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3-1 Function Mono
3-1 Function Mono
FUNCTION: DEFINITION
AND ANALYSIS
Table of Contents
Page No.
3
ABSTRACT
IDENTIFYING AND DEFINING FUNCTIONS
CLASSIFYING FUNCTIONS
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
FIGURES
we can afford to lose. Then we are left with the most significant aspect of the products purposethe
primary function. 5
A function is always expressed by a verb and noun. This two word description has several advantages:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
The description pinpoints the functions and is not cluttered with superfluous information,
thereby forcing the planner to decide what data is fundamental and should be retained and
what is unimportant and should be rejected. This facilitates concentration on the exact
requirements when alternatives for providing the function are developed during the
creative phase of the study.
Possible alternative solutions for providing the functions are not restricted. This is
helpful in the creative phase of the value methodology job plan when the effort should
not be limited to a narrow range of possible alternatives.
Functions that repeat in the design can easily be identified and often combined or even
eliminated.
And, very importantly, the definitions promote full understanding by all team members
regardless of their knowledge, educational, and technical backgrounds.
A function must be expressed in a measurable parameter in order to obtain a value for it later in the
analysis. Nouns may be either measurable or nonmeasurable. Nonmeasurable nouns must be explained
so that they may be translated into a measurable element and later evaluated. For example: The
definition Support Transformer is not measurable and cant be evaluated. Support Weight can be
measured and evaluated by specifying the weight of the transformer such as 500 pounds. Alternatives
would then be developed that can more economically support 500 pounds, not trying to more efficiently
support a transformer. Usually explanation columns are included on function analysis worksheets of
large projects because common functions such as support weight, conduct current or control flow
may occur several times without being redundant. For example, control flow in a building may refer
to water, air or people (see Figure 2 for a typical function analysis worksheet). This rigid definition
process may incur difficulty when defining aesthetic functions. Commonly we see functions such as
enhance appearance, increase prestige or attract user where the noun is not quantifiable but
depends upon personal judgment. Typically marketing personnel and/or user surveys are needed to
evaluate these type of functions.
II. Classifying Functions
In value studies functions exist in two categories: basic and secondary. (Function models further
contain subsets such as higher and lower order functions unique to that technique). A basic function is
the primary purpose(s) for which the item or service was designed when it is operating in its normally
prescribed manner. This function must be accomplished to meet the purpose of the product, structure, or
service. A product or service may have more than one basic function.
Secondary functions are ones that support the basic function (and, hence, are sometimes referred to as
support functions). They result from a specific design approach to achieve the basic function. If the
design changes, the need for existing secondary functions may be modified or even eliminated. To
enhance the analytical an evaluation process some practitioners break secondary functions into a subclassification of required (by the current design), aesthetic, and unwanted such as the emits heat
function of an overhead projector.
It is important to remember that although items often possess secondary functions when evaluated as
part of the total project, they also have their own basic functions when studied as individual items.
Paint, for example, typically has the basic function of protect components which can be measured in
terms of retarding corrosion or extending useful life. Paint may also have a secondary function of
enhance appearance. There are instances where these functions are reversedan anodized part is
painted so that it matches the rest of the equipment. Here, enhance appearance is the basic function,
the protective quality of the paint is secondary or even unnecessary, since the part is already protected
by the anodizing.
The distinction between what is needed (basic functions that provide value) and what is not needed
(secondary functions that have no value or even have a negative value) is vital to the successful Value
study. Elimination of unnecessary cost is dependent upon it.
The most common approach to classifying functions is to list the physical parts of the project, or steps of
a procedure, and attempt to define the functions associated with each part or step. For larger projects
assemblies or groups of assemblies, elements of a structure, etc., may be the appropriate level of
analysis. Then those functions are rated as basic or secondary in relation to the function of the entire
project, or whatever the scope of the project the team has defined. Figure 1 shows a highway guiderail
assembly and its prime information. Figure 2 illustrates a function worksheet for the guiderail. It is
important to recognize that different value study teams would define the functions slightly differently,
but clear understanding by all members of the team is most important. There is no theoretically perfect
answer to a function definition problem. This step of function definition and classification has become
known as random function analysis.
Figure 3 illustrates typical function definitions.
In SUMMARY:
Functions are defined using an active verb and a measurable noun.
Basic Function: The principle reason a product or service exists when operating in its normally
prescribed manner.
Once defined, a basic function may not change.
Basic function alone cannot sell a product or service, but secondary (supporting) functions
cannot be sold without satisfying the basic function.
The loss of the basic function causes the loss of the value of the product or service.
Secondary (Support) Functions represent the method to carry out the basic functions. They may be
subcategorized as required, aesthetic or unwanted. If the design approach to achieving the basic
function changes then secondary functions may also alter, disappear or have new ones created.
References
1. SAVE International. (1997) Value Methodology Standard. Northbrook, IL
2. Miles, L.D. (1989) Techniques of Value Analysis, 3rd edition. McGraw Hill Book Company, p.
12.
3. Macedo, Dobrow and ORourke. Value Management for Construction, John Wiley and Sons. p.
242.
4. Snodgrass, Thomas J and Kasi, Muthiah. Function Analysis, Stepping Stones to Good Value,
University of Wisconsin. p 9.
5. Fallon, Carlos, Value Analysis. Value Foundation, Washington, D.C. p. 100.
OTHER SUGGESTED READINGS
Enhancing Value In Design Decisions, Kirk, Stephen, SAVE International, Northbrook, IL 1993
Getting More For Less Cost, The Value Engineering Way; Jagannathan, G. Chapter 5, pp 41-52 Tata
McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, India
Management Application of Value Engineering; Parker, Donald E; pp 41-47, Lawrence Miles
Foundation, Washington, D.C.
Value Engineering, A Systematic Approach; Mudge, A. E., pp 60-65; McGraw Hill Inc.
Value Engineering For The Practitioner, Kaufmann, J. J. pp 7-10, North Carolina State University,
Raleigh.
Value Engineering; Practical Applications; DellIsola Alphonse, R. S. Means Co., Kingston, MA, 1997
Figure 3
TYPICAL VERBS AND NOUNS FOR DEFINING FUNCTIONS
The following is a partial list of verbs and nouns concerning either work or sell functions.
HARDWARE/STRUCTURE STUDIES:
Work Functions
Actuate
Amplify
Attract
Change
Collect
Conduct
Contain
Control
Direct
Distribute
Emit
Enclose
Establish
Verbs
Fasten
Filter
Hold
Impede
Increase
Induce
Insulate
Interrupt
Limit
Locate
Modulate
Mount
Move
Prevent
Protect
Rectify
Remove
Reduce
Repel
Rotate
Secure
Shield
Shorten
Support
Test
Transmit
Area
Corrosion
Current
Damage
Density
Energy
Flow
Fluid
Force
Nouns
Friction
Heat
Insulation
Light
Noise
Oxidation
Power
Protection
Radiation
Article
Assembly
Undesirable Nouns
Component Item
Device
Part
Repair
Rust
Stability
Surface
Torque
Vibration
Voltage
Volume
Weight
Self Functions
Actuate
Create
Decrease
Verbs
Enhance
Illustrate
Improve
Nouns
Appearance Effect
Beauty
Exchange
Convenience Features
Increase
Maintain
Satisfy
Form
Prestige
Style
MANUFACTURING/PROCESS STUDIES
Allow
Apply
Bake
Band
Compress
Decrease
Discard
Drive
Dry
Eliminate
Finish
Fire
Verbs
Form
Generate
Improve
Increase
Inspect
Lift
Load
Minimize
Modify
Move
Produce
Receive
Remove
Resist
Restrict
Shape
Shrink
Sort
Store
Support
Transmit
Transport
Verify
Weigh
Corrosion
Current
Dcor
Effort
Electricity
Energy
Environment
Nouns
Equipment
Fixtures
Flow
Force
Light
Material
Motion
Shape
Supplies
Tools
Torque
Voltage
Waste
Weight
10
Figure 2
FUNCTION WORKSHEET Highway Guiderail
Higher Order Function: Reduce Injury
Item Description
Qty
Function
Explanation
Dimension
Class
Post
$10.00
Support
Absorb
Transfer
Position
Weight
Energy
Energy
Assembly
Rail/Assembly
From vehicle to rail
To ground
In ground
Lbs.
Ft./Lbs.
Ft./Lbs.
Feet
2
2nd
2nd
2nd
Block
$1.00
Transfer
Receive
Energy
Energy
To Post
From rail
Ft./Lbs.
Ft./Lbs.
2nd
2nd
Bolt
$1.00
Maintain
Resist
Alignment
Corrosion
Rail/post
Coating
Inches
Years
2nd
2nd
Washers
$0.50
Maintain
Resist
Force
Corrosion
Coating
Ft./Lbs.
Years
2nd
2nd
Resist
Resist
Force
Corrosion
Coating
Ft./Lbs.
Years
2nd
2nd
Absorb
Guide
Identify
Resist
Energy
Movement
Edge
Corrosion
From vehicle
Direction
Of road
Coating
Ft./Lbs.
Feet
Inches
Years
2nd
Basic
2nd
2nd
Reflect
Light
Auto Headlights
Lumens
2nd
Nut
Guardrail
Reflector
$0.50
$180.00
$1.00
$194.00
11
Worth
nd
$100.00
Figure 4
FUNCTION-COST MATRIX: Highway Guiderail
Cost = $ per assembly
Function
Component
Post
Support
Weight
Absorb
Energy
Transfer
Energy
Position
Assy.
$1.00
$2.50
$2.50
$4.00
Block
$0.50
Receive
Energy
Maintain
Alignment
Maintain
Force
Resist
Force
Guide
Movement
Resist
Corrosion
$0.50
$0.90
$0.45
Nut
$0.45
$20.00
$150.00
$0.10
$1.00
$0.05
$0.50
$0.05
$0.50
$5.00
$5.00
Reflector
$1.00
$22.50
$3.00
$4.00
Total
Cost
$1.00
Washers
Function Costs
Reflect
Light
$10.00
Bolt
Guardrail
Identify
Edge
$0.50
$0.90
12
$0.45
$0.45
$150.00
$5.20
$5.00
$180.00
$1.00
$1.00
$1.00
$194.00
Figure 5
FUNCTION-TIME MATRIX: Safety Wall Project
Higher Order Function: Maintain Production
Function
Activity
Transport
Material
8.0
Prepare
Material
Create
Size
Assemble
Elements
Inspect
Work
Specify
Area
Adjust
Struct.
Fasten
Matl.
Protect
Matl.
Readjust
Area
Release
Fastening
Total
Time
8.0
1.0
7.0
Assemble Steel
1.0
1.0
10.0
Inspect Structure
8.0
1.0
6.0
17.0
1.0
1.0
Prepare Wall
4.0
4.0
8.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
19.0
Build Trestle
1.0
1.0
4.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
9.0
Plaster Material
4.0
4.0
Demolish Trestle
1.0
Build Trestle
1.0
Demolish Wall
16.0
24.0
Demolish Trestle
1.0
3.0
Remove Debris
8.0
8.0
16.0
1.0
1.0
4.0
1.0
1.0
3.0
1.0
5.0
9.0
40.0
4.0
8.0
Clean Area
8.0
8.0
Repair Site
16.0
16.0
Total
44.0
10.0
7.0
26.0
6.0
13
1.0
3.0
9.0
8.0
52.0
7.0
173.0