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01 Kinetic Theory of Gases Theory1
01 Kinetic Theory of Gases Theory1
11.1 Introduction.
In gases the intermolecular forces are very weak and its molecule may fly apart in all
directions. So the gas is characterised by the following properties.
(i)It has no shape and size and can be obtained in a vessel of any shape or size.
(ii) It expands indefinitely and uniformly to fill the available space.
(iii) It exerts pressure on its surroundings.
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PHYSICS
v vx
i vy j vz k
This molecule collides with the shaded wall (A1 ) with velocity
vx
vx
As the momentum remains conserved in a collision, the change in momentum of the wall
A1 is P 2mvx
After rebound this molecule travel toward opposite wall A2 with velocity vx , collide to it
and again rebound with velocity vx towards wall A1.
(1) Time between two successive collision with the wall A1.
t
Distance
travelled
by molecule
between
twosuccessive
collision 2L
Velocityof molecule
vx
1 vx
t 2L
(2) The momentum imparted per unit time to the wall by this molecule nP
vx
m
2mvx vx2
2L
L
This is also equal to the force exerted on the wall A1 due to this molecule F
(3) The total force on the wall A1 due to all the molecules Fx
m
L
m 2
vx
L
2
x
Fx
m
A AL
Px
So
Px Py Pz
2
x
m
V
(v
2
x
m
V
2
x
Similarly
m
V
2
y
and
Pz
m
V
2
z
vy2 vz2 )
3P
m
V
3P
m 2
(v1 v22 v33 ......)
V
or
3P
V
N
or
3P
mN 2
vrms
V
vrms
Py
or
1 mN 2
vrms
3 V
Important points
(i) P
1 mN 2
vrms
3 V
or
(m N)T
V
2
[As vrms
T]
(a) If volume and temperature of a gas are constant P mN i.e. Pressure (Mass of gas).
SUCCESS STUDY CIRCLE, A.K.Pradhan,
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PHYSICS
i.e. if mass of gas is increased, number of molecules and hence number of collision per
second increases i.e. pressure will increase.
(b) If mass and temperature of a gas are constant. P (1/V), i.e., if volume decreases,
number of collisions per second will increase due to lesser effective distance between the walls
resulting in greater pressure.
(c) If mass and volume of gas are constant, P (vrms)2 T
i.e., if temperature increases, the mean square speed of gas molecules will increase and as
gas molecules are moving faster, they will collide with the walls more often with greater
momentum resulting in greater pressure.
(ii) P
1 mN 2
1M 2
vrms
vrms
3 V
3 V
1
2
vrms
3
M
As V
1 M 2
1
1
2
2
M vrms
vrms vrms ..(i)
Kinetic energy per unit volume (E)
2 V
2
2
and we know P
From (i) and (ii), we get P
1
2
vrms
3
..(ii)
2
E
3
i.e. the pressure exerted by an ideal gas is numerically equal to the two third of the mean
kinetic energy of translation per unit volume of the gas.
1
1
2
vrms
(8.99 10 2 ) (3180)2 3.03 105 N/m2 3.0 atm
3
3
Problem 2. The temperature of a gas is raised while its volume remains constant, the pressure exerted
by a gas on the walls of the container increases because its molecules
[CBSE PMT 1993]
Problem 3. A cylinder of capacity 20 litres is filled with H 2 gas. The total average kinetic energy of
translatory motion of its molecules is 1.5 105 J . The pressure of hydrogen in the cylinder
is
[MP PET 1993]
(a) 2 106 N / m2
(b) 3 106 N / m2
(c) 4 106 N / m2
(d) 5 106 N / m2
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PHYSICS
Pressure
2 1.5 105
2E
5 106 N/m2 .
3
3
3V
20 10
Problem 4. N molecules each of mass m of gas A and 2N molecules each of mass 2m of gas B are
contained in the same vessel at temperature T. The mean square of the velocity of
molecules of gas B is v2 and the mean square of x component of the velocity of molecules of
gas A is w2. The ratio
w2
v2
(a) 1
is
(b) 2
(c)
1
3
(d)
2
3
3kT
m
3kT
m
3w2
v2
..(i)
3kT
2m
..(ii)
2
w2
2
so 2 .
1
3
v
3.0 1022 . The mass of an oxygen molecule is 5.3 1026 kg and at that temperature the
rms velocity of molecules is 400 m/s. The pressure in N / m2 of the gas in the flask is
(a) 8.48 104
Solution : (a) V 103 m3 , N 3.0 1022 , m 5.3 1026 kg, vrms 400m/s
1 mN 2
1 5.3 1026 3.0 1022
vrms
(400)2 8.48 104 N/m2 .
3
3 V
3
10
Problem 6. A gas at a certain volume and temperature has pressure 75 cm. If the mass of the gas is
doubled at the same volume and temperature, its new pressure is
(a) 37.5 cm
Solution : (c)
(b) 75 cm
(c) 150 cm
(d) 300 cm
1M 2
MT
vrms P
3 V
V
At constant volume and temperature, if the mass of the gas is doubled then pressure will
become twice.
PV = RT
PV = RT
R
T kT
PV
NA
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PHYSICS
For N molecules of gas
PV = NkT
For 1 gm of gas
R
T rT
M
PV
for n gm of gas
PV = nrT
PV
Pressure
Volume
Workdone
T
No. of moles Temperatu
re No. of moles Temperatu
re
Thus universal gas constant signifies the work done by (or on) a gas per mole per kelvin.
litre atm
Joule
cal
8.31
1.98
0.8221
mole kelvin
mole kelvin
mole kelvin
S.T.P. value :
R
8.31
R
;
M
Unit :
Joule
gm kelvin
Since the value of M is different for different gases. Hence the value of r is different for
different gases.
(a) 1800C
(b) 162C
(c) 1527C
T2 P2
T1 P1
V2 2P1
V1 P1
(d) 600C
3V1
6
V1
(a) 500m3
(b) 700m3
V2 T2
V1 T1
(c) 900m3
(d) 1000m3
P1 270 1
9
9
V2 500 900m3
5
5
P2 300 0.5
Problem 9. When volume of system is increased two times and temperature is decreased half of its
initial temperature, then pressure becomes
[AIEEE 2002]
(a) 2 times
(b) 4 times
Problem 10.
P2 T2
P1 T1
(c) 1 / 4 times
V1 T1 / 2
V2 T1
(d) 1 / 2 times
V1
1
P
P2 1
4
4
2V1
(a) PV 8RT
(b) PV RT / 4
(c) PV RT
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(d) PV RT / 2
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PHYSICS
Solution : (b) As 32 gm O 2 means 1 mole therefore 8 gm O 2 means 1 / 4mole i.e.
1
4
1
RT
RT or PV
4
4
So from PV RT we get PV
Problem 11. A flask is filled with 13 gm of an ideal gas at 27C and its temperature is raised to 52C. The
mass of the gas that has to be released to maintain the temperature of the gas in the flask
at 52C and the pressure remaining the same is
[EAMCET (Engg.) 2000]
(a) 2.5 g
(b) 2.0 g
(c) 1.5 g
(d) 1.0 g
M 2 M1
13
gm 12gm
M 1 T2 (52 273) 325 13
13
13
Problem 12.
Air is filled at 60C in a vessel of open mouth. The vessel is heated to a temperature T so
that 1 / 4th part of air escapes. Assuming the volume of vessel remaining constant, the value
of T is
[MP PET 1996, 99]
(a) 80C
(b) 444C
(c) 333C
(d) 171C
M
3M
[As 1 / 4th part of air escapes]
4
4
If pressure and volume of gas remains constant then MT = constant
Problem 13.
T2 M 1 M
4
4
4
T2 T1 333 444K 171C
3
M
/
4
3
T1 M 2
3
3
If the intermolecular forces vanish away, the volume occupied by the molecules
contained in 4.5 kg water at standard temperature and pressure will be given by
[CPMT 1989]
3
(a) 5.6 m
Solution : (a)
(b) 4.5 m
(d) 11.2 m3
4.5 kg
Massof water
From PV RT V
5.66m3 .
5
P
10
Problem 14. The pressure P, volume V and temperature T of a gas in the jar A and the other gas in the jar B
at pressure 2P, volume V/4 and temperature 2T, then the ratio of the number of molecules in
the jar A and B will be [AIIMS 1982]
(a) 1 : 1
(b) 1 : 2
(c) 2 : 1
(d) 4 : 1
N
Solution : (d) Ideal gas equation PV RT
NA
number
Problem 15.
N1 P1
N 2 P2
V1
V
2
T2
P
2P
T1
RT
V 2T
4
.
V
/
4
T
1
The expansion of an ideal gas of mass m at a constant pressure P is given by the straight
line D. Then the expansion of the same ideal gas of mass 2m at a pressure P/Volum
2 is given
by
A
8e
the straight line
B
(a) E
(b) C
(c) B
(d) A
6
4
2
1
C
D
E
Temperatur
e
M
M
T ; Here
P
P
temperature axis.
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PHYSICS
M
2M
M
4
i.e. slope becomes four time so graph A is correct in
P /2
P
this condition.
Problem 16.
If the value of molar gas constant is 8.3 J/mole-K, the n specific gas constant for
hydrogen in J/mole-K will be
(a) 4.15
(b) 8.3
Problem 17.
(c) 16.6
Universal
gasconstant
(R)
8.3
4.15 Joule/mole-K.
Molecularweightof gas(M )
2
Solution : (b, c)
i.e. A B
(b) PA PB , VA VB (c) PA PB , VA VB
PA
P
B
VA
VB
(d)
According to problem mass of gases are equal so number of moles will not be equal
P A VA
P V
B B
A
B
are equal]
From this relation it is clear that if PA PB then
Similarly if VA VB then
Problem 18.
VA A
1 i.e. VA VB
VB B
PA A
1 i.e. PA PB .
PB B
Two identical glass bulbs are interconnected by a thin glass tube. A gas is filled in these
bulbs at N.T.P. If one bulb is placed in ice and another bulb is placed in hot bath, then the
pressure of the gas becomes 1.5 times. The temperature of hot bath will be
(a) 100C
(b) 182C
(c) 256C
Hot bath
Ice
(d) 546C
Solution : (d) Quantity of gas in these bulbs is constant i.e. Initial No. of moles in both bulb = final number
of moles
1 2 1' 2'
1.5 PV 1.5PV
PV
PV
R(273) R(273)
R(273)
R(T )
2
1.5 1.5
273 273 T
T 819K 546C .
Two containers of equal volume contain the same gas at pressures P1 and P2 and
Problem 19.
absolute temperatures T1 and T2 respectively. On joining the vessels, the gas reaches a
common pressure P and common temperature T. The ratio P/T is equal to
(a)
P1 P2
T1 T2
(b)
P1T1 P2T2
(T1 T2)2
(c)
P1T2 P2T1
(T1 T2)2
(d)
P1
P
2
2T1 2T2
P1V
P2V
and number of moles in second vessel 2
RT1
RT2
P1 T1
V
Initially
Finally
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P T
V
P2 T2
V
PT
V
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PHYSICS
P(2V) P1V P2V
RT
RT1 RT2
P
P
P
1 2
T 2T1 2T2
Problem 20.
An ideal monoatomic gas is confined in a cylinder by a spring-loaded piston if crosssection 8 103 m2 . Initially the gas is at 300K and occupies a volume of 2.4 103 m3 and
the spring is in a relaxed state. The gas is heated by a small heater coil H. The force
constant of the spring is 8000 N/m, and the atmospheric pressure is 1.0 105 Pa . The
cylinder and piston are thermally insulated. The piston and the spring are massless and
there is no friction between the piston and cylinder. There is no heat loss through heater coil
wire leads and thermal capacity of the heater coil is negligible. With all the above
assumptions, if the gas is heated by the heater until the piston moves out slowly by 0.1m,
then the final temperature is
(a) 400 K
Gas
(b) 800 K
Spring
(c) 1200 K
(d) 300 K
Solution : (b) V1 2.4 103 m3 ,
P1 P0 105
N
m2
and
T1 = 300 K
(given)
F
kx
A
A
kx
8000 0.1
105
2 105
3
A
8 10
ideal
gas
equation
P1V1
P V
2 2
T1
T2
300
T2
T2 800K
Two identical containers each of volume V0 are joined by a small pipe. The containers
Problem 21.
2T0
(a) P 2P0
Solution : (b, c)
(b) P
4
P0
3
For container B
(c) n
2 P0V0
3 RT0
(d) n
3 P0V0
2 RT0
P0 V0 n0 RT0
P0 V0 n0 RT0
n0
P0 V0
RT0
n0, V0
P0, T0
Initially
(A)
n0, V0
P0, T0
(B)
n1 n2 2n0
......(i)
PV0
n1
2RT0
PV0
n2
RT0
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n1, V0
P, 2T0
(A)
Finally
n2, V0
P, T0
(B)
Page 8
PHYSICS
PV0
PV0
2.P0 V0
2RT0 RT0
RT0
4
P0
3
No. of moles in container A (at temperature 2T0 ) = n1
PV0
2 P0 V0
4
V0
P0
2RT0 3 2RT0
3 RT0
As P 3 P0
Problem 22.
(b) 70/76
(c)
Top
Bottom
PTop
PBottom
76/75
(d)
76/70
P1
P2
P
T
constant 1 1 2
1T1 2T2
2 P2 T1
TBottom 70 300 75
TTop
76 280 76
The equation obtained by using above modifications in ideal gas equation is called Vander
Waals equation or real gas equation.
Vander Waal's gas equations
V2
(V b) RT
2
P a (V b) RT
V 2
Gas
380C
and b = m .
H
374.1C
Liquid
The pressure (P) versus volume (V) curves for actual gases are
called Andrews curves.
370C
F
C
360C
E
B
350C
Liquid
vapour
region
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Vapour
A
V
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PHYSICS
(1) At 350C, part AB represents vapour phase of water, in this part Boyles law is obeyed
1
. Part BC represents the co-existence of vapour and liquid phases. At point C, vapours
V
completely change to liquid phase. Part CD is parallel to pressure axis which shows that
compressibility of the water is negligible.
(2) At 360C portion representing the co-existence of liquid vapour phase is shorter.
(3) At 370C this portion is further decreased.
(4) At 374.1C, it reduces to point (H) called critical point and the temperature 374.1C is
called critical temperature (Tc) of water.
(5) The phase of water (at 380C) above the critical temperature is called gaseous phase.
Critical temperature, pressure and volume
The point on the P-V curve at which the matter gets converted from gaseous state to liquid
state is known as critical point. At this point the difference between the liquid and vapour
vanishes i.e. the densities of liquid and vapour become equal.
(i) Critical temperature (Tc) : The maximum temperature below which a gas can be
liquefied by pressure alone is called critical temperature and is characteristic of the gas. A gas
cannot be liquefied if its temperature is more than critical temperature.
CO2 (304.3 K), O2 (118C), N2 (147.1C)
(ii) Critical pressure (Pc) : The minimum pressure necessary to liquify a gas at critical
temperature is defined as critical pressure.
CO2 (73.87 bar) and
O2 (49.7atm)
(iii) Critical volume (Vc) : The volume of 1 mole of gas at critical pressure and critical
temperature is defined as critical volume.
CO2 (95 106 m3)
(iv) Relation between Vander Waals constants and Tc, Pc, Vc :
Tc
a
8a
, Pc
, Vc 3b ,
27Rb
27b2
R Tc
27R 2 Tc2
, b
8 Pc
64 Pc
and
Pc Vc
3
R
Tc
8
Under which of the following conditions is the law PV = RT obeyed most closely by a real
gas
[NCERT 1974; MP PMT 1994, 97; MP PET 1999; AMU 2001]
Solution : (c) At low pressure and high temperature real gas obey PV = RT i.e. they behave as ideal gas
because at high temperature we can assume that there is no force of attraction or repulsion
works among the molecules and the volume occupied by the molecules is negligible in
comparison to the volume occupied by the gas.
Problem 24.
aT c
V (RT b) , where a, b, c and R
The equation of state of a gas is given by P
V
are constants. The isotherms can be represented by P AV m BVn , where A and B depend
only on temperature then
[CBSE PMT 1995]
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PHYSICS
(a)
m c
(d)
and n 1
(b)
m c
and n 1
m c
and n 1
(c)
m c
n1
and
aT 2
n 1 .
Problem 25.
(a) Curve A
(b) Curve B
PV
with P is
RT
A
B
C
D
0, 0 20 40 60 80 10
P
0 (atm)
(c) Curve C
(d) Curve D
PV
constant
RT
but when pressure increase, the decrease in volume will not take place in same proportion
PV
so
will increases.
RT
Solution : (b) At lower pressure we can assume that given gas behaves as ideal gas so
Problem 26.
(d) Impossible
Solution : (d) Because there is zero attraction between the molecules of ideal gas.
3PV
mN
3PV
Massof gas
(ii) vrms
3PV
Massof gas
(iii) vrms
3RT
3P
As
3RT
3N A kT
NAM
1 mN 2
vrms
3 V
3RT
M
3kT
m
Massof gas
3RT
3kT
m
Important points
(i) With rise in temperature rms speed of gas molecules increases as vrms T .
(ii) With increase in molecular weight rms speed of gas molecule decreases as vrms
1
M
e.g., rms speed of hydrogen molecules is four times that of oxygen molecules at the same
temperature.
SUCCESS STUDY CIRCLE, A.K.Pradhan,
9438224466
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PHYSICS
(iii) rms speed of gas molecules is of the order of km/s
3RT
3RT
M
vrms
vs
and
3 8.31 273
1840m/ s .
2 103
RT
M
vrms
3
vs
(v) rms speed of gas molecules does not depends on the pressure of gas (if temperature
remains constant) because P (Boyles law) if pressure is increased n times then density will
also increases by n times but vrms remains constant.
(vi) Moon has no atmosphere because vrms of gas molecules is more than escape velocity (ve).
A planet or satellite will have atmosphere only and only if vrms ve
(vii) At T = 0; vrms = 0 i.e. the rms speed of molecules of a gas is zero at 0 K. This
temperature is called absolute zero.
(2) Most probable speed : The particles of a gas have a range of speeds. This is defined as
the speed which is possessed by maximum fraction of total number of molecules of the gas. e.g.,
if speeds of 10 molecules of a gas are 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6 km/s, then the most probable
speed is 3 km/s, as maximum fraction of total molecules possess this speed.
Most probable speed vmp
2P
2RT
2kT
m
(3) Average speed : It is the arithmetic mean of the speeds of molecules in a gas at given
temperature.
vav
v1 v2 v3 v4 .....
N
Note :
8 RT
8 kT
m
3:
8
: 2 3 : 2.5 : 2
For oxygen gas molecules vrms = 461 m/s, vav = 424.7 m/s and vrms = 376.4 m/s
At room temperature, the rms speed of the molecules of certain diatomic gas is found to
be 1930 m/s. The gas is
[IIT-JEE 1984; MP PET 2000; BCECE 2003]
(a) H 2
(b) F2
3RT
2
(1930)
(d) Cl 2
(c) O 2
3RT
1930m/s
M
(given)
3 8.31 300
2 10 3 kg 2 gm i.e. the gas is hydrogen.
1930 1930
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PHYSICS
Problem 28.
TA
T
4. B ; where T is the temperature and M
MA
MB
is the molecular mass. If C A and C B are the rms speed, then the ratio
to
[BHU 2003]
(a) 2
(b) 4
3RT
M
Problem 29.
CA
will be equal
CB
CA
CB
(c) 1
TA / TB
42
MA / MB
As
(d) 0.5
TA
M
4 A given
TB
MB
The rms speed of the molecules of a gas in a vessel is 400 ms1. If half of the gas leaks
out at constant temperature, the rms speed of the remaining molecules will be
[Kerala (Engg.) 2002]
(a) 800 ms
Solution : (c) Root mean square velocity does not depends upon the quantity of gas. For a given gas and
at constant temperature it always remains same.
Problem 30.
The root mean square speed of hydrogen molecules at 300 K is 1930 m/s. Then the root
mean square speed of oxygen molecules at 900 K will be
[MH CET 2002]
(a)
1930 3 m/ s
vO2
3RT
M
vH 2
vO2
TH 2
M H2
M O2
(d)
TO2
1930
m/ s
3
1930
vO2
300 32
2
900
1930 3
836m/s .
4
Problem 31.
At what temperature is the root mean square velocity of gaseous hydrogen molecules is
equal to that of oxygen molecules at 47C
[CPMT 1985; MP PET 1997; RPET 1999; AIEEE 2002]
(a) 20 K
(b) 80 K
3RTO2
M O2
According to problem
Problem 32.
TO2
M O2
TH 2
M H2
(c) 73 K
For hydrogen vH 2
and
3RTO2
M O2
3R
(d) 3 K
3R
TH 2
M H2
TH 2
M H2
320
47 273 TH 2
TH 2
2 20K .
32
32
2
Cooking gas containers are kept in a lorry moving with uniform speed. The temperature
of the gas molecules inside will
[AIEEE 2002]
(a) Increase
(b) Decrease
Solution : (c) If a lorry is moving with constant velocity then the vrms of gas molecule inside the container
2
will not change and we know that T vrms
. So temperature remains same.
Problem 33.
The speeds of 5 molecules of a gas (in arbitrary units) are as follows : 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. The
root mean square speed for these molecules is
[MP PMT 2000]
(a) 2.91
(b) 3.52
(c) 4.00
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(d) 4.24
Page 13
PHYSICS
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Solution : (d) v v1 v2 v3 v4 v5 2 3 4 5 6
rms
100
20 4.24
Problem 34. Gas at a pressure P0 in contained as a vessel. If the masses of all the molecules are halved
and their speeds are doubled, the resulting pressure P will be equal to
1995; MP PET 1997; MP PMT 1997; RPET 1999; UPSEAT 1999, 2000]
(a) 4P0
(b) 2P0
1 mN 2
Solution : (b) P
vrms
3 V
Problem 35.
2
mvrms
(c) P0
P2 m2 v2
so
P1 m1 v1
P0
2
(d)
2
m / 2 2v1
1
m1 v1
2 P2 2P1 2P0
Let v, vrms and vmp respectively denote the mean speed, root mean square speed and
most probable speed of the molecules in an ideal monoatomic gas at absolute temperature
T. The mass of a molecule is m. Then [IIT-JEE 1998]
(a) No molecule can have speed greater than
2 vrms
vrms
vmp
and
3RT
, vav
M
Solution : (c, d)
3
2
mvmp
4
8 RT
and
M
vmp
RT
M
3
3 2
2
or vrms
vmp
2
2
Average
kinetic
energy
1
1 3 2
2
mvrms
m vmp
2
2 2
3
2
mvmp
.
4
Problem 36.
The root mean square speed of the molecules of a diatomic gas is v. When the
temperature is doubled, the molecules dissociate into two atoms. The new root mean square
speed of the atom is
[Roorkee 1996]
(a)
(b) v
2v
(c) 2v
(d) 4v
3RT
. According to problem T will becomes T/2 and M will becomes M/2 so the value
M
of vrms will increase by 4 2 times i.e. new root mean square velocity will be 2v.
Problem 37.
The molecules of a given mass of a gas have a rms velocity of 200 m/sec at 27C and
1.0 105 N / m2 pressure. When the temperature is 127C and pressure is 0.5 105 N / m2 ,
(a)
100 2
3
(b) 100 2
(c)
400
Solution : (c) Change in pressure will not affect the rms velocity of molecules. So we will calculate only the
effect of temperature.
As
vrms
v400
Problem 38.
200 2
3
400
3
v300o
v400o
300
400
3
4
200
v400
3
4
m/s .
[IIT-JEE 1981]
9438224466
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PHYSICS
(c) The rms speed of the molecules of different ideal gases, maintained at the same
temperature are the same
(d) Given sample of 1cc of hydrogen and 1cc of oxygen both at N.T.P.; oxygen sample has a
large number of molecules
Solution : (a) At absolute temperature kinetic energy of gas molecules becomes zero but they possess
potential energy so we can say that absolute zero degree temperature is not zero energy
temperature.
Problem 39.
The ratio of rms speeds of the gases in the mixture of nitrogen oxygen will be
(a) 1 : 1
Problem 40.
(b)
vN2
3RT
vO2
M
(c)
3 :1
M O2
M N2
8:
(d)
6:
32
8
28
7
A vessel is partitioned in two equal halves by a fixed diathermic separator. Two different
ideal gases are filled in left (L) and right (R) halves. The rms speed of the molecules in L part
is equal to the mean speed of molecules in the R part. Then the ratio of the mass of a
molecule in L part to that of a molecule in R part is
(a)
3
2
(b)
/4
(c)
2/ 3
(d) 3 / 8
vrms
8 KT
mR
According to problem
Problem 41.
3KT
mL
8 KT
mR
3KT
mL
3
8
mL mR
mL
3
.
mR
8
An ideal gas ( = 1.5) is expanded adiabatically. How many times has the gas to be
expanded to reduce the root mean square velocity of molecules 2 times
(a) 4 times
(b) 16 times
(c) 8 times
(d) 2 times
Solution : (b) To reduce the rms velocity two times, temperature should be reduced by four times (As
vrms
T )
T1 T
T2
T
, V1 V
4
V
T1
4
T2
V2
(4) 1
V1
3/2 given]
1
V2
16
V1
Kinetic energy
1 3kT
1
3
2
m
kT
mvrms
2 m
2
2
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PHYSICS
As vrms
3kT
1
1
3RT
3
2
M vrms
M
RT
2
2
M
2
As vrms
3RT
3 R
3 k NA
3k
3
T
T
T rT
2M
2 mN A
2m
2
Here m = mass of each molecule, M = Molecular weight of gas and NA = Avogadro number =
6.023 1023
Important points
(1) Kinetic energy per molecule of gas does not depends upon the mass of the molecule but
only depends upon the temperature of the gas.
3
kT or E T i.e. molecules of different gases say He, H2 and O2 etc. at same
2
temperature will have same translational kinetic energy though their rms speed are different.
E
vrms
3kT
As
(2) Kinetic energy per mole of gas depends only upon the temperature of gas.
(3) Kinetic energy per gram of gas depend upon the temperature as well as molecular
weight (or mass of one molecule) of the gas.
Egram
3k
T
2m
Egram
T
m
From the above expressions it is clear that higher the temperature of the gas, more will be
the average kinetic energy possessed by the gas molecules at T = 0, E = 0 i.e. at absolute zero
the molecular motion stops.
Read the given statements and decide which is/are correct on the basis of kinetic theory
of gases
[MP PMT 2003]
(I) Energy of one molecule at absolute temperature is zero
(II) rms speeds of different gases are same at same temperature
(III) For one gram of all ideal gas kinetic energy is same at same temperature
(IV)For one mole of all ideal gases mean kinetic energy is same at same temperature
(a) All are correct
Solution : (c) If the gas is not ideal then its molecule will possess potential energy. Hence statement (I) is
wrong.
rms speed of different gases at same temperature depends on its molecular weight
vrms
1
. Hence statement
M
But K.E. of one mole of ideal gas does not depends on the molecular weight E RT .
2
9438224466
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PHYSICS
Problem 43.
At which of the following temperature would the molecules of a gas have twice the
average kinetic energy they have at 20C
[MP PET 1992; BVP 2003]
(a) 40C
(b) 80C
(c) 313C
(d) 586C
E 2 T2
2E1
T2
Solution : (c)
ET
Problem 44.
A vessel contains a mixture of one mole of oxygen and two moles of nitrogen at 300 K.
The ratio of the average rotational kinetic energy per O 2 molecule to that per N2
molecule is
[IIT-JEE 1998; DPMT 2000]
(a) 1 : 1
(b) 1 : 2
(c) 2 : 1
(d) Depends on the moments of inertia of the two molecules
Solution : (a) Kinetic energy per degree of freedom
1
kT
2
As diatomic gas possess two degree of freedom for rotational motion therefore rotational
kT kT
K.E. 2
2
In the problem both gases (oxygen and nitrogen) are diatomic and have same temperature
(300 K) therefore ratio of average rotational kinetic energy will be equal to one.
Problem 45.
vrms and K are the rms speed and average kinetic energy of the gases. Which of the
following is true
(b)
(d)
1
M
depends on it E M 0
In the problem m1 m2 m3 (vrms)1 (vrms)2 (vrms)3 but (K 1 ) (K 2 ) (K 3 )
Problem 46.
The kinetic energy of one gram mole of a gas at normal temperature and pressure is (R
= 8.31 J/mole-K)
[AFMC 1998; MH CET 1999; Pb. PMT 2000]
4
(a) 0.56 10 J
Solution : (d) E
Problem 47.
(b) 1.3 10 J
3
3
RT 8.31 273 3.4 103 Joule
2
2
The average translational kinetic energy of O2 (molar mass 32) molecules at a particular
temperature is 0.048 eV. The translational kinetic energy of N 2 (molar mass 28) molecules in
eV at the same temperature is
[IIT-JEE 1997 Re-Exam]
(a) 0.0015
(b) 0.003
(c) 0.048
(d) 0.768
Solution : (c) Average translational kinetic energy does not depends upon the molar mass of the gas.
Different gases will possess same average translational kinetic energy at same temperature.
Problem 48.
The average translational energy and the rms speed of molecules in a sample of oxygen
gas at 300 K are 6.21 1021J and 484 m/s respectively. The corresponding values at 600
K are nearly (assuming ideal gas behaviour)
[IIT-JEE 1997 Cancelled]
9438224466
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PHYSICS
(a) 12.42 1021 J , 968m / s
(b)
(d)
i.e. if temperature becomes twice then energy will becomes two time i.e. 2 6.21 1021 =
12.42 1021 J
But rms speed will become
Problem 49.
2 684m/s .
(a) P2 P1 , T2 T1
T2
(b) P2 P1 , T2
T1
2
(c) P2 2P1 , T2 T1
(d)
P2 2P1 ,
T1
2
3
NkT
2
3
3
N1kT1 and finally E 2 N 2kT2
2
2
T
3
3
N1kT1 (2N1 )kT2 T2 1
2
2
2
3
3
N1kT1 N 2kT2 N 1T1 N 2T2 NT = constant
2
2
P1V1 P2V2
Problem 50.
P1 P2
Three closed vessels A, B and C are at the same temperature T and contain gases which
obey the Maxwellian distribution of velocities. Vessel A contains only O2 , B only N 2 and C
a mixture of equal quantities of O2 and N 2 . If the average speed of the O2 molecules in
vessel A is V1 , that of the N 2 molecules in vessel B is V2 , the average speed of the O2
molecules in vessel C is (where M is the mass of an oxygen molecule)
(a) (V1 V2) / 2
(c) (V1V2)1 / 2
(b) V1
[IIT-JEE 1992]
(d)
3kT / M
8kT
. It depends on temperature and molecular
m
mass. So the average speed of oxygen will be same in vessel A and vessel C and that is
equal to V1 .
Problem 51.
The graph which represent the variation of mean kinetic energy of molecules with
temperature tC is
(a)
(b)
E
(c)
E
(d)
E
3
3
kT k(t 273) where T = temperature is in kelvin and t
t
t
t
2
2
= is in centigrade
9438224466
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PHYSICS
E
3
3
k t 273k k = Boltzmann's constant
2
2
3
3
k and c 273k . So the graph between E and t will be straight line with
2
2
positive intercept on E-axis and positive slope with t-axis.
We get m
1
P
or P1V1 P2V2
or PV = constant
m
(i) PV = P
[As volume ]
P1 P2
P
constantor
1 2
[As m = constant]
constant
N
constant
n
(ii) PV = P
N
N
V
V
n
P1 P2
P
constantor
n1 n2
n
[As N = constant]
massof gas
T
V
1 mN 2
vrms
3 V
1
. This is in accordance with
V
Boyles law.
(iv) Graphical representation : If m and T are constant
PV
PV
1/V
1/P
(b) 5.26%
(c) 4.26%
(d) 4.76%
V2
P
P
100
1
V1
P2 1.05P
105
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PHYSICS
Fractional change in volume
V V2 V1 100 105
5
V
V1
105
105
V
5
100%
100% 4.76% i.e. volume decrease by
V
105
4.76%.
Problem 53.
A cylinder contained 10 kg of gas at pressure 107 N / m2 . The quantity of gas taken out
of cylinder if final pressure is 2.5 106 N / m is (assume the temperature of gas is constant)
[EAMCET (Med.) 1998]
(a) Zero
(b) 7.5 kg
(c) 2.5 kg
107
2.5 106
10
m2
m2
2.5 106 10
107
(d) 5 kg
P1 m1
P2 m2
2.5 kg
The quantity of gas taken out of the cylinder = 10 2.5 = 7.5 kg.
Problem 54.
(b) 400 cc
(c) 2.5 cc
(d) 104 cc
V2
P
1
1
1 V2 10 2.5 cc
V1 P2
4
V
Solution : (c)
Problem 55.
An air bubble of volume V0 is released by a fish at a depth h in a lake. The bubble rises
to the surface. Assume constant temperature and standard atmospheric pressure P above
the lake. The volume of the bubble just before touching the surface will be (density of water
is )
(b) V0 ( gh/ P )
(a) V0
V0
gh
(c)
1
gh
(d) V0 1
P
Solution : (d) According to Boyles law multiplication of pressure and volume will remains constant at the
bottom and top.
If P is the atmospheric pressure at the top of the lake
P2V2
P h g
(P h g)V0 PV V
V0
P
(P1 V1)
gh
V V0 1
P
Problem 56.
The adjoining figure shows graph of pressure and volume of a gas at two temperatures
T1 and T2 . Which of the following interferences is correct
P
(a) T1 T2
(b) T1 T2
T2
T1
(c) T1 T2
V1
V2
9438224466
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PHYSICS
T2 > T1
decreases by
Vt V0 1
t .
273.15
centigrade scale.
This
is
Charles
law
Vt
V0
for
273.15
t(C)
(ii) If the pressure remaining constant, the volume of the given mass of a gas is directly
proportional to its absolute temperature.
V1 V2
T1 T2
V
constant or
T
V T or
m
V
constant
T
T
(iii)
T constant
or
[As volume V ]
or 1T1 2T2
[As m = constant]
1 mN 2
vrms
3 V
Massof gas
T
V
If mass and pressure of the gas remains constant then V T. This is in accordance with
Charles law.
(v) Graphical representation : If m and P are constant
1/V
V/T
V/T
T or 1/T
1/T
V or 1/V
[All temperature T are in
kelvin]
A perfect gas at 27C is heated at constant pressure to 327C. If original volume of gas
at 27C is V then volume at 327C is
[CPMT 2002]
(a) V
(b) 3V
Problem 58.
(c) 2V
(d) V/2
2 V2 2V.
27 273 300
V1
T1
(a) 0.07
Solution : (a) As V T
(b) 0.25
V2 T2
V1
T1
(c) 0.5
(d) 0.75
313
V1
293
V2
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PHYSICS
313
V1 V1
V2 V1 293
20
Fraction of gas comes out
.
0.07
V1
V1
293
Problem 59.
The expansion of unit mass of a perfect gas at constant pressure is shown in the
diagram. Here
a
...... (i)
V0
t V0 , by rewriting this equation we get
273
273
Vt 273
t
V0
......(ii)
By comparing (i) and (ii) we can say that time is represented on Y-axis and volume in X-axis.
Problem 60.
A gas is filled in the cylinder shown in the figure. The two pistons are joined by a string. If
the gas is heated, the pistons will
Gas
Solution : (b) When temperature of gas increases it expands. As the cross-sectional area of right piston is
more, therefore greater force will work on it (because F = PA). So piston will move towards
right.
Problem 61.
(b)
(c)
T + T
(Temp. K)
P V
T + T
RT(Temp. K)
(d)
PVT= RT
V
VT
..(i)
T
..(ii)
T + T
(Temp. K)
V
T
V
1
V
T
VT T
T + T
(Temp. K)
(given)
1
. So the graph between and T will be rectangular hyperbola.
T
9438224466
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PHYSICS
(i) The volume remaining constant, the pressure of a given mass of a gas increases or
1
of its pressure at 0C for each 1C rise or fall
273.15
in temperature.
decreases by
Pt
P0
Pt P0 1
t
273.15
t(C)
273.15
P1 P2
P
constantor
T1 T2
T
or
or
1 mN 2
vrms
3 V
2
[As vrms
T]
massof gas
T
V
If mass and volume of gas remains constant then P T. This is in accordance with Gay
Lussacs law.
(4) Graphical representation : If m and V are constants
P/T
T or 1/T
1/P
P/T
P or 1/P
1/T
[All temperature T are in
kelvin]
(a) 760 mm
Solution : (d) From Gay Lussacs law
Problem 63.
(b) 730 mm
(c) 780 mm
P2 T2 100 273
373
373
760 1038mm.
P2
P1 T1 0 273
273
273
(a) 250 K
Solution : (a)
(b) 250C
(c) 2500 K
P1 P , T1 = T , P2 P (0.4% of P) P
P1 T1
P2 T2
0.4
P
T2 T 1
PP
100
250
(d) 25C
P
P
250
T
T 1
vessel]
By solving we get T = 250 K.
Problem 64.
Pressure versus temperature graph of an ideal gas of equal number of moles of different
volumes are plotted as shown in figure. Choose the correct alternative
2
3
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1
T
Page 23
PHYSICS
(a) V1 V2, V3 V4 and V2 V3
(b) V1 V2, V3 V4 and V2 V3
(c) V1 V2 V3 V4
(d) V4 V3 V2 V1
Solution : (a) From ideal gas equation PV RT P
Comparing this equation with
Slope of line tan m
R
T
V
V=
constant
y mx
R
V
i.e. V
1
tan
(5) Avogadros law : Equal volume of all the gases under similar conditions of temperature
and pressure contain equal number of molecules.
According to kinetic theory of gases PV
For first gas, PV
..(i)
1
2
m1 N1 vrms
(1)
3
1
2
m N vrms
3
1
2
m2 N 2 vrms
(2)
3
2
2
m1 N1 vrms
1 m2 N 2 vrms2
..(iii)
As
the
two
2
2
m1 vrms
1 m2 vrms2
gases
are
at
the
same
temperature
1
1
3
2
2
m1 vrms
m2 vrms
kT
1
2
2
2
2
..(iv)
(ii) At S.T.P. or N.T.P. (T = 273 K and P = 1 atm) 22.4 litre of each gas has 6.023 1023
molecule.
(iii) One mole of any gas at S.T.P. occupy 22.4 litre of volume
Example : 32 gm oxygen, 28 gm nitrogen and 2gm hydrogen occupy the same volume at
S.T.P.
(iv) For any gas 1 mole = M gram = 22.4 litre = 6.023 1023 molecule.
9438224466
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PHYSICS
Problem 65.
Solution : (a) As we know that at S.T.P. 22.4 litre of gas contains 6.023 1023 molecules
Problem 66.
The average kinetic energy per molecule of helium gas at temperature T is E and the
molar gas constant is R, then Avogadros number is
RT
2E
(a)
(b)
3RT
E
(c)
Problem 67.
6.023 1023
2.68 1022 molecules.
22.4
E
2RT
(d)
3RT
2E
3
2E
kT k
2
3T
R
R
3RT
NA
.
k
(2E / 3T )
2E
One mole of a gas filled in a container at N.T.P., the number of molecules in 1 cm3 of
volume will be
(a) 6.02 1023 / 22400(b) 6.02 1023
(c) 1/22400
Solution : (a) Number of molecule in 22.4 litre gas at N.T.P. 6.023 1023
or number of molecule in 22.4 103 cm3 6.023 1023
[As
22.4
litre
6.023 1023
.
22400
(6) Grahms law of diffusion : When two gases at the same pressure and temperature are
allowed to diffuse into each other, the rate of diffusion of each gas is inversely proportional to
the square root of the density of the gas.
We know vrms
1
3P
or vrms
and rate of diffusion of a gas is proportional to its rms velocity i.e., r vrms
r
or
r1
r2
2
1
(7) Daltons law of partial pressure : The total pressure exerted by a mixture of nonreacting gases occupying a vessel is equal to the sum of the individual pressures which each
gases exert if it alone occupied the same volume at a given temperature.
For n gases P P1 P2 P3 .....Pn
where P = Pressure exerted by mixture and
component gases.
CO2 mixture at 27C. If R = 8.31 J/mole kelvin, then the pressure in the vessel in N / m2
will be (approx.)
(a) 5 105
(b) 5 104
(c) 106
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(d) 105
Page 25
PHYSICS
Solution : (a) Daltons law P P1 P2 P3
Problem 69.
1RT 2 RT 3 RT RT
RT m1 m2 m3
[ 1 2 3 ]
V
V
V
V
V M1 M 2 M 3
8.31 300 6 8 5
3~
3~ 5 2
498
10
500
10
5 10 N/m .
3 32 28 44
3 10
Two gases occupy two containers A and B the gas in A, of volume 0.10m3 , exerts a
pressure of 1.40 MPa and that in B of volume 0.15m3 exerts a pressure 0.7 MPa. The two
containers are united by a tube of negligible volume and the gases are allowed to
intermingle. Then it the temperature remains constant, the final pressure in the container
will be (in MPa)
(a) 0.70
(b) 0.98
(c) 1.40
(d) 2.10
PA VA PB VB
P(VA VB )
RT
RT
RT
VA VB
0.1 0.15
P 0.98 MPa .
Problem 70.
The temperature, pressure and volume of two gases X and Y are T, P and V respectively.
When the gases are mixed then the volume and temperature of mixture become V and T
respectively. The pressure and mass of the mixture will be
(a) 2P and 2M
(b) P and M
(c) P and 2M
(d) 2P and M
Problem 71.
A closed vessel contains 8g of oxygen and 7g of nitrogen. The total pressure is 10 atm at
a given temperature. If now oxygen is absorbed by introducing a suitable absorbent the
pressure of the remaining gas in atm will be
(a) 2
(b) 10
(c) 4
(d) 5
Solution : (d) From Daltons law final pressure of the mixture of nitrogen and oxygen
P P1 P2
1RT 2 RT m1 RT m2 RT
8 RT
7 RT RT
M1 V
M2 V
32 V
28 V
2V
V
V
10
RT
2V
RT
4V
..(i)
When oxygen is absorbed then for nitrogen let pressure is P
7 RT
28 V
..(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii) we get pressure of the nitrogen P 5 atm.
(massof gas)T
V
1 mN 2
vrms
3 V
2
[As vrms
T]
or
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PHYSICS
So the degree of freedom are of three types : (i) Translational degree of freedom
(ii) Rotational degree of freedom
(iii) Vibrational degree of freedom
y
vy
vx
vz
Number of
independent restriction
(1) Monoatomic gas : Molecule of monoatomic gas can move in any direction in space so it
can have three independent motions and hence 3 degrees of freedom (all
y
translational)
(2) Diatomic gas : Molecules of diatomic gas are made up of two
x
atoms joined rigidly to one another through a bond. This cannot only move
bodily, but also rotate about one of the three co-ordinate axes. However its
z
moment of inertia about the axis joining the two atoms is negligible
compared to that about the other two axes. Hence it can have only two rotational motion. Thus a
diatomic molecule has 5 degree of freedom : 3 translational and 2 rotational.
(3) Triatomic gas (Non-linear) : A non-linear molecule can rotate
about any of three co-ordinate axes. Hence it has 6 degrees of freedom : 3
translational and 3 rotational.
x
z
Example
f = 3A B
Monoatomic
He, Ne, Ar
f=3
Diatomic
H2, O2
f=5
H2O
f=6
Triatomic
linear
non
Figure
A
B
CO2, BeCl2
B
A
Triatomic linear
f=7
A
A
B
Note :
The above degrees of freedom are shown at room temperature. Further at high
temperature, in case of diatomic or polyatomic molecules, the atoms with in the
molecule may also vibrate with respect to each other. In such cases, the molecule will
have an additional degrees of freedom, due to vibrational motion.
An object which vibrates in one dimension has two additional degree of freedom.
One for the potential energy and one for the kinetic energy of vibration.
A diatomic molecule that is free to vibrate (in addition to translation and rotation) will
have 7 (2 + 3 + 2) degrees of freedom.
An atom in a solid though has no degree of freedom for translational and rotational
motion, due to vibration along 3 axes has 3 2 = 6 degrees of freedom (and not like
an ideal gas molecule). When a diatomic or polyatomic gas dissociates into atoms it
behaves as monoatomic gas whose degree of freedom are changed accordingly.
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PHYSICS
For any system in thermal equilibrium, the total energy is equally distributed among its
various degree of freedom. And the energy associated with each molecule of the system per
1
degree of freedom of the system is kT .
2
where k 1.38 1023 J / K , T = absolute temperature of the system.
If the system possess degree of freedom f then
f
kT
2
f
kT
2
f
RT
2
f
RT
2
f
rT
2
M0
f
rT
2
3
PV .
2
The total translational kinetic energy of all molecules of a diatomic gas as the same volume
and pressure is
[UPSEAT 2002]
Energy of all molecules of a monoatomic gas having a volume V and pressure P is
(a)
1
PV
2
(b)
3
PV
2
(c)
f
f
RT PV
2
2
5
PV
2
(d) 3 PV
Monoatomic or diatomic both gases posses equal degree of freedom for translational motion
E
3
PV
2
Problem 73.
5
PV
2
3
PV
2
[As f = 3]
[As f = 5]
Solution : (d) As argon is a monoatomic gas therefore its molecule will possess only translatory kinetic
energy i.e. the share of translational and rotational energies will be 100% and 0%
respectively.
Problem 74.
CO2(O C O) is a triatomic gas. Mean kinetic energy of one gram gas will be (If NAvogadro's number, k-Boltzmann's constant and molecular weight of CO 2 44 )
(a) 3 / 88NkT
(b) 5 / 88NkT
(c) 6 / 88NkT
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(d) 7 / 88NkT
Page 28
PHYSICS
Solution : (d) Mean kinetic energy for mole gas .
E
f
RT
2
1 7
m 7
7
7
NkT
NkT
RT
NkT
44 2
M 2
2
88
CO 2 ]
Problem 75.
At standard temperature and pressure the density of a gas is 1.3 gm/ m3 and the speed
of the sound in gas is 330 m/sec. Then the degree of freedom of the gas will be
(a) 3
(b) 4
(c) 5
P 1.01 105
m
,
sec
(d) 6
kg
m3
, Atomic pressure
N
m2
we get 1.41
2
2
2
5.
we get f
1 1.4 1
f
1, 2,3,...n
1
2nd2
1 2 3 .... n
n
volume
(2) As
PV = RT = NkT
So
(3) From
N
P
kT
2
2 d P
1
2nd
m
2 (mn)d
m
2d 2
]
SUCCESS STUDY CIRCLE, A.K.Pradhan,
9438224466
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PHYSICS
(4) If average speed of molecule is v then
t
v T
N
two collisions]
Important points
(i) As
a gas.
(ii) As
molecules,
kT
. For constant volume and hence constant number density n of gas
2
d
P
2
P
is constant so that will not depend on P and T. But if volume of given mass of a
T
1
at constant
P
temperature.
If the mean free path of atoms is doubled then the pressure of gas will become
[RPMT 2000]
(a) P / 4
Solution : (b) As
Problem 77.
(b) P / 2
kT
2 d P
(c) P / 8
(d) P
1
i.e. by increasing two times pressure will become half.
The mean free path of nitrogen molecules at a pressure of 1.0 atm and temperature 0C
is 0.8 107 m . If the number of density of molecules is 2.7 1025 perm3 , then the
molecular diameter is
(a) 3.2nm
(c) 3.2m
(b) 3.2
(d) 2.3mm
m3
Substituting these value in
1
2nd2
we get d
Q
mT
cal
cal
Joule
,
,
gm C
gm kelvin kg kelvin
Dimension : [L2T 2 1 ]
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PHYSICS
(2) Molar specific heat : Molar specific heat of a substance may be defined as the amount
of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram mole of the substance by a unit degree, it
is represented by capital (C)
C
Units :
Q
T
calorie
calorie
Joule
,
or
mole C mole kelvin
mole kelvin
Important points
(1) C Mc
M Q 1 Q
T
m T
m
As M
i.e. molar specific heat of the substance is M times the gram specific heat, where M is the molecular
weight of that substance.
(2) Specific heat for hydrogen is maximum c 3.5
cal
.
gm C
cal
.
gm C
(4) Specific heat of a substance also depends on the state of substance i.e. solid, liquid or
gas.
Example : cice 0.5
cal
cal
cal
, cwater 1
, csteam 0.47
gm C
gm C
gm C
(5) Specific heat also depends on the conditions of the experiment i.e. the way in which heat
is supplied to the body. In general, experiments are made either at constant volume or at
constant pressure.
In case of solids and liquids, due to small thermal expansion, the difference in measured
values of specific heats is very small and is usually neglected. However, in case of gases, specific
heat at constant volume is quite different from that at constant pressure.
Q
0
m(T )
i.e. C = 0
(ii) If the gas is heated and allowed to expand at such a rate that rise in temperature due to
heat supplied is exactly equal to fall in temperature due to expansion of the gas. i.e. T = 0
Q
Q
m(T )
0
i.e. C =
(iii) If rate of expansion of the gas were slow, the fall in temperature of the gas due to
expansion would be smaller than the rise in temperature of the gas due to heat supplied.
Therefore, there will be some net rise in temperature of the gas i.e. T will be positive.
Q
positive
m(T )
i.e. C = positive
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PHYSICS
(iv) If the gas were to expand very fast, fall of temperature of gas due to expansion would be
greater than rise in temperature due to heat supplied. Therefore, there will be some net fall in
temperature of the gas i.e. T will be negative.
C
Q
negative
m( T )
i.e. C = negative
Hence the specific heat of gas can have any positive value ranging from zero to infinity.
Further it can even be negative. The exact value depends upon the mode of heating the gas. Out
of many values of specific heat of a gas, two are of special significance.
(1) Specific heat of a gas at constant volume (cv) : The specific heat of a gas at
constant volume is defined as the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of unit mass
(Q)v
mT
If instead of unit mass, 1 mole of gas is considered, the specific heat is called molar specific
heat at constant volume and is represented by capital Cv.
C v Mcv
M (Q)v
1 (Q)v
mT
T
m
As M
(2) Specific heat of a gas at constant pressure (cp) : The specific heat of a gas at
constant pressure is defined as the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of unit
mass of gas through 1 K when its pressure is kept constant, i.e., cP
(Q)p
mT
If instead of unit mass, 1 mole of gas is considered, the specific heat is called molar specific
heat at constant pressure and is represented by Cp.
C p MC p
M (Q)p
mT
1 (Q)p
T
m
As M
(Q)v U Cv T
..(i)
(Q)p U W C p T
..(ii)
C p T Cv T W
T(C p C v ) PV
C p Cv
PV
T
RT]
C p Cv R
This relation is called Mayers formula and shows that C p Cv i.e. molar specific heat at
constant pressure is greater than that at constant volume.
SUCCESS STUDY CIRCLE, A.K.Pradhan,
9438224466
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PHYSICS
11.16 Specific Heat in Terms of Degree of Freedom.
We know that kinetic energy of one mole of the gas, having f degrees of freedom can be
given by
E
f
RT
2
..(i)
where T is the temperature of the gas but from the definition of Cv , if dE is a small amount
of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gm mole of the gas at constant volume,
through a temperature dT then
dE
dE C vdT Cv dT or Cv
[As = 1]
..(ii)
dT
Putting the value of E from equation (i) we get Cv
f
R
2
Cv
d f
f
RT R
dT 2
2
f
f
1 R
From the Mayers formula C p Cv R C p Cv R R R
2
2
1 R
2
Cp
1 R
Cp 2
2
Ratio of Cp and Cv :
1
f
Cv
f
R
2
1
2
f
Important points
(i) Value of is always more than 1. So we can say that always Cp > Cv .
(ii) Value of is different for monoatomic, diatomic and triatomic gases.
(iii) As 1
f
2
f
f
1
2
1
2 1
f
Cv 2 R 1
1
R
1 R
1 R
2
and C p
Diatomic
Triatomic
nonlinear
Triatomic
linear
Atomicity
Restriction
f
R
R
2
1
3
R
2
5
R
2
3R
7
R
2
R
1 R
2
5
R
2
7
R
2
4R
9
R
2
Degree
freedom
of
Molar
specific
heat at constant
volume
Molar
specific
heat at constant
pressure
f = 3A B
Cv
Cp
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PHYSICS
Ratio of Cp and Cv
Kinetic energy of
Cp
Cv
E mole
1 mole
Kinetic energy of
Kinetic energy of
7~
1.4
5
4~
1.33
3
9~
1.28
7
3
RT
2
5
RT
2
3RT
7
RT
2
3
kT
2
5
kT
2
3kT
7
kT
2
3
rT
2
5
rT
2
3rT
7
rT
2
f
kT
2
f
rT
2
E gram
1 gm
5~
1.66
3
f
RT
2
E molecule
1 molecule
2
f
Find the ratio of specific heat at constant pressure to the specific heat constant volume
for NH3
[RPMT 2003]
(a) 1.33
(b) 1.44
(c) 1.28
(d) 1.67
Solution : (c) For polyatomic gas ratio of specific heat < 1.33
Because we know that as the atomicity of gas increases its value of decreases.
Problem 79.
For a gas
R
0.67 . This gas is made up of molecules which are
Cv
2001, 2002]
(a) Diatomic
molecules
(c) Monoatomic
(b) Mixture
of
diatomic
and
polyatomic
(d) Polyatomic
R
we get 1 0.67 or = 1.67 i.e. the gas is
1
monoatomic.
Problem 80.
(a) 20 calorie
(b) 40 calorie
(c) 60 calorie
(d) 80 calorie
4 2 2
calorie
molekelvin
calorie
mole kelvin
Problem 81.
(a)
3
2
(b)
5
2
(c)
Problem 82.
2
3
R
3R
1
2
3R
, then the value of will be
2
5
3
(given)
5
.
3
For a gas the difference between the two specific heats is 4150 J/kg K. What is the
specific heats at constant volume of gas if the ratio of specific heat is 1.4
[AFMC 1998]
cp
cv
9438224466
1.4 c p 1.4cv
..(ii)
Page 34
PHYSICS
By substituting the value of c p in equation (i) we get 1.4cv cv 4150 0.4cv 4150
cv
Problem 83.
4150
10375J /kg- K .
0.4
Two cylinders A and B fitted with pistons contain equal amounts of an ideal diatomic gas
at 300K. The piston of A is free to move while that of B is held fixed. The same amount of
heat is given to the gas in each cylinder. If the rise in temperature of the gas in A is 30 K,
then the rise in temperature of the gas in B is [IIT-JEE 1998]
(a) 30 K
(b) 18 K
(c) 50 K
(d) 42 K
Solution : (d) In both cylinders A and B the gases are diatomic ( = 1.4). Piston A is free to move i.e. it is
isobaric process. Piston B is fixed i.e. it is isochoric process. If same amount of heat Q is
given to both then
(Q)isobaric (Q)isochoric
C p (T) A C v (T )B
Problem 84.
(T)B
Cp
Cv
Solution : (c) Range of specific heat varies from positive to negative and from zero to infinite. It depends
upon the nature of process.
Problem 85.
The specific heat at constant volume for the monoatomic argon is 0.075 kcal/kg-K
whereas its gram molecular specific heat C v 2.98 cal/mole/K. The mass of the argon
atom is (Avogadros number 6.02 1023 molecules/mole)
[MP PET 1993]
23
(a) 6.60 10
gm
Solution : (a) Molar specific heat = Molecular weight Gram specific heat
C v M cv
2.98
calorie
kcal
0.075 103
calorie
M 0.075
M
3
mole kelvin
kg - kelvin
gm kelvin
10
39.7
23
6.023 10
Problem 86.
mass
of
2.98
39.7 gm
0.075
39.7
gm
mass
of
single
atom
6.60 10 23 gm.
When an ideal diatomic gas is heated at constant pressure, the fraction of the heat
energy supplied which increases the internal energy of the gas is
[IIT-JEE 1990]
(a) 2/5
(b) 3/5
(c) 3/7
(d) 5/7
Solution : (d) When a gas is heated at constant pressure then its one part goes to increase the internal
energy and another part for work done against external pressure i.e. (Q) p U W
C p T C v T PV
C
U
1 5
7
v
[As
(Q)p C p
7
5
Problem 87.
The temperature of 5 mole of a gas which was held at constant volume was changed
from 100oC to 120oC. The change in internal energy was found to be 80 J. The total heat
capacity of the gas at constant volume will be equal to
[CPMT 1988]
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PHYSICS
(a) 8 J K 1
(b) 0.8 J K 1
(c) 4 J K 1
(d) 0.4 J K 1
Solution : (c) At constant volume total energy will be utilised in increasing the temperature of gas
i.e. (Q)v C v T C v (120 100) 80
Problem 88.
Cv
80
4 Joule/kelvin. This is the heat capacity of 5 mole gas.
20
A gas, is heated at constant pressure. The fraction of heat supplied used for external
work is
(a)
(b) 1
1
(d) 1 2
(c) 1
Solution : (b) We know fraction of given energy that goes to increase the internal energy
So we can say the fraction of given energy that supplied for external work 1
Problem 89.
of
supplied
for
increment
in
energy
3
5
gas
As 3 for monoatomic
Percentage energy
30
60%
5
5
1
1 1 3
2
5
3
Percentage energy
Problem 90.
2
100% 40% .
5
The average degrees of freedom per molecule for a gas is 6. The gas performs 25 J of
work when it expands at constant pressure. The heat absorbed by gas is
(a) 75 J
(b) 100 J
(c) 150 J
2
2 4
1
f
6 3
Problem 91.
25
1
1
Q
4 / 3
(d) 125 J
3 1
4 4
W
1
1
Q
Q 25 4 100Joule
Certain amount of an ideal gas are contained in a closed vessel. The vessel is moving
with a constant velocity v. The molecular mass of gas is M. The rise in temperature of the
gas when the vessel is suddenly stopped is ( C P / C V )
(a)
Mv2
2R( 1)
(b)
Mv2( 1)
2R
(c)
Mv2
2R( 1)
Solution : (b) If m is the total mass of the gas then its kinetic energy
9438224466
(d)
Mv2
2R( 1)
1
mv2
2
Page 36
PHYSICS
When the vessel is suddenly stopped then total kinetic energy will increase the temperature
1
m
mv2 C v T
C v T
2
M
R
]
1
2
m R
1
T mv2 T Mv ( 1) .
M 1
2
2R
Problem 92.
[As
The density of a polyatomic gas is standard conditions is 0.795 kgm3 . The specific heat
of the gas at constant volume is
(a) 930 J -kg1 K 1 (b) 1400 J - kg1 K 1
1
925 J - kg
Specific
(d)
1120 J - kg1 K 1
(c)
m
rT rT
V
heat
at
P
1.013 105
466.7
T
0.795 273
constant
cv
volume
r
466.7
1 4
1
3
J
1400
kg.kelvin
omicgas
3 for polyat
Problem 93.
(d) P A PB , TA TB
Solution : (c) For state A, C p Cv R i.e. the gas behaves as ideal gas.
For state B, C p C v 1.06R ( R) i.e. the gas does not behave like ideal gas.
and we know that at high temperature and at low pressure nature of gas may be ideal.
So we can say that P A PB and TA TB
1M1 2M 2
1 2
C Vmix
1C V1 2C V2
1 2
R
R
2
1 1
2 1
1 2
R 1
2
1 2 1 1 2 1
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PHYSICS
C Vmix
m1 / M 1 m2 / M 2
m1 m2 1 1
2 1
M1 M 2
R
1C P1 2C P2
C Pmix
C Pmix
2
1
R 2
R
2
R 1
2
1
1 1
2 1
1 2 1 1
2 1
1 2
1 2
m1 1 m2 2
m1 m2 M 1 1 1 M 2 2 1
M1 M 2
R
( 1C P1 2C P2 )
(v) mixture
C Pmix
C Vmix
1C P1 2C P2
1 2
( 1C V1 2C V2 ) 1C V1 2C V2
1 2
1
2
R 2
R
1
1 1
2 1
R
R
2
1
1 1
2 1
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 1 1 1( 2 1) 2 2 ( 1 1)
mixture
1
2
1( 2 1) 2 ( 1 1)
1 1 2 1
Sample problems based on Mixture
Problem 94.
If two moles of diatomic gas and one mole of monoatomic gas are mixed with then the
ratio of specific heats is
[MP PMT 2003]
(a)
Solution : (c)
7
3
(b)
1 1, 1
5
4
(c)
19
13
(d)
15
19
5
7
(for monoatomic gas) and 2 2 , 2
(for diatomic gas)
3
5
5
3
1 1 2 2
5
1
1 1 2 1 3
From formula
mixture
1
2
1
1 1 2 1 5 1
3
1
7
5
7
1
5 / 2 7 19
5
2
3 / 2 5 13
7
1
5
Problem 95.
mixture is
(a) 32C
(b) 27C
(c) 37C
(d) 30.5C
1C v1 T1 2C v2 T2
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PHYSICS
22
16 5
(3R)(t 27)
R (37 t)
44
32 2
3(t 27)
5
(37 t)
2
Problem 96.
(b) 15 RT
(c) 9 RT
5
3
RT 4 RT 5 RT 6 RT 11RT
2
2
(d) 11 RT
f1
f
RT 2 2 RT
2
2
argon)]
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