Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mauritius
Mauritius
Students Declaration
We Batch [2011-2013] hereby declare that report for global country study report
entitled PESTLE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS SECTORS OF MAURITIUS and
ANALYSIS OF MAJOR INDUSTRIES AVAILABLE IN MAURITIUS is a result of
our own work and our indebtedness to other work publication, references, if any,
have been duly acknowledged.
II
Institutes Certificate
Certified that this Global /Country Study and Report Titled PESTLE ANALYSIS OF
VARIOUS SECTORS OF MAURITIUS and ANALYSIS OF MAJOR INDUSTRIES
AVAILABLE IN MAURITIUS is the bonafide work of Batch [2011-2013], who
carried out the research under our supervision. We also certify further, that to the
best of our knowledge the work reported herein does not form part of any other
project report or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred
on an earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.
Preface
The aim behind to prepare is to gain practical knowledge through experience. To
attain practical knowledge observation and understanding of the actual work
situation and environment is must. In the report present here, sincere efforts have
been made by us to mention the knowledge we attained during the research.
Mauritius is an tourism island which is developing very fast. The economic status of
maurius states that by Comparing the inflation rate of the two countries the inflation
rate in Mauritius was 6.5% in 2011 compared to india which was 8.9% in 2011. uring
the year 2011 . The mortality rate of mauritius is 6.73 currenty. Estimated
unemployment rate is 8.2%. The main industry in the country is food processing and
in which the mainly suger mining industry , textiles industry, clothing industry,
chemicals industry , metal products, transport equipments, nonelectrical machinery,
and tourism sector.
Mauritus is an stable economy democracy is followed over there. There are various
polices related to investment are followed like forigen investment policy, monatory
policy, fiscal policy etc
The social culture of Mauritius consist of Franco Mauritians, Indo Mauritians, and
Sino Mauritians. Official language of Mauritius is English and French. There are
various religion in Mauritius but Hunduism, Muslimism and christanity are very
famous over there.
The vison of it industry is based on a deliberate movement to develop substantially
the national information technology capability of Mauritius. It needs a far-reaching
use of IT in the economy and within the society of Mauritius.
The Ecology of Mauritius states that Mauritius depends more on exports than on
inports.
According to the legal environment of maurituis there are various trade unions.
Economic environment has been set up in Mauritus which facilitates investors to
invest in the country. There are various institutional framework and various trade
polices which are to be followed.
Industries are playing major role in any countries. Here also in the Mauritius there
are no. of industries like sugar industry, tea industry, textile industry, Fishery
industry, financial industry, Banking Industry, Agriculture Industry, Tourism Industry
and so on. All these industries are playing major role in the financial condition of
Mauritius. But as per our work we are contributing for some of the industries among
IV
that. We are analysing some of the brightest industries in Mauritius which are known
as upcoming growth industry in Mauritius.
As per our research we can know that the tourist industries are very well developed
in Mauritius. And the market of tourist industries are open for outside so its fruitful for
invest in that industry or its giving some higher facilities than other nation. The
tourism sector is supervised by the Ministry of Tourism and Leisure, the Mauritius
Tourism Promotion Authority (MTPA) promotes Mauritius by conducting advertising
campaigns, participating in tourism fairs and organizing, in collaboration with the
local tourism industry, promotional campaign and activities in Mauritius and abroad.
The Tourism Authority (TA) is responsible for licensing, regulating and supervising
the activities of tourist enterprises, pleasure crafts, skippers and canvassers.
If we talking about the fishery industry than its also developed very well. The
government of Mauritius developed a strict rule for the fishery industry but if any
entrepreneur enter in this business than its helpful for them to earn a high amount of
money.
Agriculture industries are developed in mauritius. In Mauritius about 40 per cent of
the island's surface is being used for cultivation and out of which almost 90 per cent
is sugar cane, the rest is tea, tobacco and food crops. Sugar cane cultivation was the
main agricultural activity in Mauritius since many years.
We are also analysed tea industry in mauritius they developed a tea seactor very
well they known for their different types of tea in the mauritius. Around 680 hectares
lands are under cultivation for tea. And the main benefit is that they developed latest
technology for their tea industry.
We analyse that the policy of the mauritius for financing sectors are very strong so
many banking sectors are jump into their economy. Many international banks are
their in the mauritius.
Textile industries are developed a lot in the mauritius because they developed
different types of materials in the market
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We have been successful to handle this project only due to the blessings of GOD
and OUR PARENTS.
It is a pleasure to recognize the many individuals who helped us in all phases of the
project. Without their help, we would not have finished this project, or even started it.
Achievement of a goal is not a one persons job.
It is obtained by guidance & co-operation of others. Our sincere thanks to Dr N. M.
Bhatt., Director of Gandhinagar Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar and Mr. Milan
S. Shah, HOD-MBA for his moral support and constant encouragement without
which it was not possible for me to complete the project work successfully.
We take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to all the faculty members
of Department of Management, Gandhinagar Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar
whose advice and supervision had helped in the completion of the project work. We
are also very thankful to PROF. Milan Shah, PROF. Nehal Shah, PROF. Shruti
Dave, PROF. Ratna Trivedi, PROF. Mihir Chavada, PROF. Vibha Sharma, PROF.
Jaydeep Jethavat (Internal Guides), Prof. at Gandhinagar Institute of Technology,
Gandhinagar for guiding us in completing our project successfully.
VI
Table of content
Sr. No.
PARTICULARS
Page
No.
STUDENTS DECLARATION
II
CERTIFICATE OF INSTITUTE
III
PREFACE
IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
VI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VII
Part-1 (SEM-3)
15
31
51
66
74
Part-2 (Sem-4)
TOURISM INDUSTRY
87
FISHERY INDUSTRY
103
VII
AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY
121
TEA INDUSTRY
138
BANKING INDUSTRY
154
TEXTILE INDUSTRY
171
VIII
POLITICAL
ENVIRONMENT AND
INDIA IMPORT FROM
MAURITIUS
Mauritius gained the independence from the British Rule in the year 1968. And after
the independence, Mauritius Politics became dominant in the country. In December
1995, Mauritius elections were held for the first time. And, it was followed by
elections in 2000 and 2005. The National Assembly has 66 members in total.
General elections are held after every five years to select 62 out of 66 members of
the National Assembly. And, the remaining four members represent different ethnic
minorities. They are appointed by the Election Commission.
ELECTIONS IN MAURITIUS
SOCIALISM IN MAURITIUS
Mauritian Militant Movement was emerged in the year 1969, out of the
original Club des Etudiant, which dates to 1967. There was the major strike
and riots happened in France. And initially, the group was a club for the
University students. At that time, Paul Berenger was one of the initial leaders.
3
After his studies, he decided to launch a group. He just wanted to launch that
group just to fight for the rights of the students for a better education and
better equal opportunities for each and every student.
Then, there was a creation of the MMM's sister party, the Militant Socialist
Movement. It is also known as the MSM. The MSM created from the MMM
dissidents, which is also one political party in the country.
The MSM managed to stay in power until 1995. It had won all elections in
1983, 1987 & 1991. But, the MMM came back in power in 1995 in a coalition
with the Labour Party. They resigned in the year 1997 and then came back
lastly in the government in 2000. But after that, the Prime Minister Paul
Berenger lost the general elections with 42.6% of direct votes which against
48.8% for the Alliance Sociale led by Navin Ramgoolam in the year 2005.
In 2010, the MMM had brought 42.46% with Paul Berenger as a leader and a
candidate to become the Prime Minister. But, it lost to the alliance being led
by Navin Ramgoolam which obtained 49.31% of direct votes. So, they form
the major opposition party with Berenger as the Leader of the Opposition.
For the purpose of promoting socialism, the MMM principles are there. Those
principles are existing to advocate a fairer and more democratic Mauritian
society. And those are free from discrimination which is because of social
class, gender, religion, community, caste, race or sexual orientation.
The Alliance de L'Avenir won the general election with 41 seats against 18 seats for
L'Alliance du Coeur, which was being led by the MMM and 1 seat by the FSM. On
6th August, 2011 the Alliance broke. As a result of it, only the Mauritius Labour
Party, MR and the PMSD formed the government.
The modern and effective goals of the Mauritian Labour Party are to guarantee equal
opportunity to all citizens regardless of race, religion, sex, or class and to secure a
healthy and clean environment for future generations.
CONSTITUENCIES OF MAURITIUS
Constituencies of Mauritius are the electoral boundaries of the Republic. The
country elects 60 members of parliament for a period of 5 years. There are 21
constituencies in the Republic each of them returning 3 members except
Constituency 21 which returns two members only.
Those electoral boundaries are considered to be main pillars for elections as
they allow members of parliament to be elected and thus to form government. As it
has been mentioned in the constitution, the Electoral Boundaries Commission will
review the constituency boundaries.
Electoral Boundaries Commission report shall make recommendations for any
alterations to the boundaries of the constituencies as appear to the Commission to
be required so that the number of inhabitants of each constituency is nearly equal as
to the population quota that is the number of inhabitants of a constituency may be
greater or less than the population quota in order to take account of means of
communication, geographical features, density of population and the boundaries of
administrative areas.
According to the ancient constitution before 1967, Mauritius was divided into
40 constituencies. This represented an elected member of parliament which would
elect a Chief Minister along with a council. The new Constitution was provided in
1992, but constituencies still remains moreover same,
where many
small 40
constituencies has been mixed to form a total of 21. The results showed members
would be including twenty-four MPs of Hindu community, three Mps elected from the
Muslims, one Mp elected from the sino-Mauritians and remaining 12 Mps were of
Christian group. The equality of representation thought ethnic groups which are
6
considered as very sensible subject and then government decided to amend the law
and move it to a system of Best Loser was affected.
Constituency Name
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Rodrigues
Rodrigues Movement
Party (MMM/PSM) alliance won the 1982 election, taking all 60 seats in Mauritius. In
1983, defectors from the MMM joined with the PSM to form the Militant Socialist
Movement (MSM) and formed a majority in coalition with the MLP.
The MMM and MSM rejoined in a coalition that won the 2000 elections and, although
a handful of MPs defected from the MSM in early 2005, both parties went together to
the next election in July 2005, competing against the Alliance Sociale, a MLP-led
coalition. The Alliance Sociale won the elections with an overwhelming majority.
In 2010, the MLP made a controversial alliance with the MSM, which is reported to
have been decided since MSM's leader Pravind Jugnauth won the partial elections in
constituency No. 8 owing to MLP's leader's silent orders. The alliance again won the
majority with a comfortable number of seats defeating the MMM's alliance with two
other parties.
11
Labour has believed on to its little preponderance and made happen as expected in
attracting the other oppositions MPs to join its ranks. And these was done when the
other two parties were quiet confident that they could expel the prime minister .
Its mostly echo and illumination as said by one long-time overseas observer of
Mauritian politics says in conclusion that as per him Mauritius is quiet firm.
INVESTMENT :
Since many more years Mauritius has laid down double taxation agreements with
more than 30 countries among which india is the notable one and also few African
countries. The taxation is layed down moreover on the offshore industry sectors
which is capable of producing five % of gross domestic product .
The average growth of GDP was found to be four percent during the crisis, and is
likely to reduce further by half a point this year.
12
But the governments beliefs distinguish with the increasing uneasiness of the
residents who believe that the esteemed economic conditions and social harmony
of the country may be at risk. They feel that the country cannot adapt to the rapidly
changing conditions.
GOVERNMENT SPENDING
Government spending scale is non-linear, which shows that spending of government
is penalized and is close to zero. On other hand if it exceed 30% of GDP it will
receive worse score in quadratic fashion (example, four times less freedom is
yielded by doubling the spending), so that only really large government spending -example over 58% of GDPattains the score of zero.
The countries with which Mauritius holds good relations are:
-
France
India
Britain
South Africa
Indian and the Mauritian political leaders have freshly made an appointment in the
home country and they had formed several joint ventures, alliances majorly in fabric
commerce. Thus can be said Other than the conventional, cultural and trade
relations.
Mauritius enjoys membership of:
-OAU
-UN,
-Commonwealth,
-Nonaligned Movement.
- IMF
-European Development Bank
ECONOMIC CONDITION
OF MAURITIUS AND
OVERVIEW OF
FINANCIAL MARKETS
15
Unemployment rate means the percent of the labor force that are having no jobs.
Comparing the two countries the unemployment rate of india in 2011 was 9.8% and of
Mauritius it was 7.8%. The unemployment rate of india has decreased of india fron the
previous year and thus measures should be taken such that more and more labor force should
be employed to decrease the unemployment rate. The unemployment rate of Mauritius was
also stable during many years.
Population gives an estimate from the US Bureau of the Census based on statistics
from population census, or sample surveys pertaining to the recent past and on assumptions
about future trends. The total population presents the overall measure of the potential impact
of the country on the world and within its region. Comparing the population of two countries
there is a vast difference as the population of india is much more than Mauritius as india
ranks second in the total population of the world. Indias recent population is approx. 121
crores and that of Mauritius is approx. 13.25 lakhs.
Public debt records the cumulative total of all government borrowings less
repayments that are denominated in a country's own currency. Comparing the two countries
the public debt of india in 2011 was 48.5% which was less than Mauritius which was 57.3%
in 2011.
The exports provide the total US dollar amount of merchandise exports on free on
board basis. Export means the goods and products of one country is being send to different
countries for sale. The export of india in 2011 was 299.4 billion dollars which has much
difference from Mauritius which has only 2.65 billion dollars.
The imports provide the total US dollar amount of merchandise imports on a cost,
insurance, and freight or free on board basis. It means the goods and products of other
different countries are brought to our country for sale. The import is also far better of india
than Mauritius. The imports of India in 2011 were 461.4 billion dollars and that of Mauritius
was 5.16 billion dollars.
Life expectancy at birth contains the average number of years to be lived by a group
of people born in the current year, if the mortality at each age remains constant in the future.
It includes the total population as well as the male and female components. The Life
expectancy at birth is also a measure of overall quality of life in a country and summarizes
the mortality at all the ages. Comparing the two countries the life expectancy at birth of india
recently is 67.14 years which is less compared to Mauritius which has a life expectancy of
74.71 years.
The death rate means average annual number of deaths during a year per 1,000
population at midyear and is also known as crude death rate. The death rate with only a rough
indicator of the mortality situation in a country, also accurately indicates the current mortality
impact on population growth. It is recently 7.43 in india and 6.73 of Mauritius.
The birth rate means the average annual number of births per 1,000 persons in the population
at midyear during a year and also known as crude birth rate. The birth rate is most dominant
17
factor in determining the rate of population growth. Recently it is 20.6 in india and 13.78 in
Mauritius.
Consumer price index (2005 = 100) in Mauritius was 137.23 as of 2010 and reached a
maximum value of 137.23 in 2010 and its minimum value was 4.00 in 1963 and in india it
was 151.91 as of in 2010.
ECONOMY SYSTEM
The economy of mauritius has evolved into a middle-income diversified
economy with the growth in financial sector, industrial sector, and tourist sectors. Put simply,
it's a growing economy and it has shifted from a predominantly agriculture based economy to
an industrial one.
The annual growth has been in the order of 5% to 6% from the last many time.
This remarkable achievement has been reflected in more income distribution, lowered infant
mortality, increased life expectancy and a much-improved infrastructure.
The economy had also made reforms in sugar, tourism, textiles ,and in financial services, and
the economy expanding into fish processing, hospitality, information and communications
technology and in property development.
The Investment into banking sector alone has reached over $1 billion. Mauritius, has been
well poised in its strong textile sector to take advantage of the Africa Growth and
Opportunity Act (AGOA).
Also, To face the globalisation and a new economic environment the Government has taken
several steps like. The High value-added, capital intensive and knowledge-based activities are
on the list of priority. The Information Technology sector doing rapid changes so it will fit
for the next millennium. The aim of the Mauritius country is to make a centre for high-tech
and software services.
Area:
2,040 sq. km. (787 sq. mi.); 500 miles in east of Madagascar, in ocean of india.
GDP (2010 est., official exchange rate):
$9.496 billion.
Real growth rate (2010 est.):
4.2%.
Per capita income (2010 est., purchasing power parity):
$13,670.
Avg. inflation rate (2010 est.):
2.9%.
18
Natural resources:
None.
Agriculture (3.6% of GDP):
The agriculture product include ,tea, sugarcane, pulses, cattle, corn, bananas, potatoes,
fish, and goats;
Manufacturing, including export processing zone (18% of GDP):
Types- The labor intensive goods of export, include textiles & clothing, watches &
clocks, jewelry, optical goods, toys & games, and cut flowers.
DEMOCRACY:
Mauritius has a stable parliamentary democracy and it operates on the foundation of a liberal
constitution and the rules and procedures inherited in the colonial period from the
Westminster model. And that`s why island state invariably earns the best marks on Freedom
House's rating of political rights.
Rule of law :
Mauritius has a functioning legal system based on elements of French civil law and British
common law. The constitution guarantees, the separation of powers, and freedom of the
press, the independence of the judiciary, the political practice respects.
Capitalization :
The rank of the Mauritius country is 10 th, the currency of the country is Mauritian rupee
(MUR). There are many trade organization like WTO,COMESA,SADC,AU,LOC,IORA in
the country.
The estimated GDP of the country is $20.225 billion for the year 2012, and the gdp growth
rate is 5.2% for the year 2008 estimated. The estimated GDP per capital is $15,595 for the
year 2012.
Inflation :
The inflation (cpi) for the year 2011 is 6.7% estimated and in 2012 it is estimated to 4.8%.
The estimated population below poverty line is 8% in the year 2006 , the estinated labour
force is 607,400 in year 2011,the labour force by occupation vise divided in to different part
are given as under.
Revenues:$2.364billion
Expenditures: $2.842 billion (2011 est.)
19
Industries:
The main industry in the country is food processing and in which the mainly suger mining
industry , textiles industry, clothing industry, chemicals industry , metal products, transport
equipments, nonelectrical machinery, and tourism sector.
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
(GNI)
RM
47,249
39,299
46,140
20
49,075
Year
2009
2010
Cash surplus/deficit
0.6
-2.4
Unemployment Rate: Unemployment is the rate which shows the percentage of the total labour that is unemployed
in nature
Year
2009
2010
2011
2012*
Unemployment Rate
7.3%
7.8%
7.8%
8.2%
Growth rate of
gross capital
formation, %
2007
2.10
0.16
26.9
1646
116.7
2008
2.6
0.18
27.1
2025
123.8
2009
1.90
0.15
21.3
1471
73.1
2010
2.40
0.17 24.71
24.7
1848
126.3
24
2007
2008
21
2009
2010
2011
2012
Inflation (%)
8.8%
9.7%
2.5%
2.9%
6.5%
4.8%
The other sectors namely Tourism, Textile, Agriculture and Financial services are also
undergoing changes in a positive direction
Mauritius has successfully translated economic growth into concrete poverty reduction and
improvements in human development.
Economy overview
The economy of mauritius has evolved into a middle-income diversified
economy with the growth in financial sector, industrial sector, and tourist sectors. Put simply,
it's a growing economy and it has shifted from a predominantly agriculture based economy to
an industrial one.
The annual growth has been in the order of 5% to 6% from the last many time.
This remarkable achievement has been reflected in more income distribution, lowered infant
mortality, increased life expectancy and a much-improved infrastructure.
The economy had also made reforms in sugar, tourism, textiles ,and in financial services, and
the economy expanding into fish processing, hospitality, information and communications
technology and in property development.
The Investment into banking sector alone has reached over $1 billion. Mauritius, has been
well poised in its strong textile sector to take advantage of the Africa Growth and
Opportunity Act (AGOA).
Also, To face the globalisation and a new economic environment the Government has taken
several steps like. The High value-added, capital intensive and knowledge-based activities are
on the list of priority. The Information Technology sector doing rapid changes so it will fit
for the next millennium. The aim of the Mauritius country is to make a centre for high-tech
and software services.
Area:
2,040 sq. km. (787 sq. mi.); 500 miles in east of Madagascar, in ocean of india.
GDP (2010 est., official exchange rate):
$9.496 billion.
Real growth rate (2010 est.):
4.2%.
Per capita income (2010 est., purchasing power parity):
$13,670.
Avg. inflation rate (2010 est.):
2.9%.
Natural resources:
None.
23
Mauritius has a stable parliamentary democracy and it operates on the foundation of a liberal
constitution and the rules and procedures inherited in the colonial period from the
Westminster model. And that`s why island state invariably earns the best marks on Freedom
House's rating of political rights.
Rule of law :
Mauritius has a functioning legal system based on elements of French civil law and British
common law. The constitution guarantees, the separation of powers, and freedom of the
press, the independence of the judiciary, the political practice respects.
Capitalization :
The rank of the Mauritius country is 10 th, the currency of the country is Mauritian rupee
(MUR). There are many trade organization like WTO,COMESA,SADC,AU,LOC,IORA in
the country.
The estimated GDP of the country is $20.225 billion for the year 2012, and the gdp growth
rate is 5.2% for the year 2008 estimated. The estimated GDP per capital is $15,595 for the
year 2012.
Inflation :
The inflation (cpi) for the year 2011 is 6.7% estimated and in 2012 it is estimated to 4.8%.
The estimated population below poverty line is 8% in the year 2006 , the estinated labour
force is 607,400 in year 2011,the labour force by occupation vise divided in to different part
are given as under.
Revenues:$2.364billion
Expenditures: $2.842 billion (2011 est.)
24
Industries:
The main industry in the country is food processing and in which the mainly suger mining
industry , textiles industry, clothing industry, chemicals industry , metal products, transport
equipments, nonelectrical machinery, and tourism sector.
25
Mauritius is one rupee which is divided into 100 cents from 2011 5 and 20 cents coin are
also in circulation.
The top most part of the Mauritius Economy includes human capital development still
reforms are need for efficiency driven to economy and to make the economy as high earning
economy. The performance of macro economics has been uncertain, reasonably strong and
fragility.
Mauritius is largely depended on external trade an d Forigen direct investment. The tourism
sector of Mauritius is largest growing sector in Mauritius but at times it also faces many
crises. The investment sector has fallen in the year 2011. The second half of Mauritius
condition is detraining because of putting pressure on external demand, escalating euro crises,
and ensuring austerity measures a high impact in the year 2012.
The financing of various activities of Mauritius is done by the central bank of Mauritius. In
global competitive ranking Mauritius is ranked 54 and for the index of Economic freedom it
is ranked 12.
Mauritius has trade relations with various countries. It imports many good form many
countries and exports goods to many countries. Mauritius faces crises because it imports
more than exports. India and USA are the main trading partners of Mauritius. Clothing and
textiles are exported by Mauritius. In Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Italy, Madasagascar,
India, France, South Africa, and china. It imports manufacturing goods, capital goods, food
stuff, oil products and chemicals.
The trade relation of Mauritius is good with India. There are many agreements which are
been made between India and Mauritius. Various agreements like bilateral agreements with
Mauritius , Defence cooperation with Mauritius, Bilateral trade with Mauritius etc.. were few
agreements which were done between India and Mauritius .Mauritius also has good trade
relations with china. On regular bases many of the ministers from China has visited Mauritius
and many ministers and presidents from Mauritius have also visited china on regular basis.
The Agriculture sector has been estimated to generate high revenue as per the estimation of
2011 even though its growth was slow in the year 2010. There was a gradual change in the
primary sectors of Mauritius.
In sugar industry inspite of adverse condition it showed growth during the year 2011. There
was also seen growth in the non sugar industry. Employment in the hotel and manufacturing
sector also should a continues increase.
27
in the mauritius like Mauritian Eagle Insurance Company Ltd., Lamco International
Insurance Limited, The Anglo-Mauritius Assurance Society Ltd., Swan Insurance Company
Ltd.
There are 1860 agents are working in the mauritius for selling the insurance in the country.
The long-term insurance industry generated a total gross premium of Rs 11.96 bn in 2010 as
compared to Rs 9.51 bn in 2009, act as an agent on behalf of a person or organization an
increase of 26%. Total assets of long-term insurers increased by 16% to reach Rs 75.38 bn in
2010 as compared to Rs 64.95 bn in the previous year. Insurance companies also provide the
services like life cover, risk cover, pension fund and so on.
MUTUAL FUND INDUSTRY IN MAURATIUS
The National Mutual Fund Ltd (NMF) was incorporated in 1990 as a joint venture between
local private insurance companies and some government controlled companies in an attempt
to motivate savings among the Mauritian population.
As of January 2010, NMF forms part of the Mauritius Union Group following the acquisition
of 95.71% of issued share capital.
There are mainly two types of plans:
1. NMF General Fund :NMF general fund use some strategy for the improvement of the
MF industry and that strategy is to invest in a diversified portfolio of properties &
securities related to the property.
In 1994 the stock market was opened to foreign investors for the lifting of exchange control.
Foreign investors get the advantage from numerous incentives such as revenue on sale of
shares can be freely repatriated & there are no tax on capital gains & no withholding tax on
dividends been geared towards modernizing the current operational & regulate The successful
execution of the (CDS) Central Depository System in January 1997 has brought about swift,
efficient clearing and arrangement of trades & at the same time decreased some of the
inherent risks in the process.
In the year 2011 the market capital and the annual turnover of the companies are USD
5,721,771,159 and USD 499,054,221 respectively.
30
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
AND TRADING
PARTNERS OF
MAURITIUS
31
MAURITIAN SOCIETY:
Economic and political life of Mauritius also has high influence of complexity of
Mauritian society. By different social classes, religion groups, social classes and
ethnic group society of Mauritian society can be analyzed. In Mauritius there are
mainly three origins in 1990 namely Europe, Asia and Africa and most of the
population of the Mauritius in the fifth generation.
32
GCR 2011 2012 ranks Mauritius amongst the bottom 50 globally. Mauritius stood at
115th out of 142 countries.
In 2011 the ratio of women parliamentarians is 18.8% which is lower than 50% target
ratio. In August 2009, the protection of domestic violence act and equal opportunities
act was passed in Mauritius.
33
Music of Mauritius
Indigenous musical form of Mauritius is known as SEGA. Basically SEGA is from
African origin. Slaves from Africa origin started this indigenous music SEGA. Hip
swaying style of Sega dance and instrument of musical instrument made from piece
of goat skin and wood doesnt found easily in mainland Africa.
Literature of Mauritius:
Literature of Mauritius is of conservative cast traditionally like other countries.
Literature of Mauritius emphasis on French the dominant languages proper use.
Mauritian writings became more progressive from 1930s in terms of both content
and form.
Languages in Mauritius
The official language of the Mauritius is English and French . Majority of the
population uses French based Creole language. Creole is also common language of
media and an education sector. Creole language is considered as native language of
the Mauritius and it is also used in informal settings as well. English and French
languages are favored in professional settings and an educational sector. In
Mauritius include other languages which is spoken by their people is Mandwin, Urdu,
Chinese croles, Tamil, Hindi, Gujarati, Telugu, Bhojpuri and Marathi. Hindi, Marathi,
Gujarati, Tamil, Bhojpuri and Telugu all are the Indian languages which are spoken
by the early Indian settlers. Most of the people of Mauritius are bilingual or trilingual.
Wedding in Mauritius
Mauritius is considered a perfect wedding destination for two reasons - the tropical
image of the island and that marrying in Mauritius is unbureaucratic. Also the couple
can extend the wedding to honeymoon. Mauritius has almost 12,000 tourist couples
saying I do on the island every year so it is also known as the Island of wedding. As
a foreigner, you can be legally married by the registrar as well as the Catholic
Church. The hotels and agencies also offer special wedding packages, which
comprise of the organization of the entire ceremony. The couples who have decided
to exchange vows on this spectacular island must start making all the arrangements
34
at least six months before the special day. All necessary documents are to be
submitted in the registrars office at least ten days prior to the wedding.
The following documents are mandatory for a marriage in Mauritius:
Non-Residence Certificate for country: certificate which proves that the future
married couple are not citizens of Mauritius and do not have their permanent
residence in Mauritius (you get this certificate at the Mauritian registrar office)
Religion of Mauritius
There are four basic religions in Mauritius which are Hinduism, Christianity,
Muslims and other general population. Among these Hinduism is dominant
surprisingly just because is transferred from the Indians who have migrated as
workers of European settlers of the island
Hinduism
During the year 2000 the statics shows that 52% of the population follows Hindu
religion. This is of interesting fact that makes this small country one of the three
countries in the world with Hindu dominance. There are several Hindu festivals are
celebrated in this island. Out of these, Mahashivratri, "Siva's Great Night." The other
festivals are Ganesh Chaturhti, Diwali-the festivals of light, Holi, Gudi-padva and
MakarSankranti.
Christianity
Christianity first came to Mauritius with the Dutch inhabitants. The French brought
Christianity later again when they arrived in about 1715. From those times, a law
36
whereby all slaves coming to the island must be Baptist Catholic. After that during
the Napoleonic Wars, the British tried to turn Christians in Protestant in 1850s. The
Roman Catholic Church in Mauritius is a part of the worldwide Roman Catholic
Church, with the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome.
Muslims
Muslims constitute over 16.6% of its population and generally all Muslims of
Mauritius are of south-Asian descent. Approximately majority percent are Sunni
Muslims having an understanding of the Urdu language. Within the Muslim
community, there are major ethnics that exist-the Memons and the Surtees (who are
rich merchants who came from Kutch and Surat part of Gujarat-India.
Education in Mauritius
The Mauritius Government provides free education to their citizens from primary to
tertiary levels. The Government of Mauritius also provides the free transportation to
all students. Since July 2005 this facilities provided by the Government to the
students of Mauritius.In Mauritius schooling is compulsory up to the age of 16 years.
Mauritian students consistently getting top rank each year for the Cambridge
International O Level, International A and AS examination. The total literacy rate of
Mauritius is 89.8 percent in the year of 2011.
According to the census the male literacy rate is 92.3 percent and female literacy
rate is 87.3 percent in the year of 2011. English and French Languages are teaching
in school on compulsory bases. A student who wants to learn any ancestral
languages which are spoken in Mauritius, so they have an option to learn other
languages. The other ancestral languages spoken by Mauritian people, which are
Sanskrit, Tamil, Urdu, Telugu, Marathi, Hindi, Bhojpuri, Gujarati, Arabic and
Mandrin.In 2012 the Government of Mauritius introduces Creole in primary school.
Other two languages also included by government are Spanish and Italian.
37
Festivals
There are many festivals in Mauritius.
Maha Shivratri is a Hindu festival and it is celebrated in honor o Hindu god Shiva.
Always Maha Shivratri is held in between February and March. This festival is also
known as The great night of Shiva which is celebrated by pilgrimage to Grand
Bassin.
Ugadi is a festival of Telugu community and this celebration of Telugu New Year.
The New Year starts with worship of god in the temples and distribution of sweets to
friends and relatives. This festival is held in month of March.
Ganesh Chaturhti is Hindu festival. It marks the Ganeshas birthday. Accordingly to
Hindu mythology, the Ganesha is the God of wisdom and remover of all obstacles.
It is held on fourth day of the lunar month of Hindu calendar.
Diwali is celebrated as the victory of Rama over the Ravana and Krishnas
destruction of the demon Narkasuran Diwali is the festival of lights and it is
celebrated by Hindus and Tamilians in which paper lanterns with the candles in them
and traditional clay oil lamps are placed in front of houses. Traditional clay oil lamps;
these have been replaced mostly by decorative electrical lights.
Eid ul-fitrs exact date is subject to confirmation as its celebration depends on the
visibilities of the moon. Eid ul-fitr is celebrated to mark the end of Ramazan with is
Muslims holy month. Ramazan month is also known as month of fasting. For
Muslims Eid is the day of rejoicing and thanks giving.
38
Mauritius food
Mauritius is a combination of culture and cuisine. That indicates that we can enjoy a
wide variety of food. The Mauritian food was originated from 3 different continents.
We will be able to enjoy different food in our plate everyday during our visit to
Mauritius. Even Mauritius was under the rule of British for a long time they kept a
wide variety from French cuisine. But in Mauritius they take tea in the afternoon like
British culture and its like tradition. Its like Parmpara to take tea in the afternoon.
Eating food in Mauritius is like real adventure. If we visit Mauritius it will be must to
enjoy the local food. Mauritius food is a combination of Creole, Chinese, European,
African and Indian.
40
In the constitution of Mauritius it is strongly committed that all the state has a right to
get health care as one of its key principles. According to Mauritius constitution
medical services is provided at all public service centres, from primary healthcare to
tertiary healthcare are free to all 1.2 million Mauritian citizens. The finance which is
generated in general taxation are use in state health care system.
Even though Mauritius is a part of the African continent there are no particular
vaccination strongly recommended while travelling to the island. In Mauritius There
are some vaccinations which are recommended and some are even not required.
Malaria is not found in Mauritius since year ago as they are taking vaccination of
malaria in time.
List of the some vaccination which are usually required to take by the traveller
while travelling to the Mauritius .
1. Hepatitis B 2 month before travel
2. Hepatitis A 2 weeks before travel
3. Rabies
4. Typhoid
5. Meningococcal meningitis
6. Diphtheria
Secular Celebrations
Mauritius is very small country but with different culture, religion, and festival.
Mauritius island is one of the countries were u find culture from almost everywhere. It
is really good to discover the Mauritian diverse cultures. Each culture of Mauritius
has their traditions and beliefs.
While visiting the island you may find a mosque near a catholic church or a Chinese
pagoda near an Indian temple. There are many of in the religions found in Mauritius
mainly Buddhism, Hindu, Muslim and Christian.
Here is the list of festival celebrated in mauritius.
1.
New Year
Abolition of slavery
Thaipoosam cavadee
Maha shivaratree
Ougadi
Labour day
Eid-Ul-Filr
10
Ganesh chaturthi
20th Sept.2012
11
12
Divali
13
Christmas
42
Here are the list of the some of the art galleries found in Mauritius where u can
admire the Mauritian arts:
1. Gallery didus
2. Max boulle art gallery
1. Galleries stephane braud
2. Print shop
3. Galerie didus
4. Vaco art gallery
5. The Mauritius glass gallery
6. Gaterie raphall
7. Lepoisson bamour
8. Point shop
9. Manglier art gallery
10. Galerie helenede senneville
43
Vision statement
In the Mauritian society where each an every individual enjoys full sexual and
reproductive health and rights and where SRH information and services are
available, accessible and affordable to all, irrespective of sex, age and creed.
In this all, a half of million Indian indentured labourers are estimated to have been
brought into Mauritius between 1834 and the early decades of the 20th century, out
of whom about two-thirds settled permanently in Mauritius.
Defence Cooperation
Then ITEC-II programme, about 50 personnel from the Mauritian Police Force were
trained annually in Indian Defence Training Establishments. Our country India gifted
INS Amar to Mauritius in 1974. Even though India has been provided the interceptor
patrol boat, for the CGS Observer to Mauritius on a free lease. India also undertook
the own cost extensive repairs from the Mauritius Chilean-made flagship Vigilant on
two occasions. The Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) has delivered two Dornier
maritime aircrafts to Mauritius in May 1990 and April 2004. India had also given a
gift the 2 Chetaks, the first one in the year May 1976 and the second one in the year
February 1987. Then the came ALH Dhruv it was delivered to the Government of
Mauritius in the year November 2009. A Coastal Radar Surveillance System which
was known as (CSRS) was been built by Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) was
delivered and subsequently commissioned in April 2011.
45
Visa Regime:
In the month October 2004, the Mauritian Government introduced the visa-free
regime for the Indian tourists. And Under that regime, the Indian tourists visiting
Mauritius for a period up to 60 days do not have to require a visa, provided they
should show sufficient funds to cover their stay. Total 53,955tourists from India
visited Mauritius in the year 2011.
Cultural/Educational Relations
At annually, about all 100 scholarships are been extended to Mauritian students for
their higher education in India. And then 200 approximately students of Mauritian
enrolled every year in the Indian universities on a self-financing basis. Also the
Active cultural exchanges is been done with the Mauritius take place both under the
officially sponsored programmes and through a wide non-official network of the IndoMauritian socio-cultural organizations. Programme of the Cultural Cooperation
between India and Mauritius for the year 2010-2013 was signed in the month of July
2010. Also the Indira Gandhi Centre for Indian Culture has emerged as an
important venue for the cultural events.
Tax Reliefs
The entities that can set up in the Mauritius are been category as 1 and Category 2
global business companies (GBC1 and GBC2 respectively) and trusts. Both the
categories is been provide for the tax exemptions, but unlike GBC 1 companies,
GBC2 companies cannot been benefit from numerous tax treaties. A GBC 1 is the
46
resident in tax purposes for Mauritius and is been liable to be the taxed at the rate of
15%.
Economy
Major economic sectors
GDP per capita is $US6, 100 in 2007 that makes it the richest economies in
African countries.
To maintain the growth Sugar, textile and tourism is the main sector.
In year 2005 GDP growth down to 2.3% but then economic reform it up at 5%
in 2006.
Mauritius corporate tax rate is lowest in all over the world. Flat 15%.
To more expand the economy and create steady growth, the government
encouraging the following economic activities47
Macroeconomic indicators
Up to 2002, the average annual rate of GDP was 5%. But some major
problems suffered the hike in oil price, the phasing out Of the MFA and the
decrease in sugar prices.
The government of Mauritius, via the Empowerment Program and the Human
Resource Development Council (HRDC), has provided training to workers
who lost their jobs make more employable in other sectors.
Up to 2005 the inflation rate was 5%. But hike in oil price it increase 10.5% in
2006-07.
Mauritiuss total exports and imports both increased, but its imports was
higher than Exports
Mauritius exported more clothing and apparels products; its valuation is 35%
total export income.
Textile yarn, fabrics, made-up articles related products & feeding stuff for
animals which exports to Madagascar.
The main exports to South Africa were articles of apparels & clothing
accessories & non-industrial diamonds, worked but not mounted or set
48
The main imported products from S.A. were iron & steel & petroleum,
petroleum products & related materials.
The UK and France have large share of Mauritius total exports to Europe.
The 4 main sources of imports for Mauritius were China, South Africa, France
and India for the period 2000-2006.
Mauritius imported textile yarn, fabrics, made-up articles and related items,
From China.
Iron & steel, coal, coke, briquettes, petroleum, petroleum products & related
materials imported From South Africa.
Imports included textile yarn, fabrics, & made-up articles & related products;
petroleum, petroleum products, textile, fibers and their wastes From India.
The 3rd largest category of exports for Mauritius is electrical & electronic
equipment exports of this products contributed 76% of electrical and
electronic equipment
The Mauritian economy continues to expand its exports but yet exports are
still focus on apparel and sugar.
49
International Trade
Mauritius' main exports are sugar, tea, coffee, textiles, knitwear, time pieces,
tobaccos, cut and uncut diamond, electric appliance and parts.
Importers are no required to take licence under the licences ordinance and
certain imports require permits from the Ministry of Trade and Shipping, while
some goods are either controlled or prohibited for the health, securities and
environmental purposes and national interest.
Most of the imports require a license and state enterprises control to import of
rice, flour, petroleum, wheat, cement, tea, tobacco, and sugar.
The country is also member of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
(COMESA),which give a preferential rates of duty between the member states.
50
TECHNOLOGICAL
ENVIRONMENT AND
INDIA IMPORT FROM
MAURITIUS
51
The Mauritius Institute: Founded on 1880 at Port Louise, it is one of the oldest and
best study centers in the country.
2.
3.
On the basis of the survey carried out by NCB in 1997 it was found that the
total turnover of the Mauritian IT industry was Rs.1.09 billion. The hardware
market was estimated at Rs.847 million and was mainly dominated by sales of
PCs, then Software market was estimated at Rs. 108 million in1996.
The industry exported its services of Rs. 140 million. There are 110
companies in IT industry. The industry employs 1400 people of which 1000
are computer professionals.
52
In the agricultural sector, most sugar factories have only computerised their
back office activities (finance, payroll, weigh-bridge etc.). A Very few factories
have invested in this kind of system like, process-control systems.
Customs
Department
and
Cargo
Handling
Corporation
are
computerised.
The Financial Sector is the one where IT penetration is the highest, probably
because their businesses cannot run without IT systems.
TURNOVER IN RS.
Hardware
847 million
Software
108 million
IT services
140 million
(Fig.1)1 : Turnover of Mauritius
IT Export
The Export market was estimated by the team to be about Rs140 million in 1996. Big
local companies have started activities in the Indian Ocean region with partners to
offer mainly sales of hardware.
Multinational companies(MNC)
1
http://www.gov.mu/portal/sites/nictspncb/nictsp1/FRep0715.pdf
53
International brands like IBM, digital, HP, Compaq, Sun is presents through
authorized resellers in IT hardware in Mauritius. The big MNCs present are oracle
and Microsoft. The big five firms in the field of accountancy is coopers & Lybrand,
Andersen consulting, Ernst &young, peat Marwick & price warehouse in the
Mauritius.
SWOT Analysis
Strengths:
Mauritiuss political and economic stability is essential for sustained economic
growth including the development of the IT industry. The good level of infrastructure
in terms of communications, electricity distribution, road networks, flights to major
cities of the world, plays an important role in attracting major investors in this sector.
Moreover, Mauritius has developed over the years a fairly good telecommunication
network that has supported the requirements of the industry so far. Again, Mauritius
has established a track record in the publishing and the pre-press sector with over
10 years of experience.
Weaknesses
Generally speaking Mauritius is a late comer in the IT industry. Although there are
companies operating in the low-end of the IT industry data capture, publishing, prepress Mauritius has little track record in the deployment of complex IT solution. The
domestic market being small with a turnover of Rs. 1.09 billion is not attractive
enough for multi-national companies to set up business in the island. The national
Telecommunication Company has clear plans for the development of the
telecommunication infrastructure, but the pricing policy is still not competitive to
Europe and the USA.
The pool of 1000 IT professionals is far below the critical mass required for the
development of the industry. Moreover, there is a serious shortage of highly skilled
54
Opportunities:
In spite of the weaknesses listed above, Mauritius has the potential of developing an
efficient and effective IT industry that would contribute in the development of the
economy.
Threats:
The improving infrastructure of competing nations that also with a lower labour cost
is gradually reducing the strategic advantage of Mauritius. Companies like Cataland
have moved their mass data entry operations to Madagascar because of cheaper
labour available there. South Africa is also developing trade links with the African
countries and will soon become a serious competitor in the IT sector in the African
market. India is an established leader in software development industry. Mauritius
will have to carefully position itself in order to penetrate the software development
market segment.
Operations management
System integration
IT ASSESMENT
The IT Industry is mainly conquered by sales of hardware. In the system
technologies concerned, the country is following the method with UNIX systems as
leader in server market and Windows on PC environment.
55
A few companies are exporting a service which provides such as data capture, premedia and teleprocessing. In the field of Telecommunications is concerned, major
technologies (leased lines, X25, ISDN) are being used. The Connection to Internet is
available through one ISP. There are abundance of untapped opportunities are
available for IT services in various fields such as Telecommunications, Public
Utilities (CEB, CWA), Road Management systems, Transportation, Port, Airport etc.
Biotechnology in Mauritius 4
56
57
The National ICT future Strategic Plan 2011-2014 gives significant policy guidance to
successfully squeeze the knowledge economy journey and respond to these
dynamic changes. The governments aspirations of transforming the nation into a
high-value economy. The country will continue to see hope to initiative their vision
2014 aspiration takes speed.
These are the critical drivers is make major ICT uptakes and economic multipliers in
the making of the Intelligent Mauritius branded as I-Mauritius.
Global knowledge process outsourcing (KPO) needs and its high-end processes
such as survey research, investment research, official document filing, official and
insurance claims processing, online training, and media content supply, among
others. Mauritiuswith its internationally recognized pool of skilled workers
(although limited in number), including chartered accountants, doctors, MBAs,
lawyers, and so onhas important advantages in the KPO market. This pool of
workers will increase with the operation of the ICT Academy.
58
The above figure shows the 2004-2010 time period of ICT sector growth with the growth of
GDP of Mauritius. In 2004 shows highest growth of ICT is 22.7. And in GDP growth rate is
5.5 in the year 2007.
59
Government is creating the right ecosystem to connect each and every household
with at least 1 megabyte per second by 2015. By the end of 2012, legislation for the
penalty point system will be introduced and implemented. A Education and Testing
Centre will be ready by 2013. The Police will have access to new technology for the
detection of specific traffic violations
Encourage Indian savings in Mauritius and joint India-Mauritius investments into the
region.
Increase Indian venture and shift of technology and know-how, which would propel
the process of economic development in the region.
MAJOR EXPORTS
MAJOR IMPORTS
Capital Equipment
Sugar
Foodstuffs
Cut Flowers
Mineral
Molasses
Machinery
fuels,
lubricants
and
related products
and
transport
Machinery
equipment
Chemicals and related products
Food and live animals
and
transport
equipment
Food and live animals
Export-import data 10
Department of Commerce
Export Import Data Bank
Import :: Country-wise
Dated: 31/10/2012
Values in Rs. Lacs
Sr. No.
1.
Country
MAURITIUS
India's Total
Import
2011-2012
18,448.72
%Share
0.0079
234,546,324.45
2012-2013(AprJun)
4,066.53
%Share
%Growth
0.0065
62,232,219.04
Department of Commerce
Export Import Data Bank
Import :: Country-wise
Dated: 31/10/2012
Values in Rs. Lacs
Sr. No.
1.
Country
MAURITIUS
India's
2010-2011
7,512.67
%Share
0.0045
Total 168,346,695.57
2011-2012
18,448.72
234,546,324.45
http://commerce.nic.in/eidb/icnt.asp
61
%Share %Growth
0.0079
145.57
39.32
Import
(Table 3) 6: India Import from Mauritius (2010-2011)
To increase the level of awareness about ICT and the level of competence in
using personal computers and common computer applications.
Rank
HS
Cod
e
1.
TOTAL
2.
90
3.
84
4.
74
5.
30
6.
85
7.
71
8.
62
72
Description
Mauritiuss
Export to
India 2006
Mauritiuss
Export to
India 2007
Mauritiuss
Export to
India 2008
% Growth
2007/2006
% Growth
2008/2007
12.34
6.64
10.62
5.42
16.84
8.87
-13.95
-18.40
58.61
63.75
0.53
1.20
1.77
125.80
47.62
0.79
0.47
1.34
-41.44
187.10
0.04
0.99
0.72
2562.16
-27.31
0.28
0.19
0.63
-30.43
226.04
0.87
0.13
0.42
-85.35
229.13
0.29
0.21
0.40
-27.62
91.79
0.10
0.36
0.37
256.86
1.10
All Products
Iron and steel
Optical, photos,
technical,
medical, etc
apparatus
Nuclear
reactors.
boilers,
machinery, etc
Copper and
article thereof
Pharmaceutical
products
Electrical,
electronic
equipment
Pearls,
precious stone,
metals, coins,
etc
Articles of
apparel,
http://commerce.nic.in/eidb/icnt.asp
62
9.
38
10.
52
accessories,
not knit crochet
Miscellaneous
chemical
products
Cotton
0.02
0.04
0.37
122.22
812.50
0.32
0.20
0.32
-37.81
60.30
Indian and Mauritius are consent to make their negotiations for a Preferential Trade
agreement (PTA) to raise bilateral trade ties.
Earlier this year, An MoU was signed between the two countries to view the
consolidation of the textile and clothing and fashion industry, distribution greatest
practices. India-Mauritius trade in 2011 was $1.4 billion, up from $687 million in
2010.
Science, Engineering and Technology (SET) themes . The SET week, in line with the
Government
Programme
2010-2015
represents
new drive
to
Science
A large series of research and application area related to SET and including climate
change, agro-industry, marine resources, as well as service-oriented sectors such as
health, education and communication were also discussed and disseminated to the
public.
Tertiary education institutions, community and private sector institutions, and NGOs
participated as exhibitors in the National SET week 2011, which attracted around
1000 participants.
India Mauritius Trade Relations policy taken by India
To remove government controls and creating an atmosphere of trust and
transparency for promoting industrialization and trades.
overview of levies and charges on inputs used in export products.
http://focusafrica.gov.in/Top%2010%20products%20of%20exports%20to%20india_Mauritius.html
63
for
real
time
trade,
intelligence,
inquiry
and
information
dissemination.
64
The input of the IT/BPO division to the Mauritian economy is expected to grow to
some 8% by 2015 with direct employment in the sector amounting to 25,000.
During the past five years, the IT-BPO industry has sustained an annual growth rate
of 40% and the sector has contributed to 5.7% of GDP in 2009. There are about
15,000 professional directly service customers worldwide across the whole spectrum
of the ICT value chain.
The Mauritius government has position the building blocks to position Mauritius as a
global centre for information hosting, disaster revival, shared services.
65
ECOLOGY OF
MAURITIUS AND INDIAN
EXPORT TO MAURITIUS
66
In year 2011 there are various countries which are exporters of Mauritius which are
as under:
Import -partners
Contribution
India
25.6%
China
11.5%
France
9.4%
South Africa
7.3%
Singapore
5.9%
India is the biggest contributor of the export goods to Mauritius. Indias contribution is
25.60% which is greater than other four countries contribution.
There are various types of goods like petroleum products, manufactured goods,
foodstuffs, chemicals, Capital equipments, Mineral fuels, lubricants and related
products, Machinery and transport equipment, Food and live animals, Crude
materials (inedible) except fuel which are imported by Mauritius from different
countries.
Mauritius is a member of the African Union , World Trade Organization (WTO), the
Commonwealth, La Francophone, the Southern Africa Development Community
(SADC), The Indian Ocean Commission, the Common Market for Eastern and
Southern Africa (COMESA) and the Indian Ocean Rim Association.
Year
2007-2008
2008-2009
2009-2010
2010-2011
Indias Exports
(In US$) million
1086
1006.90
453.43
801.56
imported from China. In year 2010, these categories represented 39.5%, 31% and
19.5% of total import from China likewise. The main products imported textile yarn;
telecommunication and sound-recording and reproducing apparatus and equipment;
office machines and automatic data-processing machine and office stationary.
In comparison to other import partners, imports from France are more products
diversified: crude materials, inedible, except fuels (15.8%), chemicals and related
products, not included elsewhere (15.6%), manufactured goods classified chiefly by
materials (1.6%), machinery and transport equipment (20.4%) and miscellaneous
manufactured articles (18.3%). Products imported include cereals and cereal
preparations, medicinal and pharmaceutical products, wine, fish, crustaceans,
mollusks, aquatic invertebrates and preparations.
The main categories imported from South Africa in 2010 were food and live animals
(19.7%), mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials (23.5%) and manufactured
goods classified chiefly by materials (21.5%). Products imported include wine, iron
and steel, coal, coke, briquettes, petroleum products and related materials.
Year
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Import
2.25
2.51
3.39
4.39
3.5
3.94
5.16
70
business activities
topics in this report India Mauritius Trade Relations policy adopted by India.
The project focused on the Trading policies are trading procedures, Trade
contracts, Trade administrative and regulatory procedures, Trade and
investment opportunities, Business networking. they are working with Economy,
Commerce Formulate a Comprehensive Economic Cooperation and Partnership
Agreement ,Investment and economic cooperation, Indian investments in
Mauritius.
Some types of the products imported by the India like mineral fuels and oils,
distribution products, cotton products, pharmaceutical products cereals,
electrical ,electronic equipment , articles of apparel, accessories, not knit or
crochet, meat and edible meat offal, fish ,crustaceans, mollusks, aquatic
invertebrates, edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers, iron and steel.
India and Mauritius trade are done by the Bilateral trade agreement. In that
bilateral trade two country India and Mauritius are doing a business without
any trade restriction.
The export of goods in 2010 it was 61,990 but In 2011 64688 so there is
change of 2,698.so as we can see the change of 5% change in total export of
goods from the mauritious to other country .The domestic export of this
country was 50,621 in 2010.in 2011 it was 54,437.so there is change of 3816.
So it is 7% minor change in domestic change compare to 2010 to 2011.
The total exports from the home country to host was 69,550 In 2010 and in
2011 it was increase by 75,916. the change of 6,366 .
The total import is more compare to export from this country .in 2010 it was
1,34,882 after one year or 2011 it was 1,48,081.the change is 13,199. The
total percentage is change by the year increases 9.7%.
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LEGAL ENVIRONMENT,
WTO AND OTHER TRADE
UNIONS AND ITS
IMPACT ON COMMERCE
AND INDUSTRY
74
TRADE UNION
Unions are groups created in order to create fairness and job security in the
workplace
The Trade Union as Any combination whether is permanent or temporary
mainly for the purpose of regulating relations between workmen and employers or
between employers, and includes any federation of two or more trade unions.
Western countries can be traced back to the 18th century. Industrial
Development of India on the Western model, but started from the mid-19th century.
The main benefits of trade union
Negotiation
Representation
Information and advice
Member services
The Indian national trade union congress party and formed the congress leaders
like Nehru and Patel INTUC were involved.
The All Indian trade union congress is the first trade union communist party in
India.
Hind mazdoor sabha is organized to keep its members free of any political or
other interference outside.
Other Trade Unions are
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Unions are democratic organizations that are accountable to their members for
their policies and actions. Unions are usually modelled on the following structure:
Members
Stewards
Branches
Districts and/or regional office
National office
Each union member pays a subscription. The amount varies from one union to
another and is normally set at different levels depending on how much people earn.
It is usually between 5 and 8 per month. Some unions to reduce costs for
members unemployed.
Strength of Trade union
Uneven growth
Open-ended
Outside leadership
Financial problem
Multiplicity of union
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WTO
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international trade institution. The
WTO superseded the GATT and Mittal. The GATT was a provisional, multilateral
agreement governing international trade from 1947 until January 1, 1995. The
establishment of the WTO was negotiated in the last GATT round, the Uruguay
Round. The WTO hereditary a number of core principles after the GATT. These
ethics include.
These new agreements are ambitious from the rule governing additions to the
world trading system. However, at this workshop there are significant enforcement
problems and loopholes thatnumerous countries use to evade their obligations. It is
not yet clear if thesis agreements will profit the U.S. in the extended run.
The WTO currently HAS 132 members and 31 nations are actively seeking to
join. The U.S. plays significant role in all year accession negotiations; Ensuring That
U.S. economic interest Represented are well.
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During the period under review, India continued to reap benefits HAS from the
process of structural reform and Trade Liberalization Initiated in the early
1990s. This Contributed to the high GDP growth rates Reached, the resilience
of the Indian bargain to the global financial crisis, and the expansion of
exports and imports Both.
(1)ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
The Indian economy continued to expand at a fast pace falling on the review
period, the mild slowdown DESPITE Caused by the global financial crisis in
2008/09. Annual real GDP growth Be around over 8.4% Between 2006/07
and 2010/11, supported by strong domestic demand Primarily.
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Patents
Trade Marks
Copyrights
Industrial Designs
TRADE REGULATIONS
Simplification of export-import regulations has been a highlight of Indias
reform process, especially in the post WTO period. Indias current trade regulations
consist of import and export.
IMPORT RESTRICTIONS
Prohibited items like tallow, animal fats etc
Restricted items-which can be imported against a specific import license or by
special notifications and special permissions. Restrictions may be on account of
phytosanitary considerations for propagating materials (seeds, cuttings). or on
grounds of no essentiality such as alcoholic spirits, and certain types of consumer
goods.
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EXPORT RESTRICTIONS
Exports categories of goods is freely allowed and encouraged, except for the
following:
Prohibited items on the religious grounds (beef for example) or environmental and
bio conservation of grounds all wild animals and exotic birds and their parts, and
endangered plant species
declared under the CITES convention seashells of
certain species
THE MAURITIAN LEGAL SYSTEM
Mauritius had an inherited its laws from its 2 successive colon administrator,
France and Great Britain. Each one of these period has left a deep imprint on the
legal system of Mauritius for doing business. As a consequence there of, our system
is often referred as a mixed or complex legal system of Mauritius.
MAURITIUS BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
Mauritius is well served by business and telecommunications in development
infrastructure for doing business and is a dynamic economy the government actively
interested to motivate foreign investment and offshore activity through the Board of
Investment.
MAURITIUS FREE TRADE ZONES
N.B. many of the benefits of the EPZs are being phased out as part of a tax reform
programmed aimed at unifying and simplifying the Mauritian tax regime for doing
business.
LABOR LAWS AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT OF MAURITIUS:
Approval for FDI is granted through the automatic route (which does not
require for pre-approval from the government) or government approval
(through the Foreign Investment Promotion Board-FIPB)
In case of automatic approval, investors are required to notify the concerned
regional office of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) within 30 days of receipt of
inward remittance and file require for documents with that office within 30
days of issue of shares to foreign investors in country. Under the government
approval route for investment.
FDI proposal received by the Department of Economic Affairs (DEA),
Ministry of Finance (MOF) .However proposals from nonresident residents
and single brand retailing are received by Department of Industrial Policy &
Promotion (DIPP), Ministry of Commerce & Industry (MOCI) for India.
INDIAN LEGAL SYSTEM
Article 309 of the Constitution which occurs in chapter 1 of Part XIV deals with
the recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the Union or a State of
country. It empower the appropriate Legislature to regulate the recruitment and
conditions of service of persons appointed to public services and post in connection
with the affairs of the Union or of any State in the country.
Six essential sources of law of India
Customs
Religion
Judicial Decisions
Scientific commentaries
Equity
Legislation
LEGAL SYSTEM
The Republic of Mauritius (Mauritius) obtained its independence from Great
Britain in 1968 and republic in 1992. Mauritius was maintaining the membership to
the Commonwealth after its accession to the status of republic. A statement on
judicial review of legislative acts is also included for a number of countries.
Common law
Civil or code law
Islamic law
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COMMON LAW
A type of legal system often synonymous with "English common law," which is
the system of a England and a Wales in the UK and is also in forces in
approximately 80 countries formerly part of or influenced by the former British
Empires.
ISLAMIC LAW
The most widespread type of religious laws, it is the legal system enforced in
over 30 contrary and particularly in the Near East, but also in Africa, Indonesia,
Central and South Asia. In many countries Islamic law operates in tandem with a civil
law systems
NAPOLEONIC CIVIL CODE
A type of civil law referred to as the Civil Code or Code Civil des Francais and
the forms of the legal systems of France, and underpins the legal system of
Lebanon, Poland, Bolivia, Egypt, and the US state of Louisianas.
Employment law issues arise at any time and at all staff levels of a
companys structures. Our firm regularly assists clients by drafting tailor made
employment contract. We also provide assistance on industrial relations matters
involving negotiation, disciplinary hearing or court representation in the event of
litigation
TAXATION LAWS
In the United States, Congress makes all federal laws, including taxation laws.
State legislatures make all state laws, including state taxation laws. If authorized by
the state constitution and/or the state legislature, local government bodies
EMPLOYMENT LAW
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TOURISM INDUSTRY
87
TOURISM IN MAURITIUS
In Mauritius, tourism is one of the most important pillars of the economy contributing
significantly to economic growth and has been a key factor in the overall
development of Mauritius. Mauritius is predominantly a holiday destination for
beach-resort tourists.
The National Tourism Policy emphasizes impact was low, high spending tourism.
Up-market, quality tourism is favored, and although such tourism is not the only kind,
it constitutes the major segment of the tourists who stay in high class hotels.
Tourism is considered by many to be the largest industry in the world and the fastest
growing. Tourism provides many benefits for host communities and countries, but
there are also negative effects. And conducted impact studies in order to improve
our understanding of the positive and negative impacts of tourism so that steps can
be taken to mitigate the negative impacts and work on the development of
sustainable tourism. In other words, it is concerned sustainable tourism development
to maximize the benefits and minimize the negative impacts.
Tourism is seen by governments and a useful tool for economic development.
Tourism may provide economic benefits as follows: Work: Tourism is a laborintensive industry, entrepreneurial; Tourism encourages other industries, particularly
in the services sectors of the economy. Contribute to tourism in the four key areas of
the national economy:
economic development.
Tourism has become the main focus of the countries mainly for Small Island
developing States and affected population in terms of economic and social impacts,
cultural and environmental. Therefore, there is a need to understand how to
contribute to perceptions of local residents towards tourism. The purpose of this
study is primarily to provide the theoretical basis and framework to assess the
attitudes of the host on the environmental impact of tourism in Mauritius. Tourism
and the environment are interdependent, have been identified on the relationship
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between tourism and the environment globally with rapidly growing demand of
tourists to interact with the natural environment. Tourism has the ability to maintain
as well as the destruction of the environment. Environmental impact study is a critical
component of understanding of how the impact of tourism on the environment in
Mauritius.
Extensive studies covering the nature of the interaction of the main tourist and host,
the host and the characteristics of the relationship and their association with the
tourist environment. It is a fact that the noise pollution from airplanes, cars, and
buses, discotheques and recreational vehicles has become a growing problem of
modern life. Noise, pollution and cause disturbance and discomfort in people's lives,
and stress for humans also cause shortness of wildlife in sensitive areas. For
example, it can be noise generated by the cars of tourists cause animals to change
the normal activity patterns. There is a lack of planning, which failed to integrate
tourism structures. Large resorts may clash with the original design.
Tourism is still very much a growth industry in Mauritius. There is no doubt that
tourism contributed significantly to the economic progress of the island and the
general welfare of its population. In fact, tourism is the third pillar of the Mauritian
economy is, it is clear that tourism will continue to be an important contribution to the
economy in the coming decades. Therefore, Mauritius Tourism is an important part
of the economy of Mauritius as well as an important source of foreign exchange
earnings.
The tourism industry is an important economic mainstay on the island of Rodriguez,
tourism has provided only in the Agalega Islands. Of Mauritius is mainly by tourists
because of its natural beauty and man-made attractions valued and multi-ethnic
diversity and cultural rights of the population, and the tropical climate, beautiful
beaches and water sports. Various national agencies and government bodies,
including the power Mauritius Tourism Promotion, Water Authority, the Central
Ministry of Environment and quality of life, and the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine
Resources, Ministry of Energy, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Housing, land and
urban and rural planning, among other things, the promotion of sustainable tourism.
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Strengths
Mauritius has one of the most successful and competitive economies in Africa. It is
the fastest growing economy in Africa.
It has been recognized as the top regional business reformer, the best place
is in Africa in which to do business.
Doing Business Survey ranks Mauritius first in Africa and 24th in the world for
ease of doing business.
A really nice infrastructure with superb communications is available.
An outstanding network of sea and air transport
A highly literate, bilingual and friendly labor force
A well capitalized and profitable banking sector has made it possible to
support growth while limiting foreign debt.
It has maintained good relations with countries in the West and on the Indian
Ocean Rim.
Among Africa's most developed countries, Mauritius has benefited by a good
political and institutional situation.
Weaknesses
Overdependence on exports of textile products and sugar and to vulnerability
to climatic conditions and unforeseen fluctuations in export prices.
The sugar and textile sectors that generate nearly 20 per cent of jobs and 40
per cent of exports have suffered from the failure to extend preferential trade
agreements.
The restructuring needed in these two sectors could increase unemployment
and create a possible source of social unrest.
The high debt accumulated by the public sector 72% of GDP end 2005
reflect its persistent difficulties.
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Opportunities
Accommodation
Religion
Culture
Family
Weddings & Honeymoons:
Beaches
Spas & Wellness
Watersports
Diving
Saling & Sea Excursions
Land-Sports
Golf
Green Tourism
Medical Tourism
Cuisine
Essence & Senses
Shopping
Sky-Diving
Cruises
Luxury Resorts
Tourist Villages
Night Life
Casinos
Patrimoine Mauricien - Lieux de Culte
THREATS
Telecom liberalization stalls
Future governments not committed to ICT
High risk on Natural Disaster
Other competitors in the offshore software industry
Tourists threatens the Mauritius coral reefs
Growing littering is threatening to put off all the mainly upmarket tourists who
flock to the Indian Ocean island famous for its pristine palm-fringed beaches.
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Political environment
Need of a more stable policy, Riots such as the death of singer Kaya should not
happen because that doesnot make tourists feel safe, and therefore will prefer nonattendance to Mauritius and this too has a negative impact on the tourism industry.
Government may adopt an open skies policy of Mauritius, to allow more airlines to
come to Mauritius. This may lead to mass tourism, and if they are not prepared
Mauritius for this type of tourism, and will soon become saturated with the problems
faced by mass tourism, will not be sustainable sites correctly. Moreover, it was found
that rely on mass tourism can have a devastating impact on tourism by the World
Trade Organization said that Mass tourism involves important risk of financial system
needy tourism. Depression and the effects of natural disasters such as tropical
storms and hurricanes, as well as varying patterns Tourism can have a devastating
impact on the local tourism industry as per declared by Dr. Amen, in the learning of
tourism and financial development. May the constant increase in taxes have an
impact on stakeholders in the aviation industry and accommodation?
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Economic environment
The Council of Ministers can withdraw and Minister of Finance and five others raises
the political crisis that is likely to shake the growing economy of Mauritius , one of the
most stable countries in Africa, which is a financial hub and a magnet for tourists.
The tourism business never die away to develop ,regardless of the trouble it has
come across in recent few years, for instance the credit crisis, violence, incessant
escalating fuel charges along with the fatal disease spread , the avian flu (bird flu).
As per the statement given by the World Tourism Organization (WTO), tourism
turned out well again sturdily in the year of 2010 according to the observation made
by United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). Tourist influx has been
increased by approximately 7seven percent, that if we look in numbers of population
it is about 935 million, subsequently decreased by around four percent in 2009
when the world faced the most potent economic crisis.
Tourism in Mauritius is considered as the largely imperative base as far as the
economy is concerned as well as major reason for generating money in various tiny
island developing states. It is turned out as the foundation of occupation
establishment and profits in favor of undersized land mass citizens.
A transformation in the sightseeing requirement for an atoll might encompass a key
blow on the GDP (that equals to sum of cost of goods and services formed in a
nation during a definite phase of instant, generally one year), the financial statement
and the Balance of Payments.
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Social environment
Here, the social impacts in the tourism industry of Mauritius can be easily
understood by the following points:
Increase in prices,
The Mauritian Government has been investing in its human capital. It spends about
50% of its budget on a comprehensive welfare system. It comprises of free health
care, free education, universal non contributory pension for the elderly and a
number of schemes for the vulnerable schemes.
In addition to this, the income support programmes like free transport systems for the
students and the elderly have also been established. Then, subsidies on basic
commodities like flour, rice and cooking gas have been also maintained.
Innovative strategies and policies have been implemented in different sectors in orde
r to promote social advancement.
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Technological environment
Here, the technological conditions in the tourism industry of Mauritius can be easily
understood by the following points:
Role of web and internet is increasing day-by-day.
It facilitates online booking for the tourists.
There is an efficiency of economy.
The tourists are being provided easy payment facilities via online and use of
credit cards.
Wi-Fi facility is also being provided to the tourists of Mauritius.
Other facility like, easy recharge of mobile phone is also being provided.
VIP laser clinics are also set up in Mauritius.
Mauritius satisfies many of the conditions to become a medical destination for
tourists.
It benefits from the latest technologies and cosmetic surgery or dentistry
equipments. Here, clinics and private health centres are also supported by
modern diagnostic, medical centres and laboratories.
Sun Resorts are attached to all aspects of environmental conservation,
ranging to defense from marine and land eco-systems to the use of new
sources of energy in Mauritius.
Thus, the technological condition in the tourism industry of Mauritius is increasing
very rapidly.
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Legal environment
The government and most of the operators in the sector of tourism arrivals expect a
significant increase in the coming years. Given the potential increase in the number
of arrivals, it becomes important to study and understand the dynamics of the
industry, and their impact on the environment, whether physical or social implications
manifold increase in the number of arrivals will bring to Mauritius.
Objects and functions of Authority ,Objects of power must be
Create code of practice and standard exit load or run Tourism companies and
monitoring compliances with such Code of practice and Development of
standards;
Provide advice to the Minister on the structure of the license fee for the
tourism industry;
Powers of authority
Authority may do all the things NEC or convenient to be done for or in of its
functions.
Powers and the authority of the Iraqi National Congress but may not be
limited to, the ability to -
Environmental condition
Linkages between tourism and the environment are very clear in all countries,
but more importantly, on the small island developing countries, such as Mauritius,
where tourism is a major part of the economic development. And each island can
be considered as a coastal area, because many causes of environmental
degradation comes the whole of the island to the beach and the lake. Given the
type of tourism - beach tourism - all developments are concentrated on the beach
in very fragile eco systems. In Mauritius, and environmental issues are more
important, because of the strong economic growth.
On the physical environment, and tourism development because the government
was forced to take the environment in mind:
Tourism also allowed the harmonious development on the coast
(landscapes, architecture interesting, clean areas ) that serve many
examples of companies.
This is especially true on the hotel complexes, produced by the foreign
companies. There is a positive effect of environment is economic: direct
labor and indirect effects on all sectors of the economy: Fishing,
agriculture, and services ...; big entrance of currency into the country.
The social impact of: spaciousness chest, good connections often with the
Europeans, in contrast to relations with the European origin's local people,
which gives them another picture of themselves.
On the contrary, environmental degradation due to other economic sectors
has a very negative impact on tourism development: industry, agriculture,
fishing, urbanization, and sand mining. Piles of industrial and domestic
garbage, the gradual disappearance of natural spaces on the beach water
quality of the lake and the Dead coral (noticed by a large number of
tourists),decline in relational qualities due to the number of tourists as well
as for social and economic change structure.
On a long-term basis: coastal erosion, degradation of coral reefs: More
and more projects in areas that were previously inaccessible, very fragile,
especially on islands the island and the main areas that have been
announced public beaches or in the process of being declared general,
because the interesting areas of tourism developments have become rare.
97
Competitor analysis -
98
determine where you will get the services. Therefore Porter expects the model's
ability to bargain buyers and business brokers.
Tourists who are the major consumers in the tourism industry, leisure and hospitality
are more and more able to take advantage of their bargaining power and thus create
a model Porter met. Due to the increased bargaining power of consumers, this
economic power shifts bargaining power to end users as expected by the model
Porter, freedom buyer reduces the cost of switching to another supplier and thus
reduce loyalty to a single company, as a result, most companies maximize the use of
their opportunity once to ensure that the client sticks to the Company by impress
other clients with unique differences and extremely valuable. Competition among
competitors in the tourism industry, leisure and hospitality is fierce. Potential
customers identify a company that offers the best services, among the competitors.
Consumers in this industry tend to seek the best price for the best experience and
the tendency of companies is reducing prices to a competitive level.
This industry covers a wider area so as to expand the market and thus increase the
number of competitors. For example, a person who wants to spend the day in a
historic site easily chooses the tour company in the neighboring city if amenities or
prices are low. Can be variable and fixed costs will be different in areas that are
more expensive to live barriers to entry.
The initial investment in the tourism industry, leisure and hospitality creates quite a
barrier to entry by new firms and the next. However some of the barriers are reduced
to enter the tourism market through economic analysis. Economic analysis gives
new competitors access to potential suppliers and resources. Even a clerk in the
industry can use the results of the economic analysis and key marketing concepts
and magic for customers.
Differentiation is a critical barrier to the entrance. The company, which can
successfully difference itself through the site, service, amenities or other quality, has
a greater potential to attract and keep customers. Another barrier to entry in the
business in the tourism industry, leisure and hospitality is the experience that the
company owns. In this industry employees can leave a series of one company to
work in another country and they take those experiences in terms of training given or
experience they have gained. And through areas of expertise and differentiation, the
company can make a significant impact on their customers. Most tour operators and
leisure and hospitality have created synergies between their businesses and
established commercial channels. The bargaining power of suppliers in the tourism
industry, leisure and hospitality, and the bargaining power of suppliers, has an
impact, especially in services. Employees of companies are the main suppliers, and
the bargaining power of labor supply is higher when there are fewer people to fill the
service department of the industry, and companies can attract excellent staff and
create an opportunity to provide excellent and exceptional experiences for their
customers. To create a reserve of its suppliers, all chains should company has a
100
department for hiring a staff member as part of its strategy. Supplies needed by
companies such as hotels are also easier to achieve if originated by the supplier or
by the hotel chain.
With products in high demand by larger numbers of companies and suppliers earn
more amount of power since there is competition for their services and products on
the results of this industry. Companies in the sectors of tourism, leisure and
hospitality industry benefits from the Porters analysis model because of its ability to
produce the greatest value in terms of profitability, the industry generally is
dominated by a small number of large companies. They have the greatest market
share in most cases that affect the structure and shape of the industry. It could be
planning sector of the company to benefit from the analysis. The company should
aim to make a profit through commercial means. The failure to achieve profits over
long periods of time is likely to cease trading. These include parks, restaurants, tour
operators and travel agents.
Can human resource management through the analysis as part of the overall
strategy as well as providing for service members who benefit from the ideas of
Porter, and can increase the value through the consolidation of companies across
multiple sites, and the formation of directories business knowledge, and to allow
access to real-time resources by consumers, all the benefits Company by controlling
and forecasting through their systems with suppliers as described by Porter. This
model leads to increased profitability (Porter, 1980).
Every kind of company needs to identify the strengths unique, target market and
align its strategy to support the identity, and corporate chains' I chose to be a lowcost, or to command premium prices. Distinguish the company from its competitors
is vital. It can easily be enhanced through the Porter model, through superior input,
and improve staff training as part of the supplier and through effective management.
Adds value differentiation which makes it difficult for competitors in the same field to
keep the distinctive strategic locations for the company because it eases the change
to best practices and improve operational efficiency. These differences make the
business more profitable.
Companies are fragmented in the tourism industry, leisure and hospitality. Therefore
there is a need for each company to conduct independent Industrial analysis to make
it easier for consumers from remote areas and on a larger scale to identify the
company or to apply for services, consumers should be on the easy access to
services. It is likely to increase profitability when the process easy to handle and
complete. Porter refers to similar examples in the industry, and this has a direct
impact on companies. Other travel agencies who arrange to stay at the hotel,
business and tourism are always face-to-face business, and this usually preserves
the economic value of the deal. For the entire companies model Porter complement
but not dismantled the methods used in doing businesses. It thus becomes a link in
the business strategies.
101
102
FISHERY INDUSTRY
103
Marine Fishery
The main species available here are mullets, sigannis, scarids, lethrinids. In artisanal fishery
2256 were active fishermen. In Mauritius there were 1898 fishing boats
and in Rodrigues
there were 900 fishing boats. Fishing agreegating Devices encouraged fishing on large part
when there was reduction in the effort of fishing.
Aquaculture
104
It includes the production of marine red drum fishes, red tilapia and gaint freshwater prawn.
In year 2004 361 tonnes was the total aquaculture production.
It employees around eleven thousand people. The export earning is around 112 Million US$
even though it is enable to satisfy the local market needs. .It employees around eleven
thousand people. The export earning is around 112 Million US$ even though it is enable to
satisfy the local market needs.
The fishing industry plays very important role in providing employment and various
other associated activities. The contribution of the fishing industry in Gross Domestic
Production is 1%. Two billion was invested behind seafood during the year of 2005.
In Mauritius new operators are encouraged to start and setup the fishery business.
Now on the concept open at all hours and one at-all- hours concept the services and
procedures like unloading, export of fishes products and fishes and loading is carried out.
These processes ensure that the services are provided on weekly that is 7 days basis.
There was an increase by 16.1% export in seafood during the year2009 from the year
2007 which was 12.7%. The value of exports increase14% and the growth of seafood
industry was 5.3% during the year 2009. For the year 2010, and the goal than that is to
strengthen the industry from of through the re-investment and expansion in a new the
activities.
Promote new activities is partly the integration of other development functions and
partly in search of new opportunities. I order to produce commercial viable idea the scientist
economist, and technicians were not clear.
Fish production went up by 25.6% to reach 4,125 tons in 2012 from 5,542 tonnes in
2011.ThisThe decline was attributed to a drop of 35.0% in the production of other fishing
105
(tuna, bank etc.)3,442 tons in 2011 to 2,237 tons in 2012 along with a decline of 10.1% in the
production of Coastal fresh fish catch of 2,100 tons in 2011 to 1,888 tons in 2012.
The seafood industry in the last three years, Mauritius has undergone a major
expansion. In 2011, the sector's contribution to GDP was 1.3%. If the Seafood sector exports
15% of total goods exports. Two in 2012 to expand the reach of small-scale project was
launched with the aquaculture; two pilot projects will be launched in Le Morne and
Mahebourg. .VAT paid on equipment, which in 2012 and the scheme for the fisheries sector
like VAT refund schemes, which registered producers in return for an additional year, so that
has been extended to 2013.
Commission and Mauritius in February 2012. The European Union (EU) is currently
completing its internal procedures for the Protocol to enter into force. The final wording of
the internal procedures of the European Union normally takes about one year to complete.
Seafood Hub
Seafood Hub Mauritius is an initiative of the private sector joint public policy work. It
provides a single-window service in the Trade and Marketing Center (TMC) in the free port
area to facilitate administrative procedures for loading / unloading / export of fish and fish
products. Access to the entire value chain of seafood hub Mauritius include fishing,
transshipment, warehousing, storage and processing of light (sorting, grading, cleaning,
filleting loinning), canning, and ancillary services (ship chandelling, bunkering, raising the
ship, the agency ships and shipbuilding and repair)
The unit is based on Port State Control (PSCU) in a single window that facilitates services
provide a way for operators and includes:
- Ministry of Fisheries;
- The competent authority - seafood;
- Customs Authority;
- The passport and immigration.
The main activities of the PSCU are: issuing a license to the port of destination, check
the documentation on board vessels landing fish inspection of foreign ships and local
communities; permit for ships / boats to leave the port for fishing expeditions; issuing permits
landing of fish and imported fish products; issuing export authorizations.
twelve thousand people.Mauritius has a delicate task to maintain a balance between the
development of fisheries and conservation of fishery resources at sustainable levels while
taking into account the interest of the fishing community and stakeholders in the fishing
industry.Fisheries from Mauritius include any traditional fishing operations, bank fishing, and
fishing chilled fish and fish sword fish, tuna fisheries and deep-sea demersal fish.
Financial compensation
In addition to the increase in the license fee payable for each fishing vessel EU undertakes to
make financial provisions as follows:
(I) pay an annual sum of 292,500 for financial compensation represents a basic annual
fishing than 6500 tons of tuna with 75 for any additional tonne caught;
Fishing agreement with the Union Cooperative Society of Japan Tuna Fisheries
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The agreement was signed with the European Union fishing for tuna fisheries Japan
Cooperative Societies May 2010 to allow the ships to Japanese tuna longline fishing in the
waters of Mauritius has been renewed on an annual basis.
The economic contribution of the fisheries sector
And called the fisheries sector through the development of Mauritius axis of seafood and
aquaculture can play a key role in economic development. Fish processing industry
contributes about 7 billion rupees for the processing capacity of 100,000 tons and 770 calls of
fishing vessels in the ports sector to generate about 5 billion rupees for the economy. Local
fisheries production of about 700 million rupees. Exports of fish and fish products in 2011 to
80,000 tons, some valued at about 6 billion rupees. Fisheries sector generates revenues to the
tune of 40 million rupees annually through the issuance of foreign fishing licenses and is
positive and reached 581 million rupees in 2005 and this will be reflected the same trend for
the year 2011.
Mauritius trade
Mauritius imports of fish and fishery products different for domestic consumption, as well as
a large amount of frozen tuna for processing by canning. The bulk of the exports of fish and
fish products are canned tuna with a small amount of fresh fish. The value of exports in
general tend to achieve a balance between imports. Per capita consumption of fish in 2011
was 20 kg.
Fish trade
IMPORT
2009
2010
2011
Quantity (MT)
62,323
80,943
104,830
Value (Rs M)
2,560.1
3,170.1
4,261.2
Quantity (MT)
48,719
54,242
67,249
Value (Rs M)
3,178.4
3,358.1
4,842.1
SURPLUS (Rs M)
+618.3
+188.0
+580.9
EXPORT
Conclusions
109
Given the challenges faced by U.S. ESA in the negotiation processes within the framework of
the World Trade Organization and the Environmental Protection Agency as it relates to
fisheries, and with the support of the European Commission is strongly recommended at the
multilateral level to negotiate related ulcers preference under the NAMA (a selection clause
is agreed), edit ROO The new fisheries subsidies disciplines under the Agreement on
Subsidies and Countervailing Measures.
Technological environment.
At the beginning of this century, ICES was concerned about fishing technology especially the
increasing use of trawls and the proportion of undersized fish in the catch. In 1904, the 2nd
volume of the Rapports et Process Verbaux includes an article titled Draft program for
experiments with nets (trawls) By request of the Bureau in response to a memorandum on the
subject from Sweden, ICES formed a sub-committee to investigate comparative fishing of
several types of trawls. This sub-committee later evolved into the North Sea Sub-Committee
on Comparative Fishing. In 1954, after an informal meeting at The Hague between scientists
from The Netherlands, Lowestoft, Aberdeen, and Hamburg, a petition was drawn up to
recommend to the Bureau the creation of a full committee to deal with investigations into
fishing gears and fishing methodology.
The evolution of the Working Group on Fishing Technology and Fish Behaviour (WGFTFB)
in ICES closely parallels that of the fishing industry and strong links between science and the
industry have resulted. Prior to its official creation in 1983, the Working Group existed in
many forms throughout the history of ICES, with its work being carried out by a number of
committees, working groups, and study groups. The Working Group has altered the emphasis
of its work over the years as the priorities of the fishing industry, and the scientific and ICES
community have developed. Key topics in the past 50 years included the study of new trawl
designs and methods to increase the fishing power of vessels to catch more fish, the
development of fuel efficient operation during times of high oil prices, and the study of
conservative gears focusing on increasing the efficiency and selectivity of both mobile and
static fishing gears for finfish.
In the late 1940s and the 1950s, there were major advances in technology of great importance
to both the fishing industry and fishing technology research. Echosounders and netsondes
were developed for use on vessels and fishing gear, underwater photography was pioneered
providing a vital tool for fish behaviour studies, underwater instrumentation for the study of
110
the engineering performance of fishing gears was developing, and synthetic materials for
netting became available on the market.
1961-1970
Under the guidance of the Comparative Fishing Committee, several short-term working
groups were set up during the decade to deal with specific issues such as mesh selection in
commercial gears, selectivity analysis, effect of fishing vessel characteristics on effort
measurements, and fishing gear and fish behaviour
In the 1960s, synthetic netting yarns had almost completely replaced the yarns made of
natural fibers for the construction of fishing nets.
In the early 1960s the Technical Committee ISO/TC 38 Textiles of the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) started drafting standards on fishing nets. Gear
specialists initiated and collaborated in drafting standards on definitions, numbering systems,
cutting rates, methods for testing of netting materials, drawings of fishing nets etc (von
Brandt, 1963).
The first applications in fishing gears were tested in shrimp beam trawls and later in
trawls for catching flatfish (particularly sole). Testing and redesigning of the electrical
equipment followed throughout the decade and into the next, right up to 1988. Electrical
stimulation was successful and it was widely anticipated that it would be introduced into
commercial practice, but it never happened (van Marlen et al., 1997). Ironically, the general
outcry to diminish the impact of fishing gears on benthic substrate and benthos refocused
interest in electrical stimulation in 1995, and new experiments started in The Netherlands and
Belgium.
Beam Trawls and Seine Nets was created in 1995 to detail progress and methodology (Anon,
1996).
Immediately after capture, several chemical and biological changes take place in dead fish
which can ultimately lead to rejection for human consumption because of the spoilage. Fish
post-harvest losses are beneficial especially in developing the countries. Estimated at 10 to 12
million tones they account for around 10 percent of the global capture and cultured fish. That
is why understanding the post-harvest changes that occur in fish is very important in
111
developing appropriate measures to reduce losses and preserve the quality and safety of the
finished products.
Legal Environment
Legal Framework
The Fisheries and Marine Resources Act 1998 (FMRA) provides the necessary legal
framework for fisheries and marine living resources management. It makes the provision for
registration of fishers; collection of fisheries information; setting up of marine protected areas
(fishing reserves and marine parks and reserves) and fish farming; prohibition of fishing by
the use of poisonous substances, explosives or spears closed periods for net fishing and
fishing of oysters; prohibition of fishing of undersized fish, crabs and lobsters in the berried
state, turtles and marine mammals, it prohibitthe sale of toxic fish and fish products unfit for
human consumption; import of fish and fish products; import of fishing vessels; and licensing
of nets and the fishing implementation.
AID
FAO/UNDP successfully implemented an FAD development fishery project in 1980s. A
survey for the assessment of the deepwater shrimp stocks in the waters of Mauritius was
carried out with the assistance of FAO/UNDP in 1990. FAO is currently assisting to fisheries
through a two-year project for stock assessment of the St Brandon fishery.
The Contributes to the fisheries sector 1% of GDP (GDP), and plays a key role in terms of
jobs and other activities associated with them. The total investment in the axis of seafood as
in December 2005 to Rs. Two billion. Contribution axis of seafood along with the possibility
of maximizing the use of aquaculture development and expected outcomes of the land based
will undoubtedly give perimeter activities of fisheries and weight is important in the
contribution of the national wealth of the country in the near future. Mauritius is to encourage
the development model focused on human resources, information technology and seafood,
with a focus on activities add higher value.
112
Strong monopoly for the supply of blue marlin fish seller : Size blue marlin
enormous and the ability fighting legendary makes it one of the most gamefish highly
targeted in world.These giants are real top of the food chain. capture the largest blue
marlin in the weight Mauritius 1430. every size fish trophy are female, and the male
does not exceed 300 lbs. believe harpoon to live up to 15 years.
The use of expensive equipment in the fishing industry: Includes fishing assets 2.525
wooden fridge and fiberglass boats in 6-7 meters. Motorized and also about 85% of the fleet
while sailing another use. Actual cost of the Rwandan Patriotic Front 7 meters long boat almost
113
RS 2,00,000-2,50, the 000. , Boats equipped big game with first-class international
Mauritius is one of the best fishing destination : In Mauritius there are many
companies that have established their business in providing entertainment and tuna.
There are many tourists come to Mauritius because mauratius is one of the best fishing
destination. And is given the name of the company is as under. For eg.. No significant
Bruges Game Fishing Mauritius, ROYAL BIG Game Fishing:
The bargaining power of the processor is very high because the demand of the fish
is very high in the local market, as well as tourism demand for the purpose of entertainment
activity. So, on the basis of market condition of Mauritius we can say that the bargaining
power of the suppliers in fishing industry is very high.
The Economic and social development in tuna industry : It should be noted that
canneries competing in development countries low they have assets fully depreciated,
and fish is the cheapest supplies throughout the year, factories produce larger and
more efficient. On top of all these factors, the labor cost less in the producers giants
like Thailand than it was in Mauritius ,
Luxury facility with a new innovation in the boat: Aboard luxury boats, and is
fully equipped with gear on a global level, and the crew will from our experts take
114
you to the best sites where waiting for treasures in the deep sea. Enjoy the freedom of
sailing across the water cobalt blue of the Indian Ocean, ready for a lifetime of big
game experience in the field fishing in Mauritius.
Does not control on prices of fish: There is no control on the prices of fresh fish
in mauratius, and decided to prices based on market forces like..Consumer
preference and taste , Seasonal fluctuations , Effective demand from the buyer for
companies such as restaurants, restaurants, and hotels.
The competition power in between the fish market is very high because the market does not
have any price control so the competitors of the fish industry make very high fluctuation of
the price of the fish. And the development of the economy make the market very competitive
in Mauritius.
many
species
of
edible
fish.
other
marine
life
taken
as
food
Is also used for fish and marine life other for many other uses: pearls and mother-ofpearl , shark and Rayskin of . horses sea , fish star , sea urchins and sea cucumbers are
used in traditional Chinese medicine . purple is a pigment made from marine snails,
and Sepia is a dye made from secretions Habre of cuttlefish . glue fish has long been
valued
for
use
in
all
types
of
products. isinglass is
used
to clarify the wine and beer . emulsion fish is a fertilizer emulsion that is produced
from the remaining fluid from processed fish for fish oil and fish meal.
In this industry in the long seafood products are often used instead of fish products.
Seafood
like
115
..
The threat of the substitute market of the fish industry is very low because the
substitute product of the fish market is only the sea product but the most of the development
is only in the fishery industry. So because of the less development of the other sea product
market the threat of the alternative product in the fishing industry is very low.
Geographical factors limit the competition : : If existing competitors have the best
geographic locations, and will new competitors have a competitive disadvantage.
Reduction of geographical factors affect positively on the fishing industry in
Mauritius.
High capital requirements : The capital is the most important part is required in the
work requirements of high capital means that the company must spend a lot of money
in order to compete in the market high capital requirements positively affect the
fishing industry in Mauritius
Barriers to entry are high : When high barriers, it is more difficult for new
competitors to enter the market barriers to entry fishing industry high positively affect
the profits of Mauritius barriers entering high and more profits in the business, and
thus Vanhisab
Investment Opportunities
The threat on the new entry in the fishery industry market is very law
because in the fishery industry the company require the huge amount of investment
and there are many barriers in the market the new entrance have to face.
Cosmetics
117
less left with buyers and suppliers also limited to this extent. Suppliers are
fishermen, so they will have the powers high on buyers.
analysis
is
structured
planning
and threats
method
engaged
used
in
to
evaluate
a project or
in
a business venture. Each and every word has their own meaning. A SWOT analysis can be
carried out for a person, product, place or industry. Fishery industries in Mauritius have their
own strength and weakness. A fishery industry is very well developed in the Mauritius
because they have a huge area of sea around them.
Everyone knows that there is no any downfall in this business but a competition with
the other nation can decrease the sales or revenue of fishery industry. Here we see that whole
SWOT analysis with their solutions so new investors can gather the information regarding
this.
STRENGTH
In this act they mentioned a Mauritian fishing boat. These boats are enrolled under
sec44. So some illegal fisherman cant enter in the business of fishery. According to this act
no person can import into Mauritius any fish, or fish product, except with a permit issued by
the Permanent Secretary. So with this rule we can easily sell our product in the local market
and for that we dont have to face any global competition.No person shall export from
Mauritius any fish or fish product except with a permit issued by the Permanent Secretary.
But in most of the cases a mauritius government give the permission to the industrialist.
Support private sector growth at all stages of the value chain, involving fish
production and in supporting industries. Ensure safe, adequate, good quality seafood for
domestic consumption. Decrease the medium to long term risk exposure of Mauritiuss
seafood export sector. Transition to a more of taking part, co-management approach to
fisheries management and development that involves all key stakeholders and recognizes the
118
private sector benefits that accrue from exploitation of Mauritian fisheries resources in
funding services to support management.
A monitoring programs means to redevelop new rules and regulation in the fishery
business. Maintenance of demarcation buoys in the Blue Bay Marine (BBMP).Regulate
permissible activities through the issue of permits for the BBMP and interference permits for
the other Marine Protected Areas. Production of live feed (phyto/zooplankton);
Acclimatization of berri rouge fingerlings to seawater; Provision of extension service and
dissemination of information on best practices for aquaculture .
In the mauritius they provide a number of new methods of equipment for the
improvement of fishery industry. They use specific criteria for evaluating the fish products.
For hygenic food they have an HACCP. It has increasingly been incorporated in the
aquaculture legislation of many importing countries of aquaculture products.
important development is that, from January 2002, labelling for origin and species has
become mandatory in the EU for fishery and aquaculture products offered for retail sale to
final consumers (Regulations Nos. 104/2000 and 2065/2001).To encourage use of effective
and efficient fishing techniques.To promote production and supply of safe and quality sea
food.To educate fishermen to develop a safety at sea culture.To create awareness on the
protection and conservation of the marine environment, and to foster the ecosystem approach
to fisheries.
WEAKNESS
119
No clear plan or business plan on laboratories (and new equipment) and positioning
(e.g. in relation with exporting)
OPPORTUNITY
Technical
Review of monitoring activities
Drafting of Fisheries Plans and Aquaculture Feasibility Reports in
conjunction with SWIOFP, IOC and others
Human Resources
Upgrading the qualification of staff:
THREATS
No MOU developed between the role players, overlap of research and responsibilities
120
AGRICULTURAL
INDUSTRY
121
In Mauritius about 40 per cent of the island's surface is being used for cultivation and
out of which almost 90 per cent is sugar cane, the rest is tea, tobacco and food crops. Sugar
cane cultivation was the main agricultural activity in Mauritius since many years.
The Ministry of Agro-Industry and Food Security emphasized the need to diversify
the agricultural sector because of falling production levels and the global food price crisis. (In
Mauritius Sugar price was reduced by 36% between year 2005 and 2009 mainly because of
cut in the sugar price of European Union.)
In year 2010 in order to increase the competitiveness of the sugar industry The
European Union earmarked 13 million. Agriculture industry in Mauritius has been improved
with the increased mechanization, better management; improved yields and the production of
energy from biogases (fibrous cane residue). The country produced 430,000 tones of sugar,
with a growth of 0.6 % compared to 2010 in year 2011. In export market different types of
sugars are also being produced for the export market.
Strength
As agricultural occupies more than half of the land area, a large number of people are
employed in agricultural and agricultural related jobs.
In Mauritius the quality of the seed is long lasting. As the storage facility provided
there is effective.
Leases may be for cane planting, flowers, food crops, fruits trees, and for the
development of the livestock.
Development of the hydroponic system in which new methods are developed for
doing irrigation without soil which help in good productivity.
Government of Mauritius is providing different loan schemes for the different purpose
of the agricultural sectors.
In Mauritius the total area of land is 194.494 hectares, out of which half of the area
about 110,796 hectares are use for the agricultural purpose.
122
The molasses block technology which is use more in livestock and also in other
sectors of the agricultural. As it is more costly the use of this technology is limited.
In tobacco industry the distribution network is strong and in each and every place.
Variety of brands are there. Most of the companies in tobacco industry are financially
sound. Tobacco industry is most developed as tobacco is addictive in nature.
In Mauritius the fishing industry is more developed as they have great entrepreneur
strength and unique skills in the chain of distribution. They also have the international
service companies.
Weakness
Production is effected by the frequents and severs drought as well as cyclones and
heavy rainfall. Costal land is effected by the more frequent storm surge destroying
crop and soil quality and productivity.
Scarcity of water well effect irrigation schemes especially in northern and western
area. Soil erosion is take place in sloping area due to heavy rainfall.
The main disadvantage in this type of cultivation is that the initial cost is very high
and the profit is made after two year.
Due to lack of the production of the agricultural product Mauritius has to import many
product of agricultural form other country.
Lack of water, land and new technologies. Supply of product is insufficient and
increases in the cost of the product.
Absent of in sustainability in the policy of the government, problem arising from the
legal framework and the failure to legislate.
Opportunities:
Bio farming
Threats
Sugar cane cultivation & sugar production remain the main activities in this sector.
There is around 67,000 hectares under agriculture, out of which 58,000 hectares are
dedicate to sugar cane cultivation.
124
Up to 75% of the countrys food needs are import, with a net food import bill of more
than USD $ 860 million.
The rising cost of sugar production has necessitated a restructuring of the industry,
with a focus on increased mechanisation, better yield, improved management and
energy production from bagasse.
There is also been a development of special sugars and tea for the export market.
Major Crops
Contribution:
4.6%ofGDP
9% of the total Labor force.
In fact, the agricultural area harvested in Mauritius has also decreased over the year,
more space being devoted to the booming real estate sector.
Between 2009 and 2010, there has been a 3% decline in total harvested crop area,
with a corresponding 6% fall in local food production.
125
The contribution of agriculture to GDP hovered around 4% in the last three years
compared to 6.9% in 2001. Furthermore, employment in the agricultural sector
stagnated at 46,200 in 2008 & in 2009.
Growth rates
According to FAO, in recent years, growth rates of world agricultural production and
crop yields have slowed down.
This has raised fearfor the world may not be able to grow enough food and other
commodities to ensure that future populations are adequately fed.
Price hike
All these factors affect the price of fruits and vegetables in Mauritius in one way or
another.
Customer choice around the world may be driven by taste & preference.
But today in Mauritius, there is only one factor which is affecting consumers most, &
that is price. Mauritius is already facing an alarming situation.
The Government earmarked Rs 1 billion annually for the Food Security Fund.
Different schemes by the Ministry of Agro Industry have yielded positive result,
so,encouraging the ministry to carry on with its strategy.
This is a testimony of the high importance that Government is giving to the agroindustry in Mauritius.
On the regional, Mauritius has access to more than 120,000 hectares of farming land
in Mozambique.
Environment Proctection
Agriculture represents the most efficient vectors for the protection and safeguard of
the environment in Mauritius, the more so that the country, due to its insularity, has a
fragile environment, which needs to be preserved at all costs.
126
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
97% of all extension officers involved with sugarcane and other crops and livestock, a
broad range of information (on crop and animal husbandry practices, new
technologies developed locally, market, individual farmer profiles) can be stored in a
computer and updated when necessary.
Extension officers generally possess basic skills required to use a computer and are
need to make use of IT in their work.
The information ranges from information on crop and animal husbandry, such as new
technology developed, to market information.
However, IT can provide information for decision-making all at the farm level as well
as at the policy formulation level.
Moreover, information carried out locally and new technology can be updated and
disseminated speedily when available on a computer.
IT also offer the ability to link up the information held up at various agricultural
institutions so that a wide range of information is available at any time. The use of
information technology in extension can also, in the future, lead to the development of
expert systems and decision support systems in the form of similar models.
Classifying molasses for use in livestock feeding has been used from a long time.
However the process was depending on heating and dehydration; as it was costly, the
use of molasses blocks was limited.
The MB technology has made substantial progress in the African continent over the
past few years. Moreover, a number of troubles will have to be tackle and solve, if the
technology is to be adopted on a sustained basis.
The technology can be examined as a suitable technology along the lines distinct, but
it is not a trouble-free case of technology transfer as indicated by the difficulty of the
problems being faced. The technology needs alteration and project management will
have to fairly consider planning, execution and control functions so that the
management loop is efficient.
The Franco-Mauritians have had land and rights to privileges that the other cultural
groups have not, and they form a small, advantaged high class. The Chinese and
Indians form subgroups in relation to language, religious branches, and regional birth.
Hindi is considered more prestigious among the Indian population, but northern
128
Indian dialects are more usually used in the landscape. The creoles have had the
poorest economic situation of any group.
Sugar
Sugarcane covers 45% of the total area of Mauritius and more than 90% of the
cultivated land. Nineteen (19) large estates account for about 55% of the 76,000
hectares planted in cane and range in size from about 730 hectares to 5,500 hectares.
Mauritian firms own fifteen (1/5th) of these plantations.
Livestock
Although self-reliant in poultry and red meat, Mauritius had to import 80% of its
dairy products and 90% of its beef.
Fishing
The total catch cost to 13,985 tons that includes fish trapped by foreign vessels for the
tuna canning industry.
Other Crops
Historically, sugar cane crop growing has been the main agricultural activity in
Mauritius. As the period of guaranteed price and quota free entrance for Mauritian
produced sugar on the EU market comes to an end, the usual sugar industry has now
transformed itself into a sugar cane cluster producing a number of types of sugar as
well as electricity from bagasse and ethanol.
Development of the agribusiness sector is very high on the schedule of the BOI. It
plans to attract further foreign investment in areas such as major hydroponic farming;
animal feed production, farm animals breeding and high value additional food
processing for export.
129
Agriculture today faces the problems of sustainable productivity and improved food
security on a decrease area of land under cultivation.
Until in recent times, biotechnology has been view as costly technology reasonable
only by rich industrial countries. However, it is now more and more considered as an
essential tool for developing countries to tackle the many problems of
underdevelopment.
The paper outline the current status of biotechnology in Mauritius, some main
constraints faced, as well as how policy maker are planning to create Mauritius
assume the role of a service supplier and know-how disseminator in the field of
biotechnology by acting as a regional hub and a regional nursery.
Mauritius has been using established biotechnology such as the production of beer,
alcohol and vinegar for several years.
However, biotechnology was introduce in our agriculture in 1985 with the set up of
the first tissue society laboratory at the MSIRI for the growth of potato and eventually
of sugarcane and it became completely equipped in 1993 .
The use of molecular techniques has enlarged the range of collection criteria, which
are no longer reliant on environmental factors and phenotypic appearance. Hence,
screening can take position early in the selection process, sinking the costs of
breeding new varieties.
Treatment use of agricultural waste Waste treatment has turn out to be one of the most
significant areas of application of biotechnology today in view of the ever-increasing
pollution from a increasing world population dependent on an ever larger number of
industries.
The biotechnological dealing of waste relies on the utilization of the vast assortment
of microorganisms and their versatile catabolic process to disgrace or transform
wastes either into useful biomass or into compounds less harmful to the environment.
Two pilot projects are being run, 1 at the St Martin pig farm and the second at Union
Sugar Estate with the purpose of integrating the control of effluence into the farming
130
The government wants to support the SMBs, diversify them by adding up value and
propelled by innovation, science and technology.
In adding to an inventive move toward for the promotion of direct foreign investments
(FDI) in order to accelerate the diversification of the Mauritian industrial base, the
government aims that at the promotion of exports by increasing faster links and pacts
with importers, the exploitation of niche markets and regional markets.
The government focus is to encourage industrial operators to adopt clean and more
efficient technologies and sustainable industrial development so as to satisfy the
customers in relation to ecological products.
131
Agriculture industry also goes with the following programs to sustain in the market
The commodity development programme:
agro-processing &
fruits
Action PLAN
Strategies to enhance the role of agriculture and in particular the non-sugarcane sector
in the economy.
Try to rise standard of living of the people &increasing demand for good quality &
safefood products.
Policy
From the last decades the production of the sugarcane, tea and fishing are declining
Livestock production is being undertaken mostly by some 4500 small breeders and
around 100-110 medium to large producers including the poultry sector.
132
So in past decades there are no of substitute products comes against sugar and fishery sector
to improve the agro business.
There are some of main substitute products
Potato
Onion
Pulses
MaizeOthers are Chillies, Crucifers (Cauliflower, Cabbage & Broccoli), Litchi,
Banana, & Pineapple
Failure to adopt new technologies to give a new impetus to the sector and to keep up
with market exigencies
High labour cost & high prices of chemicals including commonly used fertilisers;
The new players always try to Introduce, develop & testing of new varieties of
products
Only few items in Fruit production is there, mainly banana, litchis, pineapple and
mango.
Hydroponics technology, optimal fertiliser usage, disease and weed control, seed
treatment, soil fertility management, drought management, improvement of use of
agricultural residues for crop production, organic crop production and post-harvest
technology.
The following Research & Development they adopt
Identifying new fruit crops & varieties for the local & foreign market;
Livestock production
Organic Agriculture
When the buyers have full information of all the product in the market
When the product are standard or undifferentiated and face very less switching cost.
When the industry product is un important to the quality of the buyers products or
services.
The supplier can reduce the bargaining power of their customer by increasing their
loyalty to your business by adding the features, branding to your product, by direct
selling to consumers, by increasing the inherent or perceived value of a product. In
addition to that if you can select the customers who have the little knowledge of the
market and have less power than you can enhance your profitability.
The Mauritius has its own traditionally and a primarily agricultural economic system,
that has dominated by the mono-crop sugarcane up until the 1970.
Also the country has experienced a growth of the other sectors also, alongside a
diversification was there in the agriculture industry.
135
And also the sugar cane retains its position as the most significant agricultural export,
and also covering about almost 90% of the cultivated land area in the year 2010.
In the year 2010 the exports of raw sugar was been generated to $218,550,000 and its
refined sugar generated to $33,090,000.
Then the agriculture has seen a decline in its contribution to the national economy, as
with agriculture, forestry and in the fisheries contributing the 4% to the GDP in the
year 2010.
In the year 2009 the agricultural land accounted for 48.3% of total land area.
Also the country has seen increase in the production of flowers and fruits.
Exports of the mangoes, pineapples, also the lichis and the bananas are sent to the
European Union.
High freight costs have also pushed entrepreneurs towards increasing the proportion
of processed fruits and vegetables for export.
In the year 2005, there were 42,290 persons employed in the agricultural sector with
about the 18,600 in the sugarcane industry.
The challenge of potato production is to meet local demand during off-season. Some
24,000 t yearly is estimated as the current consumption, whereby 11, 000 t of potato
are imported and the rest are produced locally.
Imports of fresh potato and in processed form (either as chips, powder for mash and
frozen chips) increased by 47 % since 2001 to 2005.
TOMATO
136
ONION PRODUCTION
The crop is grown over some 300 ha with an average production of about 9,000 The
annual consumption of onion per capita is around 8 10 kg.
CARROT
Currently there is an increasing demand for quality produce and consumers are ready
to buy imported quality carrots at even high prices.
FRUIT PRODUCTION
LITCHI
The litchi from Mauritius has been fetching the highest price on the European market
every year at the beginning of November amounting to 9 -10 Euro/Kg.
This was the period when only country Mauritius is exporting litchi to Europe in the
world.
PINEAPPLE
Since the early 80s, pineapple has been permanently on the European market inspite
of drought and cyclones.
The local variety Victoria has earned a good name on the European market where in
the mid 1980s till now, export volume has increased from 10t to 600t.
BANANA
The demand for the quality banana is on the upward trend due to an increase in
standards of living, the rapid establishment of supermarkets/hypermarkets and the
expanding tourist industry.
137
TEA INDUSTRY
138
Tea industry has moved into a new phase during the period from 1999-2000, which were
represented in the following:
1.
Cover tea Plant the ion has an area of about 761 hectares.
139
2.
Only private tea factories in the process. This is the Bois Chery,
Flora and a new plant does not Chartreuse, which began
Corson,
in January 1999-
2000.
3.
4.
The
system
justification
stops
the
green
guaranteed
price. Absence
of
any
This body quasi-governmental, which gives employment to ten people, and to achieve these
losses year Rs 6.9 million.As those for years to come, with an estimated value they Rs 8.8
million for the year 2014.8300000 Rs 2015 and Rs 8.8million for 2016. To remedy the
situation, the government intends to distract the staff in the Ministry of the agricultural
industry.
From July 2009 to December 2010, the State contribution of Rs 5.25 million
for tuberculosis., But my body no longer receive any government support since 2011.
During the past 20 years, lost in tea exports and the rising cost of energy production.
Additionally, Morris product category tea to the world market regular.
The functions of the Tea board
Tea Board (TB) is the authority to grant permission for the cultivation of tea. Tea Board also
provides control over agriculture, export and import of tea. Which also oversees standards for
picking tea leaves.
140
of
factories
680 hectares
in
operation
Processed tea production
1,380 tons
The
2,200
number
employed
of
people
directly
or
indirectly
Average
annual
consumption
per
(kilograms)
Teal
capita
Today, only four tea manufacturers, production of black tea exclusively sell a wide range of
packages and flavors designed under the brands of their own, and to provide entirely in the
domestic market. Are produced about 1,310 tons of tea annually. Are exported quantity
marginal (40 tons per 2002), and value added consists tea (tea bags, luxury boxes).
production records has recorded over the past decade drastic downward trend as a result of a
change in a large area of the public in the tea plantations and other agricultural activities.
Figures
Tea sold
In 2010
1451 tons
141
in2011
1596 tons
Tea production
In 2011
1787 tons
Tea export
In 2010
35 tons
In 2011
Tea cultivation
700 hectares
The tea is grown mainly in New France, Bois Chery, Grand Bois, Flora, Dubreuil and
Midlands.
142
One day of the year 2737 BC, when the Chinese emperor Cheng Neng was resting under a
tree, and some tea leaves, and float on the wind, landed him a cup of hot water.
144
Porter's five forces analysis is a structure for industry analysis and business strategy
development formed by Michael Porter of the College of Business Administration at Harvard
University in 1979.
Key points:
Porter's five forces analysis is an important tool to assess the likelihood of
profitability in the industry. With a little adaptation, it is also useful as a means to assess the
balance of power in more general situations.
It works by looking at the strength of five significant forces that affect competition:
1.
Threat of new entry. power is also affected by power by the ability of people
to enter your market If it costs little in time or money to enter the market and
compete successfully, if there are few economies of scale in place, or if you have little
protection technologies major private , you can then enter new competitors quickly
your market and weaken your position. If you have a strong and durable barriers to
entry, and then you can maintain a positive attitude and fair advantage of them.
Introduction of force
Threat of new entry . Power is also affected by the ability of people to enter your
market If it costs little in time or money to enter the market and participate efficiently, if there
are few economies of scale in place, or if you have little protection technologies major private
, you can then enter new competitors quickly your market and weaken your position.
Mauritius in the country and has a population size 1,291,456 (2012 estimate).
Government of Mauritius is not based on any newcomer to start is own tea estate in the
country. Thus economies of scale is high.
145
This is how suppliers can put pressure on business. If one supplier has an effect large
enough to affect the company's margins and volumes, then it holds great strength. Here are
some of the reasons that may have the power suppliers:
Belle plant tore an annual capacity to 1.2 million kilos. No pipe products 2.0 million
kg. All these factories used Rotorvane / CTC manufacturing method. Nouvelle France has an
annual capacity of .08 million kilos, and makes both Orthodox and ROTOVANE / CTC tea.
Dubreuil, with CLC / CTC manufacture, has the capacity to 2.0 million kg
Low switching cost., Where the
This is the amount of stress can put customers on business. If one client has an effect large
enough to affect the company's margins and volumes, then the client a great strength. Here
are some of the reasons that clients may have power:
146
Competition for the sale of a product Mauritius tea in the market is very
difficult.
Different flavor in the tea industry is the same as a substitute in the tea
industry.
Drinking tea and firmly rooted in the traditions of Mauritius., The average tea
consumption on the island is one kilo per head. Mauritius average black tea drinks.
Mauritius some of Chinese descent are taking green tea.
Tea price is much cheaper when compared with coffee. Known as the Queen of the
drinks, tea fascinates millions all over the world. While increasing awareness of the
population to adapt to dietary habits that promote health, it is expected that the average
Mauritius will continue to drink tea as they are getting more and more scientific
evidence to confirm that tea is good for health, and can be consumed to prevent cancer
development and reduce the risk of heart disease.
147
As is the size of a limited company, but on the other way the retailer of
is also able to compete. The dealer or retailer of tea able to compete
tea
if
the
SWOT ANALYSIS
.
Strength
The raw-material for tea is supplied by its own supplier
markets.
is
Weakness
very
difficult.
operations
due
everywhere.
Opportunity
the
quality
tea.
to
Threat
quality
A younger age than shrubs (better quality of tea) than other domestic
goods.
Strengths
149
soft
Weakness
It is a major obstacle to the Bois Cherie tea to put out in the minds and
Encourage consumers to engage in brand switching.
Most sales issue, distributor cash then they can turn to competitors.
In the long term there will be a lucrative market for tea and ice tea flavor.
Opportunities
In the long term there will be a lucrative market for tea and ice
tea
flavor.
Market growth of the market because they tea bag intuitive object Continuous
Threats
The priest, the French report Galloys father, and tea factory, Camellia Sinensis, to
Mauritius in 1760. Pierre Poivre planted widely in 1770. However, until the advent of
the British that he was little more than a station museum. In the 19th century, Robert
Farquhar, the governor of Mauritius , and encouraged commercial cultivation of tea.
had a tea garden at Le Reduit. Unfortunately, when he left Mauritius, abandoned
farms, and no one was interested in this scheme.
2. A Major developments
150
In 1955, the government launched a plan possession of small tea farmers project
planning. Objective of the project is to establish a small tea plantations acquisition of
Crown Lands lease at the end of the day on the long-term nominal rental rates for
smallholder tea grouped in cooperative society.
Project farmers scheme "aims to lease state land to prospective farmers who were
accepted to create tea plantations in their own costs.Villages have been created by the
government of tea to encourage smallholders to live in the vicinity of the tea
plantations.
To care for the best benefit of all stakeholders, and repeat the command and control of
the tea industry and the replacement of the control of the tea industry for the year
1975.
Law gives the Tea Board with powers undue to replace tea Control Panel. After
promulgation of tea censorship law on the industry in 1975, and included in the TDA
and metayers private property that fall outside the scope of the Decree of 1959, which
is located within the jurisdiction of the Tea Board. As a result, , Council began setting
the prices of green leaf to smallholder TDA and metayers.
Completion of the apprentice training program smallholders in the early eighties. Was
only in 1984, a year marked by the booming tea prices that have expressed this
concern, and that could have been rented out to tea plantations for them.
In July 1986, have been filed on the Mauritius Tea Factory Co., Ltd. to take the
marketing activities of TDA and tea manufacturing.
151
In 1990, an attempt to correct the unhealthy situation in the tea sector, the government
approved a rehabilitation plan for 3 years by the Indian consulting team
ready. Rehabilitation plan implementedas 1991-1992.
The main objective of the plan, co-funded by the Government of India and Mauritius,
in order to improve efficiency at all levels - production, processing and marketing,
thus ensuring the continuity of the industry and profitability.
At present, the government through the Tea Board protects the tea industry
locally. Indeed the Council, as a general principle, do not allow the importation of
black tea except for a small amount for the purposes of blending. Imported tea has to
pay for the import license from 5,000 rupees / - for each shipment of any kind of tea
imported, which meets the import decreased 17% of the value of CIF Mauritius and
customs duties of 40%. with the general trend of global trade liberalization, the future
of the tea industry local depend on how successful the government will protect the
domestic industry tea to prevent the import in the country.
152
9.The factories
Belle plant RIP has an annual capacity to 1.2 million kilos. No pipe products 2.0
million kg. Both of these plants are used Rotorvane / CTC manufacturing method.
Mauritius tea are mainly of a pattern of carbon tetrachloride-making. They describe as
tea tasters copper in color with some good body and flavor.
10.The season
The growing season for Mauritius tea usually between October and May, with
December and January being the month peak. Does not grow tea throughout the year.
However, during the months of June to September, the temperature is generally cool,
and slowing growth.
11.Export Packing
And packaging for finished products, especially all kinds of tea grade principal is
generally done at the level of five paper bags lined with aluminum foil., Tea stacked
on real estate, stretching wrapped and ready for shipment.
12.Shipping
Is shipping through the Port Louis where maritime companies a variety of services,
import and export in the country. There sailing repeated to the UK and European ports
big and the United States, Canada, South Africa, Pakistan and other destinations.
Freight rates and sailing competitive and frequent.
13. Marketing
The tea is marketed in Mauritius in different parts of the world. Historically, I found
the majority of tea on their way to the United Kingdom, South Africa and Russia, and
the loyalty of long and customers alike.
153
BANKING INDUSTRY
154
Mauritius has a relatively large and well-developed domestic financial system and a
growing offshore sector in Mauritius . Mauritius belongs to a select group of developing
countries where domestic bank assets represent approximately hundred percent of Gross
Domestic Product (GDP), and contractual savings up to 40 percentage of GDP. The
growing offshore financial sector is also large relatively to GDP, but weakly integrated
with the domestic economy.
The basic financial sector infrastructure includes payment, securities trading and
settlement systems are modern and efficient. Access financial services are extremely high
with more than one bank account per capital and widespread branches banking and
Automated Teller Machine (ATMs).
The Mauritian banking industry conducted by 20 banks, of which 7 are local banks, 8
are foreign owned subsidiaries, one is a joint venture and four are branches of foreign
banks. All the banks in Mauritius are licensed by the Bank of Mauritius to carry out
banking business locally and internationally. Some of them biggest and reputable
international banks are present in Mauritius and actively carry out international cross
border activities.
This is a list of the main banks in Mauritius. There are currently dozen banks in to the
Mauritius .
The Mauritius Commercial Bank(MCB)
The State Bank of Mauritius(SCM)
Barclays Bank
HSBC
Bank of Baroda(BOB)
Bramer Banking Corporation
Bank One
Standard Bank
Standard Chartered Bank
Deutsche Bank
AfrAsia Bank
155
After that we have give such brief about the banks and its history.ans then we started
some brief introduction about the SWOT analysis.
We selected 3 banks give as below:
1. MCB(MAURITIUS COMMERCIAL BANK):
Mauritius Commercial Bank (MCB) is the oldest and largest banking institution of
Mauritius. It operates a system of forty two branches and over 4,000 point of sale
terminals across the island.
Strengths
1. MCB was the first privatized bank that giver it an edge over other nationalized
banks as it can develop any strategy consistent with the demand of market and free
form any political influence.
2. Mauritius Commercial Bank (MCB)
aggregates.
3. MCB is the largest private bank and market leader.
Weakness :
(72 percent of GDP), this implicit contingent liability is quite high and may be
unmanageable. MCB and SBM are widely considered too big to fail by depositors,
and, in past cases of bank resolution involving smaller banks, depositors did not suffer
losses
2. SBM (STATE BANK OF MAURITIUS)
SBM is the 2nd largest bank in Mauritius with a market share of about 25% of
domestic banking assets. In June 2011, its total asset valuation was approximately
US$3.34 billion (MUR:95.7 billion), with shareholders' equity of about US$557.1 million
(MUR:16 billion).
Strengths:
Treasury:
EBusiness
Risk Management
156
Diversified model
Higher returns
Human Resources
Market Firsts
Weakness:
Strengths-
International Finance
Weaknesses Branding.
2. Record profits ending
157
The use of these five forces model helps in analyzing the attractiveness and also the
competitive positioning of the business in the industry or market in general.
requirements,
government
policies,
customer
loyalty,
switching
The overall power of the customers in Mauritius is low because most of the people are
normal middle class ones and there are very few corporate customers and Mauritius is
still developing its knowledge in corporate banking. It is more in retail banking.
Therefore the bargaining power of the customers seems to be low.
158
As Professor Porter pointed out that Suppliers can exert bargaining power over
participants in an industry by threatening to raise prices or reduce the quality of purchased
goods and services.
There are three main suppliers of the bank's product and money. These are as under:
The depositors, the credit market and the central bank.
The overall power of the suppliers in the banking industry is low. They don't pose a threat
of influencing the decision of the banks in general.
The substitute goods or products or services are those goods that are different from the
ones that one firm offers but they perform the same function just like the original
products. It is a replacement of the original product.
This force shows to be high in the banking industry. So, the customers have a choice and
it is up to them what they choose. This creates competition between the firms in the
banking sector. However, due to the fact that it is very much safe and people have much
confidence in banks then this threat is minimized.
Competition or Rivalry simple means carrying out some tasks with the fellow members
and then trying to perform better than them all.
There are a number of factors affects the degree of rivalry like:Competitor balance,
industry growth rate and low differentiation.
159
In conduct of PESTEL analysis, business managers may create strategy that take several
macro-environmental factors into concern, so that the strategy formulation process will be
as sensitive to current and future environmental factors as possible.
- borrowing becomes cheaper when interest rates reduce. Due to the very slow
economic recovery in our main markets, growth will be markedly lower (closer to
3.0%) than the targeted level of 4% at the establish of the year. A cut in the REPO
rate would therefore, in assumption, reduce the cost to business and enable them
to restructure. It would also carry interest rates in Mauritius in line with its main
trading partners
2.3 Government spending
he financial crisis led to a prolonged Wide downturn in 2008. Governments and
Central Banks were forced to take necessary actions to fix the disaster. Capital
injection and interest rate cuts were common to help borrowers to pay back their
loans. The low consumer confidence and investors confidence in the world
economy resulted in many firms and financial institutions filed for bankruptcy
such as the fall down of Lehman Stimulus packages were implemented in many
countries to help boosting economic
2.4 Unemployment policy
The unemployment rate is rising. It rises 8% in 2012 against 7.9% in 2011,
according to figures Mauritius. There are to date 47 ,100 jobless in the country
20,500 were aged under 25 yrs.A number that is expected to rise in 2013 even
though the Mauritius Employers Federation does not provide "group layoffs."
2.5 Inflation rates
It is not a top secret! Inflation occupy the forefront of the economic sight this year. To the
Governor of the Bank of Mauritius and a few economists, inflation will resume the bull
by the horns due to several factors
2.6 Exchange rates
Market capitalization on the Stock Exchange of Mauritius (SEM) reected the
volatility of the economy of 2011.It stand at USD 6,505 million at 30 June 2011
and ended the year at USD 5,722 ml, up from USD 5,679 million in December
2010, thus achieving a 1% growth rate.
162
POLITICAL LIFE
Government
The British Westminster model of government is the basis for Mauritius. In anticipation of
1992 the queen of England was the head of state and queen of Mauritius in a legitimate
monarchy, with Mauritius as per common wealth.scraping in terms of competitiveness,
speculation climate and governance.
Leadership and political official
All of Mauritius's prime minister have been Hindu. The first, Sir Seewoosagur
Ramgoolam, lead the self-government movement in Mauritius.
Social problem and controls
163
In February 2000 several days of rioting occurred in Port Louis. A fashionable creole
singer, Kaya, died at the same time as in police protection
Higher-Education
The University of Mauritius was recognized in 1971. The original focus was oriented
toward agriculture and manufacturing. Since 1989s the university has augmented its majors
to include the humanities.
SOCIALIZATION
Child rearing and education
Education is free from the primary to the tertiary level and is mandatory until age 12. The
government considers education one of its greatest concerns and has an "education for all"
policy to ensure fair education to the dissimilar socioeconomic
School of Sustainable Development and Tourism (SSDT)
The School of Sustainable Development and Tourism caters for very specific areas of the
Mauritian economy such as Tourism, Sustainable growth and ecological Sciences. An MOU
has also been signed with the Hotel School of Mauritius for UTM students to benefit from
their facilities for practical sessions
TECHNOLOGY
Introduction to Banking
Mauritius has a long tradition of commercial banking dating back to 1812 and has
historically adopted a cautious attitude to banking development. Until 2004, banking was
opening into two separate banking regimes offshore and onshore
164
The banking system faces a relatively small market risk, inter-alia, became of banks heavily
reliance on variable rates on both the leading and deposit sides and of well-matched foreign
exchange books.
Repo Rate & Liquidity
The weakening of the global environment pushed the Monetary Policy Committee of the
Bank of Mauritius to leave the key repo rate unchanged at 5.50% at its meeting held on the
12th of September 2011.
Rating
This parameter is considered as most effective for any Bank. From this rating we should
able to know about how much efficient for any country? Now we have include this topic that
we get below data :
On the 30th june 2011, the Bank of Mauritius published an overall rating for banks in
Mauritius based on the CAMEL methodology. The CAMEL rating is an international bankrating which assesses the capital competence, assets quality, management quality, earning
and liquidity of banks For any industry most important is financial ratio. On that bases any
investor can know at in which or where to invest and when to invest its money that create
own value.
From value of Earning Per Share we can conclude that here, MCB is more earning than
SBM. That MCB has 18.90 rs. Where SBM has 7.80.
Where DPS from where we can know how much is return given by company or Bank.
Which MCB is give 5.75 and SBM 3.00
A number of nonbank financial institution including 11 leasing companies (with assets close
to 3.5 percent of GDP);
167
(4) Focus to this Act, the Companies Act 2001 and the Banking Act 2004 shall not apply
to the Bank.
168
The financial year of the Bank shall start on 1 July of each year and end on 30 June of the
succeeding year.
31. Accounts and audit
(1) The accounting of the Bank shall, at all times, be carried out in consistency with
accounting principles applicable to central banks and best international practices.22
(2) The accounts of the Bank would be audited at least once a year by such auditors as
may be appointed by the Board.
PART VI - CURRENCY
34. Unit of currency
The element of currency in Mauritius shall be the rupee, which shall be divided into 100
PART VII - OFFICIAL FOREIGN RESERVES AND SPECIAL RESERVE FUND
46. Official foreign reserves
(1) Subject to subsection (2), the Bank shall maintain and manage the official foreign
exchange reserves of Mauritius consisting of all or any of the following (a) Gold;
(b) Foreign exchange in the structure of currency or bank balances held abroad;
(c) The property by Mauritius of Special Drawing Rights of the International Monetary
Fund;cents
169
(2) Any financial organization which is dissatisfied with a decision of the Bank relating to
the imposition of
PART IX MONETARY POLICY COMMITTEE
54. Monetary Policy Committee
(1) There is established for the purposes of section 5(1)(a) and (2)(a) a Monetary Policy
Committee which shall consist of (a) The Governor, who shall be the Chairperson of the Committee;
(b) The 2 Deputy Governors;38
170
TEXTILE INDUSTRY
171
with the dismantling of the multi-fiber agreement and the new challenges of a highly
competitive global market has left the area in a weakened state. The positive conditions that
contributed to the prosperity of industry have all but disappeared. This Mauritius forced to
rethink the textile and clothing in the nation, but a lot of expert considers that this method has
started too late.
TAMAK TEXTILE
Tamak is a reliable manufacturer and design clothing for men, women and casual fashion
clothing facilities for children with complete printing and embroidery Maurice.
173
Maurice India trade relations are focused on improving trade and business
relations as well as the following lines:
Trade Policies
Negotiation procedures
174
Commercial contracts
The simplification of trade and legal procedures and lower transaction costs.
Facilitate technical and infrastructural change in all sectors of the Indian economy,
especially through import and thus increase the value and productivity, while
achieving global quality standards.
PRODUCTION PROCESS
1)
SPINNING PROCESS:
Cotton fiber grows in the seed or capsule, the cotton plant. Each fiber is a single elongated
cell that is flat, twisted, and with a wide ribbon as hollow interior (lumen) is composed of
about 90 percent cellulose and about 6 percent moisture. The rest is natural impurities. The
outer surface of the fiber is coated with a wax like protective coating which gives the fiber a
light adhesive quality.
2)
WARPING PROCESS:
Buckling is transferred many son the creel package end forming the single parallel sheet
wound on a beam or beam section wire. Warping can handle all types of materials, including
coarse and fine filament and son basic monofilament, smooth and textured son, silk and other
synthetic son such as glass.
3)
DYEING PROCESS:
SLASHER DYEING
dyeing ROPE
4)SIZING PROCESS:
Checking and monitoring the sizing process
The easy to follow visualization and recipe management, in which all parameters of the
textile machine and stored, allows for quick and easy programming. The sizing process is
controlled automatically. All set points are shown with upper and lower limits of tolerance.
Deviations from the set value are displayed at a time and instructions for their correction are
explained in the language of the operator.
176
5)WEAVING PROCESS
Weaving is interlacing stuffer warp son perpendicularly to each other at 90 degrees. They are
virtually an infinite number of ways to warp and weft interlacing son.
6)PROCESSING /FINISHING
Finishing gray denim fabrics normally made after weaving. It takes an important role in the
properties of the fabric appearance, softness and shrinkage of the residual tissue.
PESTLE ANALYSIS
1) POLITICAL FACTORS
The factors are how and to what extent a State intervenes in the economy.
Specifically, political reasons include areas such as tax policy, labor law,
trade restrictions, environmental law, political stability and tariffs.
In addition, governments have an important influence on health, education
and infrastructure of a nation.
Consider the policy of your work.
How does / will / would be the policy of the Government to amend the
proposed work?
Government also focuses on different issues such as:
The textile industry.
The terrestrial ocean industry
Health and biomedical industry.
Food and Biotechnology.
Industry knowledge and renewable energy.
2) ECONOMIC FACTORS
Factors include economic growth, interest rates, exchange rates and the inflation
rate. These factors have major impacts on how businesses operate and make
decisions.
Interest rates affect a firm's cost of capital and therefore to what extent a business
grows and expands.
Exchange rates affect the costs of exporting goods and the supply and price of
imported goods in an economy
Silver
Costs
ECONOMY - OVERVIEW:
Mauritius, with its strong material division, has been fine located to take benefit of the
African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA). Sound economic policies of Mauritius and
prudent banking practices helped to mitigate the negative effects of the global financial crisis
in 2008-09. GDP grew in the range 3-4% per year in 2010-12, and the country continues to
expand its trade and investment outreach around the globe.
178
EXIM DATA
Exports:
$2.631 billion (2012)
country comparison to the world: 135
Exports - commodities:
clothing and textiles, honey, cut plants, molasses, fish
Exports - partners:
UK 21.3%, France 17.8%, US 10.5%, Italy 8.1%, South Africa 7.7%, Spain
7.1%, Madagascar 6.2% (2011)
Imports:
$5.111 billion (2012)
country comparison to the world: 128
Imports - commodities:
manufactured goods, assets tools, products, fuel goods, chemical
Imports - partners:
India 25.2%, China 13.6%, France 9.1%, South Africa 6.9% (2011)
179
3) SOCIAL FACTORS
These factors consist of the educational aspect and include health consciousness,
the rate of population growth, age distribution, career attitudes and emphasis
on safety.
trend in societal factor influence the require for a company's products and how this
business works.
For example, an aging population may involve a workforce increasingly reluctant
(thus increasing the cost of labor). In addition, companies may change various
management strategies to adapt to these social trends (such as recruiting older
workers).
1. GLOBALIZATION:
Textile products sold in Mauritius from about the humanity, a lot from increasing country.
This overall trade may lead to improved economies and creates jobs for many people - often
women - by providing financial stability and a chance to run away lack.
4. ANIMAL WELFARE:
With materials such as wool, leather and fur, animal husbandry and animal handling is an
integral part of the production process. Poor farming practices can lead to neglect or animal
abuse, malnutrition, infections and potential symptoms.
4) TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS
5) ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
The Mauritian legal system is a mix of French and British legal traditions.
SECTOR OF THE ECONOMY
Since independence in 1968, Mauritius has developed from a low-income, focusing on
agriculture to a middle-income diversified economy with growing industrial sectors, financial
and tourism economy. For most of the period, annual growth has been of the order of 5% to
6%. This remarkable achievement has been reflected in more equitable income supply,
improved life expectancy, worse child humanity, and a much better transportation.
6) LEGAL FACTORS
o Factors include discrimination law, consumer law, antitrust law, employment law,
and health and safety law.
o These factors can affect how a company operates, its costs, and the demand for its
products.
How does the law affect your work?
182
1) STRENGTH
The quality or national of being strong in particular.
The physical strength and energy: "the bike can help you build up your strength."
183
Labor
The work reduction and strong entrepreneurial skills have always been the backbone
of the textile industry in Mauritius.
Reduce the supply and ample work strengthens the industrial and agricultural sectors
of the country.
Flexibility
The small size of the manufacturing sector is important in the industry allows greater
flexibility to serve smaller and specialized commands.
Rich heritage
Social diversity and rich heritage of the country offers a good basis of inspiration for
the designers come up with new and different attractive designs that are appreciated
worldwide.
Internal Market
Natural demand drivers, including rising incomes, increasing urbanization and the
growth of domestic demand driving the population purchase.
The results of several units of additional production plants supply more and more
work.
2) WEAKNESS
The state or condition of a lack of strength.
A quality or function considered as a drawback or a default: "Strengths and
weaknesses of the product."
184
In the textile sector is heavily dependent on cotton production, low cotton will
deteriorate the textile industry
Spinning sector
Spinning sector lacks innovation and it is necessary to introduce new technologies.
Weaving sector
Mauritius has relatively less number of shuttle less loom.
Fabric Treatment
The treatment is the weak link in the textile value chain in Mauritius, negatively
affecting its export competitiveness.
Poor Infrastructure
The high energy costs and long delays erode export competitiveness of exports from
Mauritius through the textile chain island.
Other weakness
Indian textile industry is highly fragmented industry.
Lack of technological development that affect productivity and other activities in the
value chain.
Infrastructural bottlenecks and efficiency, such as the transaction time in ports and
transport time.
3) OPPORTUNITIES
A regular of circumstances that makes it possible to do something
A chance for employment or promotion
185
Growing industry
growth with investment in an industry highly dependent on the economic health
The global textile trade continues to grow at a rate of 8.2% to 13.2 to $ 15 billon
2010-2011.
4) THREATS
A statement of determined to inflict injury, damage, pain, or other hostile action on
someone in retribution for something done or not ..., "the family received death
threats"
A threat of bodily harm, as may restrict the freedom of action of a person.
Fashion changes every day these days. The media has so penetrated into our daily
lives as we adapt easily because he wants us. This helped shorten the life cycle of
fashion, thus increasing the risk of fashion.
History
The five forces were Originally identified five forces and developed by Michael
Porter while working for the Harvard Business School and the Boston Consulting Group.
Both were looking for new and updated version to develop strategies in the area of
competitive advantage
Understanding tool:
Five forces analysis assumes that there are five important forces that determine
competitiveness in the business condition. These are:
Supplier Power:
Here you can evaluate how easy it is for suppliers to raise prices. Is the
motivation behind this by a number of suppliers of each key input, the uniqueness of the
product or service, power and control over you, the cost of switching from one to another,
and so on. And fewer supplier choices you have, the more you need to help suppliers, the
stronger your suppliers.
Buyer Power:
Here you have to ask yourself how easy it is for buyers to push prices down. Again,
this is driven by a figure of buyers and the importance of each individual buyer for your
business, and the cost to them of the shift from products and your services to those of
someone else, and so on. If you are dealing with a few, powerful buyers, then they are often
able to dictate terms to you.
Competitive rivalry:
What is important here is the number and capacity of your competitors. If you have
many competitors, and they provide products and services equally attractive, then most likely
will have little power in the situation, because the suppliers and the buyers will go elsewhere
188
if you do not get a good deal from you. On the other hand, if there is no one else that can do
what you do, then you can be a formidable force in often.
Threat of substitution:
This affected the ability of customers to find a different way to do what you do - for
example, if you provide a unique software product that automates the process of the task, and
people may be resolved by doing the process manually or by outsourcing.
189
NEW ENTRANTS
Step 1: Insert your company in the Registrar of Companies
Step 2: Register your business activity in the Registrar of Companies. The registration
number will be
190
191
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