating valve has a Reference Pipe which is the pipe on which the valve is
located. The pipe stays associated with the valve even if the valve element
symbol is moved off the pipe.
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4 Click OK.
5 On the Segmentation Scope tab, select Entire Network from the
dropdown menu.
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The table shows the number of segments and gives some statistics about
the segments.
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Note: The black and white drawing below does not do justice to the drawing.
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4 Click on that segment in the Label column and only the results for that
segment will appear as shown below:
5 Click the Zoom To Segments button at the top of the middle pane and this
will zoom the drawing to that segment.
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Feb-10
3 Select the largest outage segment based on Outage Set Length and
highlight it in the Label pane by clicking on it.
4 Click the Highlight Segment button on top of the Label pane.
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437
Note: This shows the somewhat trivial results in which when the segment from the
438
Feb-10
4 Sort the segments in the System Demand Shortfall (%) column in the right
pane in Descending order.
5 Review the shortfalls due to outages of various segments.
6 Fill in the appropriate results at the end of the problem.
7 Close out of the Criticality dialog when finished.
Feb-10
439
3 Edit the Improved System scenario and using the dropdown menu for
Active Topology select New Interconnect as the alternative.
440
Feb-10
Note: Do not worry if the element labels for the valves are different from above.
Feb-10
441
4 Click OK.
5 Select Improved System in the left pane and switch to the Segmentation
Scope tab in the right pane.
6 From the Scope Type pull down menu, select Entire Network.
7 Click the Compute button above the left pane.
8 Review the results under the Segmentation Results tab in the right pane.
9 Highlight Outage Segments under Improved System and click Compute.
442
Feb-10
10 In the right pane, right click on Outage Set Length and select Sort > Sort
Descending.
Feb-10
443
13 Think about where you could install valves to minimize the size of this
outage segment.
14 If you have time after you answer the questions, insert additional valves or
pipes to improve the system further.
444
Feb-10
Results Table
Results Table
Result
Max number of Isolation Elements <count>
Length of the third longest outage segment (m)
System Demanded Flow (L/s)
System Supplied Flow for third largest segment (L/s)
Length of second longest outage segment (m) (Improved System)
Feb-10
445
Workshop Review
Workshop Review
Now that you have completed this workshop, lets measure what you have
learned.
Questions
1 Why is it undesirable to have segments where a large number of valves are
needed to shut down the segment?
446
Feb-10
Workshop Review
4 Would you expect the same results for a steady state and an EPS criticality
analysis?
Feb-10
447
Workshop Review
Answers
Result
Max number of Isolation Elements <count>
2,209
38.5
28.1
4 Would you expect the same results for a steady state and an EPS criticality
analysis?
For this system, yes, because no storage tanks were involved. If there were
storage tanks, the EPS and steady results would be very different once the
tanks drained.
448
Feb-10
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449
450
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452
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454
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456
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458
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460
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462
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464
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Optimal Calibration
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Copyright 2010 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Optimal Calibration
Optimal Calibration
466
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Optimal Calibration
Optimal Calibration
468
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Optimal Calibration
Optimal Calibration
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Optimal Calibration
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Optimal Calibration
Optimal Calibration
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Module Prerequisites
Modeling Basics
Module Objectives
After completing this module, you will be able to:
Feb-10
481
Problem Statement
Problem Statement
You have a network model, which you have built using the best available data.
You also have three sets of field data that were collected during average day water
use and during two separate hydrant flow tests. The field data consists of flows
measured at the hydrants and pressures measured at other locations in the
system. The pressures were converted to hydraulic grade lines for use during the
calibration process. You must calibrate the model and reproduce the results of
the field measurements.
The network model to be used in this workshop is in a file called
DarwinCalibrator.wtg.
You will use Darwin Calibrator to improve the solution given in the problem and
you will need to make some of your own adjustments.
482
Feb-10
Problem Statement
Pressure transmitters at the pump discharge (J-1) and a monitoring point (J13)
You also have flow readings at the pump station corresponding to the pressure
readings.
You know the following boundary conditions: one pump is operating at the pump
station, and both tanks have a water surface elevation of 48.8 m. There are no
unusual events in the system to cause abnormal demands. You have taken your
elevation data from maps with 2-ft contour intervals, so you feel confident about
elevations. You checked the pump curve and know it is correct.
There are two kinds of pipes in your system:
Older cast iron pipes from the original system, which you will initially assign a
C-factor of 90.
Newer ductile iron pipes, which will initially have a C-factor of 130.
Feb-10
J-1
421
50.6
J-2
393
47.9
J-4
324
48.8
J-8
207
48.8
J-12
372
49.4
J-13
359
49.1
J-23
303
48.8
J-32
407
48.8
Q, Pump 42.8
483
Problem Statement
372
45.7
J-10
214
42.1
J-13
303
43.6
Q, Pump 48.1
J-1
352
43.9
J-13
276
40.2
J-31
241
33.8
Q, Pump 49.8
484
Feb-10
Darwin Calibrator
Darwin Calibrator
In this section you will run through the use of Darwin Calibrator to help you
calibrate your model to existing field data measurements.
Feb-10
485
Darwin Calibrator
4 Click OK.
5 Accept the default Date, Time, and Time from Start of 1/1/2000, 12:00:00
AM, and 0.00 respectively.
6 Set the Demand Multiplier to 1.00.
Now that general information is entered, you need to input field measured
data.
486
Feb-10
Darwin Calibrator
6 When finished with the Average Day data, create another Field Data
Snapshot called Fire Flow at J-10.
Feb-10
487
Darwin Calibrator
7 Enter the same general information that was input for Average Day, and
then input the Hydraulic Grade Value and Pump Flow data from the Fire
Flow at J-10 table in the Problem Statement.
Note: You also need to input the measured hydrant fire flow at J-10.
8 In the lower part of the Darwin Calibrator dialog, select the Demand
Adjustments tab.
9 Click on the New button, click in the Element field, and then click on the
ellipsis ().
488
Feb-10
Darwin Calibrator
10 Select node J-10 from the drawing, and enter an Additional Demand of
70.9 L/s.
11 Continue by adding another Field Data Snapshot and name it Fire Flow at
J-31.
12 Input general information, corresponding HGL data, Pump Discharge data,
and an Additional Demand of 66.2 L/s at node J-31.
Feb-10
489
Darwin Calibrator
13 When finished, click on All Snapshots (3) and the display should appear as
follows:
490
Feb-10
Darwin Calibrator
Feb-10
491
Darwin Calibrator
12 Click OK.
Note: Several pipes should be highlighted red on the drawing.
492
Feb-10
Darwin Calibrator
Note: The pipes that were highlighted on the drawing will be listed.
14 Click OK.
15 The Roughness Groups display will now show a Cast Iron group with 17
items (pipes) in it.
16 Click the New button and add another Roughness Group called Ductile
Iron.
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493
Darwin Calibrator
17 Follow the same steps as used for Cast Iron to create a Ductile Iron
roughness group with the remaining 29 pipes.
Baseline Run
You are almost ready to perform a calibration. First, however, you will make a
baseline run with existing data.
3 Set the roughness multiplier Value for both groups to 1.0 in order to hold
C constant for the baseline run.
494
Feb-10
Darwin Calibrator
4 Make sure Baseline is highlighted in the left window pane and select the
Compute button to run calculations and view results.
Feb-10
495
Darwin Calibrator
7 Click on Solution 1 and then view the Solution and Simulated Results tabs
for Average Day, Fire Flow at J-10, and Fire Flow at J-31.
8 Use this data to fill in the first column (Initial Run) of the Results Table at
the end of this workshop.
9 Also enter the Adjustments and Fitness in the Adjustment Factors table for
this run.
Manual Calibration
Now, you are ready to run a calibration. For the first run, you will manually guess
at an adjustment to see how the model behaves.
496
Feb-10
Darwin Calibrator
representative scenario.
7 View results by selecting Solutions and Solution 1 under Reduce C by half.
Feb-10
497
Darwin Calibrator
Note: The agreement is to within a few feet for the average day, not quite as good for
fire at J-10 condition and is far off for the J-31 fire.
498
Feb-10
Darwin Calibrator
Hint: You must have Solution 1 highlighted to activate the Graph button.
Optimized Calibration
You could spend a lot of time trying to determine what to adjust next; what data is
good, what data is not reliable or is less reliable, etc, or you can try an automated
calibration instead.
Feb-10
499
Darwin Calibrator
adjust.
5 You will allow the original roughness to be adjusted by multiplying it by
values from 0.5 to 1.5.
These values should appear on the Roughness tab by default.
500
Feb-10
Darwin Calibrator
Solutions to Keep: 8
8 Leave the remaining values on their defaults.
9 Make sure New Optimized Run-1 is highlighted, and then click Compute to
start the optimization.
10 When finished, close the Calibration progress dialog.
11 Look at the results of the optimized calibration, and record the values in
the Adjust C Only column of the Results Table.
12 Also enter the Adjustments and Fitness in the Adjustment Factors Table for
this run.
Feb-10
501
Darwin Calibrator
13 Use values from the best fit solution (Solution No. 1).
The Fitness for this solution is lower than for the manual solution, which indicates
that in terms of matching heads and flows this solution is better. However, the
roughness adjustments do not make much sense. Why would lined Ductile Iron
pipe have a C-factor of 104 while old Cast Iron pipe have a C-factor of 108? Maybe
you were trying to adjust the wrong things? Possibly the error in your original
results was due to errors in demand allocation. Let us try adjusting demands.
Demand Adjustments
In this system, the observed data were not taken during an average time, but
rather during the middle of a day when demands are above average. It is felt that
commercial demands peak higher than residential (or fixed) demand nodes. So
you will set up two demand adjustment groups: Residential and Commercial.
System zoning maps show that commercial customers are located at Junctions J-2,
J-10, J-13, J-16, J-22, J-27, J-28, and J-30.
502
Feb-10
Darwin Calibrator
5 Click Done.
The eight nodes will be shown in the Selection Set: Commercial dialog.
6 Click OK.
7 Now create a second Demand Group called Residential that will contain
the remaining nodes in the network.
8 This time, when you select nodes from the drawing use a window to
choose all of the nodes at once.
Feb-10
503
Darwin Calibrator
You are now ready to try another optimized calibration. This calibration
will build on your previous runs.
504
Feb-10
Darwin Calibrator
1 With New Optimized Run-1 highlighted, click the New button and select
New Optimized Run.
2 Accept the default name New Optimized Run-2.
3 Click the Options tab and set the Maximum Trials to 50,000 and the
Solutions to Keep to 4.
4 Select the Demand tab and see that the Minimum, Maximum and
Increment values under the Demand tab are set to default values of 0.50,
1.50, and 0.10.
5 Highlight New Optimized Run - 2 in the left pane and click Compute.
6 Close the Calibration progress window.
7 Record the Solution 1 results in the Optimal column of the Results Table.
8 Also enter the Adjustments and Fitness in the Adjustment Factors Table for
this run.
Note: These look better than the previous results in terms of rational adjustments to
C and demands.
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505
Darwin Calibrator
506
Feb-10
Darwin Calibrator
Note: Default names are automatically selected. You can rename the scenario and
Feb-10
507
Darwin Calibrator
3 Go to the Scenarios manager and check to see that the new calibration
scenario has been created.
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Feb-10
J-1
50.3
J-2
48.5
J-4
49.4
J-8
48.2
J-12
50.0
J-13
49.1
J-23
47.2
J-32
47.9
Pump
43.5
Feb-10
509
2 Build a new Field Data Snapshot called Avg. Day w/errors using the above
field data.
3 With New Optimized Run-2 highlighted, click the New button and select
New Optimized Run.
4 Name it Optimized with errors.
510
Feb-10
Feb-10
511
6 Select the Field Data tab; uncheck the Is Active? box for everything except
Avg. Day w/Errors.
512
Feb-10
Results Tables
Results Tables
Average Day
Node
HGL
Observed
(m)
Initial Run
(m)
Optimal
(m)
Data Optimized
Error w/Error
(m)
J-1
50.6
50.3
J-2
47.9
48.5
J-4
48.8
49.4
J-8
48.8
48.2
J-12
49.4
50.0
J-13
49.1
49.1
J-23
48.8
47.2
J-32
48.8
47.9
PUMP (L/s)
42.8
43.5
Feb-10
Node
HGL
Observed
(m)
J-1
45.7
J-10
42.1
J-13
43.6
PUMP (L/s)
48.1
513
Optimal (m)
Results Tables
HGL
Observed
(m)
J-1
43.9
J-13
40.2
J-31
33.8
PUMP (L/s)
49.8
Optimal (m)
Adjustment Factors
Initial
1/2 C-Factor
Adjust C-only
Optimized
Optimized w/
error
Cast Iron
Ductile Iron
Commercial
Residential
Fitness
514
Feb-10
Workshop Review
Workshop Review
Now that you have completed this workshop, lets measure what you have
learned.
Questions
1 What would happen if you relied on a model that only adjusted C-factor?
2 Did changing the C-factors have a bigger effect on HGL in the static or fire
flow runs? Why?
3 What was the lesson learned when you tried to run optimal calibration at
low demand with some small errors in the data?
Feb-10
515
Workshop Review
4 If you could get more data, what data would you get?
5 In a real system would you expect all the commercial customers to have
the same demand adjustments?
6 What accuracy would you expect to get with real HGL measurements?
516
Feb-10
Workshop Review
Answers
Average Day
Node
HGL
Observed
(m)
Initial Run
(m)
Optimal
(m)
Data Optimized
Error w/Error
(m)
J-1
50.6
50.7
53.9
50.8
50.3
50.3
50.3
J-2
47.9
49.3
49.5
49.3
48.2
48.5
48.3
J-4
48.8
48.8
48.7
48.8
48.7
49.4
48.6
J-8
48.8
48.9
49.0
48.9
48.8
48.2
48.8
J-12
49.4
49.8
51.2
49.7
49.3
50.0
49.1
J-13
49.1
49.4
50.2
49.4
48.9
49.1
48.8
J-23
48.8
49.0
49.2
49.0
48.8
47.2
48.7
J-32
48.8
49.4
50.2
49.4
48.9
47.9
48.8
PUMP (L/s)
42.8
42.9
39.0
42.8
43.3
43.5
43.2
Feb-10
Node
HGL
Observed
(m)
Optimal (m)
J-1
45.7
47.3
45.1
45.5
45.7
J-10
42.1
44.1
32.8
42.1
42.0
J-13
43.6
45.6
38.6
43.5
43.4
PUMP (L/s)
48.1
46.57
48.7
47.25
48.4
517
Workshop Review
HGL
Observed
(m)
Optimal (m)
J-1
43.9
45.7
40.4
43.9
44.0
J-13
40.2
42.4
28.3
40.1
40.1
J-31
33.8
37.0
8.7
33.8
33.5
PUMP (L/s)
49.8
48.2
53.2
50.0
49.0
Adjustment Factors
Initial
1/2 C-Factor
Adjust C-only
Optimized
Optimized w/
error
1.0
0.5
1.2
0.8
0.9
0.5
0.8
1.0
0.8
Commercial N/A
N/A
N/A
1.5
1.4
Residential
N/A
N/A
N/A
1.3
1.5
Fitness
20.175
579.357
4.419
0.218
5.726
Cast Iron
1 What would happen if you relied on a model that only adjusted C-factor?
You would end up adjusting the wrong parameter to get calibration. HGL
would be right but C and demand are wrong. This is an example of
calibration by compensating error.
2 Did changing the C-factors have a bigger effect on HGL in the static or fire
flow runs? Why?
Much more dramatic effect on fire flow runs because of higher velocity.
3 What was the lesson learned when you tried to run optimal calibration at
low demand with some small errors in the data?
When head loss is on same order of magnitude as error in head loss, the
calibration does not know what to adjust.
518
Feb-10
Workshop Review
4 If you could get more data, what data would you get?
Would run some actual C-factor tests on cast iron pipes.
5 In a real system would you expect all the commercial customers to have
the same demand adjustments?
No, they would be different.
6 What accuracy would you expect to get with real HGL measurements?
It depends on care taken and instruments used. With GPS elevations and
quality gages you can get +/- 0.6 m accuracy; with topo map and average
quality gage, +/- 3.0 m.
Feb-10
519
Workshop Review
520
Feb-10
Piping Optimization
Feb-10
521
Copyright 2010 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Piping Optimization
Piping Optimization
522
Feb-10
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Piping Optimization
Piping Optimization
524
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Piping Optimization
Piping Optimization
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Piping Optimization
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Piping Optimization
Piping Optimization
530
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531
Piping Optimization
Piping Optimization
532
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533
Piping Optimization
Piping Optimization
534
Feb-10
Module Prerequisites
Modeling Basics
Model Calibration
Module Objectives
After completing this module, you will be able to:
Feb-10
535
Getting Started
Getting Started
This short section will get you familiar with the model that you will be using
Darwin Designer on.
Look on the east side of the system for node J-500 which is the new site. It
is served by pipes P-500 and P-501 which must be sized and installed.
However, the system does not have excess capacity in this area and simply
connecting those pipes into the grid will not provide sufficient fire flows.
That area needs to be connected back into some larger pipes. There are
three major directions through which this can be done:
536
Feb-10
Getting Started
Note: The proposed pipes have all temporarily been assigned diameters of 25 mm
3 Review the pressures and velocities in the pipes to check to make sure that
the existing system is in reasonable shape before you start.
4 Open the Junction FlexTable and confirm that there are no nodes that fail
to meet the 130 kPa and 276 kPa pressure standard for average day
conditions.
Feb-10
537
Darwin Designer
Darwin Designer
Now we are going to begin to build the data needed for a Darwin Designer run.
We will first focus on creating a design event.
538
Feb-10
Darwin Designer
4 Click OK.
Note: The Design Event to be tested is a fire flow under maximum day demands.
Feb-10
539
Darwin Designer
3 On the Select toolbar click on the Query button and select Network > All
Junctions.
Note: This will highlight all the junction nodes in the model.
4 Click the Done button on the Select toolbar when you are done.
5 Back on the Pressure Constraints tab; confirm that you have 148 nodes
listed in the table.
6 Right click the Override Defaults? column heading and select Global Edit.
7 On the Global Edit dialog select the Value box and click OK.
8 Use Global Edit again to set a Minimum Pressure of 130 kPa and a
Maximum Pressure of 1379 kPa at all nodes.
540
Feb-10
Darwin Designer
Warning: Do not put check marks in the Consider Pressure Benefit? column.
Next you need to create some design groups because you will not want to change
the pipe size at every block. For your study you will want to create four design
groups representing the three directions from which you can bring water to the
site, plus a group for the two pipes at the site.
1 Select the Design Groups tab.
2 Click the New button.
3 Rename the new design group Internal and click in the Elements IDs field.
4 Click on the ellipsis ().
Feb-10
541
Darwin Designer
5 Click the Select from Drawing button and select pipes P-500 and P-501.
Note: These pipes are connected to J-500.
6 Click the Done button once the pipes are selected and then click OK on the
Selection Set: Internal dialog.
7 Repeat steps 2-6 to create three additional groups with the following
names and pipes based on the direction from which the water will reach
the site:
Name of Design Group Pipes in Design Group
West
P-600, P-601
North
South
Note: The pipe numbering was set up with these groups in mind. This may not always
be the case.
542
Feb-10
Darwin Designer
When done, the Design Groups tab should look like the following:
Cost and roughness data for the new pipes are specified on the Costs/Properties
tab.
1 Select the Costs/Properties tab.
2 Make sure New Pipe is selected.
3 Click the New button and select Design Option Groups.
4 Name the new group to Cost New.
You will now enter the data for the pipes that must be installed during the
project.
5 Click in the Material field and select the ellipsis ().
6 In the Engineering Libraries dialog expand Material Libraries and
MaterialLibrary.xml.
7 Select Ductile Iron from the list and click Select.
8 Make sure all the pipes you enter have a Hazen-Williams C of 130 and are
made of Ductile Iron.
Note: You can use the Material ellipsis and Material Libraries to select Ductile Iron, or
Feb-10
150
182
200
198
543
Darwin Designer
264
300
347
400
396
When complete, the table should look like the one below:
Note: Pipes that use this option group will need to be installed (i.e. there is no
diameter). However, some of the pipes are indeed optional. A new option
group will be created from the existing group for these pipes.
10 With Cost New selected click the Duplicate button.
11 Rename the new group to Cost Optional Pipes.
12 Add a new line with $0.00 Unit Cost and a Diameter of 0.0 to account for
the fact that no pipe is a viable option for some pipes.
13 Modify the remaining costs shown in the table below:
Diameter (mm) Unit Cost ($/m)
0
150
198
200
231
250
297
544
Feb-10
Darwin Designer
380
400
446
When completed, the table should look like the one below:
Feb-10
545
Darwin Designer
1 With Least Cost Design selected in the left pane, click the New button and
select New Optimized Design Run.
2 Rename the run to 189 Fire at J-500, Min Cost, Pump On, which
corresponds to the design event, type of optimization and boundary
condition.
Note: In setting up the design run, you must pick which design events, design groups
Cost New
West
North
South
546
Feb-10
Darwin Designer
Now that you are all set up, you can run Darwin Designer.
Feb-10
547
Darwin Designer
3 When Darwin Designer has completed its run, Close the Designing dialog
box.
548
Feb-10
5 Click OK.
6 Minimize Darwin Designer.
7 In WaterGEMS, switch to the Least Cost scenario.
8 Select Analysis > Scenarios and double click on the Lease Cost scenario.
9 Review the properties of the Least Cost scenario.
Feb-10
549
Note: You will see that it contains the Least Cost Physical and Active Topology
You need to set up maximum day demands with 1.5 times average day demands
plus a 189 L/s fire flow at node J-500.
1 Select Analysis > Alternatives.
2 Expand the Demand alternative and click on Base-Average Daily.
3 Click the New button to create a child alternative from it.
4 Name the new child 189 L/s Fire.
Exercise: Assigning the new demand alternative to the new scenario and
computing
1 Select Analysis > Scenarios.
2 Open the Properties manager for the Least Cost scenario.
550
Feb-10
4 Make sure Least Cost is the active scenario and select Tools > Demand
Control Center.
5 Globally multiply all values in the Demand (Base) column by 1.5.
Feb-10
551
552
Feb-10
Tradeoff Analysis
Tradeoff Analysis
Now that you have found the least cost solution, it is also instructive to examine
the tradeoffs between cost and performance.
Note: For this study, you will want to trade off the benefits of improved performance
against cost. The value of this project will be judged partly by how it improves
residual pressure at node J-500. The benefit will be measured by the extent to
which pressure exceeds 130 kPa during the fire.
You need to change the Design Type and define how benefits will be
calculated during this additional design event.
3 Click on the Tradeoff Analysis design study.
4 Select the Design Type tab.
5 Select Multi-Objective Tradeoff as the Objective Type.
6 Set the Available Budget to $500,000.
Note: This means that solutions costing more than $500,000 will not be considered.
Feb-10
553
Tradeoff Analysis
4 Click OK.
554
Feb-10
Tradeoff Analysis
Feb-10
555
Tradeoff Analysis
2 Select the Design Events tab and make sure only the 189 Fire Flow Benefit
event is Active.
3 Select the Design Groups tab and make sure that all 4 design groups are
Active.
4 Also make sure that the Design Option Group called Cost Optional Pipes is
assigned to the West, North and South groups, and Cost New is assigned
to Internal.
556
Feb-10
Tradeoff Analysis
Feb-10
557
Tradeoff Analysis
6 Close the graph and review the different solutions to compare results.
7 Choose about 5 of the solutions that cover a range of costs.
8 Write the solution number, benefits, and costs in the second Results Table
at the end of the workshop.
9 For the 5 solutions you picked above, look up the pipe diameters, and
write them down in the Results Table.
10 Consider how these solutions compare with the least cost solution.
11 Answer the questions at the end of the workshop.
558
Feb-10
Results Tables
Results Tables
1 For each of the first set of Design Runs, list the pipe sizes and cost (leave
blank if pipe not installed), Round cost to thousands of dollars.
Solution Internal
West
North
South
Total Cost
($1000)
1
2
3
4
5
2 For the multi-objective run, list the sizes, costs and benefits for 5 noninferior solutions.
Solution Internal
West
North
South
Total Cost
($1000)
Benefit
Feb-10
559
Workshop Review
Workshop Review
Now that you have completed this workshop, lets measure what you have
learned.
Questions
1 If you were adding another subdivision on the opposite side of town,
should you include sizing those pipes with the pipe sizing for this problem
or should you create a new design study?
2 Why did the South piping not get selected as the least cost alternative?
3 How would you force the South pipes not to be eliminated from the
solution?
560
Feb-10
Workshop Review
4 What do you think would have happened if you included a node that could
not reach 130 kPa for any combination of pipe sizes (e.g. a node on the
suction side of a pump) and what would you need to do to handle that
node?
6 What would happen if you included a lot of nodes on the south side of the
system in calculating benefits?
7 Why would you not have used Average Day demands as an event in
Designer?
Feb-10
561
Workshop Review
Answers
1 For each of the first set of Design Runs, list the pipe sizes and cost (leave
blank if pipe not installed), Round cost to thousands of dollars.
Solution Internal
West
North
South
Total Cost
($1000)
200
200
175
150
200
181
200
200
186
250
250
200
196
200
207
2 For the multi-objective run, list the sizes, costs and benefits for 5 noninferior solutions.
Solution Internal
West
North
200
300
300
200
7
18
South
Total Cost
($1000)
Benefit
250
412
2.12
200
400
254
1.78
200
200
207
1.42
300
300
175
1.03
250
300
268
1.84
562
Feb-10
Workshop Review
2 Why did the South piping not get selected as the least cost alternative?
It contained the longest (and hence most costly) piping.
3 How would you force the South pipes not to be eliminated from the
solution?
Not allowing them a zero diameter in the cost table.
4 What do you think would have happened if you included a node that could
not reach 130 kPa for any combination of pipe sizes (e.g. a node on the
suction side of a pump) and what would you need to do to handle that
node?
You would get a no feasible solution message and you would need to set
a very low pressure as the pressure constraint for that node (or only
enforce pressure constraints for a smaller selection set and not all nodes).
Feb-10
563
Workshop Review
6 What would happen if you included a lot of nodes on the south side of the
system in calculating benefits?
Those solutions bigger pipes on the south side would tend to have higher
benefits and are more likely to show up as non-inferior.
7 Why would you not have used Average Day demands as an event in
Designer?
For most situations average day demands do not control pipe sizing.
564
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Skelebrator
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Copyright 2010 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Skelebrator
Skelebrator
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Module Prerequisites
Modeling Basics
Module Objectives
After completing this module, you will be able to:
Feb-10
583
Getting Started
Getting Started
This section will walk you through opening the starter file and getting it ready for
our Skelebrator runs.
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Feb-10
Getting Started
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585
Getting Started
9 In the Batch Run dialog select the boxes for the Base and Fire at A-100
scenarios.
13 As you go through the following steps, record the results in the Results
Tables at the end of the workshop.
14 Go to the Results table and review it now so you can see the data you
should be recording as you go.
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Feb-10
Getting Started
2 On the bottom of the first page of the Project Inventory Report you should
see that there are 656 pipes and 517 junctions.
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587
Getting Started
Note: The pressure at A-100 for the Base scenario is 291.3 kPa.
1 Record this value in the table in the Results Table at the end of the
workshop.
2 Switch to the Fire at A-100 scenario from the Scenario dropdown menu on
the main screen and see that the pressure at A-100 for this scenario is
208.7 kPa.
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Feb-10
Getting Started
5 Select the Data tab and look up the Head of the System Head Curve at
126.2 L/s.
6 Note that the Head is 60.4 m; record this value in the table in the Results
Table.
7 Click Close.
8 Click Yes to save the System Head Curve.
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589
Getting Started
Note: This is the file you will be modifying using Skelebrator, while
590
Feb-10
Skelebrator Skeletonizer
Skelebrator Skeletonizer
In this section you will run through the different operations that are available in
Skelebrator.
4 Click the New button and accept the default operation name.
Note: There are three tabs along the top of the window: Settings, Conditions, and
Notes.
5 Select the Settings tab and adjust the Loop Retaining Sensitivity to 40 by
moving the slider bar to the right.
Note: If the numerical indicator does not update automatically as you move the
slider, uncheck and recheck the box marked Preserve Network Integrity? to
synchronize the displayed number with the position of the slider.
6 Select the Conditions tab and click the Add button.
7 Set the following:
Attribute: Diameter
Operator: Less Than
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591
Skelebrator Skeletonizer
Diameter: 150 mm
8 Preview the operation by clicking the Preview button to see the pipes that
will be removed.
9 Minimize Skelebrator to view the drawing.
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Feb-10
Skelebrator Skeletonizer
Note: Always select Yes in this workshop when Skelebrator asks you if you want to
continue.
The Skelebrator Progress Summary dialog provides information on the
pipes and nodes removed from the model.
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593
Skelebrator Skeletonizer
Warning: Make sure to switch your scenario to Base before continuing to the next exercise.
Note: Recall that in the previous pipe removal we removed pipes that were less than
150 millimeters, but not the 150 millimeter pipes as we will in this run.
4 Change the Operator to Less Than or Equal.
undone.
6 Select Yes to continue.
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Feb-10
Skelebrator Skeletonizer
7 Review the Skelebrator Progress Summary, and then close it and minimize
Skelebrator.
4 Record the number of pipes and nodes remaining and enter this data in
the Results Table at the end of the workshop.
5 As you did before, go to element dialog for junction A-100 and record the
Pressure for both the Base and Fire at A-100 scenarios in the Results Table
at the end of the workshop.
6 Also, go to PMP-1 and record the Head at 126.2 L/s from the System Head
Curve for the Base scenario in the results table at the end of the
workshop.
Warning: Make sure to switch your scenario to Base before continuing to the next exercise.
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Skelebrator Skeletonizer
4 Select Compute.
Note: You will be warned that you are about to perform a process that cannot be
undone.
5 Select Yes to continue.
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Feb-10
Skelebrator Skeletonizer
4 Record the number of pipes and nodes remaining and enter this data in
the Results Table at the end of the workshop.
5 As you did before, go to element dialog for junction A-100 and record the
Pressure for both the Base and Fire at A-100 scenarios in the Results Table
at the end of the workshop.
6 Also, go to PMP-1 and record the Head at 126.2 L/s from the System Head
Curve for the Base scenario in the results table at the end of the
workshop.
Note: This section has shown that removing half the pipes and two fifths of the pipes
Feb-10
597
Skelebrator Skeletonizer
Branch-Series-Parallel Removal
8 Record the number of pipes and nodes in the model at the start in the
results table at the end of the workshop.
Note: You should be back to 656 pipes and 517 nodes.
9 As you did before, go to element dialog for junction A-100 and record the
Pressure for both the Base and Fire at A-100 scenarios in the Results Table
at the end of the workshop.
10 Also, go to PMP-1 and record the Head at 126.2 L/s from the System Head
Curve for the Base scenario in the Results Table at the end of the
workshop.
11 After recording the results, select File > Save As and save the file as
SkelebratorEnd2.wtg.
12 Click Save.
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Feb-10
Skelebrator Skeletonizer
Note the changed name in the project tab above the drawing window.
Warning: Make sure to switch your scenario to Base before continuing to the next exercise.
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599
Skelebrator Skeletonizer
6 With Series Pipe Merging-1 highlighted in the left pane, select the Preview
button.
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Feb-10
Skelebrator Skeletonizer
8 Use the drawing window zoom buttons to zoom to an area where you can
see several pipes and nodes.
9 Restore Skelebrator.
10 Select the Manual button.
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601
Skelebrator Skeletonizer
12 Click the Go To button and you will zoom into pipe E-2582.
13 Click Execute and you will merge one pipe into one that is connected to it
in series, creating a single longer pipe.
14 Select Close to return to the Skelebrator dialog and click the Compute
button.
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Feb-10
Skelebrator Skeletonizer
series pipes.
Exercise: Running a Smart Pipe Removal for pipes less than 100 millimeters
1 Highlight Smart Pipe Removal.
2 Click the New button, and accept the default operation name.
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603
Skelebrator Skeletonizer
6 With Smart Pipe Removal-1 highlighted in the left pane, click the Compute
button and select Yes to continue.
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Feb-10
Skelebrator Skeletonizer
4 Record the number of pipes and nodes remaining and enter this data in
the Results Table at the end of the workshop.
5 As you did before, go to the element dialog for junction A-100 and record
the Pressure for both the Base and Fire at A-100 scenarios in the Step 1
row of the Results Table at the end of the workshop.
6 Also, go to PMP-1 and record the Head at 126.2 L/s from the System Head
Curve for the Base scenario in the Step 1 row of the Results Table at the
end of the workshop.
Warning: Make sure to switch your scenario to Base before continuing to the next exercise.
Branch Collapsing
2 Select the New button and accept the default operation name.
3 Select the Settings tab, set the Maximum Number of Trimming Levels to
10.
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605
Skelebrator Skeletonizer
Note: Do not change the Load Distribution Strategy and do not specify any
Conditions.
4 With Branch Collapsing-1 highlighted in the left pane, select the Preview
button.
5 Minimize Skelebrator to view the drawing.
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Feb-10
Skelebrator Skeletonizer
Note: Now that you have eliminated some branches, you have created more pipes in
series.
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Skelebrator Skeletonizer
4 Minimize Skelebrator.
4 Record the number of pipes and nodes remaining and enter this data in
the Results Table at the end of the workshop.
5 As you did before, go to the element dialog for junction A-100 and record
the Pressure for both the Base and Fire at A-100 scenarios in the Step 2
row of the Results Table at the end of the workshop.
6 Also, go to PMP-1 and record the Head at 126.2 L/s from the System Head
Curve for the Base scenario in the Step 1 row of the Results Table at the
end of the workshop.
Warning: Make sure to switch your scenario to Base before continuing to the next exercise.
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Feb-10
Skelebrator Skeletonizer
4 With Parallel Pipe Merging-1 highlighted in the left pane, select the
Preview button to preview the operation.
5 Minimize Skelebrator to view the drawing.
6 Restore Skelebrator.
7 Make sure Parallel Pipe Merging-1 is still highlighted, and select the
Compute button.
8 Click Yes to continue.
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Skelebrator Skeletonizer
610
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Skelebrator Skeletonizer
3 Review the Skelebrator Summary Report and close it to return to the main
Skelebrator window.
4 Minimize Skelebrator.
Note: After Step 2, there was basically no impact on the results for the scenarios and
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611
Skelebrator Skeletonizer
8 Scroll through the Pipe FlexTable and you will see that some of the pipes
created with series or parallel removal, the ones with the P prefix, have
non-standard diameters (or C-factors if you chose that setting).
9 If you have time, try to reduce the model to the absolute minimum
number of pipes.
10 Keep applying Branch Collapsing, Series Pipe Merging, and Parallel Pipe
Merging until you can go no further.
11 Occasionally you will need to do a Smart Pipe Removal, but try to
minimize the use of that operation.
12 Answer the questions at the end of the workshop.
612
Feb-10
Results Tables
Results Tables
Note: You may round your answers.
Pipe Removal
Action
Pipes Left
Nodes Left
Start
Remove < 150 mm
Remove <= 150 mm
Remove <= 200 mm
Branch-Series-Parallel Removal
Action Pipes Left
Nodes Left
Pressure A-100
(kPa) Base
Pressure A-100
(kPa) Fire
System Head
Curve PMP-1 (m)
Base
Start
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Feb-10
613
Workshop Review
Workshop Review
Now that you have completed this workshop, lets measure what you have
learned.
Questions
1 Why did the pressures during the Base scenario not change much as pipes
were removed?
2 Why did the pressures during the Fire at A-100 scenario seem more
sensitive?
614
Feb-10
Workshop Review
3 Why were the effects less dramatic in the runs using the series, parallel,
and branch removal operations?
4 Do you think you can generate system head curves with a fairly highly
skeletonized model?
Feb-10
615
Workshop Review
Answers
Pipe Removal
Action
Pipes Left
Nodes Left
Start
656
517
291.3
208.7
60.4
504
451
291.3
108.2
60.6
354
291.2
40.9
61.4
290
290.2
39.2
64.6
Branch-Series-Parallel Removal
Action Pipes Left
Nodes Left
Pressure A-100
(kPa) Base
Pressure A-100
(kPa) Fire
System Head
Curve PMP-1 (m)
Base
Start
656
517
291.3
208.7
60.4
Step 1 453
365
291.3
202.4
60.5
Step 2 227
139
291.3
202.1
60.5
Step 3 199
122
291.2
202.1
60.4
616
Feb-10
Workshop Review
1 Why did the pressures during the Base scenario not change much as pipes
were removed?
The velocities (and hence head losses) in the system were so low that it
was difficult to see impact.
2 Why did the pressures during the Fire at A-100 scenario seem more
sensitive?
This scenario had much higher velocities so that the impact of removing a
pipe was more dramatic.
3 Why were the effects less dramatic in the runs using the series, parallel,
and branch removal operations?
These operations maintain hydraulic capacity.
4 Do you think you can generate system head curves with a fairly highly
skeletonized model?
Yes, the results show that you can skeletonize a model and still obtain an
accurate system head curve.
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652
Feb-10
Module Prerequisites
Modeling Basics
Model Calibration
Module Objectives
After completing this module, you will be able to:
Feb-10
653
Getting Started
Getting Started
In this section you will open the existing WaterCAD/GEMS model and compute it.
Once computed you will set up color coding and review the setup of the model.
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Feb-10
Getting Started
Note: This system has two pressure zones, an upper one fed by a variable speed
pump with no tank and a lower one fed by constant speed pumps and has a
tank serving it.
4 Select View > Element Symbology.
5 Expand Pipe.
6 Uncheck Diameter and put a checkmark in Hydraulic Grade (Start).
Note: The upper zone should be red and the lower one blue; like this:
Feb-10
655
Getting Started
Color
Size
0.03
Gray
0.3
Green
0.9
Blue
1.5
Magenta
6.1
Red
656
Feb-10
Getting Started
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657
Getting Started
Color
Size
3.2
Green
31.5
Blue
10
126.2
Red
10
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Feb-10
Flushing
Flushing
This section will walk you through the two different types of Flushing in
WaterCAD/GEMS: Conventional and Unidirectional Flushing.
Conventional Flushing
4 Click OK.
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659
Flushing
2 On the Network Navigator dialog, click in the dropdown box at the top
and select the All Hydrants selection set.
Note: This means the target velocity will be checked for all pipes in the system.
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Feb-10
Flushing
4 Do not check Include pipes with velocity greater than? because you have
already selected All Pipes as the Pipe Set.
8 Click OK.
Note: You will specify the flushing alternative to use the 100 mm outlet on hydrant H-
91.
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661
Flushing
9 Select the Use local? box for Hydrant H-91 and set the Emitter Coefficient
to 30.1 L/s/(mH2O)^n.
662
Feb-10
Flushing
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663
Flushing
5 Open the Flush-Conv scenario and set the Steady State/EPS Solver
Calculation Options to Flushing Calc.
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Feb-10
Flushing
3 Right click on the Maximum Achieved Velocity column heading and select
Sort > Sort Descending.
P-665 had no velocity because it was a dead end pipe with no hydrant
P-294 had very high velocity because it was a dead end pipe
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665
Flushing
Color
Size
0.03
Gray
0.3
Green
0.9
Blue
1.5
Magenta
6.1
Red
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Feb-10
Flushing
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667
Flushing
4 Once the Flushing Results Browser is open, click on the various flushing
events to see which pipes experienced high velocity during the particular
flush.
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Feb-10
Flushing
5 For example, here is the view for Hydrant H-42 which flushes TL-107.
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669
Flushing
Note: Not a single section of pipe experienced its maximum flushing velocity when
this hydrant was opened. Also see that one node reached -0.2 kPa pressure.
Flushing this hydrant may not be useful since the pipes around this area were
better flushed by H-33.
8 To review pressures for any event, open the Junction FlexTable.
9 Right click on the Pressure column heading and select Sort > Sort
Descending.
10 Most of the table will be N/A because those junctions did not drop below
the 206.8 kPa specified.
Remember you set 206.8 kPa for Include nodes with pressure less than?.
Note: The junctions that do drop below 206.8 kPa are mostly on the suction sides of
pumps.
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Feb-10
Flushing
14 On the other hand, Flushing H-91 flushed a sizable length of pipe because
of its location and the fact that the 100 mm outlet was used.
15 Close the Flushing Results Browser when you are done.
Unidirectional Flushing
Pipe TL-107 did not achieve a very high velocity even though it is fairly close to the
source because it gets flow equally from both directions and it is a larger pipe. You
will need to set up a unidirectional event that will try to force flow from one
direction.
Note: You would like to feed it from the tank so you will not be limited by the pump
curve.
2 Isolating valves ISO-85 and ISO-212 are at the downstream end of this
pipe.
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671
Flushing
10 Click OK.
11 Click in the Element ID field and click the ellipsis ().
12 On the Select toolbar, click the Find Element button.
13 In the Find dialog type H-42 in the top field and click the Find Element
button.
Note: This will select the element for you and bring you back to the Flushing
Alternative.
672
Feb-10
Flushing
4 The Unidirectional tab should look like the one below indicating that H-42
will be flowed while ISO-85 and ISO-212 will be closed.
5 Select the Flushing Criteria tab and make sure this event appears in the
right pane.
6 Check the box for Compare velocities across prior scenarios? so that this
result will be added to the others.
Feb-10
673
Flushing
4 Open the Flush UDF-107 scenario and change the Flushing alternative to
UDF-107.
5 Close the Properties manager and make Flush UDF-107 the current
scenario.
6 Compute the Flush UDF-107 scenario.
Note: The velocity in TL-107 for this scenario did not increase dramatically, partly
because it is fairly far from the source and partly because it is a 300 mm pipe.
5 Make sure the color coding for Pipe is set to Velocity, and then select
Analysis > Flushing Results Browser.
6 Look at the velocities associated with this event.
674
Feb-10
Results Tables
Results Tables
Pipe
P-675
P-665
P-455
P-294
TL-107 (Conventional)
TL-107 (UDF)
Feb-10
Zone
Pump
Upper
PMP-12
Lower
PMP-1
675
Workshop Review
Workshop Review
Now that you have completed this workshop, lets measure what you have
learned.
Questions
1 What could have been done to improve flushing?
2 Why did the velocity at P-103 change so much between normal and
flushing demands?
3 What could you do to flush the short dead end pipes in the cul-de-sacs
without hydrants?
676
Feb-10
Workshop Review
5 In flushing P-294, the velocity was very high. What warning would you give
to operators that would be especially true for this pipe?
Feb-10
677
Workshop Review
Answers
Pipe
P-675
0.0
0.0
P-665
0.0
0.0
P-455
0.02
1.66
P-294
0.01
4.24
0.72
TL-107 (UDF)
0.80
0.01
Pump
Upper
PMP-12
435.9
Lower
PMP-1
382.1
678
Feb-10
Workshop Review
2 Why did the velocity at P-103 change so much between normal and
flushing demands?
It was a dead end with virtually no demand on normal day.
3 What could you do to flush the short dead end pipes in the cul-de-sacs
without hydrants?
Install blow offs at end of line.
5 In flushing P-294, the velocity was very high. What warning would you give
to operators that would be especially true for this pipe?
Be very cautious in closing and opening hydrants in these dead end pipes
to minimize water hammer.
Feb-10
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Workshop Review
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Copyright 2010 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
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Copyright 2010 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
ModelBuilder
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Feb-10
Module Prerequisites
Modeling Basics
Module Objectives
After completing this module, you will be able to:
Feb-10
713
ModelBuilder
ModelBuilder
This section will walk you through the steps of creating a model from ESRI
Shapefiles with the use of ModelBuilder.
Note: ModelBuilder itself is a wizard, but the settings from the wizard dialogs are
714
Feb-10
ModelBuilder
8 Click the Next button to advance to the Specify Spatial and Connectivity
Options step.
Feb-10
715
ModelBuilder
2 Make sure the Create nodes if none found at pipe endpoint and Establish
connectivity using spatial data fields are NOT checked.
3 Click Next.
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Feb-10
ModelBuilder
2 Click Next.
Note: If you were importing this data into an existing model you can choose to import
the data into the current scenario or you can create a new child scenario. New
scenario and alternatives will be automatically labeled Created by
ModelBuilder followed by the date and time when they were created. If there
is no data change for a particular alternative, no child alternative will be
created in that case.
2 Click Next.
Feb-10
717
ModelBuilder
Note: This gives you access to all the fields in your source file.
6 Select Pipes_1 in the left pane and select Pipe as the Table Type.
7 For the Key Fields, select LABEL from the menu.
8 Leave the Start and Stop fields to <none> as these particular fields are
related to the Spatial Connectivity option in a previous window.
9 Select DIAMETER under the Field column and select Diameter from the
Property menu.
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Feb-10
ModelBuilder
11 Select Tanks_1 in the left pane and select Tank as the Table Type on the
right.
12 Select LABEL from the menu under the Key Fields.
13 Select DIAMETER in the Field column and select Diameter from the
Property menu.
14 Make sure you select m from the Unit menu.
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719
ModelBuilder
15 Select ELEV_BASE in the Field column and select Elevation (Base) from
the Property menu, and m in the Unit menu.
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Feb-10
ModelBuilder
1 On the next screen, select Yes to build the model and leave the other two
boxes checked as well.
2 Click Finish.
Note: If you receive the message below, read it, and then click Yes to continue.
Feb-10
721
ModelBuilder
3 After ModelBuilder has run, the ModelBuilder Summary dialog will state
that it was unable to create pipes due to missing topology.
4 Select the Messages tab and you will see that the pipes could not find
their start and stop nodes.
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Feb-10
ModelBuilder
data source itself. If this box is unchecked, then you would need to explicitly
specify the connectivity in the Field Mappings: Pipes Start/Stop fields.
4 On the Specify Spatial and Connectivity Options step, check the box for
Create nodes if none found at pipe endpoint.
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ModelBuilder
5 Check the box for Establish connectivity using spatial data and set the
Tolerance to 0.03 m.
6 Click Next until you get to the Create Model Now? step.
7 Select Yes to build the model now.
8 Click Finish.
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ModelBuilder
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ModelBuilder
2 Review the model information that has been created with the
ModelBuilder.
3 Select View > Selection Sets.
Note: You will see that two selection sets have been created.
4 Highlight one of the sets and click the Select In Drawing button.
5 Close the Selection Sets manager when you are done and select Report >
Element Tables > Junction.
Note: You should see the elevations that were mapped from source file.
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ModelBuilder
7 Close the Junction table and select Report > Element Tables > Pipe.
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ModelBuilder
8 Close the Pipe table and select Report > Element Tables > Tank.
Note: If you review other tables, such as Reservoirs, or PRVs, they will be empty
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Feb-10
Note: If you receive a warning message regarding cancel and undo, click Yes.
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729
2 Click on the down arrow next to the New button, and select Initialize
Demands for All Elements.
3 Right click the Demand (Base) column heading and select Global Edit.
4 Set all demands to 0.13 L/s.
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Feb-10
5 Click OK.
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731
You will see one node A-311 with low pressure because of its elevation.
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Feb-10
Note: You will see a few nodes with very high pressures reported because they did
not have elevations assigned. These are eight the nodes created during the
ModelBuilder process.
8 Complete the node elevation data by entering the missing elevations using
the following values:
Label
Elevation (m)
J-1
396.55
J-2
396.85
J-3
397.15
J-4
397.46
J-5
397.76
J-6
398.07
J-7
398.37
J-8
398.68
Warning: Make sure to match the correct elevation up with the correct junction.
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733
9 Minimize the FlexTable: Junction Table and Compute the model again.
10 Close the Calculation Summary, restore the FlexTable: Junction Table.
11 Fill the Run values in the table for question one at the end of the
workshop.
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Feb-10
Network Navigator
Network Navigator
In this section you will use a few of the Network Navigator tools to review the
data in your newly built model from ModelBuilder.
First you need to look for pipes that are not connected to nodes.
2 Click the Select button and select Network Review > Pipe Split
Candidates.
3 Set the Tolerance to 6.1 m.
4 Click OK.
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735
Network Navigator
Note: You will find four nodes that meet this criterion.
5 Adjust the Zoom to 75%, click on A-663 and select the Zoom To button.
6 Do this for each of the four nodes moving the Network Navigator dialog to
the side to view the nodes.
With each case, you will see situations where you may need to go back to
the original As-Built drawings to decide if connections really exist in the
field. If there is an error, you need to decide if you want to correct it only
in the model or in the GIS, and then re-import the model.
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Network Navigator
Note: You will find one node that meets this criterion.
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737
Network Navigator
3 Again, you can select the Zoom To button to review the situation.
Note: If two nodes are in close proximity, only one of the nodes is listed in the
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Network Navigator
7 In Network Navigator, click Select > Network Review > Orphaned Nodes.
8 J-9 is the only junction you should see in the list.
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739
Workshop Review
Workshop Review
Now that you have completed this workshop, lets measure what you have
learned.
Questions
1 What was the pressure (kPa) at the following nodes?
Node Pressure (kPa) (Run Values)
A-26
A-162
J-8
2 There were some fields in the data file that were not mapped to an
attribute in WaterGEMS. Why was this the case?
3 The data could have been exported to a standard MS Access file and then
imported into WaterGEMS. Why was this not a good idea?
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Workshop Review
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741
Workshop Review
Answers
1 What was the pressure (kPa) at the following nodes?
Node Pressure (kPa) (Run Values)
A-26
262.7
A-162 495.5
J-8
497.8
2 There were some fields in the data file that were not mapped to an
attribute in WaterGEMS. Why was this the case?
These fields were not needed in WaterGEMS and did not have a
corresponding attribute.
3 The data could have been exported to a standard MS Access file and then
imported into WaterGEMS. Why was this not a good idea?
Importing the feature classes directly into WaterGEMS enabled bends, (x,
y) coordinates, and topology to be automatically imported (preserved).
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LoadBuilder
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Copyright 2010 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
LoadBuilder
LoadBuilder
744
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LoadBuilder
LoadBuilder
746
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LoadBuilder
LoadBuilder
748
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LoadBuilder
LoadBuilder
750
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LoadBuilder
LoadBuilder
752
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LoadBuilder
LoadBuilder
754
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LoadBuilder
LoadBuilder
756
Feb-10
Automating Demand
Allocation using LoadBuilder
Module Overview
In this workshop, you will import model demand data from two different kinds of
data sources including shapefile data. The first raw data source you will use is
customer meter data. The second data source you will use is population data
assigned to polygons. You will also take into account the unaccounted-for water of
15%. This course material has been developed for the WaterCAD/GEMS V8i
platform, at a minimum the Version 08.11.00.30. Modelers currently using
versions prior to WaterCAD/GEMS V8i, version 08.11.00.30, are strongly
encouraged to consider upgrading today to start taking advantage of the latest
features and interoperability advantages of V8i.
Module Prerequisites
Modeling Basics
Module Objectives
After completing this module, you will be able to:
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757
Getting Started
Getting Started
You have a basic water model that has been created, but it does not have
demands loaded onto it. Information relating to metered customer demands is
contained in an ESRI Shapefile Meters.shp. Population data is provided in an ESRI
Shapefile called PopulationCensus.shp.
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Feb-10
Getting Started
4 On the Background Properties for ESRI Shapefiles dialog box change the
Line Color to a color other than black.
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759
Getting Started
2 In the Properties manager, type PMP-1 into the search bar and click the
Find button.
Note: This will zoom to the element and open its properties.
Element
Elevation (m)
J-104
792.48
J-108
813.82
J-112
792.48
J-113
792.48
Note: Note that the only demand alternative is the default, Base-Average Daily.
Note: The FlexTable shows zero demands and high pressures; this is because there is
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Feb-10
LoadBuilder
LoadBuilder
This section is going to walk you through applying customer meter data using the
Nearest Node and Nearest Pipe Methods. You will then apply demands based
upon population data assigned to polygons.
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LoadBuilder
9 Click OK.
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LoadBuilder
10 Set the Load Type Field to <none>, the Usage Field to DEMAND in L/s and
check the Use Previous Run box.
12 Note that the total load associated with the meter records is 70.76 L/s.
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LoadBuilder
Note: If the calculation fails and gives you a message, click Back and uncheck the Use
Previous Run box and try again. This time the calculation might take longer.
These records are based on customer meter readings, so they do not
include unaccounted-for water. We need to apply a factor to provide for
UAF water.
Note: The unaccounted for water in the system is 15%, so multiply the demands
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LoadBuilder
19 Click Finish.
20 Confirm that 102 demands were successfully exported.
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LoadBuilder
766
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LoadBuilder
3 When the Calculation Summary is displayed note the value listed for Flow
Demanded (gpm).
4 Compare this demand total (83.21 L/s) with the metered total (70.76 L/s);
the difference is due to the unaccounted - for allowance.
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LoadBuilder
3 Select the Allocation radio button, scroll down and select Nearest Pipe.
4 Click Next.
5 Set the following for the Model Pipes Data section:
Pipe Layer: Pipe\All Elements
Pipe ID Field: ElementID
Load Assignment: Distance Weighted
6 Set the following for the Model Node Layer section:
Node Layer: Junction\All Elements
Node ID Field: ElementID
Use Previous Run: Check the box
7 Click the ellipsis () for Billing Meter Layer and browse to the location of
the Meters.shp file like we did earlier.
8 Set the following:
Load Type Field: <none>
Billing Meter ID Field: OBJECTID
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LoadBuilder
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LoadBuilder
10 As you did in the previous run, set the Global Multiplier to 1.176.
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LoadBuilder
16 Click Finish.
You should see that 102 demands were exported successfully.
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LoadBuilder
3 Select Analysis > Scenarios and create another child from the Base
scenario.
4 Name the new scenario Load_at_Pipe.
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LoadBuilder
10 Go to the Junction FlexTable and review the demands that were input
with LoadBuilder.
11 Record the pressures in the table at the end of the workshop.
4 Click Next.
5 Select the Buffering Percentage radio button and enter 10 as the
percentage.
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LoadBuilder
6 Click Next.
7 Click on the ellipsis () for Output file.
8 Browse to C:\Bentley Workshop\WaterDistMetric\Starter\LoadBuilder,
enter a file name of Tpoly and click Save.
9 Click Finish.
10 When the processing is complete you will be returned to the main
WaterGEMS window.
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LoadBuilder
5 Click OK.
6 Turn off the Meters.shp background layer by removing the check mark
from its box.
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LoadBuilder
This gives you an idea of the relationship between the polygons used for service
junctions and those for the population data.
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LoadBuilder
4 Click Next.
5 Click the ellipsis () button for Service Area Layer.
6 Browse to the Tpoly.shp file we just created and select it.
7 Set the Node ID Field to ElementID.
8 Click the ellipsis () for Population Layer and browse to the LoadBuilder
folder to select the PopulationCensus.shp file.
9 Set the Population Density Type Field to Type and set the Population
Density Field to Density, with units of pop/ha.
10 In the Demand Densities per Capita table, enter the following:
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LoadBuilder
371
76
R2
310
11 Click Next.
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LoadBuilder
12 Enter 1.176 for the Global Multiplier; in order to account for the 15 % - unaccounted water.
13 Click Next.
14 Review the Results and click Next.
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LoadBuilder
18 Click Finish.
19 Close the LoadBuilder Summary and then go back into the WaterGEMS
modeler to view the new demand data and create a new scenario that
incorporates it.
20 Compute the scenario, add the answers to the table and answer the
questions.
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Feb-10
Workshop Review
Workshop Review
Now that you have completed this workshop, lets measure what you have
learned.
Node
Location
C_028
North
D1_078 East
D1_091 Near Source
Questions
1 How would you get metering data for a model run for demands in the year
2040?
2 Why did small changes in demand make big differences in pressure in this
model?
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Workshop Review
Answers
Node
Location
C_028
North
573
573
728
366
366
520
589
741
D1_078 East
1 How would you get metering data for a model run for demands in the year
2040?
You do not have a good source of meter data, so you need to use another
source such as population or land use to drive demands.
2 Why did small changes in demand make big differences in pressure in this
model?
This was a dead end system with a pump and no tank. Therefore any
change in demand affected not only head loss but the operating point on
the pump curve.
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TRex
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783
Copyright 2010 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
TRex
TRex
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TRex
TRex
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TRex
TRex
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TRex
TRex
790
Feb-10
Module Prerequisites
Modeling Basics
Module Objectives
After completing this module, you will be able to:
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791
Copyright 2010 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Getting Started
Getting Started
In this section you will open the basic WaterGEMS starter file that does not have
elevation data loaded into it. You will review the data and view your elevation
shapefile as a background layer.
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Feb-10
Getting Started
6 Click OK.
You should see the model file directly overlay the shapefile itself.
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793
Getting Started
Note: A few nodes fall outside the DEM; you will enter those elevations manually in
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Feb-10
Getting Started
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795
TRex
TRex
Now you are ready to generate model elevation data. You will now Populate
WaterGEMS elevations from the shapefile data source.
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TRex
Note: The Spatial Reference field is set to Unknown. This is correct because the DEM
and model already are on the same spatial reference, which you saw when you
overlaid the model and DEM (shapefile in this case).
7 Click Next.
At this point, you will see the calculation window and TRex will begin
extracting elevations.
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TRex
8 Click OK.
On this next screen you can preview the elevation data and now see that
there are now elevations assigned to particular nodes.
9 Select the Use Existing Alternative radio button and select Base-Physical
from the dropdown menu.
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Feb-10
TRex
Exercise: Reviewing the junction elevations and entering the missing ones
1 Select View > FlexTables.
2 Double click the Junction Table to open it.
3 Right click on the Elevation (m) column and select Filter > Custom.
4 Select Elevation in the left pane and double click it to add it to the query
below.
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TRex
5 Click the equals sign and then type 0 for the value.
6 Click OK.
7 Right click the Elevation (m) column again and select Global Edit.
8 Set an elevation of 2555 meters at each of these nodes and click OK.
9 Right click the Elevation (m) column again and select Filter (Active) >
Reset to display all junctions again.
10 Click Yes to reset the filter.
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Feb-10
TRex
4 Complete the Results Table and answer the questions at the end of the
workshop.
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801
Workshop Review
Workshop Review
Now that you have completed this workshop, lets measure what you have
learned.
Results Table
Node
Elevation (m)
Pressure (kPa)
Node-1
Node-1374
Node-1836
Questions
1 For a model this size, how long do you think it would take to read off all
the 2000+ elevations manually?
2 Look at the number of digits past the decimal place that elevation data are
reported. Is that precision justified?
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Feb-10
Workshop Review
Answers
Node
Elevation (m)
Pressure (kPa)
Node-1
2555.0
440
Node-1374
2566.2
325
Node-1836
2549.3
489
1 For a model this size, how long do you think it would take to read off all
the 2000+ elevations manually?
At 2 minutes per node, about a week.
2 Look at the number of digits past the decimal place that elevation data are
reported. Is that precision justified?
No, most of those digits are meaningless.
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Workshop Review
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WaterObjects.NET
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Copyright 2010 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
WaterObjects.NET
WaterObjects.NET
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WaterObjects.NET
WaterObjects.NET
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References
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Copyright 2010 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
References
References
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References
References
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References
References
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