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Section5 PDF
Section5 PDF
Part A
General Requirements and Materials
5.1
GENERAL
5.2
WALL TYPES
5.2.1
5.2.1.1
5-1
Face
Panels
Soil Reinforcement
Batte
r 1:6
5.2.1.2
5-2
Non-Gravity Cantilevered
Walls
Steel Sheet
Piles
5.2.1.3
Soldier pile
with timber
lagging
Anchored Walls
5-3
Waler
Tie rod
Steel Sheet
Piles
Pile anchor
System
Waler
Ground anchor
( Tieback anchor )
Soldier pile
with timber
lagging
5-4
5.2.1.4
5.2.1.5
5-5
5.2.2
Wall Capacity
5.2.2.1
Bearing Capacity
5.2.2.4
5.2.2.2
Settlement
5.2.2.3
Overall Stability
5-6
Tolerable Deformations
5.2.3
5.3
5.3.1
Soil strata:
Rock strata:
- Depth to rock
- Identification and classification
- Quality (i.e., soundness, hardness, jointing
and presence of joint filling, resistance to
weathering, if exposed, and solutioning)
- Compressive strength (i.e., uniaxial com
pression, point load index)
- Expansion potential
General Requirements
5-7
5.3.2
Minimum Depth
5.3.3
Minimum Coverage
5.3.5
5.4
Laboratory Testing
5-8
NOTATIONS
Anet
At
At
5.3.4
Scour
b
b
b
= cross sectional area of transverse grid element at end of design service life after design
sacrificial steel loss has occurred ( FT ); 5.9.3
= tributary area of wall face at level of soil
reinforcement (FT ); 5.9.3
= tributary area of wall face used in determin
ing, Tmax (FT ); 5.9.3
= actual width of embedded discrete vertical
wall element below design grade in plane of
wall (FT); 5.5.5.6, 5.7.6
= distance from pressure surface to near edge
of strip load (FT); 5.5.5.10
= actual width of concrete anchor (FT); 5.8.6.2.1
= width of soil reinforcement under consider
ation (FT); 5.9.3.5.2
b
b
b
b
bc
bf
bt
bt
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
Be
Bk
Bn
B1
c
c
ca
C
Cp
Cph
CRCR
d
d
d
d
dbnet
D
D
D
D
Dk
Do
Do
Do
D1
e
e
e
e
emax
5-9
Fa
FAC
Fy
F*
FS
FS
FSpo
FSpo
FSOT
FSR
FSSL
FST
h
h
h
h
ht
H
heg
hn
5-10
Hn
Hn+1
H1
H1
H1
H1
H1
k
k
ka
kh
ko
kp
kr
ks
kv
L
L
La
Lb
Le
Mn
Mp
MARV
N
NS
OCR
p
p
p
pa
pa
pb
pp
P
P
P
Pa
Pa
Pa
Pa
Pa
Pa
Pa
Pah
Pav
Ph
PH
Pmax
PN
Po
Pp
Pp
Pp
Pp
Pp
Pr
Pr
PT
PTotal
5-11
Pv
Pv
Pv
q
qa
qb
qc
qs
Q
Qa
Q1
Q2
r
R
Ra
Rb
Rpo
Rpo
RF
RFCR
RFD
RFID
RQD
s
sc
sm
st
Su
Sub
SPT
T
Ta
Tac
Tal
Tf
5-12
Th
Thi
Thn
Tk
Tmax
Tn
To
To
Tp
Tph
TT
Tult
Tult
Tult
Tult
Va
Vb
Vn
Vp
W
W
W
Wc
Wu
x
xw
y
y
y
y
ya
yo
yp
5-13
z2
z3
a
a
ai
ao
b
b
d
d
5-14
Dsh
Dshmax
Dsv
Dsv
Dsv
Dp
Dph
D Pp
D Pp
D Tult
D Wc
e
n
savg
sh
sm
sp
sv
sv
sv
ta
c
f
f
f
fn
r
gc
gf
gr
gs
m
q
Part B
5.5
EARTH PRESSURE
5.5.1
General
C5.5.1
Walls that can tolerate little or no movement should be
designed for at-rest lateral earth pressure. Walls which
can move away from the mass should be designed for
pressures between active and at-rest conditions, depend
ing on the magnitude of the tolerable movements. Move
ment required to reach the minimum active pressure or the
maximum passive pressure is a function of the wall height
and the soil type. Some typical values of these mobilizing
movements, relative to wall height, are given in Table
C5.5.1-1, where:
D = movement of top of wall required to reach mini
mum active or maximum passive pressure, by
tilting or lateral translation (FT)
H = height of wall (FT)
For walls retaining cohesive materials, the effects of
soil creep should be taken into consideration in estimat
ing the design earth pressures. Evaluation of soil creep
is complex and requires duplication in the laboratory of
the stress conditions in the field as discussed by Mitchell
(1976). Further complicating the evaluation of the stress
induced by cohesive soils are their sensitivity to shrinkswell, wet-dry and degree of saturation. Tension cracks
can form, which considerably alter the assumptions for
the estimation of stress. If possible, cohesive or other fine
5-15
Type of Backfill
Values of DD /H
Active
Passive
Dense Sand
0.001
0.01
0.002
0.02
Loose Sand
0.004
0.04
Compacted Silt
0.002
0.02
0.010
0.05
0.010
0.05
5.5.2
Compaction
C5.5.2
Table C5.5.1-1
Approximate Values of Relative Movements
Required to Reach Active or Passive Earth Pressure
Conditions, Clough (1991)
Under stress conditions close to the minimum active
or maximum passive earth pressures, cohesive soils indi
cated in table C5.5.1-1 creep continually, and the move
ments shown produce active or passive pressures only
5.5.3
Presence of Water
Earth
Pressure
Water
Pressure
Water
= Table
Depth
Earth
Pressure
Depth
Water
Pressure
Total
Pressure
Earth
Water
Pressures
5-16
5.5.5
C5.5.3
5.5.5.1
(5.5.5.1-1)
where:
5.5.4
Earth Pressure
Effect of Earthquake
C5.5.4
The Mononobe-Okabe method for determining
equivalent static seismic loads may be used for gravity
and semi-gravity retaining walls.
The Mononobe-Okabe analysis is based, in part, on the
assumption that the backfill soils are unsaturated and
thus, not susceptible to liquefaction.
Where soils are subject to both saturation and seismic
or other cyclic/instantaneous loads, special consider
C5.5.5.1
The location of the resultant lateral earth load on the
pressure surface at h3 above the base of the pressure
surface is applicable when the backfill surface is planar
and the backfill is completely above or completely below
the ground water table.
For those situations where the backfill surface is nonplanar and/or the ground water table is located within the
backfill, a trial wedge method of analysis may be used for
the determination of the resultant lateral earth load in
which case the location of the resultant lateral earth load
may be determined by the intersection of a line that is
parallel to the failure surface of the wedge projected from
SECTION 5
RETAINING WALLS
5-17
5.5.5.2
(5.5.5.2-1)
where:
'f
ko
C5.5.5.2
The evaluation of the stress induced by cohesive soils
is highly uncertain due to their sensitivity to shrinkageswell, wet-dry and degree of saturation. Tension cracks
can form, which considerably alter the assumptions for
the estimation of stress. Extreme caution is advised in the
determination of lateral earth pressures by assuming the
most unfavorable conditions.
5.5.5.3
sin ( Q + f f )
2
ka =
G sin 2 Q sin( Q - d )
( 5.5.5.3-1)
0.5
sin(f f +d )sin(f f -b )
G = 1 + (
J
sin(
q
d
)sin(
q
+
b
)
( 5.5.5.3-2)
sinf f
ko = (1 - sin f f )(OCR)
where:
(5.5.5.2-2)
where:
h
Pa
5-18
d
b
O
'f
ka
C5.5.5.3
Rankine Theory
cos b cos f f
2
ka =
(cos b + (cos
b -cos f f )
2
0.5 2
(5.5.5.3-3)
Where d and'f are as defined for Coulombs theory.
For conditions that deviate from those described in Fig
ures 5.5.5.3-2a, 5.5.5.3-2b and 5.5.5.3-2c for Coulombs
theory and Figure 5.5.5.3-3 for Rankines theory, the
active lateral earth pressure may be calculated by using
a trial procedure based on wedge theory.
Backfill
Slope
Level
Gravity
Wall
Lateral earth
pressure
distribution
h/3
Pa
5-19
Backfill slope
Level
Pa
Wedge of backfill
soil slides along
back of wall
Gravity wall
Surface of sliding
restricted by
heel of footing
Outer failure
surface by
Rankine's
theory
restricted
by wall
Backfill slope
Inner
failure
surface
Level
Pa
Determine lateral
earth pressure on
vertical plane at
heel of footing
'f to 2 'f
3
3
but not greater than
=
___
a b = vertical plane
Semi-gravity wall with short footing heel
5-20
Backfill slope
Level
Pa
Wedge of backfill
soil slides along
back of wall
Gravity wall
Surface of sliding
restricted by
heel of footing
Outer failure
surface by
Rankine's
theory
restricted
by wall
Backfill slope
Inner
failure
surface
Level
Pa
Determine lateral
earth pressure on
vertical plane at
heel of footing
'f to 2 'f
3
3
but not greater than
=
___
a b = vertical plane
Semi-gravity wall with short footing heel
5-21
Backfill
slope
Shear zone uninterupted
by stem of wall
(failure wedge)
a
Outer
failure
surface
Level
Pa
Inner failure
surface
b
semi-gravity wall with long footing heel
where:
Pa = lateral earth pressure rsultant per unit width of
___ wall determined by Rankine theory (KIP/FT)
a b = vertical plane
i = (90-'f)+(-) (DEG)
o = (90-'f)-(-) (DEG)
sin
sin = ___
sin 'f
Figure 5.5.5.3-3 Application of Rankine Lateral Earth Pressure Theories with Notation
5-22
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
12
.898
.830
.752
.666
.574
.475
.375
.276
.881
.803
.716
.620
.520
.417
.316
.221
.864
.775
.678
.574
.467
.362
.262
.174
11
10
70
80
-0.3
.912
.854
.787
.711
.627
.536
.439
.339
100
-0.4
.929
.881
.824
.759
.686
.603
.512
.414
90
-0.5
.946
.907
.862
.808
.746
.674
.592
.500
-0.6
.962
.934
.901
.860
.811
.752
.682
.600
-0.7
.978
.961
.939
.912
.878
.836
.783
.718
110
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
13
-/
120
14
5.5.5.4
45- f /2
60
7.0
45- f /2
6.0
FAILURE
SURFACE
PT
PP
-
PN
H/3
LOGARITHMIC
SPIRAL
p = k p s H
50
4.0
5.0
PASSIVE PRESSURE
PP = k p s H ;
2
3.0
PT = PP SIN
PN = PP cos
/ f
= -1
2.0
1.0
.8
.6
.5
0
10
20
30
ANGLE OF INTERNAL FRICTION, f , DEGREES
40
45
Figure 5.5.5.4-1 Coefficient of Passive Lateral Earth Pressure for Vertical and Sloping Walls with
Horizontal Backfill ( Caquot and Kerisel Analysis ), Modified after U.S. Department of Navy (1971)
5-23
where:
Pp
gs
z
c
(5.5.5.4-1)
-/f
f
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
90.0
80.0
70.0
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
60.0
.978
.961
.939
.912
.878
.836
.783
.718
.962
.934
.901
.860
.811
.752
.682
.600
.946
.907
.862
.808
.746
.674
.592
.500
.929
.881
.824
.759
.686
.603
.512
.414
.912
.854
.787
.711
.627
.536
.439
.339
.898
.830
.752
.666
.574
.475
.375
.276
.881
.803
.716
.620
.520
.417
.316
.221
.864
.775
.678
.574
.467
.362
.262
.174
50.0
/f = +0.6
/f = + 1
/f = + 0.8
/f = +0.4
/f = +0.2
40.0
30.0
/ f = 0
20.0
/f = -0.2
H
PT
10.0
9.0
8.0
H/3
7.0
FAILURE
SURFACE
90 f
o
PP
LOGARITHMIC
SPIRAL
PN
/f = -0.4
P = KPs H
6.0
PASSIVE PRESSURE
5.0
KPs H ;
2
2
PP =
4.0
/f = -0.6
PT = PP sin ;
PN = PP cos ;
3.0
/f = -0.8
2.0
PASSIVE
ZONE
/f = -0.9
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
10
20
30
ANGLE OF INTERNAL FRICTION, f , DEGREES
40
45
Figure 5.5.5.4-2 Coefficient of Passive Lateral Earth Pressure for Vertical Walls with Sloping Backfill
( Caquot and Kerisel Analysis ), Modified after U.S. Department of Navy (1971)
5-24
5.5.5.5
Failure wedge
B
Wall
Failure surface
c.g.
Pressure
Surface
'f
Level
A
5-25
Failure wedge
Pressure
Surface
Inner failure
surface
Wall
c.g.
Outer
failure
surface
Pa
'f
Level
M
Failure wedge
B
Failure
surface
c.g.
Pressure
Surface
w
Wall
P
A
'f
Level
Figure 5.5.5.5-3 Trial Wedge Method-Broken Back Slope-Active Pressure, Coulomb's Theory
5-26
which this line intersects the pressure surface, AB, or, AV,
is the point of application of the resultant active pressure.
Figure 5.5.5.5-5 shows the application of Coulombs
theory for a broken back slope condition and a broken
Failure wedge
B
M
Pressure
surface
c.g.
Outer failure
surface
Inner Failure
Surface
Pa
'f
Wall
Level
A
The direction of, Pa , is parallel to a line, VM
Figure 5.5.5.5-4 Trial Wedge Method-Broken Back Slope-Active Pressure, Rankine's Theory
Failure wedge 1
M2
M1
Pressure
Surfaces
B
Failure
wedge 2
c.g. 'f R 1
w1
c.g.
1
Wall
Pa1
B'
R 1 '
f w2
Pa2
Failure
surface
wedge 1
Level
Failure
surface
wedge 2
R 2 '
f
Level
Figure 5.5.5.5-5 Trial Wedge Method-Broken Back Slope and Broken Pressure Surface-Active Pressure,
Coulomb's Theory
5-27
Pressure
surface
B
Pp
Failure wedge
c.g.
Level
w
Structure
'
Failure surface
5-28
5.5.5.6
k a1 s1
k a2 s1 H
H
Soil 1
( s1 ,' f1 )
Finished Grade
Design
Grade
'
k a2 s2
Do
k p2 s2
1
Soil 2
( s2 ,' f2 )
1
Figure 5.5.5.6-1 Simplified Lateral Earth Pressure Distributions for Permanent Non-gravity Cantilevered
Walls with Vertical Wall Elements Embedded in Granular Soil and Retaining Granular Soil
5-29
k as
1
Soil
( s , 'f )
Finished Grade
'
D0
Design
Grade
Rock
(s m )
F
Pp =
s m(Do+b 2 )
(1-tan ')
where:
b = Actual width of embedded discrete vertical wall element
below design grade in plane of wall (feet)
Pp = Passive resistance of the rock acting on the actual width of the
embedded discrete vertical wall element (KIP/FT)
Figure 5.5.5.6-2 Simplified Lateral Earth Pressure Distributions for Permanent Non-gravity Cantilevered
Walls with Discrete Vertical Wall Elements Embedded in Rock and Retaining Granular Soil
5-30
k as
Active failure
wedge failure
surface
Design
Grade
Granular
Soil
( s1, 'f )
Do
Cohesive
Soil
( s2 , S u )
F
2Su
( s1 H+ v -2S u )
Figure 5.5.5.6-3 Simplified Lateral Earth Pressure Distributions for Temporary Non-gravity Cantilevered
Walls with Vertical Wall Elements Embedded in Cohesive Soil and Retaining Granular Soil
5-31
2Su1
Active failure
wedge failure
surface
s
Design
Grade
Cohesive
Soil
( s1 , Su1)
Do
Cohesive
Soil
( s2 , Su2)
2Su2
H+ -2S
u2
s1
v
H+ -2S
s1
v
u1
Figure 5.5.5.6-4 Simplified Lateral Earth Pressure Distributions for Temporary Non-gravity Cantilevered
Walls with Vertical Wall Elements Embedded in Cohesive Soil and Retaining Cohesive Soil
5-32
C5.5.5.7
In the development of lateral earth pressures, the
method and sequence of wall construction, the rigidity of
the wall/anchor system, the physical characteristics and
stability of the ground mass to be supported/retained,
allowable wall deflections, anchor spacing and prestress
and the potential for anchor yield should be considered.
2
H
3 1
H1
5.5.5.7
T h1
H1
2
H
3 1
H2
T h2
2
H
3 n+1
Design
Grade
T hn
Design
Grade
Hn+1
2
(H - H 1)
3
Hn
1
H
3
T h1
2
H
Note: H1 <
Figure 5.5.5.7.1-1 Lateral Earth Pressure Distributions for Anchored Walls Constructed from the Top Down
in Cohesionless Soils
5-33
5.5.5.7.1
Cohesionless Soils
pa =
5.5.5.7.2
Cohesive Soils
PTotal
2
3
(H -
PTotal
1
3
Ns =
(5.5.5.7.1-1)
pa =
H1 - 31 H n +1 )
(5.5.5.7.1-2)
g sH
Su
where:
g s
Su
where:
pa
gram (KSF)
H1
Hn+1
Thi
5-34
5.5.5.7.2a
Stiff to Hard
gs
H
4
Th1
Design
Grade
3H
Th2
Th3
pa
Figure 5.5.5.7.2b-1 Lateral Earth Pressure Distribution for Anchored Walls Constructed from the Top Down
in Soft to Medium Stiff Cohesive Soils
pa = ka g s H
C5.5.5.7.2a
In the absence of specific experience in a particular
soil deposit, pa=0.3g sH should be used for the maximum
pressure ordinate when the anchors are locked off at 75
percent of the design force or less. Where anchors are to
be locked off at 100 percent of the design force or greater,
a maximum pressure ordinate of pa=0.4g sH should be
used.
For temporary walls the lateral earth pressure distribu
tions in Figure 5.5.5.7.1-1 should only be used for exca
vations of controlled short duration, where the soil is not
fissured and where there is no available free water.
5.5.5.7.2b
(5.5.5.7.2b-1)
where:
pa
ka
gs
4S
d 1 - 5.14Sub
ka = 1 - u +2 2 (
0.22
g sH
H g s H J
(5.5.5.7.2b-2)
5-35
where:
Su
Sub
gs
C5.5.5.7.2b
For soils with 4<Ns<6, use the larger , pa , from
Equations 5.5.5.7.2a-1 and 5.5.5.7.2b-1.
Retained
soil
y= h
H=h
Reinforced
soil
5.5.5.8
Soil reinforcement
Figure 5.5.5.8-1 Lateral Earth Pressure Distribution and Resultant for MSE Wall with Level
Backfill Surface
5-36
h-H
Retained
soil
Pa
Pv
Reinforced
soil
y= h
Ph
Soil reinforcement
Figure 5.5.5.8-2 Lateral Earth Pressure Distribution and Resultant for MSE Wall with Sloping
Backfill Surface
5-37
h-H
Retained
soil
Failure surface
Pv
Pa
Reinforced
soil
Ph
Soil reinforcement
Figure 5.5.5.8-3 Lateral Earth Pressure Distribution and Resultant for MSE Wall with Broken Back
Backfill Surface
where:
Pa
Ph
Pv
5-38
5.5.5.9
.
.
5.5.5.10
(a + b )
b +
(a + b )
P=
arctan ( a + b ) - arctan b
90
h
h
ph
z =
(
(
(a + b )
arctan
(a + b )
- arctan
(5.5.5.10.1-1)
(a + b )
where:
+
(
(
(
90 - arctan
(a + b )
(a
)
)
h
- arctan
b
h
b
h
+ b)
)
)
(a + b )
90 - arctan
2 h arctan
b
h
2 h arctan
b
arctan
2 h arctan
qs
(5.5.5.10.2-2)
k s
.
'
Dp
(5.5.5.10.2-1)
Surcharge Loads
Dp = ksqs
' .
- 57.30 a h
- arctan
b
h
(5.5.5.10.2-3)
where:
D ph =
2p
p
p
z
z
arccot
-arc cot
180
a+b
b
Dph
5-39
_
z
5.5.5.10.3
Point Load
D ph =
3x z (
- 1 - 2v )
p
R
p
x -y
2
Rr
(R + z )
y z
3
Rr
(5.5.5.10.3-1)
where:
C5.5.5.10.2
Equations 5.5.5.10.2-1 and 5.5.5.10.2-2 are based on
the assumption that the wall does not move (i.e. walls
which have a high degree of structural rigidity or re
strained at the top combined with an inability to slide in
response to applied loads). For flexible walls, this as
sumption can be conservative.
_
z
p
Back of wall
or pressure
surface
Design
grade
Figure 5.5.5.10.2-1 Horizontal Earth Pressure on Wall Due to Uniformly Loaded Strip Parallel to Wall
5-40
C5.5.5.10.3
= ( x2 + y2) (FT)
0.5
x
P
Back of wall
or pressure
surface.
Back of Wall
or pressure
surface
Location
of load
application
Design
grade
Vertical Section
Horizontal Section
at
5-41
5.5.5.10.4
Pv or Pv'
/2
Footing, BxL
Bottom of
footing
elevation
Applied vertical
stress, v
1
bf
Z2
D1
Back of wall
or pressure
surface
D1
For z z2 , D1
For z z2 ,
where:
= b1 + z
b +z
D1 = 1
+d
2
p
Ds v = v
D1
D1
bf
Ds v =
p v
D1 ( L + z )
pv
, (b f = 0)
( D1 ) 2
Figure 5.5.5.10.4-1 Distribution of Vertical Stress with Depth Due to Applied Vertical Stress ( Continued )
5-42
Dsv
Pv
z2
Pv'
sv
Figure 5.5.5.10.4-1 Distribution of Vertical Stress with Depth Due to Applied Vertical Stress ( Continued )
d
bf
Bottom of
Footing
elevation
bf/
2
Footing
PH
Z3
2PH
Z3
45+
'f/
2
Back of wall or
pressure surface
Figure 5.5.5.10.4-2 Distribution of Horizontal Stress with Depth Due to Applied Horizontal
Force ( Continued )
5-43
where:
bf
B
e'
PH
Dsh
z3
Figure 5.5.5.10.4-2 Distribution of Horizontal Stress with Depth Due to Applied Horizontal
Force ( Continued )
5.5.5.10.5
heq
(5.5.5.10.5-1)
5.5.5.11
where:
Dp
gs
5-44
0.6h
0.2h
0.2h
k o s h
0.8kas h
where:
ka
ko
gs
5.5.5.12
Pressure
5-45
5.6
5.6.1
5.6.2
Design Terminology
Footing Embedment
Backfill
Back face
Front face
Stem
Buttress
Counterfort
Footing
cover
Construction
joint
~
Toe
Heel
Footing
Footing key
Figure 5.6.1-1 Terms Used in Design of Rigid Gravity and Semi-Gravity Retaining Walls
5-46
SECTION 5
RETAINING WALLS
5.6.3
5.6.4
B
6
B
4
Bearing capacity
Wall footing on soil, FS 3.0 see Article 4.4.7
Wall footing on rock, FS 3.0 see Article 4.4.8
5.6.4.1
Sliding Stability
SECTION 5
RETAINING WALLS
5-47
Wall stem
Footing toe
= arctan
Footing heel
P
Tf
PP
Pmax
Q
Dk
B1
B1
c
Pmax = (Q cos Pp sin ) tan f +
cos
(Pmax + Pp cos Q sin )
FS SL =
P cos
c.
FSSL =
a.
Pmax + Pp
where:
Footing heel
P
Dk
Tf
Pmax
Q1
B1
Footing key
Q2
Q
B
Q = Q1 + Q2
FSSL =
b.
Pmax + Pp
P
Footing toe
Dk
Pmax
Tf
Footing heel
Pp
Footing key
B1
5-48
SECTION 5
RETAINING WALLS
5.6.4.2 Overturning
Pressure
surface
Pav
xw
Pa
W
Pah
cL Footing
Tf
Pmax
Dk
Pp
Q
Tk
Bk
Dk < Tf
Bk > Dk , when Bk < Dk , the pressure surface of height, h , extends to bottom of footing key
e=
QB
2
Figure 5.6.4.2-1
Procedures to Determine the Eccentricity of the Resultant Force Acting on the Wall
Footing Base ( Continued )
SECTION 5
RETAINING WALLS
5-49
Pressure
surface
xw
Pav
Pa
Pah
yo
cL Footing
Po
Tf
P
O
Q
Pr
Dk
Pmax
Tk
Bk
Bk Dk , when Bk > Dk , the pressure surface of height, h, extends to the bottom of the footing.
e=
D
QB
+ Pr ( 2k )
o o
2 + Pah y PavBWxw Py
Q
b. Wall with deep footing key
Figure 5.6.4.2-1
5-50
Procedures to Determine the Eccentricity of the Resultant Force Acting on the Wall
SECTION 5
RETAINING WALLS
where:
P a = lateral earth pressure resultant per unit width
of wall acting on pressure surface at back of
wall (KIPS/FT)
W = resultant weight of wall, including any footing key, the backfill above the footing, and
any surcharge loads acting above the footing
width per unit width of wall (KIPS/FT)
Figure 5.6.4.2-1
5.6.4.3
Procedures to Determine the Eccentricity of the Resultant Force Acting on the Wall
Wall Foundations
5.6.5
Structure Design
5.6.5.1
Wall Footings
SECTION 5
RETAINING WALLS
5-51
5.6.5.2
Footing Keys
5.6.5.3
Wall Stems
5.6.5.4
5.6.5.6
5.6.5.7
5.6.5.8
Overall Stablility
NONGRAVITY CANTILEVERED
WALL DESIGN
Reinforcement
5.7.1.
5-52
Backfill
5.7
5.6.5.5
Joints
SECTION 5
RETAINING WALLS
Design Terminology
Finished
grade
Top of wall
Facing
Berm
Finished grade
Design grade
(Bottom of wall)
D0
Discrete vertical
element (soldier pile)
Concrete backfill
Drilled hole
where:
H
D
Do
Figure 5.7.1-1 Terms used in the Design of Nongravity Cantilevered Retaining Walls
SECTION 5
RETAINING WALLS
5-53
5.7.2
5.7.5
Loading
5.7.3
Wall Movement
5.7.4
Passive Resistance
5.7.6
5-54
SECTION 5
RETAINING WALLS
5.7.7
Structure Design
5.7.8
Traffic Barrier
When traffic barriers are placed at the top of nongravity cantilevered walls they shall be constructed on a
support slab which is designed to resist the overturning
due to the design horizontal impact load applied to the
barrier. The support slab shall be designed so only
horizontal and vertical forces are transmitted to the ver
tical support elements of the wall. The support slab
shall be continuous the full length of the wall with no
expansion joints. The horizontal forces from the support
slab applied to the vertical support elements need to be
considered in the design of these vertical support ele
ments. The horizontal force from the support slab shall
be applied to the top of the vertical support elements.
For discrete vertical support elements the minimum de
sign force shall be 20 kips or 3.5 kips times the spacing
of the vertical support elements whichever is greater but
need not exceed 40 kips. For continuous vertical sup
port elements the minimum force shall be 3.5 kips per
foot. These design forces may be considered factored
loads. The design lateral earth pressure from the retained
soil need not be considered to act concurrently with the
above design forces. The calculated embedment, Do,
shall provide a minimum factor of safety against over
turning equal to 1.0 ( FSOT > 1.0 ) for the above loading
using the simplified analysis method.
When traffic barriers are placed at the top of nongravity cantilevered walls embedded in soil or rock, the
minimum design height, H, shall be 6 feet, and the
minimum length of wall and barrier slab shall be 60 feet.
5.7.9
Overall Stability
SECTION 5
RETAINING WALLS
5-55
5.7.10
Corrosion Protection
5.8.
5.8.1
Top of wall
Concrete
Facing
Timber
lagging
Finished grade
Active
pressure
failure
surface
Tie rod
Passive
pressure
failure surface
Discrete vertical
element (soldier pile)
Concrete
anchor
Berm
Concrete backfill
Finished
grade
Design
grade
(Bottom of
wall)
Passive pressure
failure surface
Drilled hole
Active pressure
failure surface
(or critical failure surface)
Figure 5.8.1-1 Terms used in the Design of Anchored Retaining Walls using Tie Rods and
Structural Anchors ( Continued )
5-56
SECTION 5
RETAINING WALLS
Top of wall
Finished grade
Concrete
backfill
Drilled
Hole
Timber
lagging facing
H
Tie rod
Berm
Discrete vertical
element (soldier pile)
Finished
grade
Concrete
backfill
D
Design
grade
(Bottom of
wall)
Active
pressure
failure
surface
Anchor
pile
Passive
pressure
failure surface
Drilled hole
Passive pressure
failure surface
Active pressure
failure surface
(or critical failure surface)
Top of wall
Finished grade
Pile cap
Waler
Tie rod
Berm
Continuous
vertical elements
(sheet piles)
Finished
grade
Design
grade
Compression
piles
Active pressure
failure surface
(critical failure
surface)
Passive pressure
failure surface
Tension
piles
Pile Anchor
System
Figure 5.8.1-1 Terms used in the Design of Anchored Retaining Walls using Tie Rods and
Structural Anchors ( Continued )
SECTION 5
RETAINING WALLS
5-57
Top of wall
Finished grade
Waler
Leon concrete backfill
Tendon
anchorage
Drilled hole
Ground anchor inclination
Ground anchor tendon
Unb
onde
Timber
lagging
facing
d len
Grout
gth
Bond
ed le
ngth
Berm
Finished
grade
Discrete vertical
element (soldier pile)
Drilled hole
Design
grade
(Bottom of
wall)
Structural Concrete
backfill
a) Wall With Multiple Levels of Ground Anchors and Discrete Vertical Elements
Figure 5.8.1-2 Terms used in the Design of Anchored Retaining Walls using Ground
Anchors ( Tiebacks) ( Continued )
5-58
SECTION 5
RETAINING WALLS
Finished grade
Top of wall
Concrete
facing
Unbonde
Horizontal
shotcrete
support
element
Finished
grade
d length
Bonded le
ngth
Drilled hole
Design
grade
Figure 5.8.1-2 Terms used in the Design of Anchored Retaining Walls using Ground
SECTION 5
RETAINING WALLS
5-59
5.8.2
Loading
5.8.2.1
5.8.3
Wall Movement
5-60
5.8.5
Passive Resistance
5.8.2.2
5.8.4
SECTION 5
RETAINING WALLS
5.8.6.1
General
5.8.6.2
SECTION 5
RETAINING WALLS
5-61
Concrete
anchor
Finished Grade
d
H1
Tie rod
Pa
O
e
Active wedge
failure surface
Passive wedge
failure surface
Wall
Finished
Grade
Design
Grade
Pp
W
R
R
' f
Pa
Forces acting on soil
Mass, abed
Pp
Do
Do
Passive wedge
failure
surface
Assumed point
of zero moment
in vertical wall
elements
Passive
pressure
Active
pressure
5-62
SECTION 5
RETAINING WALLS
Anchor
pile
Finished Grade
d
H1
Tie rod
Pa
Passive wedge
failure surface
Finished
Grade
Design
Grade
Do
Passive wedge
failure
surface
Pp
W
Pp
D o/3
Active wedge
failure surface
' f
Pa
Forces acting on soil
Mass, abed
Passive
pressure
Active wedge
failture
surface
Wall
Do
Assumed point
of zero moment
in vertical wall
elements
Active
pressure
SECTION 5
RETAINING WALLS
5-63
Finished grade
Pile cap
a
H1
Tie rod
Active
wedge
failure
surface
Wall
Finished
grade
Design
grade
Tension
piles
Compression
piles
Do
Passive wedge
failure
surface
Pile Anchor
b
Active pressure
Passive
pressure
Assumed point of
zero moment in
vertical wall elements
5-64
SECTION 5
RETAINING WALLS
b'
where :
Concrete Anchors
(5.8.6.2-1)
where:
Tult
Pp
Pa
b'
b'
b+
h
b
or b + , whichever
2
2
Finished
grade
c"
c'
Passive wedge
failure surface
Tult
Active wedge
failure surface
Pp
Pa
Active pressure
5.8.6.2.1
Tie rod
e
Passive pressure
Concrete anchor
SECTION 5
RETAINING WALLS
5-65
Concrete
anchor
c
P a'
P 'p
d
d
H1
c"
h'
Finished
grade
Tie rod
Passive wedge
failure surface
wall
Do
Active
wedge
failure
surface
'f
b
h'
b'
where:
P'a
5-66
SECTION 5
RETAINING WALLS
Anchor Pile
Tult =
ya
Do
H1
b'
( Pp y p Pa y a )
(5.8.6.2.2-1)
( Do H 1 )
where :
Tult
Pp
Pa
yp
Anchor pile
Finished
grade
c'
H1
c"
Active
wedge
failure
surface
Tult
Tie rod
Do
Passive wedge
failure surface
Pp
ya
yp
Pa
SECTION 5
RETAINING WALLS
5-67
The passive lateral earth pressure distributions provided in Article 5.5.5.6 may be used for determining, Pp.
When determining the value for, kp, for granular soils, the
provisions of Article 5.5.5.4 and 5.5.5.5 may be used with
the value for the wall friction angle, , assumed equal to
zero.
For the determination of the active lateral earth pressure, Pa, and the lateral earth pressures due to surcharge
loads, the provisions of Article 5.7.2 apply. When determining the active lateral earth pressure, the value for the
wall friction angle, , shall be assumed equal to zero.
When determining the effective width, b', of an anchor
pile, the provisions of Article 5.7.6 apply.
H1
Finished grade
Tult
Pile cap
Tie rod
bc
bt
Compression
piles
CP
Tension
piles
TP
5-68
SECTION 5
RETAINING WALLS
(5.8.6.2.2-2)
st
H1
h'
b c
b'
b t
Cp
Tp
P'p
P'a
5.8.6.2.3
Pile Anchor
T ult = s
ph
sc
T ph
st
(5.8.6.2.3.1)
T ult = C ph +
Tp h
(5.8.6.2.3.2)
where:
Tult
sc
5.8.6.3
SECTION 5
RETAINING WALLS
5-69
pa
Finished grade
Wall
Design lateral
earth pressure
1
3
H1
2
3
H1
Th1
Design
grade
Ground
anchor
Unb
on
leng ded
th
Finished
grade
bon
ded
leng
th
O
R
Note:
Passive
pressure
Active
pressure
Figure 5.8.6.3-1 Anchored Wall with Single Level of Ground Anchors, Critical Failure Surface
Near Bottom of Wall, and
5-70
SECTION 5
RETAINING WALLS
pa
Finished grade
Design lateral
earth pressure
H1
Note:
1
3
H1
2
3
Wall
1
2
Th1
Finished
grade
Design
grade
Unb
ond
Ground
anchor
ed l
eng
th
bon
ded
leng
th
Passive pressure
Figure 5.8.6.3-2 Anchored Wall with Single Level of Ground Anchors, Critical Failure Surface
Near Bottom of Wall, and
H
2
< H1 , H
2
3
SECTION 5
RETAINING WALLS
5-71
Finished grade
Critical failure
surface
2 Ptotal
H2
H1
Note:
The critical failture surface
is the failure surface
associate with the
determination
of, P total .
Design
grade
Design lateral
earth pressure
Th1
1
2
Finished
grade
Un
bo
nd
ed
len
Assumed point of
gth
zero moment in
vertical wall elements
Ground Anchor
Bo
nd
Active
pressure
ed
len
gth
Passive pressure
Figure 5.8.6.3-3 Anchored Wall with Single Level of Ground Anchors, Critical Failure Surface
Near Bottom of Wall, and H1
5-72
SECTION 5
RETAINING WALLS
H
3
Finished grade
pa
Design lateral
earth pressure
H1
2
3
H1
Wall
H2
Th1
Unb
ond
ed l
Ground
anchor
eng
th
bon
Finished
grade
ded
H3
Design
grade
leng
th
Ground
anchor
2
3
H3
Th2
O
R
Note:
Active
pressure
Passive
pressure
Figure 5.8.6.3-4 Anchored Wall with Multiple Levels of Ground Anchors and Critical Failure
SECTION 5
RETAINING WALLS
5-73
Finished grade
H1
Design lateral
earth pressure
Note:
The critical failure
surface is the failure
surface associated
with the determination
of, PTotal .
2
3
H1
Wall
Critical failure
surface
H2
Th1
Unb
ond
ed
Ground
anchor
leng
th
bon
ded
H3
Finished
grade
2
3
H3
Th2
O
Design
grade
leng
th
Ground
anchor
Figure 5.8.6.3-5 Anchored Wall with Multiple Levels of Ground Anchors and Critical Failure Surface a
Significant Distance Below the Bottom of Wall
5-74
SECTION 5
RETAINING WALLS
Qa =
d a Lb
FS
where :
Qa
d
a
Lb
FS
SECTION 5
RETAINING WALLS
5-75
5.8.10.2
5.8.10.3
The minimum spacing between ground anchor bonded
lengths should be the larger of three times the diameter of
the bonded length, or 5 feet. If smaller spacings are
required to develop the required anchor design force,
consideration may be given to differing the anchor incli
nations between alternating anchors.
5.8.7
Structure Design
Ground Anchors
Wall Members
5.8.11
5.8.11.1
Structural Anchors
5.8.8
Traffic Barrier
5.8.11.2
5.8.9
5.8.10
5.8.10.1
Corrosion Protection
Tie Rods
5-76
Ground Anchors
Overall Stability
SECTION 5
RETAINING WALLS
5.9
MECHANICALLY STABILIZED
EARTH WALL
Finished
grade
Pressure surface
for external
stability
Top of wall
for design
Retained soil
f , f
Wall facing
panels or
units
Active Zone
La
Resistant Zone
Le
Failure surface
for external
stability
Berm
Width
Finished
grade
Wall facing
connection
Embedment
Depth
Leveling pad
Soil Reinforcement Length, L
Limits of wall
for design
5-77
5.9.1
Structure Dimensions
5-78
5.9.2
External Stability
5.9.2.1
Sliding Stability
5.9.2.2
Overturning Stability
5.9.2.3
Bearing Capacity
5.9.2.4
Overall Stability
5-79
5.9.3
Internal Stability
5-80
Gradation Requirements
Sieve Size
Percentage Passing
California Test
6"
100
202
3"
78-100
202
#4
*--
202
#30
0-60
202
#200
0-25
202
Property Requirements
Test
Requirement
California Test
Sand Equivalent
12 min.
217
Plasticity Index
10 max.
204
Minimum Resistivity
1500 ohm - cm
min.
643
Chlorides
<500ppm
422
Sulfates
<2000 ppm
417
pH
5.5 to 10.0
643
Gradation Requirements
Sieve Size
Percentage Passing
California Test
2"
100
202
#4
50-80
202
#40
0-30
202
#200
0-15
202
5.9.3.1
Property Requirements
Test
Requirement
California Test
Sand Equivalent
30 min.
217
Plasticity Index
10 max.
204
Durability Index
35 min.
229
pH
4.5 to 9.0
643
Gradation Requirements
Sieve Size
Percentage Passing
California Test
* 6"
100
202
** 4"
100
202
# 200
0-50
202
Property Requirements
Test
Requirement
California Test
Sand Equivalent
8 min.
217
Plasticity Index
15 max.
204
* Minimum
Resistivity
1500 ohm - cm
min.
643
* Chlorides
422
* Sulfates
417
* pH
5.5 to 10.0
643
** pH
4.5 to 9.0
643
(5.9.3.1-1)
At = b t ht
(5.9.3.1-2)
sh = sv Kr + Dsh
(5.9.3.1-3)
5-81
5.9.3.1.1
(5.9.3.1.1-1)
5.9.3.1.2
(5.9.3.1.2-1)
5-82
5.9.3.2.
5.9.3.3.
5.9.3.3.1
Determination of Soil
Internal Stability
5.9.3.3.2
Design
0.3 H1
H1
Active zone
Resistant zone
Soil reinforcement
H1
Active zone
Resistant zone
Soil reinforcement
Figure 5.9.3.3.1-1 Location of Potential Failure Surface for Internal Stability Design of MSE Walls
5-83
FS po =
R po
(5.9.3.3.2-1)
Tmax
Finished
grade
Potential
failure
surface
0.4
Tan r
1.5
Le
2
Le
s
trip
ds
be
Rib
Smooth strips
Wall
face
Level of soil
reinforcement
under consideration
Figure 5.9.3.3.2-1 Pullout Resistance Factor for Steel Strip Soil Reinforcement
5-84
(5.9.3.3.2-2)
(5.9.3.3.2-3)
Finished
grade
Potential
failure
surface
10 12
16
20
Le
Level of soil
reinforcement
under consideration
r =34 o
Le
r =28 o
Wall
face
Figure 5.9.3.3.2-2 Pullout Anchorage Factor for Steel Grid Soil Reinforcement
5-85
0.5
(5.9.3.3.2-5)
5-86
(5.9.3.3.2-4)
2( Agross + Anet )
5.9.3.4
( 5.9.3.4-1)
5.9.3.4.1
Requirements
Gradation Requirements
Sieve Size
Percentage Passing
California Test
6"
100
202
3"
75-100
202
#4
0-25
202
# 200
0-5
202
(5.9.3.4.1.1-1)
Property Requirements
Test
Requirement
California Test
Plasticity Index
6 max
204
Minimum Resistivity
1500 ohm - cm
min.
643
Chlorides
422
Sulfates
417
pH
5.5 to 10.0
643
5-87
5-88
2)
Determination of Soil Aggressiveness: Soil
shall be considered aggressive when any one of the
following conditions exist:
3)
Polymer Requirements: Polymers which are
likely to have good resistance to long-term chemical
degradation shall be used if a single default reduction
factor is to be used, to minimize the risk of the occurrence
of significant long-term degrtadation. The polymer ma
terial requirements provided in Table 5.9.3.4.1.2A shall
therefore be met if detailed product specific data as
described in FHWA Publication No.FHWA SA-96-071
Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls and Reinforced
Soil Slopes Design and Construction Guidelines Ap
pendix B, and in FHWA Publication No. FHWA SA-96
072 Corrosion/Degradation of Soil Reinforcements for
Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls and Reinforced
Soil Slopes is not obtained. Polymer materials not
meeting the requirements in Table 5.9.3.4.1.2A could be
used if this detailed product specified data extrapolated
to the design life intended for the structure is obtained.
4)
Calculation of Long-Term Reinforcement
Strength: for ultimate limit state conditions.
Tal =
Tult b
RF
(5.9.3.4.1.2-1)
where,
RF = RFID RFCR RFD
(5.9.3.4.1.2-2)
Property
Test Method
Criteria to Allow
Use of Default RF*
Polypro
pylene
UV Oxidation
Resistance
ASTM D4355
Min.70% strength
retained after 500 hrs
in weatherometer
Polyethyl UV Oxidation
ene
Resistance
ASTM D4355
Min.70% strength
retained after 500 hrs
in weatherometer
Inherent Viscosity
Method (ASTM
D4603 and GRI Test Min.Number Average
Polyester Hydrolysis Resistance Method GG8**) or
Molecular Weight of
Determine Directly
25,000
Using Gel Permeation
Chromatography
Polyester Hydrolysis Resistance
All
Survivability
Polymers
Min.270 g/m
% Post-Consumer
All
Recycled Material by
Polymers
Weight
Certification of
Material Used
Maximun of 0%
5-89
Total Reduction
Factor, RF
Application
All applications, but with product
specific data obtained and analyzed in
accordance with FHWA Publication
No. FHWA SA-96-071 "Mechanically
Stabilized Earth Walls and Reinforced
Soil Slopes Design and Construction
Guidelines"-Appendix B, and FHWA
Publication No. FHWA SA-96-072
"Corrosion/Degradation of Soil
Reinforcements for Mechanically
Stabilized Earth Walls and Reinforced
Soil Slopes"
7.0
3.5
(5.9.3.4.2.1-3)
Allowable Stresses
5-90
Tal
FS
(5.9.3.4.2.2-1)
5.9.3.5.1
TT 2.0Ta
(5.9.3.5.1-1)
5.9.3.5.2
Geosynthetic Soil
Reinforcements
Tult b CRCR
Ta
(5.9.3.5.2-1)
5-91
Tac
FS RFD
5.9.3.6
Where:
Tac
Tult
CRCR
5.9.3.6.1
RFD
FS
5-92
5.9.3.6.2
5.9.3.6.3
5.9.3.6.4
Facing Design
5-93
5.9.3.7
Drainage
5.9.3.8
5.9.3.8.1
5.9.3.8.3
Hydrostatic Pressures
5-94
5.9.3.8.2
5.9.3.9
Placement of Soil
Reinforcement
Wall Height
H (feet)
Embedment
Depth (feet)
Berm
Width (feet)
< 10
> 30
5.10.2
External Stability
5-95
Finished
grade
h3
Tier 3
y
B3
h2
Tier 2
Failure
surface
for external
stability
Berm width
Finished
grade
Embedment
depth
Tier 1
Wall fill, c , c
h1
B2
B=B
Foundation soil, fn
Where: B equals base width of wall
5-96
Wall Friction
Angle, d
a) Significant vibrations of
1
2
ff
2
3
ff
5.10.2.1
Sliding Stability
5.10.2.2
Overturning Stability
5-97
5.10.2.3
Tiered Walls
5.10.2.4
Overall Stability
5-98
5.10.3
Internal Stability
Bearing Capacity
5.10.2.5
5.10.2.6
FSpo
Rpo
Pa
(5.10.3-1)
5.10.4
Module Design
5.10.4.1
5-99
(short side)
(short side)
b/2
pa
pa
pa
b (long side)
pa
Header
pb
pb
pb
pb
pr
pa
pa
pa
b/2
pa
Front
stretcher
Intermediate
stretcher
Rear
stretcher
Where:
a
=hydraulic radius
For square cells, R= a4
For rectangular cells,
Figure 5.10.4.1-1 Plan View of Crib Members Showing Design Lateral Pressures ( Continued )
5-100
'
g Ra
1 - e - m ky / Ra
mk
g Rb
mk
1 - e - m ky / Rb
pa = q ak
next to the long side of rectangular cells
pb = q bk
V =total vertical frictional force per unit width of
cell perimeter over depth y (KIPS/FT)
= (g y-0.8q) R
for square cells and at the short side of rectangular
cells,
Va = (g y-0.8qa) R a
at the long side of rectangular cells,
Vb = (g y-0.8qb) R b
Wc = total weight of wall fill in cell over depth, y
=g caby (KIPS)
Figure 5.10.4.1-1 Plan View of Crib Members Showing Design Lateral Pressures ( Continued )
5-101
1.
Mp = 1.3Mn
2.
Vn > Vp
3.
4.
Average lateral
pressure
Average vertical
frictional force
Header
Front stretcher
under
consideration
Center to center
vertical spacing of
headers
Header
Notes:
1. The average lateral pressure equals pa or pb depending on the cell dimensions.
2. The loading is based on the depth, y, to the mid-height of the stretcher under consideration.
3. The design forces on the front stretcher shall not be less than the active earth pressure
associated with the active failure wedge controlled by the clear opening at the top of the front crib cell.
4. The deadload of the member and the weight of wall fill on top of the member shall be considered.
5-102
Average lateral
pressure
Average vertical
frictional force
Header
Notes:
Center to center
vertical spacing of
headers
Intermediate stretcher
under
consideration
5-103
Average lateral
pressure
Average lateral
pressure from
retained soil, pr
Average vertical
frictional force
Center to center
vertical spacing
of headers
Header
Rear stretcher
under consideration
Notes:
1. The average lateral pressure equals pa or pb depending on the cell dimensions.
2. The loading is based on the depth, y, to the mid-height of the stretcher under consideration.
3. The deadload of the member and the weight of wall fill on top of the member shall be considered.
5-104
Average lateral
pressure
Average vertical
frictional force
Stretchers
Center to center
vertical spacing of
stretchers
Header
under
consideration
Front stretchers
Horizontal reaction
from front stretchers
Notes:
Header under
consideration
5-105
b/2
Stretcher
Vp =
5.2 M n
b
Vp =
10.4 M n
b
Vp =
10.4 M n
a
Column
Location of plastic
hinge in stretcher
(typ)
Header
Location of
plastic hinge
in header (typ)
5-106