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Article Summary
Article 1: Civil Code of the Philippines
Art. 2: Laws shall take effect 15 days following the
completion of their publication
Summarized Annotation:
-
Regardless of where a citizen of the Philippines might be he or she will still be governed by Philippine laws when it
comes to family rights, duties, or to his or her legal status and legal capacity,
Real and Personal Property are subject to the law of the country where it is found. However, when it comes to the
order, amount, and intrinsic validity of the succession it shall be regulated by the law of the person whose succession is
being considered regardless of where the property is to be found.
Extrinsic validity: the laws shall govern the forms of contracts and wills where they are made. Thus a will made in the U.S. must
follow the laws regarding the forms of wills in the U.S.
Acts before Diplomatic and Consular Officials: Any act or contract made in a foreign country made before the diplomatic and
-
Added Info:
Covered Under this Rule:
Presidential decrees and executive orders by the
president in exercise of his legislative powers.
Administrative rules and regulations if their purpose is to
enforce or implement existing law pursuant to a valid
delegation.
City charter must be published even if it is only
applicable to a portion of national territory
* Interpretative regulation and those internal in nature need not be
published.
Exception:
Foreigners who are immune from suit and thus cannot be charged
(diplomatic agents)
Thus a Filipino cannot get a divorce even if he or she goes abroad,
since divorce is not recognized in the Philippines
consular officials must also conform to Philippine laws. This is because in the premises of a diplomatic office the foreign country
waives its jurisdiction so the Philippine laws govern in the premises of the Philippine Diplomatic Office in foreign countries.
Prohibitive Laws: Prohibitive laws concerning property, persons, their acts and those meant for public order, public policy, or good
customs will continue to be in effect even if the person is in a different country with different laws.
Ex. A Filipino gets married to 2 women in another country where bigamy is legal, the second marriage is void since bigamy is not
permitted in the Philippines.
Art. 18: Deficiency in the Code of Commerce and
special laws
HUMAN RELATIONS
Art. 19: Abuse of right doctrine
Art. 20: willfully or negligently causes damage to
another
Art. 21: Contrary to good customs, morals, or
public policy
When there are deficiencies in the Code of Commerce and Special Laws the civil code will govern such deficiency.
Ex. In the Code of Commerce there is no stated prescription date for a certain act, thus the provisions on prescription in the civil code
will govern.
However one must check the kind of transaction at hand and whether the civil code provision is applicable
Ex. In a previous case, the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act there is a one year prescription for making a claim for loss or damage and
the plaintiff believed that he could extend the prescriptive period by giving a written demand pursuant to Art. 1155 of the civil code,
especially since the civil code is meant to be supplementary according to Art. 18. However the Supreme Court ruled that it was not
applicable because when it comes to matters of goods in transport it is desirable that it be resolved at once taking into consideration
the nature of the goods.
-
Meant to be a law of justice and fairness especially in instances wherein there is no specific law to prevent acts of
abuse to another.
It is a rule of conduct that is meant to create a harmonious and orderly relation ship between people
Speaks of the general sanction for all other provisions of law, which do not especially provide their own sanction.
Designed to fill in the countless gaps in the statues, which leave many victims without recourse.
Elements:
1.
There is an act which is legal
2.
But which is contrary to morals, good customs, public order, public policy
3.
And it is done with intent to injure
- Presupposes material or other loss which one may suffer as a result of another persons act
UNJUST ENRICHMENT: one should not unduly profit on something which he does not own
- Thus if one is benefited at the expense of another, he must pay or indemnify the other for what he has gained.
*The three articles are related to each other and under these articles
an act, which causes injury to another, may be made the basis for an
award for damages.
It is the courts duty to render justice and give protection on account of those who are disadvantage due to moral dependence,
ignorance, indigence (poverty), mental weakness, tender age or other handicap.
The courts at the instance of the government or any private charitable institution can order one to stop extreme spending during
times of emergency.
Ex. There is a gasoline scarcity and a rich man buys tons and tons of gasoline to power his private amusement park. the court may
order him to seize such at the instance of the government or charitable institution to prevent such in times of emergency.
- Meant to enforce the right of one to his privacy in ones own home, religious freedom, prevent moral suffering, vexation, humiliation,
- One may file an action for damages against the officer who does not perform his official duty without just cause.
- A public officer who commits a tort or other wrongful act is still liable to the victim.
- Necessary to promote a system of free enterprise and a fair chance for others to engage in business and earn a living.
- If in a criminal case, the accused is not proven guilty beyond reasonable doubt a civil action may be made and the degree of proof
necessary is only a preponderance of evidence which means that more evidence is adduced to prove the guilt of the accused
compared to that to defend him.
- A civil obligation arising from a criminal offense only needs a preponderance of evidence as the quantum of proof,
Usually a criminal proceeding, if commenced, must be terminated before a civil proceeding can begin. If a civil
proceeding has begun and later on a criminal proceeding is filed, the civil proceeding is put on hold until the criminal
proceeding has finished.
However when the civil obligation is separate from the crime committed it may proceed independently of the criminal
proceeding.
Certain injuries do not arise from the commission of a crime.
Ex. A bus driver crashes the bus because he is drunk. The civil action here is based from the breach of the contractual obligation of
all common carriers to take extra diligence in driving his passengers. The criminal action here is based on the drivers criminal
negligence. The first is governed by the civil code and the second is from the Revised Penal Code.
- Necessary to have an absolute separate and independent civil action for the violation of civil liberties for the effective maintenance
of democracy.
- Principle is to allow the citizen to enforce his rights regardless of State action so that citizens will not depend upon the government
for the vindication of their own private rights.
- Includes fraud, defamation, physical injuries and are understood in their ordinary sense.
When there is danger to life or property, such peace officer shall be primarily liable for damages, and the city or
municipality shall be subsidiarily responsible.
An independent civil action can be instituted wherein a preponderance of evidence is all that is required.
- When a person claiming to be injured by a criminal offense, charges another but the judges fails to find any crime to have been
committed or if the prosecuting attorney refuses/fails to institute criminal proceedings
The general rule is that the criminal case takes precedence; an exception would be if there exist prejudicial questions,
which should be resolved before the criminal case.
PREJUDICIAL QUESTION: That which must precede the criminal action that which requires a decision before a final judgment is
rendered in the principal action where the said question is closely connected. The resolution of the Prejudicial question will determine
if the criminal action may proceed.
Ex. A and B got married. B then married C. A filed a case for bigamy against B. B also filed a civil case against C (the second
spouse) contending that she was intimidated into marrying C. The civil case to determine whether there was intimidation or not must
necessary be resolved before the bigamy case. If B was indeed intimidated in marrying C, there is no bigamy.
*If the officer is no day off, then one cannot file an action against him.
JURIDICAL CAPACITY: fitness to be the subject of legal relations, inherent in every person and is lost only through death.
JURIDICAL PERSONS
Art. 44: Who are juridical persons
Art. 45: What governs juridical persons
Art. 46: Rights and obligations of juridical persons
Birth determines personality but the conceived child shall be considered born for all purposes that are favorable to it.
Provided that the conceived child is later born with the conditions in Art. 41.
The fetus is considered born if it is alive from the time it was completely delivered from the mothers womb. BUT if the
fetus was alive in the womb for less than 7 months it is not deemed born if it dies within 24 hours it is delivered form the
womb.
Death puts an end to civil personality
Dead person continues to have personality only through contract, will, or as determined by law. Creditors can still
claim from the estate of the deceased any obligation due to them.
No human body shall be buried unless the proper death certificate has been presented and recorded however during
an epidemic bodies may be buried provided that the death certificate be secured within 5 days after the burial.
Applies to persons who are called to succeed each other like mother and child. (Necessary to determine the amount of
inheritance one is to receive, transmission of rights, etc.)
If there is no proof as to who died first, they are presumed to have died at the same time and thus no transmission of
rights from one to the other.
Proof of death cannot be established from mere inference or presumptions. It must be established by clear positive
evidence.
THE FAMILY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES: Took effect on August 3, 1988 signed by President Corazon Aquino (Executive Order 209)
REQUISITES OF MARRIAGE:
Article
Summary of Annotation
Art. 1: Marriage is a special contract of permanent
Nature of Marriage:
union between a man and a woman entered into in
-Marriage is one of the basic civil rights of man. The freedom to marry has been recognized as a vital personal right towards the
* Both men and women are qualified from all acts of civil life when
they reach the age of majority (18 years old)
An accessory penalty for the commission of an offense, which deprives the offender during the time of his sentence the rights of parental authority, or guardianship, right to manage his property and the right to dispose of such property by any act.
Constitutional Protection: The State recognizes the sanctity of family life and shall protect and strengthen it. The state also
recognizes marriage as an inviolable social institution and the foundation of the family and shall be protected by the state.
* The constitutional provisions on marriage however do NOT mean that legislature cannot enact a law allowing absolute divorce.
Marriage is subject to the control of the legislature but it must not contravene mandates of Constitution.
Property Relations: Only property relations may be fixed and arranged in a marriage settlement prior to the marriage ceremony.
However it must still follow the mandatory provisions of the Family Code.
LEGAL CAPACITY: Marrying age is 18 years old and above, thus if one of the contracting parties is below 18 years of age, the
marriage is void.
They cannot be related to each other as provided by Art. 37 and Art. 38 (incestuous marriages and those against public
policy).
There should be no previous valid subsisting marriage; otherwise the subsequent marriage will be bigamous.
DIFFERENT SEX: There should be a male and a female. Marriage is desirable due to the importance of procreation which is one of
the reasons why same sex marriages are prohibited (due to the impossibility of reproduction)
CONSENT:
1.
Must be freely given
2.
Made in the presence of the solemnizing officer
Absence of consent makes the marriage void. However if there is consent but such was obtained through force, fraud,
undue influence, etc then it is only voidable.
AUTHORITY OF THE SOLEMIZING OFFICER:
Those enumerated in Article 7, he must have the authority. Thus a priest who has not renewed his license to marry
does not have the authority and cannot be considered for marriage.
The Local Government Code (Jan. 1, 1992) provides that a mayor of a city or municipality may now solemnize
marriages.
Chapter 2 Title 1 of Family Code: exempt from license
1.
Article 27: Both parties are in articulo mortis marriage will be valid even if the ailing party survives.
2.
Article 28: Residence is in a remote place
In both cases the solemnizing officer must state in an affidavit that the marriage was performed as such and that he
took necessary steps to ascertain the ages and that there were no legal impediments to the marriage.
3.
Article 33: Marriages among Muslims or ethnic cultural communities, as long as performed in accordance with their
customs, rites, practices.
4.
Article 34: Cohabitation by the couple for 5 years
* Muslims are governed by Code of Muslim personal laws of the Philippines and not the Family code but the other ethnic groups must
comply with the other requisites as they are governed by the Family code.
5.
Article 34: Cohabitation between man and woman for at least 5 years with no legal impediment at time of marriage.
VALID MARRIAGE LICENSE:
- Lasts for 120 days from the date of issue and effective within any part of the Philippines only.
Sex change: has not been shown that sex reassignment surgery would
allow one to produce human beings.
Thoughts to ponder: Marriage should no to be enjoyed only by
heterosexual couples. The right to marry, found a family, identity,
personality are all rights of human beings.
*Parties must be personally present, proxy marriages is prohibited in
the Philippines.
MARRIAGE CEREMONY:
- Family code only recognizes ceremonial marriages but there is no prescribed form of marriage ceremony.
- The minimum requirement is that the parties personally appear before the solemnizing officer and declare that they take each other
in the presence of at least 2 witness of legal age.
* Declaration does not have to be vocally expressed may be inferred by the words used, the manner the ceremony was made, etc. If
a wedding took place there is a presumption that there was an exchange of vows.
* The absence of 2 witnesses of legal age is merely an irregularity in the ceremony and does not affect the validity of the marriage.
Marital rape is now considered a crime wherein the legal husband is the offender and the wife is the victim. Prior to this marital rape was not considered a crime because it was considered the right of the husband to have sexual intercourse with his wife
whenever he pleased.
There is a need to limit the persons who can solemnize marriages since marriage is an important institution the state
wants to safeguard and protect.
Because the state is interested in marriage, it becomes a party thereto by manifested in the consent required and
granted to limited number of officers.
JUDGES: they can only solemnize marriages within their jurisdiction and they must be incumbent.
Court of Tax Appeals, Sandiganbayan, Court of Appeals, Supreme Court: National jurisdiction
Absence of jurisdiction would mean the absence of the authority of the solemnizing officer and thus the marriage will be
null and void.
PRIEST/MINISTER OF A CHURCH OR RELIGIOUS SECT: he should be authorized by the church to do so, he must be registered
with the civil registry, and at least one of the contracting parties belongs to his or her church.
SHIP CAPTIAN/PILOT: one of the parties must be at the point of death, the marriage must be between the passengers or
crewmembers, and the ship or plane must be at sea or in flight.
An assistant pilot has no authority to solemnize marriages even if the main pilot dies.
MILITARY COMMANDER: He or she should be a military commander of a unit, he or she must be a commissioned officer (his rank
should start from second lieutenant), a chaplain should have been assigned to the unit and such chaplain is absent, the contracting
parties must also be in articulo mortis either members of the military operation or civilians, must be within military zone (there should
be widespread military activity not merely practice).
CONSUL-GENERAL, CONSUL, OR VICE CONSUL: they can only solemnize marriages abroad when both the contracting parties
are Filipino.
* They also perform the duties of a local civil registrar (like issuing the license etc.)
* No matter where they are the solemnities and requirements mandated by Philippine Law shall be observed.
MAYOR: Pursuant to the Local Government Code, the mayor of a city or municipality can now solemnize marriages.
* When the mayor cannot perform his duties, the acting mayor has the authority to solemnize marriages.
Not mandatory but directory in nature.
Its non-compliance will not make the marriage void but will only cause civil, criminal, or administrative liability.
Exceptions to venue stated:
1.
When the marriage is in articulo mortis
2.
When the marriage is in a remote place (transportation etc. is difficult to come by)
3.
When requested by both parties in writing.
- The marriage license should be procured from the civil registrar of the city or municipality where either of them resides. However if
they obtain it from another place it is merely an irregularity and does not affect the validity of the marriage.
The consular officials absorb the duties of the local civil registrar and the solemnizing officer when Filipinos wish to be
married abroad.
The ceremony and requirements should be in accordance with Philippine law.
Stating all relevant facts needed in order to determine legal capacity to marry and the eligibility of the parties.
Main purpose is to discourage deception, and relieve from doubt the status of parties who live together.
Provides evidence of the status and legitimacy of offspring.
MARRIAGE APPLICATION: the civil registrar has to process and issue a marriage license. Even if the civil registrar knows of a legal
impediment he cannot discontinue unless stopped by the court. (This is to prevent bribery and abuse by the civil registrar)
The presentation of birth or baptismal certificate shall not be required if the parents of the contracting parties appear personally before the local civil registrar concerned and swear to the
correctness of the lawful age of said parties, as stated in the application, or when the local civil registrar shall, by merely looking at the applicants upon their personally appearing before him, be
convinced that either or both of them have the required age.
Art. 13. In case either of the contracting parties has been previously married, the applicant shall be required to furnish, instead of the birth or baptismal certificate required in the last preceding
article, the death certificate of the deceased spouse or the judicial decree of the absolute divorce, or the judicial decree of annulment or declaration of nullity of his or her previous marriage.
In case the death certificate cannot be secured, the party shall make an affidavit setting forth this circumstance and his or her actual civil status and the name and date of death of the deceased
spouse.
Art. 14. In case either or both of the contracting parties, not having been emancipated by a previous marriage, are between the ages of eighteen and twenty-one, they shall, in addition to the
requirements of the preceding articles, exhibit to the local civil registrar, the consent to their marriage of their father, mother, surviving parent or guardian, or persons having legal charge of
them, in the order mentioned. Such consent shall be manifested in writing by the interested party, who personally appears before the proper local civil registrar, or in the form of an affidavit
made in the presence of two witnesses and attested before any official authorized by law to administer oaths. The personal manifestation shall be recorded in both applications for marriage
license, and the affidavit, if one is executed instead, shall be attached to said applications.
Art. 15: Any contracting party between the age of twenty-one and twenty-five shall be obliged to ask their parents or guardian for advice upon the intended marriage. If they do not obtain such
advice, or if it be unfavorable, the marriage license shall not be issued till after three months following the completion of the publication of the application therefore. A sworn statement by the
contracting parties to the effect that such advice has been sought, together with the written advice given, if any, shall be attached to the application for marriage license. Should the parents or
guardian refuse to give any advice, this fact shall be stated in the sworn statement.
Art. 16. In the cases where parental consent or parental advice is needed, the party or parties concerned shall, in addition to the requirements of the preceding articles, attach a certificate
issued by a priest, imam or minister authorized to solemnize marriage under Article 7 of this Code or a marriage counselor duly accredited by the proper government agency to the effect that the
contracting parties have undergone marriage counseling. Failure to attach said certificates of marriage counseling shall suspend the issuance of the marriage license for a period of three
months from the completion of the publication of the application. Issuance of the marriage license within the prohibited period shall subject the issuing officer to administrative sanctions but shall
not affect the validity of the marriage.
Should only one of the contracting parties need parental consent or parental advice, the other party must be present at the counseling referred to in the preceding paragraph
Art. 17: The local civil registrar shall prepare a notice,
- It is the duty of the civil registrar to post a notice informing the public of the impending marriage. The purpose of which is so that
which shall contain the full names and residences of
persons having knowledge of any impediment to the marriage can inform the local civil registrar.
the applicants for a marriage license and other data
- It is to be posted for 10 consecutive days on a bulletin board outside the office
given in the applications. The notice shall be posted for
- The civil registrar shall be issued after the period of publication.
ten consecutive days on a bulletin board outside the
office of the local civil registrar located in a
conspicuous place within the building and accessible to
the general public. This notice shall request all persons
having knowledge of any impediment to the marriage
to advise the local civil registrar thereof. The marriage
license shall be issued after the completion of the
period of publication.
Art. 18: In case of any impediment known to the local
- If an impediment is made known to the civil registrar he shall merely note it down but he must nonetheless issue the license. This is
civil registrar or brought to his attention, he shall note
because the impediments may not be valid at all.
down the particulars thereof and his findings thereon in
the application for marriage license, but shall
- The purpose of which is to prevent graft and corruption on the part of the civil registry.
nonetheless issue said license after the completion of
the period of publication, unless ordered otherwise by a
- If the marriage license was issued despite court intervention, the marriage will still be valid but the parties responsible may be
competent court at his own instance or that of any
criminally or administratively liable.
interest party. No filing fee shall be charged for the
petition nor a corresponding bond required for the
issuances of the order.
Art. 19. The local civil registrar shall require the
payment of the fees prescribed by law or regulations
before the issuance of the marriage license. No other
sum shall be collected in the nature of a fee or tax of
any kind for the issuance of said license. It shall,
however, be issued free of charge to indigent parties,
that is those who have no visible means of income or
whose income is insufficient for their subsistence a fact
established by their affidavit, or by their oath before the
local civil registrar.
Art. 20: The license shall be valid in any part of the
Philippines for a period of one hundred twenty days
from the date of issue, and shall be deemed
The marriage license is only valid within the Philippines and not abroad.
It is good for 120 days from the date of issue.
EXCEPTIONS:
1.
The courts direct civil registry to refuse giving out the
license
2.
When the requited certificate of legal capacity of
foreigners is not given (Art. 21)
A certificate of legal capacity is meant to show that a foreigner is capacitated to marry in his or her country. The
Philippines adheres to the national law of the contracting parties with respect to their legal capacity to contract
marriage.
Ex. In the US 16 years old is the age when one can contract marriage. A 16-year-old US citizen may contract marriage in the
Philippines provided that he gives a certificate from his embassy stating that 16 years old is the legal age to marry.
- If both are citizens of a foreign country and they are married in their embassy there is no need to follow the requirement of marriage
in the Philippines, only those of their country.
-If one is a foreigner and one is a Filipino even if they marry in the consul of the foreigner the certificate of legal capacity and a
marriage license is still necessary.
Art. 23. It shall be the duty of the person solemnizing the marriage to furnish either of the contracting parties the original of the marriage certificate referred to in Article 6 and to send the
duplicate and triplicate copies of the certificate not later than fifteen days after the marriage, to the local civil registrar of the place where the marriage was solemnized. Proper receipts shall be
issued by the local civil registrar to the solemnizing officer transmitting copies of the marriage certificate. The solemnizing officer shall retain in his file the quadruplicate copy of the marriage
certificate, the copy of the marriage certificate, the original of the marriage license and, in proper cases, the affidavit of the contracting party regarding the solemnization of the marriage in place
other than those mentioned in Article 8.
Art. 24: It shall be the duty of the local civil registrar to
prepare the documents required by this Title, and to
administer oaths to all interested parties without any
charge in both cases. The documents and affidavits
filed in connection with applications for marriage
licenses shall be exempt from documentary stamp tax.
Art. 25. The local civil registrar concerned shall enter
all applications for marriage licenses filed with him in a
registry book strictly in the order in which the same are
received. He shall record in said book the names of the
applicants, the date on which the marriage license was
issued, and such other data as may be necessary
Art. 26. All marriages solemnized outside the
Philippines, in accordance with the laws in force in the
country where they were solemnized, and valid there
as such, shall also be valid in this country, except
those prohibited under Articles 35 (1), (4), (5) and (6),
3637 and 38. (17a)
Where a marriage between a Filipino citizen and a
foreigner is validly celebrated and a divorce is
thereafter validly obtained abroad by the alien spouse
capacitating him or her to remarry, the Filipino spouse
shall have capacity to remarry under Philippine law.
- The local civil registrar is the government official charged with the preparation and the keeping of all the official documents.
Art. 26 refers to formal requisites only, however the marriage must still be solemnized.
Marriages that are solemnized abroad and are recognized as valid there will also be recognized as valid here
(international comity)
Ex. If in Vietnam a doctor is authorized to solemnize a marriage and a Filipino couple gets married in Vietnam by a doctor such
marriage will be considered valid in the Philippines.
PROOF OF FOREIGN MARRIAGE: necessary to prove the foreign law and then prove the celebration of marriage. If the law of the
other state is not pleaded nor proved the laws of the Philippines will be presumed to be similar to that of foreign laws.
REMEMBER THE LAWS:
ART. 15: laws relating to family rights and duties, or to the status, conditions and legal capacity of persons are binding upon citizens
of the Philippines even living abroad.
ART. 17: prohibitive laws concerning persons, their acts or property and those which have for their object public order, public policy
and good customs shall not be rendered ineffective by laws or judgments promulgated, or by determinations or conventions agreed
upon in a foreign country
ABSOLUTE DIVORCE:
Absolute divorce is not recognized in the Philippines; even if the couple was married abroad the divorce will not be recognized here if
one of them is a Filipino. The divorce may be recognized in the foreign country where it was obtained but not in the Philippines. But
the divorce of a foreign citizen abroad is recognized in the Philippines as the Philippines recognizes legal capacity of a foreign
person.
*If a Filipino changes citizenship then he can get a
divorce and if he reacquires his Filipino citizenship
after that the divorce will still hold.
If a Filipina marries a foreigner and the foreigner obtains a divorce, the Filipina can marry.
If the Filipina obtains a divorce although not recognized in the Philippines, it will be recognized against the foreigner and
thus the foreigner will not have legal standing to sue for adultery or claim for property after the divorce.
* The civil registry cannot issue a license without the certificate of legal
capacity however if the civil registry does issue the marriage will still be
valid.
Solemnizing officers and the mayor are empowered to solemnize marriages even without a marriage license if either or
both of the contracting parties are at the point of death.
Even if the ailing party survives after the marriage, the marriage will still be valid.
- This envisions a situation wherein the residence of either party is so located that there is no means of transportation to enable such
party to appear personally before the local civil registrar, the marriage may be solemnize without a marriage license.
The solemnizing officer here are those authorized to solemnize under Article 7 and the mayor provided that they
solemnize the marriage within their jurisdiction and within the authority given to them.
A pilot or ship captain may solemnize only marriages at the point of death while the plane is in flight or the ship is at sea
even during stopovers (it is still considered part of the flight/voyage).
They can only solemnize marriages between their passengers and crew members
nd
The military commander must be a commissioned officer (his/her rank should start from 2 lieutenant, ensign and
above)
He should be a commander of a unit.
There should be a chaplain assigned to the unit
The marriage should be at the point of death and in the absence of the chaplain assigned
The marriage must be solemnized within the zone of military operations.
The contracting parties may either be member of the armed forces or civilians.
Marriages between parties that belong to ethnic groups, pagans or Muslims are exempt only from procuring a marriage
license. The marriage must still be solemnized in accordance with their customs, rites and practices.
Muslims are governed by the Code of Muslim Personal Laws of the Philippines thus they are not governed by the
Family Code unlike other ethnic groups who do not have separate laws.
Persons cohabiting for at least 5 years living together as husband and wife are exempt from obtaining a marriage
license.
At the time of marriage, they should be without any legal impediment to marry each other. Thus during the 5 year
period, it is not necessary that there is no legal impediment it is only necessary at the time of marriage that there is
none.
The parties shall state the fact of their cohabitation and the absence of any legal impediment to marry in an affidavit
under oath.
*The solemnizing officer shall also state under oath that he ascertained
the qualifications of the parties and that he found no legal impediment.
The fact that the officer to investigate shall not invalidate the marriage.
Simulates blood relations although legal fiction (bond created by law, against public policy)
COLLATERAL BLOOD RELATIVES: may cause the same reasons as Art. 37 but to a lesser degree.
COLLATERAL HALF-BLOOD RELATIVES BY CONSANGUINITY: the law does not provide that marriages between collateral blood relatives by the half-blood are prohibited.
Case Law: In Re: Simms Estate
Because of specification in brothers and sisters and no specification with uncles and nieces, marriage between uncles and nieces are not prohibited
Unlike ruling in Audley where it deemed it was unnecessary
Marriage between uncles and nieces who are half-blood is valid due to the presumption in favor of marriage.
RELATIONSHIP BY AFFINITY (made through marriage): The only marriages by affinity prohibited in the Family Code are marriages between stepparents and stepchildren and parents-in-law and children-inlaw. (May destroy the peacefulness in family relations)
Stepbrother and stepsister can marry each other since not included in the prohibition.
*In the event that the marriage is annulled or nullified or in the event that the marriage is terminated by death affinity is terminated and thus those that were prohibited due to affinity can now marry each other.
Unless there are living issues (children) in whom the blood of the parties continue to commingle.
ADOPTIVE RELATIONSHIP:
Who they cannot marry:
Adopter
Adopted
The adopted
The adopter
The surviving spouse of the adopted (Envisions that the marriage was
The surviving spouse of adopter
terminated due to death. But if the marriage was terminated after the
(Envisions that the marriage was terminated due to death. But if the
finality of a nullity or annulment decree then they can get married)
marriage was terminated after the finality of a nullity or annulment
Article 68: husband and wife are obliged to live together, observe mutual love, respect, and fidelity, and render mutual help and support. Article 69: Husband and wife shall fix the domicile and in case of disagreement the court shall decide. Article 70:
spouses are jointly responsible for the support of the family and the expenses for such support and other conjugal obligations shall be paid from community property, income or fruits of separate property, or separate property. Article 71: management of
household shall be right and duty of both spouses.
Adopted
Parents of adopter
Illegitimate child of the adopter
Other relatives
Spouse of adopter if alive and not married to adopter
INTENTIONAL KILLING OF SPOUSE: The guilty party must be animated by an intention to marry the other person, if not then not considered against public policy.
Ex. A wanted to marry B. B was married to C. A kills C because C stole from A. Then A later on marries B. Such a marriage is valid.
*No criminal conviction is necessary mere preponderance of evidence is required to prove the killing.
Art. 39: The action or defense for the declaration of
absolute nullity of a marriage shall not prescribe
Time to file an action for declaration of nullity of a marriage or to invoke such nullity as a defense does not
prescribe.
Either party in a void marriage can file a nullity case even though such party is the wrongdoer. Only husband and
wife can file a court case declaring the marriage void. But it can still be collaterally attacked by any interested party
in any proceeding where the determination of the validity of marriage is necessary to give rise to certain rights.
A judicial declaration of marriage is the only acceptable proof so that a party can contract a subsequent valid
marriage. Without it the subsequent marriage will be considered void.
In connection with it, Articles 52 and 53 which has to do with the liquidation, partition and distribution of the
properties without which the marriage will likewise be void.
BIGAMY: Committed by any person who shall contract a second or subsequent marriage before the former marriage has been
legally dissolved or before the absent spouse has been declared presumptively dead by judgment.
- Marriage becomes void not because of bigamy but because of certain impositions in law that must be done before contacting a
second marriage.
A declaration of presumptive death is needed for the absentee in order to contact a new marriage.
Article 42: The subsequent marriage made will become void with the recording of the affidavit of reappearance of the
subsequent spouse. Such notice will be filed in the civil registry of the residence of the parties in subsequent marriage, and give
them due notice- ONLY CASE WHERE MARRIAGE IS TERMINATED EXTRAJUDICIALLY. Any interested party can file for the
affidavit of reappearance.
Exception to 42: if the affidavit is fraudulent then it is ineffectual.
Exception: Prior spouse has been absent for 4 consecutive years and
there is a well founded belief (must exercise due diligence to ascertain
whereabouts or if she is dead or alive) that absent spouse is dead (2 years
will suffice if there was danger of death)
succession.
Art. 44: If both spouses of the subsequent marriage
acted in bad faith, said marriage shall be void ab initio
and all donations by reason of marriage and
testamentary dispositions made by one in favor of the
other are revoked by operation of law.
The marriage shall be considered void only if both spouses in the subsequent marriage are in bad faith.
The good faith of the spouse must be present up to the time of the celebration of the subsequent marriage.
VOIDABLE MARRIAGES: valid up to the point when they are annulled. These are the only grounds, which can be considered for annulment (exclusive).
Article
Annotation
Article 45: Must exist at the time of marriage
- The parents of the child can annul the marriage at any time prior to the time the child
1. That the party in whose behalf it is sought to have the marriage annulled was eighteen
reaches the age of 21.
years of age or over but below twenty-one, and the marriage was solemnized without the
consent of the parents, guardian or person having substitute parental authority over the
Ratification: Through cohabitation after reaching the age of 21 years old.
party, in that order, unless after attaining the age of twenty-one, such party freely cohabited
with the other and both lived together as husband and wife
2. That either party was of unsound mind, unless such party after coming to reason, freely
- Must be clear that illness is serious that cannot understand marriage contract at the time
cohabited with the other as husband and wife
of the marriage.
3. That the consent of either party was obtained by fraud, unless such party afterwards,
with full knowledge of the facts constituting the fraud, freely cohabited with the other as
husband and wife
Article 46: Fraud: existing at time of marriage
1.
Non-disclosure of previous conviction by final judgment of a crime involving
moral turpitude.
2.
Concealment of the wife of the fact that she was pregnant at the time of
marriage by another man.
3.
Concealment of STD regardless of its nature existing at the time of the
marriage.
4.
Concealment of drug addiction, habitual alcoholism, or homosexuality or
lesbianism existing at the time of the marriage.
4. That the consent of either party was obtained by force, intimidation or undue influence,
unless the same having disappeared or ceased, such party thereafter freely cohabited with
the other as husband and wife;
5. That either party was physically incapable of consummating the marriage with the other,
and such incapacity continues and appears to be incurable
Exception/ Filing:
Party to file suit: Parent or guardian before the child reaches 21 and the
party who did not obtain consent within 5 years after reaching 21.
* If the spouse knew that the spouse was insane prior to the celebration of
the marriage she cannot annul the marriage.
Ratification: Through cohabitation by the person with the unsound mind after he has come
to reason
*Once ratified the marriage will be valid and no longer annullable even if the insanity comes
back.
Party to file suit: Sane spouse without knowledge before the death of either
party, relative or guardian of insane at any time before the death of either
party, and insane spouse before the death of either party.
Exception to 46(2): If the woman was unchaste and the man knew of her
unchaste character.
Exception to 46(2): If woman did not inform the man but pregnancy was
apparent.
Party to file the suit: Injured party within 5 years from the time the force,
intimidation or undue influence disappeared or ceased.
Party to file suit: Injured party within 5 years after the discovery of fraud
NO RATIFICATION by cohabitation
Rule of triennial cohabitation: presumption of impotence arises when wife remains a virgin
after 3 years from the time of marriage.
6. That either party was afflicted with a sexually-transmissible disease found to be serious
and appears to be incurable
Art. 48: In all cases of annulment or declaration of absolute nullity of marriage, the Court
shall order the prosecuting attorney or fiscal assigned to it to appear on behalf of the State
to take steps to prevent collusion between the parties and to take care that evidence is not
fabricated or suppressed
In the cases referred to in the preceding paragraph, no judgment shall be based upon a
stipulation of facts or confession of judgment
Art. 49: During the pendency of the action and in the absence of adequate provisions in a
written agreement between the spouses, the Court shall provide for the support of the
spouses and the custody and support of their common children. The Court shall give
paramount consideration to the moral and material welfare of said children and their choice
of the parent with whom they wish to remain as provided to in Title IX. It shall also provide
for appropriate visitation rights of the other parent.
Art. 50: The effects provided for by paragraphs (2), (3), (4) and (5) of Article 43 and by
Article 44 shall also apply in the proper cases to marriages which are declared ab initio or
annulled by final judgment under Articles 40 and 45.
The final judgment in such cases shall provide for the liquidation, partition and distribution
of the properties of the spouses, the custody and support of the common children, and the
delivery of third presumptive legitimes, unless such matters had been adjudicated in
No ratification by cohabitation
-
The state will ensure the prevention of collusion between the parties (who may
make up a ground to annul the marriage) and to ensure that the evidence is
not fabricated
No judgment shall be based on a confession and a stipulation of facts only.
While trial is on going the support of the spouses and custody of the children
shall be governed by whatever agreement the parties have made. If none then
they shall be supported from the absolute community of property or conjugal
partnership of gains.
The court may however make the necessary adjustments in case the
agreement is inadequate.
Article 43: effects of termination of subsequent marriage (liquidation, disposition, donation,
insurance, inheritance)
Article 44: Both spouses of the subsequent marriage are in bad faith the marriage shall be
void
Article 40: Final judgment declaring a marriage was void for a subsequent marriage.
-
* In nullity cases, if the marriage is deemed to be void then the one who got
support should return it with legal interest to the person who furnished
support since such person was not entitled to the support there being no
marriage.
*The judgment and decree of nullity or annulment will become final upon the
expiration of 15 days from the receipt of the parties of the decision. (Thus
any marriage prior to the 15 days may be considered bigamous since the
marriage is still subsisting at that time.)
- In all other cases of a void marriage the property regime will be governed by Art. 147
(wages and salaries owned by them in equal shares property governed by co-ownership)
Art. 148 (properties acquired through joint contributions only and divided in proportion to
their contributions)
Presumptive Legitime: Part of the property of the testator, which cannot be disposed of
because the law has reserved it for certain compulsory heirs. The decree of annulment or
nullity of marriage provides for the delivery of the presumptive legitimes this is in order to
protect the legitime of the children from subsequent marriage.
Ex. If A husband of B dies, their child C will inherit a legitime from As properties. In this
case there is no death thus the legitime is presumed (what As properties would be if he
died at this time) and that is what is given to C.
In the event that the either or both parents die later on the presumptive
legitime given is considered an advance on their legitime and are just given
the remaining balance due them.
In void marriages other than that provided for in Art. 40, the presumptive
legitime is not delivered.
- Generally, children conceived and born outside a valid marriage or inside a void marriage
are illegitimate except those coming from a marriage void due to psychological incapacity
and those due to lack of judicial decree of nullity or liquidation or dissolution of property.
* The children or the guardian may seek the enforcement for the delivery of
the presumptive legitime.
LEGAL SEPARATION: Does not affect the marital status of the couple, merely a separation of bed and board. (Exclusive list)
Violence Against Women and Children (VAWC RA 9262): includes spouse, girlfriends, and even one-night stands (level of intimacy). Men can file on behalf of children. Many articles of VAWC encompass legal separation and if this is so the required cooling off period
is no longer necessary. Included as part of VAWC such as corruption (#3) included as violence, even psychological violence (bigamy, sexual infidelity).
- The children included in VAWC are those under the care of the women even those of the respondents child from a previous marriage.
Article 55: Happens after marriage ceremony
Physical violence here is measured not by the severity but by the frequency. However if it is
* Does not include a ground for legal separation when the respondent1. Repeated physical violence or grossly abusive conduct directed against the petitioner, a
not repeated or is not physical violence it may be considered as grossly abusive conduct.
spouse inflicts violence on his/her own child from a previous marriage but
common child, or a child of the petitioner
may cause to suspend or terminate parental authority.
Grossly abusive conduct need not be repeated but more of a serious act: rely on
Art. 231 (1): Parental authority can be suspended when the parent treats
proportionality and abusive conduct to what was committed.
the child with excessive harshness or cruelty
Continued indifference or aversion to spouse and persistent neglect of duties
incident to marital relation, etc.
Use of offensive and abusive language with intent and fixed purpose of
causing unhappiness.
Other acts of corruption, which do not fall under prostitution.
2. Physical violence or moral pressure to compel the petitioner to change religious or
- There should be unity in the family and thus the couple should learn to live with each
*Enforce human rights through acceptance of the others right
political affiliation
others political ideas.
3. Attempt of respondent to corrupt or induce the petitioner, a common child, or a child of
- The children here may or may not be emancipated.
* Other forms of corruption can fall under grave abuse of conduct
the petitioner, to engage in prostitution, or connivance in such corruption or inducement
- The corrupt act here refers to prostitution only, a mere attempt is enough the respondent
need not be successful at the corruption or inducement.
- There is no cause of action when the child involved is that of the respondent from another
marriage.
4. Final judgment sentencing the respondent to imprisonment of more than six years, even
- The crime need not be against the other spouse. It can be against anyone.
if pardoned
- The fact that the crime had been pardoned doesnt matter as long as there is a final
judgment.
5. Drug addiction or habitual alcoholism of the respondent
- The extent and nature of such is the same, as those in annulment cases but such grounds
may exist even after the marriage ceremony unlike annulment.
6. Lesbianism or homosexuality of respondent
- Considered as a form of cruelty or mental anguish
- Must engage in homosexual acts
7. Respondent contracts a subsequent bigamous marriage
- Illegally contracting a marriage despite full knowledge that the first marriage still validly
*Whether the marriage was done in the Philippines or abroad is immaterial.
exists or without obtaining a judicial declaration of presumptive death.
8. Sexual infidelity or perversion
9. Attempt by the respondent against the life of the petitioner
10. Abandonment of petitioner by respondent without justifiable cause for more than one
year.
For purposes of this Article, the term "child" shall include a child by nature or by adoption
Article 56: Denial of legal separation if they fall on the following grounds
1. Where the aggrieved party has condoned the offense or act complained of
- Other acts of sexual infidelity short of concubinage and adultery are enough as long as
they constitute a clear betrayal of trust.
- Sexual perversion can be done to ones own wife.
- Must come from an evil design or unlawful cause
- No nee for any criminal conviction, preponderance of evidence is enough. (If there is a
criminal conviction, the other spouse can be disinherited even if there is no legal separation
case filed)
Willfully left the dwelling without intention of returning.
*There must be a wrongful intent to desert, continued for the statutory period.
Exception: If the wife condones sexual perversion with her husband then it
cannot be a ground for legal separation.
Exception: if after the condonation the guilty spouse repeats the offense
then can still file for legal separation.
2. Where the aggrieved party has consented to the commission of the offense or act complained of
3. Where there is connivance between the parties in the commission of the offense or act
constituting the ground for legal separation
5. Where there is collusion between the parties to obtain decree of legal separation
Art. 59: No legal separation may be decreed unless the Court has taken steps toward the
reconciliation of the spouses and is fully satisfied, despite such efforts, that reconciliation is highly
improbable.
Art. 60: No decree of legal separation shall be based upon a stipulation of facts or a confession of
judgment.
In any case, the Court shall order the prosecuting attorney or fiscal assigned to it to take steps to
prevent collusion between the parties and to take care that the evidence is not fabricated or
suppressed.
Art. 61: After the filing of the petition for legal separation, the spouses shall be entitled to live
separately from each other
The court, in the absence of a written agreement between the spouses, shall designate either of
them or a third person to administer the absolute community or conjugal partnership property. The
administrator appointed by the court shall have the same powers and duties as those of a guardian
under the Rules of Court.
Art. 62: During the pendency of the action for legal separation, the provisions of Article 49 shall
likewise apply to the support of the spouses and the custody and support of the common children.
Art. 63: The decree of legal separation shall have the following effects:
1. The spouses shall be entitled to live separately from each other, but the marriage bonds shall not
be severed;
2. The absolute community or the conjugal partnership shall be dissolved and liquidated but the
offending spouse shall have no right to any share of the net profits earned by the absolute
community or the conjugal partnership, which shall be forfeited in accordance with the provisions of
Article 43(2);
3. The custody of the minor children shall be awarded to the innocent spouse, subject to the
provisions of Article 213 of this Code; and
4. The offending spouse shall be disqualified from inheriting from the innocent spouse by intestate
succession. Moreover, provisions in favor of the offending spouse made in the will of the innocent
spouse shall be revoked by operation of law.
Art. 64: After the finality of the decree of legal separation, the innocent spouse may revoke the
donations made by him or by her in favor of the offending spouse, as well as the designation of the
latter as beneficiary in any insurance policy, even if such designation be stipulated as irrevocable.
The revocation of the donations shall be recorded in the registries of property in the places where
the properties are located. Alienations, liens and encumbrances registered in good faith before the
recording of the complaint for revocation in the registries of property shall be respected. The
revocation of or change in the designation of the insurance beneficiary shall take effect upon written
notification thereof to the insured
The action to revoke the donation under this Article must be brought within five years from the time
the decree of legal separation become final.
Art. 65: If the spouses should reconcile, a corresponding joint manifestation under oath duly signed
by them shall be filed with the court in the same proceeding for legal separation.
- In collusion the couple makes it appear that there is a ground for legal separation
but actually there is none.
- Corrupt agreement
- The act need not actually happen
- An action for legal separation must be filed within 5 years from the occurrence of
the cause.
- From the time the act occurred not the discovery of the cause of action.
- The defendant is required to answer the petition 15 days from the date of the
receipt of the complaint. However whether or not the defendant files an answer or
not there should be no hearing on the merits by the court until after a 6-month
cooling-off period is terminated.
- The court must try to salvage the marriage by taking steps towards reconciliation.
-
Art. 49: During the pendency of the action and in the absence of a written
agreement, the court will provide for the support and custody.
- Though the spouses are entitled to live separately the marriage bond shall not be
severed. They are still married to each other.
- The property shall be liquidated, the offending spouse shall have no share or right
to the profits earned and shall be forfeited in favor of the common children if none
the children of the guilty spouse if none then to the innocent spouse.
- The innocent spouse shall generally have custody of the children however the
major consideration is always the paramount interest of the children.
- The offending spouse shall be disqualified from inheriting form the innocent
spouse by intestate succession furthermore provisions in favor of the offending
spouse made in the will of the innocent spouse shall be revoked by operation of
law.
Art. 57: An action for legal separation shall be filed within five years from
the time of the occurrence of the cause
*Failure to observe the 6-month cooling off period is a ground to set aside a
decision granting legal separation.
*Other incidents may be heard during the 6-month period such as support
and custody.
* However even if there is no trial the couple may choose not to live
together. They cannot be forced to live together.
* If the case is vehemently opposed and contested and it is clear that the
litigation is a no-holds barred contest and not collusion the non-intervention
of the prosecuting attorney is not fatal to the validity of the proceedings.
* Death of the plaintiff before the final decree in an action for legal
separation terminates the case.
* No children below 7 years old shall be separated from the mother unless
the court finds compelling reasons to order otherwise (Tender Years
Doctrine)
The law gives the option to innocent party whether to revoke or not the
donation of the guilty party in an insurance.
The revocation must be made within 5 years from the time the decree
of legal separation has become final.
* The revocation of or change in the designation of insurance beneficiary shall take
effect after written notification to the insurer not the insured since it makes more
sense however the law states notification should be given to the insured thus that
should be followed.
-
If the case is still pending then it shall be terminated, if the decree has
been issued then it shall be set aside.
Separation of properties will still subsist, but the parties can enter into
an agreement to revive the prior property regime.
Generally the law provides that one can only fix the property regime
before the marriage celebration but the rules now set forth that the
adoption of another property regime can be made aside from that
which they had previously existing during their marriage.
EFFECT OF REVIVAL:
1.
If creditors are notified they should file opposition on properties if they
have debts that should be paid by either spouse.
2.
If creditors are notified but they dont file they cannot get from the
properties that will be placed in co-ownership in the revival.
3.
If creditors are not notified then they can collect from properties coowned.
4.
If creditors are not notified but there are separate properties they cant
get from co-owned properties.
-
Art. 66: The reconciliation referred to in the preceding Articles shall have the following
consequences:
1. The legal separation proceedings, if still pending, shall thereby be terminated at whatever stage;
and
2. The final decree of legal separation shall be set aside, but the separation of property and any
forfeiture of the share of the guilty spouse already effected shall subsist, unless the spouses agree
to revive their former property regime.
The court's order containing the foregoing shall be recorded in the proper civil registries.
Art. 67: The agreement to revive the former property regime referred to in the preceding Article
shall be executed under oath and shall specify:
1. The properties to be contributed anew to the restored regime
2. Those to be retained as separated properties of each spouse; and
3. The names of all their known creditors, their addresses and the amounts owing to each.
The agreement of revival and the motion for its approval shall be filed with the court in the same
proceeding for legal separation, with copies of both furnished to the creditors named therein. After
due hearing, the court shall, in its order, take measure to protect the interest of creditors and such
order shall be recorded in the proper registries of properties.
The recording of the ordering in the registries of property shall not prejudice any creditor not listed
or not notified, unless the debtor-spouse has sufficient separate properties to satisfy the creditor's
claim.
RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS BETWEEN HUSBAND AND WIFE
Art. 68: The husband and wife are obliged to live together, observe mutual love, respect and
fidelity, and render mutual help and support.
Reason: So couples wont abandon each other based on their whims and caprices
Procreation is also an essential marital obligation.
* Remedy if other spouse is not living with you: seek relief from court so
that you do not have to give him support.
RAPE:
1. Committed by a man against a woman who shall have carnal knowledge of her
through force, intimidation or threat; when she is deprived of reason or
consciousness, machinations or grave abuse of authority.
2. Even if none of the circumstances are present if woman is below 12 or demented.
3. Any person who inserts any foreign object into genital or anal orifice (rape can be
committed against a man)
4. Any person who inserts penis into oral or anal orifice.
Art. 69: The husband and wife shall fix the family domicile. In case of disagreement, the court
shall decide.
The court may exempt one spouse from living with the other if the latter should live abroad or there
are other valid and compelling reasons for the exemption. However, such exemption shall not
apply if the same is not compatible with the solidarity of the family.
Art. 70: The spouses are jointly responsible for the support of the family. The expenses for such
support and other conjugal obligations shall be paid from the community property and, in the
absence thereof, from the income or fruits of their separate properties. In case of insufficiency or
absence of said income or fruits, such obligations shall be satisfied from the separate properties.
Art. 71: The management of the household shall be the right and the duty of both spouses. The
expenses for such management shall be paid in accordance with the provisions of Article 70.
Art. 72: When one of the spouses neglects his or her duties to the conjugal union or commits acts
which tend to bring danger, dishonor or injury to the other or to the family, the aggrieved party may
apply to the court for relief.
Art. 73: Either spouse may exercise any legitimate profession, occupation, business or activity
without the consent of the other. The latter may object only on valid, serious, and moral grounds.
In case of disagreement, the court shall decide whether or not:
1. The objection is proper; and
2. Benefit has occurred to the family prior to the objection or thereafter. If the benefit accrued prior
to the objection, the resulting obligation shall be enforced against the separate property of the
spouse who has not obtained consent.
The foregoing provisions shall not prejudice the rights of creditors who acted in good faith.
PROPERTY RELATIONS
Art. 74: The property relationship between husband and wife shall be governed in the following
order:
1. By marriage settlements executed before the marriage;
2. By the provisions of this Code; and
3. By the local custom.
Art. 75: The future spouses may, in the marriage settlements, agree upon the regime of absolute
community, conjugal partnership of gains, complete separation of property, or any other regime.
In the absence of a marriage settlement, or when the regime agreed upon is void, the system of
absolute community of property as established in this Code shall govern.
Article 76: Modifications in marriage settlement must be made before the celebration of the
marriage.
Shall be the right and duty of both spouses regardless of what the
property regime is.
In the event that one of the spouses neglects his or her duties or
commits acts that endanger or dishonor the family he aggrieved party
may apply to the court for relief.
FORMS OF RELIEF:
1.
Legal separation
2.
Psychological incapacity
3.
Petition for receivership judicial, separation of property to become sole
administrator of property.
Based on presumption, despite objection (before or after) it will still go to
family.
VAWC: If husband prevents you from doing a right then punishable by
law.
The objection must be all valid, serious, and on moral grounds at the
same time.
If it is an isolated activitycontractwithout consent of other spouse,
the conjugal spouse cant be liable
GENERAL RULE:
1.
Obligations incurred before or after the marriage but redounding to the
benefit of the family shall be charged to the conjugal properties
2.
Spouses job redounds to the benefit of the family thus obligations can
be satisfied from the conjugal property.
3.
If the benefit accrued prior to the objection, the resulting obligation shall
be enforced against the separate property of the spouse who has not
obtained consent.
-
Exceptions: For the separate properties to be liable the other spouse must
have no knowledge of the immoral activity and therefore could not give an
objection even if benefit accrues to the family.
Exception liability against separate property: If the creditor did not know of
the immoral activity or thought it was to be used for a legitimate business,
creditor can collect from conjugal properties.
Marriage Settlements: must be in writing signed by the parties, and made prior to the
celebration of the marriage if it is not in writing it shall be unenforceable.
If there is no marriage settlement agreed upon or if the same is void,
then the absolute community if property will prevail.
EFFECT OF MARRIAGE SETTLEMENT:
1.
Property in marriage settlement is registered did not redound to family,
creditor cant get from co-owned
2.
If marriage settlement is not registered, can get from co-owned
3.
If redounded to benefit of family can get from co-owned even if not
registered.
*Marriage settlement must be fair, they must exercise good faith in contracting the
marriage settlement. However if the agreement is not fair as long as the
disadvantaged spouse shows that he/she understood it then the marriage settlement
shall be maintained.
LOCAL CUSTOMS: rule of conduct formed by repetition of acts uniformly observed
as a social rule, legally binding and obligatory.
- If a marriage settlement is absent or property regime agreed upon is void, Absolute
community of property will govern.
Art. 77: The marriage settlements and any modification thereof shall be in writing,
signed by the parties and executed before the celebration of the marriage. They shall
not prejudice third persons unless they are registered in the local civil registry where
the marriage contract is recorded as well as in the proper registries of properties.
(Oral marriage settlement is VOID)
* If the marriage settlement does not particularize any valid property regime
such provision is void and thus the absolute community of property shall
prevail.
DONATIONS
Art. 82: Donations by reason of marriage are those, which are made before its celebration, in
consideration of the same, and in favor of one or both of the future spouses.
Art. 83: These donations are governed by the rules on ordinary donations established in Title III
of Book III of the Civil Code, insofar as they are not modified by the following articles.
Art. 84: If the future spouses agree upon a regime other than the absolute community of
property, they cannot donate to each other in their marriage settlements more than one-fifth of
their present property. Any excess shall be considered void.
Donations of future property shall be governed by the provisions on testamentary succession and
the formalities of wills.
Article 85: Donations by reason of marriage of property subject to encumbrances shall be valid.
In case of foreclosure of the encumbrance and the property is sold for less than the total amount
of the obligation secured, the donee shall not be liable for the deficiency. If the property is sold for
more than the total amount of said obligation, the donee shall be entitled to the excess.
Art. 86: A donation by reason of marriage may be revoked by the donor in the following cases:
1. If the marriage is not celebrated or judicially declared void ab initio except donations made in
the marriage settlements, which shall be governed by Article 81;
2. When the marriage takes place without the consent of the parents or guardian, as required by
law;
3. When the marriage is annulled, and the donee acted in bad faith;
4. Upon legal separation, the donee being the guilty spouse;
5. If it is with a resolutory condition and the condition is complied with;
6. When the donee has committed an act of ingratitude as specified by the provisions of the Civil
Code on donations in general.
- Now a minor or a person below 18 years old cannot contract to a marriage. An 18year-old person deciding to get married can execute a marriage settlement without
obtaining consent.
- It is mandatory that a person with civil interdiction must have a guardian appointed
by the court to be involved in making the marriage settlement
CIVIL INTERDICTION: deprives the offender during the sentence, rights in marriage,
parental rights, and administration of property.
Extrinsic validity: The form of the contract has to follow whatever is the law in the
country for changes to be made (change title etc.)
- The reason for the marriage settlement is the marriage itself thus if it does not take
place the marriage settlement shall not be valid.
- The provisions in a marriage settlement are separable thus if there are provisions
which are invalid then only the invalid provisions will be ineffectual while the rest will
be enforced.
Those not written, signed and made before the celebration
Those that stipulate that neither local custom nor absolute community of property will
govern without stipulating any other kind of property regime.
Those made by a person upon who a sentence of civil interdiction is given
Those stipulated in marriage settlement or contracts made in consideration of
marriage (donations) will be void if marriage does not take place
- Only needs to be registered in order to bind third parties. If registered third parties
cannot go after conjugal property
If there is no marriage settlement:
1.
If property is registered then spouse is bound by mortgage
2.
If property is not registered then property is impaired and the debtor
looses period of loan.
Procedure--Movable:
1. Accepted personally or representative
2. Made in lifetime of donor and donee
3. Can be orally given as long as with simultaneous delivery or document
representing right of donated (if above 5000 then must be in writing)
Procedure--Immovable:
1.must be in public document
2. Acceptance made in that document or separate
3. Must be made in lifetime of donor.
DONATIONS EXCLUDED:
1.
Made in favor of the spouses after the celebration of the
marriage
2.
Executed in favor of the future spouses but not in
consideration of marriage
3.
Granted to persons other than the spouses even though they
may be founded on the marriage.
Art. 87: Every donation or grant of gratuitous advantage, direct or indirect, between the spouses
during the marriage shall be void, except moderate gifts which the spouses may give each other
on the occasion of any family rejoicing. The prohibition shall also apply to persons living together
as husband and wife without a valid marriage.
Property Regime
Absolute community of property
Art. 88: The absolute community
of property between spouses shall
commence at the precise moment
that the marriage is celebrated.
Any stipulation, express or implied,
for the commencement of the
community regime at any other
time shall be void
(Default regime if nothing stipulate
exception: subsequent marriage
after death will automatically be
CSP if there was no proper
liquidation of the properties of the
previous marriage)
Art. 90: The provisions on coownership shall apply to the
absolute community of property
between the spouses in all matters
not provided for in this Chapter.
What included
All properties owned before
and after.
Art. 91: Unless otherwise
provided in this Chapter or in
the marriage settlements, the
community
property
shall
consist of all the property
owned by the spouses at the
time of the celebration of the
marriage
or
acquired
thereafter.
Art. 93: Property acquired
during
the
marriage
is
presumed to belong to the
community, unless it is proved
that it is one of those excluded
therefrom.
3.
Upon legal separation when donee is the guilty spouse
Prescription:
- 5 years from finality of decree.
4.
When there is a resolutory cause and the condition has been complied
with
Prescription:
5 years from the happening of the resolutory condition.
6. Acts of ingratitude:
- Donee commits an offense against the person or property of the donor, his wife, or
children
- Donee imputes to the donor any criminal offense involving moral turpitude unless it
against the donee
- Donee unduly refuses to support donor when he is legally or morally bound to give
support.
Prescription:
- 1 year from the time the donor had knowledge of the fact of ingratitude
What constitutes a moderate gift depends on the financial capacity of
the donor.
Under the last sentence of Art. 87it must be shown that the donation
was made at a time when they were still living together as husband and
wife without the benefit of marriage.
Validity of donation or transfer cannot be challenged by anyone unless
those that will be affected by the donation.
RESERVA TRONCAL: the ascendant who inherits from his descendant any property
which the later may have acquired by gratuitous title from another ascendant or
rd
sibling is obliged to reserve such property for the benefit of relatives within the 3
degree and who belong to the same line.
Ex. H is married to W and has a son S. H has a brother B. H dies and donates to S
his property. After which, S dies without any heirs and thus the property goes to W. If
W dies the property does not go to her heir but to B so that the property stays in the
same line of the original owner (once owed by H) and is within the third degree of S.
What excluded
Article 92:
1.provided in marriage settlement
2. Personal and exclusive use of either
spouse (except jewelry)
- However if exclusive property is used to
purchase something else such property
becomes part of ACP
1.Property acquired by gratuitous title
including the fruits and income UNLESS
the guarantor expressly said they will form
part of ACP
- Must be a valid donation (cant be
donation made by one spouse to another)
2.Property acquired by either spouse who
has legitimate descendants and the fruits
of that property
*Winnings from gambling (losses borne by
looser)
Notes
Art. 89: No waiver of rights, shares and effects
of the absolute community of property during
the marriage can be made except in case of
judicial separation of property.
When the waiver takes place upon a judicial
separation of property, or after the marriage
has been dissolved or annulled, the same
shall appear in a public instrument and shall
be recorded as provided in Article 77. The
creditors of the spouse who made such waiver
may petition the court to rescind the waiver to
the extent of the amount sufficient to cover the
amount of their credits.
* No waiver of rights, interests, shares, and
effects without judicial separation or
dissolution or annulment of marriage shall
appear in a public instrument (creditors may
rescind waiver up to extent of the debt)
Art. 96: The administration and enjoyment of
the community property shall belong to both
spouses jointly. In case of disagreement, the
husband's decision shall prevail, subject to
recourse to the court by the wife for proper
remedy, which must be availed of within five
years from the date of the contract
implementing such decision.
In the event that one spouse is incapacitated
or otherwise unable to participate in the
administration of the common properties, the
other spouse may assume sole powers of
administration. These powers do not include
disposition or encumbrance without authority
of the court or the written consent of the other
spouse. In the absence of such authority or
consent, the disposition or encumbrance shall
be void. However, the transaction shall be
construed as a continuing offer on the part of
the consenting spouse and the third person,
and may be perfected as a binding contract
upon the acceptance by the other spouse or
authorization by the court before the offer is
withdrawn by either or both offerors.
* Spouses administer and enjoy property
Charges
Article 94:
1. Support (spouses, common & legitimate
children)
- Even beyond age of majority
2. Debts & obligations made by both,
administrator, or with consent of other
spouse (even if did not redound)
3. D & O without consent but redounded.
4. Expenses for community property (taxes,
liens, charges)
5. Taxes & expenses for preservation during
marriage of separate property used by
family
6. Expenses for self-improvement or
profession.
7. Antenuptial debts redounding to family
8. Donation made by both spouses for
children to pursue vocation or selfimprovement
9. For illegitimate children, fines for
crimes/quasi delict in case of insufficiency.
(Advances)
10. Expenses for litigation
* Solidary liability does not include antenuptial debts not redounding, support of
illegitimate, liabilities thru crime/delict.
Art. 95: Whatever may be lost during the
marriage in any game of chance, betting,
sweepstakes, or any other kind of gambling,
whether permitted or prohibited by law, shall
be borne by the loser and shall not be
charged to the community but any winnings
therefrom shall form part of the community
property.
Liquidation process
Termination:
Art. 97: Either spouse may dispose by will of
his or her interest in the community property.
Art. 98: Neither spouse may donate any
community property without the consent of
the other. However, either spouse may,
without the consent of the other, make
moderate donations from the community
property for charity or on occasions of family
rejoicing or family distress
Article 99:
1. Death
- Same proceeding as settlement of estate.
Spouse shall liquidate property if no judicial
settlement proceeding within 1 year. After 1
year cannot may encumbrance on property.
2. Legal separation
4. Annulled or void (governed by art. 147 &
148 except if void under Article 40)
5. Judicial separation of property
6. Reappearance of a spouse presumed
dead.
Procedure:
Article 102:
1. Inventory (separate and community)
2. D&O of ACP shall be paid out, in case of
insufficiency solidarily liable with separate
property.
3. Exclusive prop delivered.
4. Net remainder of ACP divided equally
unless different proportion in settlement or
waiver.
5. Delivery of presumptive legitimates
6. Conjugal dwelling with spouse with most
children
ACP
ACP
SEPARATION IN FACT:
Art. 100: The separation in fact between husband and wife shall not affect the
regime of absolute community except that:
1.The spouse who leaves the conjugal home or refuses to live therein, without
just cause, shall not have the right to be supported;
2.When the consent of one spouse to any transaction of the other is required
by law, judicial authorization shall be obtained in a summary proceeding;
3. In the absence of sufficient community property, the separate property of
both spouses shall be solidarily liable for the support of the family. The spouse
present shall, upon proper petition in a summary proceeding, be given judicial
authority to administer or encumber any specific separate property of the other
spouse and use the fruits or proceeds thereof to satisfy the latter's share.
Art. 101: If a spouse without just cause abandons the other or fails to comply
with his or her obligations to the family, the aggrieved spouse may petition the
court for receivership, for judicial separation of property or for authority to be
the sole administrator of the absolute community, subject to such
precautionary conditions as the court may impose.
ABANDONMENT: Implies a departure by one spouse with the avowed intent never to return,
followed by prolonged absence without just cause.
- Should not only be physical but also financial and moral desertion.
A spouse is deemed to have abandoned the other when her or she has left the
conjugal dwelling without intention of returning. The spouse who has left the
conjugal dwelling for a period of three months or has failed within the same
period to give any information as to his or her whereabouts shall be prima
facie presumed to have no intention of returning to the conjugal dwelling.
Article 106:
Article 109:
- Proceeds, products, fruits and
1. Brought into the marriage as his or
income from their separate
her own
properties
2. Acquired by gratuitous title
- Those acquired by their efforts
- By way of succession
or chance
- Honorarium (given in appreciation
- Income and fruits by gratuitous
for services rendered)
title (diff from ACP)
3. Acquired by right of redemption,
- Annuity: retirement on an
barter, exchange
annuity (received as a matter of
- Even if money used to redeem is
right)
conjugal (reimbursement)
-Pension:
serious
previously
4. Bought with exclusive money of
rendered for which full and
either spouse.
adequate compensation was not
*Onerous donations
received at the time.
*Designated share in donation
Article 117:
*Gratuity (amount given by gobs for
1. Acquired by onerous title using
previous work)
common funds.
2. Obtained by labor or industry or
Art. 110: The spouses retain the
work
ownership, possession, administration
3. Fruits, natural, industrial, or civil
and enjoyment of their exclusive
due received during marriage
properties.
from common prop
- Net fruits of exclusive property
Either spouse may, during the
BUT personal damages are not
marriage, transfer the administration
conjugal.
of his or her exclusive property to the
4. Share in hidden treasure
other by means of a public
5. Fishing and hunting
instrument, which shall be recorded in
6. Excess livestock (those brought
the registry of property of the place
in to the marriage by one will
the property is located.
reimbursed
7. Acquired by chance
Article 121:
1.support of spouse common and legitimate
children
2.D&O by admin, both or either spouse with
consent of other.
3.D&O without consent of other but redounding.
4.expenses for conjugal prop (taxes, liens)
5.taxes and expenses for preservation of
separate property (no need for use)
6.expenses for spouse for profession or selfimprovement.
7.Antenuptial debts redounding to family.
8.donation of both for children for profession or
self-improvement.
9.expenses of litigation between spouses
Not to be paid by cpg:
Article 122:
-Payment of personal debts contracted by the
husband or wife before or during the marriage
unless they redounded to the benefit of the
family.
However, fines and indemnities imposed
support of illegitimate children can be paid by
the assets AFTER the payment of obligations
provided in Art. 121. But at the time of
liquidation the spouse who used such funds will
be charged.
If charges are paid, and no property or
insufficient CPG pays:
-Fines, debts before the marriage
-Support of illegitimate
*Subject to reimbursement (ACP no need to pay
out all charges first)
Article 120
1.If improvement made by cp is more than value
of the property, entire property will be conjugal
reimburse spouse.
2. If amount is not more than it will still be
separate property subject to reimbursement to
CPG. (Ownership will vest upon reimbursement)
Art. 123: Whatever may be lost during the
marriage in any game of chance or in betting,
sweepstakes, or any other kind of gambling
Termination:
Article 126:
1.Death
2.Legal Separation
3. Annulled or declared void.
4.Judicial Separation
Article 127 and 128:
-Provisions on separation in fact and
abandonment has the same application as in
ACP article 100 and 101.
Procedure:
Article 129:
1.Inventory of separate and conjugal prop
2.Payment of advances
3.Reimbursement to the spouses.
4.D&O paid out by CPG, insufficiency
solidarily liable.
5.exclusive prop delivered
6.loss or deterioration of movables paid from
CPG
7.Net remainder to be divided (unless MS or
waiver)
8.Delivery of presumptive legitimes
9.Conjugal dwelling
Article 130: in case of death the liquidation
proceeding will be in the same proceeding as
the settlement of the estate of the deceased.
(Same application as in ACP article 103)
Art. 133: From the common mass of property
support shall be given to the surviving
spouse and to the children during the
liquidation of the inventoried property and
until what belongs to them is delivered; but
from this shall be deducted that amount
received for support which exceeds the fruits
or rents pertaining to them.
CPG
Art. 110: The spouses retain the ownership, possession, administration and
enjoyment of their exclusive properties.
CPG
CPG
Either spouse may, during the marriage, transfer the administration of his or
her exclusive property to the other by means of a public instrument, which
shall be recorded in the registry of property of the place the property is
located.
Art. 111: A spouse of age may mortgage, encumber, alienate or otherwise
dispose of his or her exclusive property, without the consent of the other
spouse, and appear alone in court to litigate with regard to the same.
Art. 112: The alienation of any exclusive property of a spouse administered by
the other automatically terminates the administration over such property and
the proceeds of the alienation shall be turned over to the owner-spouse.
Art. 113: Property donated or left by will to the spouses, jointly and with
designation of determinate shares, shall pertain to the donee-spouses as his
or her own exclusive property, and in the absence of designation, share and
share alike, without prejudice to the right of accretion when proper.
Art. 114: If the donations are onerous, the amount of the charges shall be
borne by the exclusive property of the donee spouse, whenever they have
been advanced by the conjugal partnership of gains.
CPG
Separation of property
Art. 134: In the absence of an
express declaration in the marriage
settlements, the separation of
property between spouses during
the marriage shall not take place
except by judicial order. Such
judicial separation of property may
either be voluntary or for sufficient
cause.
(Can be stipulated in MS which
shall govern and FC will only be
supplementary in nature, in the
absence therein it cannot take
place during the marriage except
by judicial order)
-May refer to present or future
property or both
-May be partial or total
-Those not agreed as separate will
be ACP
Art. 111 is no longer necessary, as the age of marriage is also the age of
emancipation.
If the owner-spouse alienates his property the administration by the other spouse
over such property will cease and the proceeds will go to the owner.
The owner-spouse cannot revoke a judicially approved administration by the other
spouse of his property by alienating it. Thus to alienate the property he must get
the consent of the administrator-spouse or court approval.
The donor may donate whatever he wishes to whomever he wants. Thus he may
donate a piece of property to both spouses jointly or may specify how much of the
property should go to the husband and how much should go to the wife.
ACCRETION: addition of property to another property
General rule: in a joint donation one cannot accept independently of his co-donee unless it is
stipulated or unless it is between husband and wife.
Ex. D donates land to H and W who are married. D donates 1/3 to W and 2/3 to H. If W does
not accept the donation it will be considered added on to the share of the husband. However if it
is a specific designation such as H will get a car and W will get a horse, accretion will not apply.
- In the case of wills for accretion to take effect, the nature of the inheritance must be pro
indivisio (not divided, the terms or in equal shares is does not make it divided).
-
Any alienation made by either spouse without the consent of the other is invalid.
In case the husband disposes of property over the objection of the wife, the wife
may file a case to annul the entire contract or part of it.
Revival:
Article 141:
1.termination of civil interdiction
2.Absentee reappears
3.court satisfied that administration will not
be again abused
4.Resumption of common life with other
spouse
5.parental authority restored
6.reconciliation of those separated in fact
7.For those who voluntarily separated
property, agree to revive former property
regime (but after that cant separate property
anymore)
- Art. 67 revival:
Agreement under oath will state:
1.properties to be contributed
2.those to be retained as separate
3.names of known creditors
Marriage
without
unions
(governs void marriages)
Art. 147: When a man and a woman who are capacitated to marry each other,
live exclusively with each other as husband and wife without the benefit of
marriage or under a void marriage, their wages and salaries shall be owned by
them in equal shares and the property acquired by both of them through their
work or industry shall be governed by the rules on co-ownership.
In the absence of proof to the contrary, properties acquired while they lived
together shall be presumed to have been obtained by their joint efforts, work
or industry, and shall be owned by them in equal shares. For purposes of this
Article, a party who did not participate in the acquisition by the other party of
any property shall be deemed to have contributed jointly in the acquisition
thereof if the former's efforts consisted in the care and maintenance of the
family and of the household.
Neither party can encumber or dispose by acts inter vivos of his or her share
in the property acquired during cohabitation and owned in common, without
the consent of the other, until after the termination of their cohabitation.
When only one of the parties to a void marriage is in good faith, the share of
the party in bad faith in the co-ownership shall be forfeited in favor of their
common children. In case of default of or waiver by any or all of the common
children or their descendants, each vacant share shall belong to the
respective surviving descendants. In the absence of descendants, such share
shall belong to the innocent party. In all cases, the forfeiture shall take place
upon termination of the cohabitation.
Marriage
without
unions
(governs void marriages)
Art. 148: In cases of cohabitation not falling under the preceding Article, only
the properties acquired by both of the parties through their actual joint
contribution of money, property, or industry shall be owned by them in
common in proportion to their respective contributions. In the absence of proof
to the contrary, their contributions and corresponding shares are presumed to
be equal. The same rule and presumption shall apply to joint deposits of
money and evidences of credit.
If one of the parties is validly married to another, his or her share in the coownership shall accrue to the absolute community or conjugal partnership
existing in such valid marriage. If the party who acted in bad faith is not validly
married to another, his or her shall be forfeited in the manner provided in the
last paragraph of the preceding Article.
The foregoing rules on forfeiture shall likewise apply even if both parties are in
bad faith
Requisites:
1.Capacitated to marry each other
-Not capacitated: incestuous, against public policy, under 18, bigamous marriage
2.live exclusively with each other as husband and wife
3.Without benefit of marriage or under a void marriage.
*Includes marriages of psychological incapacity, reappearance of wife, non-liquidation of
property, absence of formal requisites.
Structure:
1.
Salaries and wages shall be owned by equal shares
2.
Property acquired with exclusive funds is owned by them exclusively
3.
Property acquired through work or industry governed by co-ownership
4.
Property acquired while they live together will be owned by them in equal shares.
(Contribution can be in the form of care and maintenance of family, household)
5.
Fruits of separate property not part of co-ownership
6.
Conjugal home will be owned equally.
-Cant encumber or dispose of his/her share without consent of the other or after cohabitation.
-Can alienate in favor of the other his or her share BUT cant waive any interest in co-ownership
-Void marriage: net share of bad faith is forfeited to:
1. Common children
2. Waiver of common children, descendants
3. Absence of descendants, innocent party
Void marriages included:
Art. 36: psychological incapacity
Art. 44: bad faith of both spouses in a subsequent
marriage
Art. 53: non-liquidation, dissolution, distribution of prop.
Those where there is absence of consent, authority of solemnizer, license, marriage ceremony.
Requisites:
Cohabitation not falling under article 147.
Structure:
Parties are co-owners of property acquired during cohabitation only upon proof
that each of them made an actual contribution.
1.
Salaries and wages are separately owned; if either is married the salaries go to
that marriage.
2.
Property acquired by the money of one, belongs to that person exclusively
3.
Only properties acquired by both of them through joint contribution will be owned
by the in common in proportion to what they gave (money, property, or industry
but cant be mere care and maintenance of family/household). (Presumption is that
shares over property owned is equal shares but can be rebutted through proof
showing otherwise.
4.
If one of the parties is validly married, that persons share in the co-ownership will
accrue to the marriage.
Bad faith: net share of bad faith is forfeited to:
1. Common children
2. Waiver of common children, descendants
3. Absence of descendants, innocent party
- If both are in bad faith they shall be considered as in good faith and their shares shall go to
them.
Exception to insolvency: if redounded to the benefit of the family then the property can be assigned for payment of insolvency
- Administration is joint by both spouses, husbands decision will prevail subject to recourse by the wife within 5 years from the contract implementing the decision. Contract will be a continuing offer upon acceptance by other spouse or court order.
THE FAMILY AS AN INSTITUTION
Art. 149: The family, being the foundation of the nation, is a basic social institution which public
policy cherishes and protects. Consequently, family relations are governed by law and no custom,
practice or agreement destructive of the family shall be recognized or given effect.
Art. 150: Family relations include those:
1. Between husband and wife;
2. Between parents and children;
3. Among brothers and sisters, whether of the full or
half-blood.
Art. 151: No suit between members of the same family shall prosper unless it should appear from
the verified complaint or petition that earnest efforts toward a compromise have been made, but
that the same have failed. If it is shown that no such efforts were in fact made, the same case must
be dismissed.
This rules shall not apply to cases which may not be the subject of compromise under the Civil
Code
Home is deemed constituted form the time it is actually resided upon and occupied by the
family. No need for judicial or extrajudicial requirement, deemed constituted by operation
of law.
There must be the element of permanence (thus a boat on water cannot be considered a
Art. 153: The family home is deemed constituted on a house and lot from the time it is occupied as
a family residence. From the time of its constitution and so long as any of its beneficiaries actually
resides therein, the family home continues to be such and is exempt from execution, forced sale or
attachment except as hereinafter provided and to the extent of the value allowed by law.
Art. 154: The beneficiaries of a family home are:
1. The husband and wife, or an unmarried person who is the head of a family; and
2. Their parents, ascendants, descendants, brothers and sisters, whether the relationship be
legitimate or illegitimate, who are living in the family home and who depend upon the head of the
family for legal support
Art. 155: The family home shall be exempt from execution, forced sale or attachment except:
1. For nonpayment of taxes;
2. For debts incurred prior to the constitution of the family home;
3. For debts secured by mortgages on the premises before or after such constitution; and
4. For debts due to laborers, mechanics, architects, builders, material men and others who have
rendered service or furnished material for the construction of the building.
Art. 156: The family home must be part of the properties of the absolute community or the conjugal
partnership, or of the exclusive properties of either spouse with the latter's consent. It may also be
constituted by an unmarried head of a family on his or her own property.
Nevertheless, property that is the subject of a conditional sale on installments where ownership is
reserved by the vendor only to guarantee payment of the purchase price may be constituted as a
family home.
Art. 157: The actual value of the family home shall not exceed, at the time of its constitution, the
amount of the three hundred thousand pesos in urban areas, and two hundred thousand pesos in
rural areas, or such amounts as may hereafter be fixed by law.
In any event, if the value of the currency changes after the adoption of this Code, the value most
favorable for the constitution of a family home shall be the basis of evaluation.
For purposes of this Article, urban areas are deemed to include chartered cities and municipalities
whose annual income at least equals that legally required for chartered cities. All others are
deemed to be rural areas.
Art. 158: The family home may be sold, alienated, donated, assigned or encumbered by the owner
or owners thereof with the written consent of the person constituting the same, the latter's spouse,
and a majority of the beneficiaries of legal age. In case of conflict, the court shall decide
Art. 159: The family home shall continue despite the death of one or both spouses or of the
unmarried head of the family for a period of ten years or for as long as there is a minor beneficiary,
and the heirs cannot partition the same unless the court finds compelling reasons therefor. This
rule shall apply regardless of whoever owns the property or constituted the family home.
Art. 160: When a creditor whose claims is not among those mentioned in Article 155 obtains a
judgment in his favor, and he has reasonable grounds to believe that the family home is actually
worth more than the maximum amount fixed in Article 157, he may apply to the court which
rendered the judgment for an order directing the sale of the property under execution. The court
shall so order if it finds that the actual value of the family home exceeds the maximum amount
allowed by law as of the time of its constitution. If the increased actual value exceeds the maximum
allowed in Article 157 and results from subsequent voluntary improvements introduced by the
person or persons constituting the family home, by the owner or owners of the property, or by any
of the beneficiaries, the same rule and procedure shall apply.
family home)
Must be constituted by both husband and wife jointly, the unmarried head of the family, or
the occupancy of beneficiaries in a home can be constituted as a family home.
The family home is exempt from execution, forced sale or attachment as provided by law
The actual occupancy of the beneficiaries in a home may constitute the same as a family
home as long as they have the consent of the husband or wife who own the house and lot
even if the owners do not reside in them.
The whole value of the family home may be used to pay obligations under Art. 155.
The family home must be constituted at a place where there is a fixed and permanent
connection with the persons constituting it.
Not considered:
1.
Boat or vessel
2.
Apartment or house being rented
3.
House on anothers property
Considered: Property where ownership is reserved to the one making the family home.
Those above the amount stipulated (300,000 in urban, 200,000 in rural) will not be exempt
from execution forced sale or attachment.
Prior to the family code constitution of a family home was not automatic there was a need
to file for such. If prior to the family code there are certain houses falling under the value
of a family home at the time of the constitution of the family code (Aug. 3, 1988) provided
for the family home is deemed automatically constituted.
Written consent needed for the disposition of the family home:
1.
Persons constituting the family home
2.
Latters spouse
3.
Majority of beneficiaries of legal age
Security of the family is the concern of the law thus they provide for a 10 year period
despite the death of the person who constituted the family home. Furthermore the heirs
cannot partition the same unless the court finds compelling reasons therefore.
-
At the execution sale, no bid below the value allowed for a family home shall be considered. The
proceeds shall be applied first to the amount mentioned in Article 157, and then to the liabilities
under the judgment and the costs. The excess, if any, shall be delivered to the judgment debtor.
Art. 161: For purposes of availing of the benefits of a family home as provided for in this Chapter, a person may constitute, or be the beneficiary of, only one family home.
Art. 162: The provisions in this Chapter shall also govern existing family residences insofar as said provisions are applicable.
LEGITIMATE
Children conceived or born during the marriage
ILLEGITIMATE
Children born or conceived outside a valid marriage or in a void marriage unless
otherwise provided
Children as a result of artificial insemination are legitimate provided that both authorized or ratified
the insemination in a written instrument signed by both of them before the birth of the child
(registered with the birth certificate). I
NOTES
If the requisites are not followed and the father does not impugn the
legitimacy of the child, the child shall still be considered legitimate.
If husband is able to impugn legitimacy with regards to him child will simply not be
related, but in relation to the mom the child will be considered illegitimate
- Paternity and filiation refer to the relationship or tie, which exists between parents
and their children.
Illegitimate children are those conceived and born outside a valid
marriage or inside a void marriage.
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION: wife is artificially impregnated with the semen of her
husband or with the semen of a third person.
Child of artificial insemination is considered legitimate provided that both
the husband and wife authorize or ratify such insemination in a written
instrument and signed by them before the birth of the child and that it is
recorded in the civil registry together with the birth certificate of the child.
If the requirements given are not followed and the husband does not
impugn the legitimacy of the child on grounds provided by law within the
prescriptive period the child will still be considered legitimate.
Grounds to impugn legitimacy of the child:
Art. 167: The child shall be considered legitimate although the mother may
1. That it was physically impossible for the husband to have sexual intercourse with his wife within
the first 120 days of the 300 days which immediately preceded the birth of the child because of:
(a) the physical incapacity of the husband to
have sexual intercourse with his wife;
(b) the fact that the husband and wife were
living separately in such a way that
sexual intercourse was not possible; or
(c) serious illness of the husband, which
absolutely prevented sexual intercourse; 2.That it is proved that for biological or other scientific
reasons, the child could not have been that of the husband, except in the instance provided in the
second paragraph of Article 164; or
3. That in case of children conceived through artificial insemination, the written authorization or
ratification of either parent was obtained through mistake, fraud, violence, intimidation, or undue
influence.
Art. 168: If the marriage is terminated and the mother contracted another marriage within three
hundred days after such termination of the former marriage, these rules shall govern in the
absence of proof to the contrary:
1. A child born before one hundred eighty days after the solemnization of the subsequent marriage
is considered to have been conceived during the former marriage, provided it be born within three
hundred days after the termination of the former marriage;
2. A child born after one hundred eighty days following the celebration of the subsequent marriage
is considered to have been conceived during such marriage, even though it be born within the
three hundred days after the termination of the former marriage.
Art. 169: The legitimacy or illegitimacy of a child born after three hundred days following the
termination of the marriage shall be proved by whoever alleges such legitimacy or illegitimacy.
Art. 170: The action to impugn the legitimacy of the child shall be brought within one year from the
knowledge of the birth or its recording in the civil register, if the husband or, in a proper case, any
of his heirs, should reside in the city or municipality where the birth took place or was recorded.
If the husband or, in his default, all of his heirs do not reside at the place of birth as defined in the
first paragraph or where it was recorded, the period shall be two years if they should reside in the
Philippines; and three years if abroad. If the birth of the child has been concealed from or was
unknown to the husband or his heirs, the period shall be counted from the discovery or knowledge
of the birth of the child or of the fact of registration of said birth, whichever is earlier.
Art. 171: The heirs of the husband may impugn the filiation of the child within the period
prescribed in the preceding article only in the following cases:
1. If the husband should died before the expiration of the period fixed for bringing his action;
2. If he should die after the filing of the complaint without having desisted therefrom; or
3. If the child was born after the death of the husband.
PROOF OF FILIATION
Art. 172: The filiation of legitimate children is established by any of the following:
1. The record of birth appearing in the civil register or a final judgment; or
2. An admission of legitimate filiation in a public document or a private handwritten instrument and
signed by the parent concerned.
In the absence of the foregoing evidence, the legitimate filiation shall be proved by:
1. The open and continuous possession of the status of a legitimate child; or
2. Any other means allowed by the Rules of Court and special laws.
1.
*It is from the knowledge of the childs birth not the knowledge that it is not
his child.
*Even if the birth was concealed, if it was registered and the father did not
impugn the childs legitimacy during the period provided then the child is
legitimate. (Cannot impugn since registry is earlier)
- The record of birth appearing in the civil registry should have the husbands signature
and such birth certificate signed by the parents is adequate proof of paternity without
need for further court action.
- Admission in public or private handwritten document is a complete act of recognition
without need for court action
Art. 173: The action to claim legitimacy may be brought by the child during his or her lifetime and
shall be transmitted to the heirs should the child die during minority or in a state of insanity. In
these cases, the heirs shall have a period of five years within which to institute the action.
Even if paternity is certain, mother surnames unless father admits that is his
child and lives with them then surname of father can be used.
2.
Be under the parental authority of the mother, entitled to support from her
Even if paternity is certain, if father is not living with them he cannot have
parental authority.
If the father acknowledges the child and cohabits, he will be vested with
parental authority. Even if he leaves after that it will not be considered a waiver
of his parental authority unless violated legal grounds provided for termination
of parental auth. (he will also be vicariously liable for damages caused by the
child)
3.
Legitime will be of the legitime of a legitimate child
4.
Can get support only up to the grandparents, and no right of representation (if parent
dies cant inherit straight from grandparents)
5.
Illegitimate child has his or her lifetime to file an action to claim illegitimacy if he/she
has proof under Art. 172 (claim for his status in not transmissible to his heirs)
Art. 177: Only children conceived and born outside of wedlock of parents who, at the time of the
conception of the former, were not disqualified by any impediment to marry each other may be
legitimated.
Art. 178: Legitimation shall take place by a subsequent valid marriage between parents. The
annulment of a voidable marriage shall not affect the legitimation.
Art. 179: Legitimated children shall enjoy the same rights as legitimate children. (272a)
Art. 180: The effects of legitimation shall retroact to the time of the child's birth.
- A legitimate child has his or her whole lifetime to file an action to claim his or her
legitimacy.
IF the child dies before the celebration of the marriage, it will still benefit
their descendants.
Only by those who are prejudiced in their rights within 5 years from the
time their cause of action accrues. (Refers basically to inheritance rights
but if the creditors are really prejudiced they must show how legitimation
affected suchvested rights prior to legitimation then those rights will not
be taken from them)
Right of action accrues only upon death of parents when legitimes will vest
Art. 181: The legitimation of children who died before the celebration of the marriage shall benefit
their descendants.
In effect gives the children what they should have enjoyed during the
lifetime of their father or mother.
Art. 182: Legitimation may be impugned only by those who are prejudiced in their rights, within
five years from the time their cause of action accrues.
SUPPORT
Art. 194: Support comprises everything indispensable for sustenance, dwelling, clothing, medical
attendance, education and transportation, in keeping with the financial capacity of the family.
The education of the person entitled to be supported referred to in the preceding paragraph shall
include his schooling or training for some profession, trade or vocation, even beyond the age of
majority. Transportation shall include expenses in going to and from school, or to and from place of
work.
Art. 195: Subject to the provisions of the succeeding articles, the following are obliged to support
each other to the whole extent set forth in the preceding article:
1. The spouses;
2. Legitimate ascendants and descendants;
3. Parents and their legitimate children and the legitimate and illegitimate children of the latter;
4. Parents and their illegitimate children and the legitimate and illegitimate children of the latter; and
5. Legitimate brothers and sisters, whether of full or half-blood
Art. 196: Brothers and sisters not legitimately related, whether of the full or half-blood, are likewise
bound to support each other to the full extent set forth in Article 194, except only when the need for
support of the brother or sister, being of age, is due to a cause imputable to the claimant's fault or
negligence.
Article 197: In case of legitimate ascendants; descendants, whether legitimate or illegitimate; and
brothers and sisters, whether legitimately or illegitimately related, only the separate property of the
person obliged to give support shall be answerable provided that in case the obligor has no
separate property, the absolute community or the conjugal partnership, if financially capable, shall
advance the support, which shall be deducted from the share of the spouse obliged upon the
liquidation of the absolute community or of the conjugal partnership
Art. 198: During the proceedings for legal separation or for annulment of marriage, and for
declaration of nullity of marriage, the spouses and their children shall be supported from the
properties of the absolute community or the conjugal partnership. After the final judgment granting
the petition, the obligation of mutual support between the spouses ceases. However, in case of
legal separation, the court may order that the guilty spouse shall give support to the innocent one,
*Shall enjoy same rights as legitimate children, shall retroact to their birth.
*No need for the acknowledgment of the father unlike the civil code.
*Legitimation will not affect property rights already vested.
*If there is a legal impediment at the time of conception the remedy is
adoption.
Exception: those born through adulterous relationship and bigamous
marriage cannot be legitimated.
Art. 205: right to give or obtain support shall not be levied upon on
attachment or execution.
- Cannot be made to satisfy any judgment against the recipient.
Except: the excess beyond required for legal support in a will or
contractual supports hall be subject to levy or execution. (Contractual
support is subject to adjustment whenever modification is necessary)
*Adopted children only up to parents for support. Others arent obliged to
support. (If the adopter dies or abandons then the state takes over)
rd
*Mandatory and essential cannot be transmitted to a 3 person nor can it
be waived.
(Prohibition against any compromise of the right to future support)
*If relationship between one to be supported and the one to support is in
issue, status of the parties should be established first.
They are no longer bound when the child is above the age of majority or
due to the negligence.
Support for legitimate ascendants, descendants (legitimate or illegitimate),
brothers and sisters (legitimate or illegitimately related) shall be taken from
separate property
If no separate properties from ACP or CPG (advancement).
But if it is the illegitimate children, insufficiency is enough to make ACP liable
and insufficiency plus payment of charges to make CPG liable.
For spouses, generally from ACP or CPG absence of then from fruits of ACP
or CPG insufficiency or absence of from the separate properties
themselves.
Support pending litigation generally obtain from ACP or CPG
In case of support between husband and wife where validity of marriage is in
issue, aggrieved cannot be given support pendent elite by the other spouse
(from his separate property)
Legal separation or annulment: spouses shall be supported by ACP or CPG.
*IF the legitimate descendants are the common children then ACP and
CPG shall be principally charged.
*Support cant be taken from the childrens property unless there was no
need or demand from recipient. (If this happens can forfeit bond made by
guardian parent over property-art. 225)
Art. 208: In case of contractual support or that given by will, the excess in amount beyond that
required for legal support shall be subject to levy on attachment or execution
PARENTAL AUTHORITY
Art. 209: Pursuant to the natural right and duty of parents over the person and property of their
unemancipated children, parental authority and responsibility shall include the caring for and
rearing them for civic consciousness and efficiency and the development of their moral, mental and
physical character and well-being.
Art. 210: Parental authority and responsibility may not be renounced or transferred except in the
cases authorized by law.
Art. 211: The father and the mother shall jointly exercise parental authority over the persons of
their common children. In case of disagreement, the father's decision shall prevail, unless there is a
judicial order to the contrary.
Children shall always observe respect and reverence towards their parents and are obliged to obey
them as long as the children are under parental authority.
Art. 212: In case of absence or death of either parent, the parent present shall continue exercising
CPG.
The list is in order of priority of who should support first. The others are
not obliged to give support if those higher on the list are present.
Art. 200:if the liability to support falls on 2 people it will be divided between them in the
proportion of their resources.
-But in case of urgency, the judge may order only one of them to give and then just get
reimbursed from the other after.
-When there are two or more people claiming for support and the one obliged to give
doesnt have enough, order will be followed except when the one who needs support
is a spouse and a child in which case the child shall be preferred. (Wife is preferred
when it is an illegitimate child)
Demanding support
Demandable from the time person who has the right to receive it needs
it (need for support is not presumed, must be established).
The right to receive support and the money or property obtained as such
support cannot be made to satisfy any judgment against the recipient
Art. 206 Requisites:
Natural affection between the parents and the offspring has always been
recognized as an inherent and natural right.
Parental authority involves a mass of rights and obligations.
Parental authority and responsibility may not be renounced or transferred
except in the cases authorized by law. Parental authority and
responsibility cannot be renounced or transferred
Children should observe respect and are obliged to obey them as long
as they are under their parental authority
*New spouse does not get parental authority by the fact of marriage. New
parental authority. The remarriage of the surviving parent shall not affect the parental authority over
the children, unless the court appoints another person to be the guardian of the person or property
of the children.
Art. 213: In case of separation of the parents, parental authority shall be exercised by the parent
designated by the Court. The Court shall take into account all relevant considerations, especially
the choice of the child over seven years of age, unless the parent chosen is unfit.
*This does not mean that the other parent has no more PA.
*Habeas corpus is proper remedy to get custody of a child from the other
rd
parent or 3 persons.
Art. 214: In case of death, absence or unsuitability of the parents, substitute parental authority shall
be exercised by the surviving grandparent. In case several survive, the one designated by the
court, taking into account the same consideration mentioned in the preceding article, shall exercise
the authority.
Art. 215: No descendant shall be compelled, in a criminal case, to testify against his parents and
grandparents, except when such testimony is indispensable in a crime against the descendant or
by one parent against the other.
Art. 218: The school, its administrators and teachers, or the individual, entity or institution engaged
in child are shall have special parental authority and responsibility over the minor child while under
their supervision, instruction or custody.
Authority and responsibility shall apply to all authorized activities whether inside or outside the
premises of the school, entity or institution.
Art. 219: Those given the authority and responsibility under the preceding Article shall be principally
and solidarily liable for damages caused by the acts or omissions of the unemancipated minor. The
parents, judicial guardians or the persons exercising substitute parental authority over said minor
shall be subsidiarily liable.
The respective liabilities of those referred to in the preceding paragraph shall not apply if it is proved
that they exercised the proper diligence required under the particular circumstances.
st
Under the civil code, article 2180, teachers etc can still be held liable
when children are not anymore minors subject to the defense of proper
diligence.
All other cases not covered by this and the preceding articles shall be governed by the provisions of
the Civil Code on quasi-delicts.
EFFECT OF PARENTAL AUTHORITY UPON THE PERSONS OF THE CHILDREN
Art. 220: The parents and those exercising parental authority shall have with the respect to their
unemancipated children on wards the following rights and duties:
1. To keep them in their company, to support, educate and instruct them by right precept and good
example, and to provide for their upbringing in keeping with their means;
2. To give them love and affection, advice and counsel, companionship and understanding;
3. To provide them with moral and spiritual guidance, inculcate in them honesty, integrity, selfdiscipline, self-reliance, industry and thrift, stimulate their interest in civic affairs, and inspire in them
compliance with the duties of citizenship;
4. To furnish them with good and wholesome educational materials, supervise their activities,
recreation and association with others, protect them from bad company, and prevent them from
acquiring habits detrimental to their health, studies and morals;
5. To represent them in all matters affecting their interests;
6. To demand from them respect and obedience;
7. To impose discipline on them as may be required under the circumstances; and
8. To perform such other duties as are imposed by law upon parents and guardians.
Art. 221: Parents and other persons exercising parental authority shall be civilly liable for the
injuries and damages caused by the acts or omissions of their unemancipated children living in their
company and under their parental authority subject to the appropriate defenses provided by law.
Art. 222: The courts may appoint a guardian of the child's property or a guardian ad litem when the
Parents are primarily liable (civilly) for injuries and damages caused by
the acts and omissions of their unemancipated children living in their
company and under their parental authority.
Court may appoint a guardian for purposes of the lawsuit when the best
*Cases in the US would show that support can be withheld from the child
as a disciplinary sanction if the child refuses to obey the father. (But mere
disagreements or delinquent behavior does not generally terminate
support). ROE V. DOE.
Person who has parental authority may seek the assistance of the court
to discipline the child and with a counsel shall undergo a summary
hearing.
If the court finds that it is the petitioner at fault, the court may suspend
or deprive him of parental authority.
During the commitment of the child the parent cannot interfere with the
care of the child but will provide support.
The court may terminate the commitment of the child whenever just and
proper.
Art. 224: The measures referred to in the preceding article may include
the commitment of the child for not more than thirty days in entities or
institutions engaged in child care or in children's homes duly accredited by
the proper government agency.
The parent exercising parental authority shall not interfere with the care of
the child whenever committed but shall provide for his support. Upon
proper petition or at its own instance, the court may terminate the
commitment of the child whenever just and proper.
Childs salary still for his/her exclusively used for benefit of child but
child also has obligation to support ascendants thus salary can be used.
The net proceeds or the balance left after the payment of the allowance
and expenses will go to the parents
The court upon the death of the parents can appoint a guardian on
petition of a relative, family friend, or DSWD.
These situations extinguishes parental authority
subjected to sexual abuse, such person shall be permanently deprived by the court of such
authority.
Art. 233: The person exercising substitute parental authority shall have the same authority over the
person of the child as the parents.
In no case shall the school administrator, teacher of individual engaged in child care exercising
special parental authority inflict corporal punishment upon the child.
Emancipation is attained upon reaching 18 years of age. Marriage is no longer a ground for
emancipation since now one can only contract a marriage when they marry.
*Illegitimate children: liability is with the mother; the father is only relied
upon for support.
Summary proceedings:
claims for damages by either spouse must be done in a separate action.
Preliminary conference: done by judge with the parties w/o counsel. But if the court deems it necessary, they can be assisted by counsel after.
Decisions become final and executory immediately (no more lapse of 15 days etc) however aggrieved party can still appeal to higher courts on the basis of denial of due process.
Family courts:
shall establish family courts in every province and city. If the city is the capital of the province then in the municipality with the highest number of people.
Jurisdiction over:
1.
criminal cases of those 9-18 years of age (but all cases concerning determination of age still with family courts)
2.
petitions for guardianship, custody, habeas corpus
3.
adoption and revocation thereof
4.
annulment, nullity, relating to marital status, property relations, dissolution of CPG
5.
support and acknowledgment
6.
summary judicial proceedings
7.
declaration of status of children, commitment of children, suspension termination or restoration of parental authority.
8.
Constitution of family home
9.
Cases against minors (dangerous drugs act)
10.
Violations of 7610
11.
Violations against VAWC (unless becomes criminal in which case offender will be subject to criminal proceedings)
*if any become an incident to a case pending in the regular courts it shall be decided there.
Funerals:
-
same arrangement established for support (spouses, descendants then ascendants in the nearest degree, brothers and sisters above 21)
Brothers and sisters or descendants oldest are preferred, ascendants paternal is preferred.
In keeping with the social position of the deceased, and in accordance to the expressed wishes of the deceased, in the absence religious beliefs, in case of doubt shall be decided upon by the person making the arrangements after consultation with the family.
Human remains cant be disposed or exhumed without the consent of the persons in arrangement.
A person who allows disrespect to the dead will be liable to the family for moral and material damages.
Mausoleum or a tomb is part of funeral expenses, which shall be chargeable to the property regime if the spouse is making arrangements.
USE OF SURNAMES
Art. 364: Legitimate and legitimated children shall principally use the surname
of the father.
Art. 365: An adopted child shall bear the surname of the adopter.
Art. 366: A natural child acknowledged by both parents shall principally use
the surname of the father. If recognized by only one of the parents, a natural
child shall employ the surname of the recognizing parent.
Art. 367: Natural children by legal fiction shall principally employ the surname
Adopted children are considered the legitimate child of the adopter for all intents and
purposes and thus is entitled to all the rights and obligations provided by law.
Adopted children bear the name of their adopter.
Art. 176: illegitimate children shall use the surname of the mother and shall be under their parental control.
Art. 176 however does not apply if the father of the illegitimate child is certain as when the
said father categorically admits that the illegitimate common child is his and at the same time
such father lives with the illegitimate child and the mother.
-
of the father.
Art. 368: Illegitimate children referred to in Article 287 shall bear the surname
of the mother.
Art. 369: Children conceived before the decree annulling a voidable marriage
shall principally use the surname of the father.
Children conceived before the decree annulling a voidable marriage shall use surname of
father.
Decree of annulment is final 15 days after it is made thus even if the child was born during
that 15 day period the child will still be legitimate.
Married woman may use:
1.
Her own name
2.
maiden first name, surname and husbands surname
3.
maiden name and her husbands surname
4.
husbands full name plus Mrs.
* Option is give to the woman.
In case of annulment:
-
1.
2.
Art. 372: When legal separation has been granted, the wife shall continue
using her name and surname employed before the legal separation.
Art. 373: A widow may use the deceased husband's surname as though he
were still living, in accordance with Article 370.
Art. 374: In case of identity of names and surnames, the younger person shall
be obliged to use such additional name or surname as will avoid confusion.
If there are similar names, the younger will be obliged to use additional names
If between ascendants and descendants the word junior can only be used by a son.
Art. 375: In case of identity of names and surnames between ascendants and
descendants, the word "Junior" can be used only by a son. Grandsons and
other direct male descendants shall either:
1. Add a middle name or the mother's surname, or
2. Add the Roman Numerals II, III, and so on.
Art. 376: No person can change his name or surname without judicial
authority.
Art. 377: Usurpation of a name and surname may be the subject of an action
for damages and other relief.
Art. 378: The unauthorized or unlawful use of another person's surname gives
a right of action to the latter.
Art. 379: The employment of pen names or stage names is permitted,
provided it is done in good faith and there is no injury to third persons. Pen
names and stage names cannot be usurped.
The usurpation or use of a name and surname without authority could result in a claim for
damages
Unauthorized or unlawful use of anothers name also gives right for an action to the latter.
Pen names and stage names permitted as long as done in good faith and no one gets
injured.
Art. 380: Except as provided in the preceding article, no person shall use
different names and surnames.
Absence:
at the instance of an interested party the judge may appoint a person to represent him
judge shall take necessary measures to safeguard rights and interests of absentee (specify powers, regulations etc.) spouse is preferred if no legal separation.
Declaration of absence
2 yrs if no news about the absentee
5 yrs if absentee left someone in charge
Who may seek declaration of absence
spouse present
heirs instituted in a will
relatives who may succeed by the law of intestacy (legitimate, illegitimate relatives, collateral
relatives)
those who have right to the property subordinated to the condition of his death
Some of its effects
cause for involuntary judicial separation
basis for termination of property regime
transfer of exclusive properties to the present spouse
termination of parental authority
Termination of administration
when absentee appears of his agent
death of the absentee is proved and his heirs appear
rd
3 person appears with a right over the property
Presumption of death through absence
7 years for intents and purposes except succession
10 yrs for purposes of opening succession
if disappeared after the age of 75, 5 years enough
Presumption of death in dangerous situations
on board a lost vessel during sea voyage, airplane that is missing and has not been heard of
in 4 years since loss. (if there is a wreckage and person is missing, not 4 years)
*judicial declaration shall not take effect until 6 months after its
publication.
*if the absentee appears or his existence is proven he shall recover all
his property in the condition they are in but cannot claim the fruits or
rents.
*if the absentee is the heir, his share shall accrue to his co-heirs, unless
hi has heirs or a representative. (right of representation). If absentee
Person in the armed forces engaged in war and is missing for 4 years
Person in danger of death and existence has not been known for 4 years.
reappears he has claim to get what was supposed to be his from those
that got it within the prescriptive period.
Inter-country Adoption:
Socio-legal process of adopting a Filipino Child by a foreign national or Filipino Citizen residing abroad where petition for adoption is filed
Inter-country adoption board: act as central authority for all matters relating to inter-country adoption
Board shall ensure that adoption in family code has been exhausted and inter-country adoption is in the best interest of the child.
The board upon recommendation of the placement committee shall only approve matching of a child to a foreign adoptive family.
Functions of Board:
1.
Rules and regulations
2.
Guidelines for the convening of inter-country adoption placement committee
3.
Guidelines for Matching/Collection
4.
Fees and Charges to be executed
5.
Form and Contents of application
6.
Formulate policies etc to protect children
7.
Prevent improper financial gain
8.
Promote development of adoption service
9.
Accredit/authorize foreign adoption agency
10.
Ensure confidentiality of records
11.
Prepare/Modify agreements
12.
Assist other agencies
13.
Others
Who may be adopted: Only a legally free child (voluntarily or involuntarily committed)
Who may adopt: Any alien or Filipino citizen residing abroad provided:
1.
At least 27 years old and 16 years older then the adopted unless adopter is biological parent. If married, they must jointly file adoption.
2.
Has capacity to act and assume rights and responsibilities of a parent under his national laws. Also has undergone counseling form an accredited counselor in his/her country
3.
Not been convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude
4.
Eligible to adopt under his nationality laws
5.
Able to give proper care and support
6.
Agrees to uphold basic rights of child
7.
Comes from a country that the Philippines has diplomatic ties with. (Philippine maintains authorized and accredited agency, adoption is allowed under his or her laws)
To be filed with the RTC or the board through an agency.
Matching: Judicious pairing of the applicant and the child to promote a mentally satisfying parent-child relationship.
No matching arrangement between applicant and parents before the committees proposal unless it is relative or it is for the childs best interest.
Applicant must fetch child within 30 days after notice of issuance of visa.
Trial custody: 6 months with submission of progress reports before adoption decree becomes final.
If pre-adoptive relationship is unsatisfactory, it will be terminated and Board may choose from roster of applicants a qualified family, absence the foreign agency may propose.
Executive Agreement: DFA upon representation of the Board shall cause the preparation of Executive Agreements with countries of the foreign adoption agencies.
Illegal Adoption (presumed):
1.
Consent for adoption acquired through or attended by force, coercion, etc.
2.
No authority from board
3.
Procedures and safeguards not complied with
4.
Child exposed to danger, abuse and exploitation
Attempt to commit offense punishable
Acts punishable above considered child trafficking
RA 7610: Special Protection of Children Against Child Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act.
State shall intervene when person who is supposed to protect a child cannot or if those acts are being committed by the parent against the child.
Children 18 years or below or those above 18 but are unable to protect themselves from exploitation/discrimination due to physical or mental disability.
Child Abuse: habitual or non-habitual maltreatment
1.
Psychological or physical abuse (neglect, cruelty emotional maltreatment, sexual abuse)
2.
Acts by deeds or words, which degrades or demeans intrinsic worth or human dignity of child.
3.
Unreasonable deprivation of basic needs
4.
Failure to give immediate medical treatment when needed.
Circumstances, which gravely threaten or endanger survival and normal development:
1.
Living in an area affected by armed conflict
2.
Working under conditions hazardous to life, safety, morals
3.
Living or fending for themselves without the care of anyone
4.
Living in an area lacking basic services (indigenous cultural community, extreme poverty, underdeveloped area)
5.
Victim of calamity
6.
Analogous situations.
Child prostitution and other sexual acts/abuse: For any consideration or through coercion or influence indulge in sexual acts.
Attempt to commit: Any person who is in a secluded area with a child and such person is not a relative.
Child trafficking: trading, dealing, buying, and selling of children
Attempt to commit: Child travels alone to foreign country without reason or clearance form DSWS, pregnant women consents to adoption
for a consideration, establishment which recruits women to bear children. Person engaged in finding children from low-income families.
Obscene publications and indecent shows: perform obscene exhibitions in shows, video or model and sells/distributes this.
Other acts of abuse: use coercion, force or intimidation to make a child beg, traffic drugs, or conduct other illegal activities
Establishments where these acts are done will be closed and their license to operate will be canceled.
Working Children: below 15 years of age can work provided:
1.
Work permit from DOLE
2.
Employer shall ensure protection, health, safety, morals
3.
Prevent exploitation or discrimination
4.
Continuous training of child
Cant employ child in commercials for alcohol, tobacco, violence
Children of Indigenous Cultural Communities:
Institute an alternative education for children which is culture specific and relevant to their needs
Delivery of basic social services.
Situations of Armed Conflict:
Policy of state to resolve such for best interest of children
1.
Shall not be object of attack; entitled to special respect
2.
Not recruited in army
3.
Delivery of basic social services
4.
Public infrastructures (schools, hospitals) not to be used
5.
Facilitate reunion of families
Children arrested for reasons of armed conflict:
1.
Separate detention cells from adults unless they are family.
2.
Immediate free legal assistance
3.
Immediate notice to parents
4.
Release within 24 hours to DSWD or other
rd
Who may file: offended parents/ guardians, ascendants, relative within the 3 degree of consanguinity social worker of DSWS or other,
Barangay chairman, 3 citizens of the place where it occurred.
Article 86: Donor may revoke donation by reason of marriage in the
5.
Marriage is not celebrated or is void ab initio (including art. 52-53)
following cases
Prescription:
marriage is void: 5 years from Judicial Declaration of Nullity (if doesnt want to give it back,
prescribe after 8 years for movable, 30 years for immovable)
marriage not celebrated: 5 years from when it was not celebrated
6.
Marriage takes place without consent of parents
Prescription:
- 5 years from the time he had knowledge that consent was not obtained, after the marriage.
7.
Upon legal separation when donee is the guilty spouse
Prescription:
- 5 years from finality of decree.
8.
When there is a resolutory cause and the condition has been complied with
Prescription:
5 years from the happening of the resolutory condition.
6. Acts of ingratitude:
- donee commits an offense against the person or property of the donor, his wife, or children
- donee imputes to the donor any criminal offense involving moral turpitude unless it against the donee
- donee unduly refuses to support donor when he is legally or morally bound to give support.
Prescription:
- 1 year from the time the donor had knowledge of the fact of ingratitude
Article 87
-husband and wife cant donate to each other
-also those who cohabitate with each other
Illegitimate
Children born in a valid marriage but is impugned by the father
Children conceived or born in a void marriage
Cannot be legitimated: when from an adulterous relationship or bigamous marriage.
2.
3.
Accused testator of a crime
4.
Parent or ascendant convicted of concubinage with spouse of testator
5.
Parent or ascendant by fraud, violence, undue influence causes new will or change will
6.
Loss of parental authority
7.
Refusal to support children or descendants without justifiable cause.
8.
Attempt of one of the parents against the life of the other, unless there has been reconciliation
iii. Article 921: disinheriting a spouse
1.
Spouse convicted of attempt against..
2.
Spouse accused testator of crime
3.
Spouse by fraud, intimidation
4.
Spouse has given cause for legal separation
5.
When the spouse has given grounds for loss of parental authority.
6.
Unjustifiable refusal to support the children or other spouse
When parent is incapacitated to succeed one due to unworthiness:
i. Art. 1032: unworthiness
1.
Parents abandoned their children, or induced their daughters to live a corrupt or immoral life, attempted against her virtue
2.
Convicted of an attempt against the life of the testator, his spouse, or descendants or ascendants.
3.
Accused of a crime
4.
Any heir of full age who, having knowledge of the violent death of the testator, should fail to report it to an officer within a month unless authorities have already taken action. (not applicable wherein law there is no obligation to
make an accusation.
5.
Person convicted or adultery or concubinage with the spouse of the testator
6.
Cause testator to make or change will
7.
By same means, prevents one from making will, revoking will, or concealing will
8.
Falsifies or forges will of decedent
b.
Incapable of succeeding
i. Art. 1027: the following are incapable of succeeding
1.
Priest etc who hear confession of testator during his last illness or minister who extended spiritual aid to him
2.
Relatives of 1 within the fourth degree, the church or institution to which such minister may belong
3.
Those made to a guardian by his ward before the final accounts have been approved unless guardian is ascendant, descendant, brother or sister or spouse
4.
Any attesting witness to the execution of a will, the spouse, parents or children or an one claiming under such witness, spouse, parents or children.
5.
Physician, surgeon, nurse, etc who took care of testator during last illness
6.
Individuals, associations, corporations not permitted by law to inherit.
Civil status
Future support
Future legitimes
Abandonment: he or she has left the conjugal dwelling without intention of returning. A spouse who has left the conjugal dwelling for a period of 3 months or has failed within the same period to give any information as to his or her whereabouts shall be prima facie presumed to
have no intention of returning to the conjugal dwelling. (physical, financial and moral desertion)
spouse can seek for receivership, judicial separation of property, and sole administration
abandonment for more than one year can lead to legal separation
Deadlines:
Article
Article 30
Article 38
Contents
Marriage certificate with affidavit for marriages in articulo mortis or remote residence
Action or defense for absolute nullity (anyone can file)
Deadlines/prescriptions
Within 30 days after the performance of the marriage
Does not prescribe
Article 47
*If ratified then can no longer be annulled.
Article 47
Article 47
Article 47
Article 47
Article 47
Article 50-51
Article 57
Article 58
Article 61
Article 61
Article 64
For one who obtains a marriage without prior consent after he reaches the age of 21
Article 182
By the sane spouse without knowledge of insanity, relative, guardian, or person having legal charge
By the insane during a lucid interval
Consent through fraud
Consent through intimidation, force, undue influence
For STD and physical incapacity
Entry of judgment and decree of nullity become final
Prescription of action for legal separation
Legal separation trial (during trial they are entitled to live separately already)
After filing of complaint respondent should answer but is not in default if not answered
Action for legal separation
Revocation by choice of the innocent spouse of donations after decree of legal separation