Prezentacija

Electrical Systems Technology
in modern Wind Turbines
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
S. A. Papathanassiou
Contents
Introduction
Background knowledge required:
Wind energy figures and outlook

General WT characteristics
Major subsystems of a WT
Basic aerodynamics
Electrical machines (induction and synchronous)

Power electronics (AC/DC converters)
Electrical drive systems fundamentals
Constant speed WTs

Principle of operation
Electrical components and generator types
Variable slip operation
Variable Speed WTs

Alternative schemes for the electrical part
Control systems
Comparison of Constant and Variable Speed WTs

Cut-in procedures
Normal operation
Comparative assessment of schemes
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Renewable Energy Sources (RES) for

generation of electricity
Wind energy
Solar energy
Hydraulic energy
Biomass & biogas
Geothermal energy
Wave & tidal energy
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Wind Energy Figures
RES contribution to the energy balance
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Cena energije
Elektrana/cena
TERMOelek. (Ugalj)
NUKLEARNE
GASNE elek. (komb.)
MALE HIDROelek.
BIOMASA (termo)
VETROelek.
SOLARNE elek. (PV)
SOLARNE elek. (Termo)
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Proizv. CENA Fiksni spoljni trosk.

US c/kWh
US c/kWh
3...5
2...15
3...8
0,2...0,6
3...5
1...4
5...10
4...10
3...5
0,05...0,25
20...35
0,05..0,25
15...30
INVESTICIJE
$/kW
1000-1500
1200-2000
500-700
800-1200
1500-2500
800-1500
600-800
400-600
Wind Energy Figures

Employs around 70,000 people
Has an annual turnover of more than 5 billion Euro
Has been growing at an average annual rate of 40% over the past 5 years
Meets the electricity demands of more than 35 million people
Europe accounts for 70% of global installed capacity
Over 80% of wind turbines sold are manufactured by European companies
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Wind Energy Figures

Installed capacity
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Distribuirani izvori el. energije

Phot-voltaics
power plant
Storage
Storage
Flow
Control
Storage
Storage
Power
quality
Power
Local CHP plant
device
quality
device
Wind
power
plant
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
House with domestic CHP
Kakva je situacija kod nas?
Instalisana snaga svih vetrogeneratora u svetu trenutno iznosi oko 55 000 MW

Instalisana snaga svih generatorskih jedinica u Srbiji (bez Kosova) iznosi oko
6900MW
Nestaice elektrine energije kod nas ne bi trebalo da bude bar za par narednih
godina 2012 potreba od 46 milijardi KWh
Prosena starost postojeih termoelektrana je 24 godine a hidroelektrana 3 godine
vie
Kada krene privredna proizvodnja, nestaica elektrine energije brzo e nas snai
Zakljuak
Neophodno je poeti sa korienjem obnovljivih izvora elektricne energije
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
PRIRODA VETRA, TIPOVI VETRA

Oko jedan do dva procenta energije koje dobijamo od sunca se pretvara u energiju
vetra
Povrinski vetar
1. Tunel efekat
2. Efekat brda
Slika 1.3.
Slika 1.5.
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Slika 1.4.
ENERGIJA VETRA
Rua vetra, nain dobijanja i svrha
Energija vetra
Povrina koju zahvata vetrenjaa A = R 2 .

Kinetika energija elementarne zapremine je E k = 1 A xv 02 odnosno dE / dt = W = 1 Av 3
2
0
k
w
2
W = 1 c p Av 03
2
Koeficijent snage. Teorijska vrednost za idealnu turbinu 0,593 - Betz-ova granina

vrednost
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Gustina snage vetra(Wind Power Density ) W w / A = WPD = 1 2 v 03
Energetski sadraj varira sa kubom prosene brzine vetra
Povrina rotora, 600kW-na vetrenjaa ima prenik 39 - 48m i povrinu od 1500m2

ln( h / z 0 )
v ( h ) = v ( h r )
visine
h
z
ln(
/
r
0
Zavisnost snage od
Snaga grubo raste kao h1/2
WPD
Turbulencija i uzroci nastajanja
Slika 2.5. Zavisnost WPD od brzine vetra
Intezitet turbulencije
neravne
Iv =
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
v2
1
= v 2 dt
v
v 0
1/ 2
od 10% za ravne terene do 20% i vie za
Senka vetra, trag efekat, park efekat
Slika 2.13. Trag efekat (wake effect)
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
S lik a 2 .14 . Izg led park a

()

10-May-10
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.

,
.
,
,

.
10-May-10
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
, ,

,
.

10m,
,
.
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
10 m
Povrina tla
10-May-10
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
U - udar vetra

3
,
.
34 35 10
33
8
32
31
6
30
4
29
2
28
W
0
26
25
24
23
22
21
20 19
N
1
17 16
15
NNW
4
14
7
8
E
10
11
12
13
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
WNW
25
NNE
10
NW
6
15
20
NE
NW
10
ENE
NE
15
5
WS W
ES E
SW
SE
SW
SE
SSE
SSW
S
,
.
() .

(2D);

(3D);

(3DF)

.
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
10m
V E L I K O _GR A D I [ T E
44.50
S M E D E R V S K A _P A L A N K A
N E GO T I N
C R N I _V R H
44.00
K R A GU JE V A C
] UP RI JA
43.50
N I [
K O P A O N I K
21.00
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
21.50
22.00
22.50
3m/s
23.00
4m/s
5m/s
6m/s
50m
1500
1000
44.50
750
N E GO T I N
500
C R N I _V R H
44.00
2000
K R A GU JE V A C
250
] UP RI JA
43.50
N I [
K O P A O N I K
21.00
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
21.50
22.00
22.50
4m/s
23.00
5m/s
6m/s
100m
1500
1000
44.50
750
N E GO T I N
500
C R N I _V R H
44.00
2000
K R A GU JE V A C
250
] UP RI JA
43.50
N I [
K O P A O N I K
21.00
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
21.50
22.00
22.50
4m/s
23.00
5m/s
6m/s

6m/s
50
10-May-10
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
50 ,

Europian
wind Atlas, 1989. ,

10 .
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Vetrovi u Vojvodini
N
Prosena godinja brzina vetrova (m/s)
NE
E
SE
SW
W
NW
4
3
2
1
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Sr
em
.M
un
Ze
m
itr
o
vic
a
Cr
kv
a
Be
la
Vr
a
c
Zr
en
ja
ni
n
kin
da
Ki
No
vi
Sa
d
Vr
ba
s
Pa
li
So
m
bo
r
Vetrovi u Vojvodini
Broj dana sa vetrom veim od 6 Bofora (12,3 m/s)
18
16
14
12
N.Sad
10
Vrbas
S.Mitrovica
Zrenjanin
Vrac
6
4
2
0
1
Mesec
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
10
11
12
zimskom periodu decembar februar, duvaju veim delom Vojvodine jugoistoni

vetar-koava koja dostie brzinu i do 28-30 m/s
U
prolenom periodu (mart maj) u raspodeli najeih vetrova dolazi do sasvim

neznatnih pomeranja najvie zastupljenih pravaca
Za
leto vetrovi su rasporeeni samo oko jednog pravca i to severozapadnog sa

izuzetkom Sremske Mitovice gde je najei zapadni vetar. Mirni dani bez vetra u znatnom
porastu. Najvea zastupljenost tiina je u Beloj Crkvi 42%.
Preovladjujue
estine vetrova u Vojvodini u najveoj meri dolaze do izraaja u jesenjem

godinjem dobu (period septembar novembar) Najveu estinu javljanja vetrovi postiu
iz jugoistonog i junog pravca u Banatu gde ove komponente vetrova ine 37 43% svih
sluajeva.
Mesec
sa najveim estinama vetrova u Vojvodini iz pravaca odakle u najveem broju

sluajeva oni duvaju su juli, za severozapadni pravac vetra, i novembar za jugoistoni
pravac vetra.
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Broj dana sa jakim vetrom 6 i vie Bofora v = 0 .836 B 3
Od 8 dana u Senti, do 166 dana u Vrcu
Mapa vetrova ostalih zemalja Zapadne Evrope.
Boja
Kopneni
zakloni
Otvorena
ravnica
Otvoreno
more
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Na obali
mora
Brda i
planinski
lanci
ANALIZA EKONOMSKE OPRAVDANOSTI ULAGANJA U

VETROGENERATORE
Cena kWh dobijenog iz vetrogeneratora C kWh =
S m t i + k + n g 8760 S m t e
n g 8760 S m
C kWh = 0,045 $ / kWh

Vreme otplate investicije (Payback period)n = S m t i + k + n g 8760 S m t e
g
C kWh 8760 S m
n g = 11, 2
Net Metering
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
godine
Zakljuak
Vojvodina ima potencijala za korienje energije vetra
U Vojvodini ima strunih kadrova
Ve je razvijena ili se moe brzo razviti industrija za
proizvodnju vetro-elektrana
Na FTN se upravo formira Laboratorija za obnovljive
izvore el. energ. potencijal za dalja istraivanja i razvoj
U Vojvodini postoji veliki broj mesta sa veom brzinom vetra,

dok u okolini Vrca preovlauju jaki vetrovi sa velikim brojem
udara.
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Delovi vetroelektrane
Osnovni delovi
vetroelektrane su:
turbina
reduktor
generator
pretvara
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Mesto i uloga energ. pretvaraa
Obnovlj.
izvor
Variab. !
E/El.en.
Energetski
Elektr. pretvara
Elektri.
mrea
Const. !
ULOGA:
Povezuje dva sistema sa promenljivim parametrima i sa konstantnim
parametrima
Obezbeuje maksimalnu efikasnost sistema
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
OPTI DEO O TURBINAMA NA VETAR

Sistem upravljanja i sigurnosni sistem vetrenjae, Kontroler
Regulisanje snage:
1. Stal regulacija jednostavnost, mal polazni momenat, aerodinamiko koenje
2. Regulacija snage promenom ugla zakretanja (Pitch Regulation) start na malim
brzinam, max/nominalna izlazna snaga, ekonomska opravdanost
Izbor ose rotacije i broja elisa:
1. Vetrenjae sa vertikalnom osom rotacije
2. Vetrenjae sa horizontalnom osom rotacije
- sa prednjim naletom vetra (Upwind)
- sa zadnjim naletom vetra (Downwind)
Izbor broja elisa
1. HAWT sa tri elise
2. HAWT sa dve elise
3. HAWT sa jednom elisom
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Generator, kriterijumi za procenjivanje tipova generatora

Asinhrona maina
Mogunosti korienja asinhronog generatora sa kaveznim rotorom
1.Konfiguracija bez konvertora, jedan statorski namotaj, brzina rotora konstantna

2. Konfiguracija sa duplim namotajima, bez konvertora, dve brzine
3. Konfiguracija sa diodnim mostom i naponskim invertorom, brzina promenjiva 100%
4. Konfiguracija sa PWM-om i naponskim invertorom, brzina promenjiva 100%
5. Konfiguracija sa duplim statorskim namotajima, invertorom i ispravljaem,

brzina promenjiva 25%
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
DC
DC
Mrea
0 - 1500 ob/min
IG
0 - 1500 ob/min
Invertor
Ispravlja
M re a
IG
Isp ra v lja
In v e rto r
0 - 3 0 o b /m in
0 - 30 ob/min
Manji broj polova,

vea brzina
IG
IG
Mrea
1500 ob/min
1500 ob/min
Vei broj polova,

manja brzina
Mrea
Nordex N54/1000 4 pola za brzine 7 25 m/s nominalno 14m/s

6 polova za brzine 3 - 7 m/s
30 ob/min
30 ob/min
DC
Mrea
IG
0 - 1500 ob/min
Ispravlja
0 - 30 ob/min
Invertor
Problemi:
1.velika cena
2.mala efikasnost
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Mogunosti korienja asinhronog generatora sa motanim rotorom

1.Konfiguracija sa jednim statorskim namotaje, kliznim kolutovima, ispravljaem,
operom,brzina rotora promenjiva 25%
2. Konfiguracija sa kontrolom klizanja preko jednosmernog transfera rotorske energije, brzina
rotora promenjiva 25%
3. Konfiguracija sa kontrolom klizanja preko dvosmernog transfera rotorske energije, brzina

4. Konfiguracija sa kontrolom klizanja preko dvosmernog transfera rotorske energije, brzina

Reduktor ili vie polna maina u direktnom pogonu?
maina 1 ima 4 pola (p1=2) i obre se 1500o/min (pogon sa reduktorom)
maina 2 ima 120 polova (p2=60) i obre se 50o/min (direktan pogon)
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Mrea
Mrea
IG
Invertor
Ispravlja
1500 ob/min
0 - 1500 ob/min
DC
IG
Tok energije klizanja
Zadovoljava odnos cena/efikasnost
Enron, DeWind
dupli statorskim namotajima
- 30 ob/min
0 - 30 ob/min
DC
+
+
R
IG
0 - 30 ob/min
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Mrea
1500 ob/min
0 - 1500 ob/min
Vdc
Vd
IG
Mrea
Ispravlja
- 30 ob/min
Transformator
Invertor
Generator sa permanentnim magnetima (The Permanent Magnet Generator - PMG)

Sinhroni generator sa motanim rotorom (Wound Rotor Synchronus Generator - WRSG)
Prekidaki reluktantni generator (The Switched Reluctance Generator - SRG)
Trendovi i perspektive
Sinhroni generator
Energetski
konvertor
e.
Mrea
ABB-ov 3.5MW generator

Permanentni magneti
Ispravlja
f.
Reduktor
pobudno kolo
klizni kolutovi
bezbednost
Mrea
Ispravlja
g.
Reduktor
Pretvara
uestanosti
Mrea
Ispravlja
h.
Pretvara
uestanosti
Mrea
Enercon, Largerway
Motani rotor
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Mid 2009 the largest wind turbine had a diameter of 126 meters
and an installed power of 5 MW.
The size of wind turbines at market

introduction
B. Dumnic FTN Novi Sad
Dr. S. A. Papathanassiou
Horizontal Axis WTs

Typical figures of commercial WTs
Enercon E40 - 500 kW
HAWT drivetrain
With gearbox
Gearless
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Rated power: 500 5000 kW

Rotor diameter: 40-120 m
3-blade rotors
Hub-height: 50-120 m
Wind speed range: 3-30 m/s
Rated wind speed: 12-16 m/s
Rated rotor speed: 12-40 rpm
Range of rotor speed: 8-40 rpm
Cost: ~ 1000 Euro/kW
Vertical Axis WTs

Theoretical advantages:
No tower needed (generator, gearbox etc. at ground

level)
No yaw mechanism required
Practical disadvantages:
Eole C
Lower part of the rotor too close to the ground Low

wind speeds
Mediocre efficiency
No aerodynamic starting torque
Large area occupied due to lateral cables
Troublesome mechanical maintenance (e.g. change of

the main bearings requires dismantling the whole WT)
Large aerodynamic power oscillations (due to the pitch

angle constantly changing)
Darrieus type WT
Rated power 4.2 W
Rotor diameter 100 m
Installed at Qubec/Canada (mid-90s)
Out of operation today
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Cut-away view of a WT
Tacke TW 600 kW
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Enercon E-40, 600 kW
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Vestas V-52, 850 kW
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Major subsystems of a WT
Aerodynamic (rotor)
Mechanical (drive train)
Electrical (generator, power converters)
Compensation equipment, harmonic filters
Switch and protection gear (circuit breaker, relays, soft starter etc.)
Step-up transformer
Control systems
Overall supervision & management system
Control subsystems
- Pitch regulation
A e r o d y n a m ic
M e c h a n ic a l
E le c tr ic a l
s u b s y s te m
s u b s y s te m
s u b s y s te m
(r o to r )
- Power converters and generator
C o n v e rte rs
- Nacelle yaw control
S w itc h a n d
p r o te c tio n g e a r
M V
n e tw o r k
S o ft-s ta rte r
M V /L V
tr a n s fo r m e r
P F c o r r e c tio n
a n d filte r s
G e n e ra to r
T o
C o n tr o l s u b s y s te m s
B la d e
p it c h
c o n tro l
C o n v e rte r a n d g e n e ra to r
c o n tro l
s u p e r v is io n
a n d
N a c e lle
y a w
m a n a g e m e n t s y s te m
C o m p o n e n t m o n it o r in g , G r id m o n it o r in g , P o w e r lim it c h e c k in g ,
C u t - in a n d c u t - o u t o p e r a t io n s , O t h e r p r o t e c t io n s
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
c o n tro l
y a w
a c tu a to rs
Wind characteristics
Mean speed
Instantaneous speed
V
(t ) =
+ v (t )
Turbulence
Weibull distribution
of the average wind speed
Mean wind speed

Average wind
speed
Typically hourly mean value
Determines energy yield
Follows Weibull probability distribution
Rapid wind speed fluctuations
Affects power quality and fatigue loads
Von Karman spectrum usually used:

S
2
v
(f ) =
4 n~
( 1 + 7 0 . 8 n~
f
n~ = f
Turbulence variance
Spectral density,
S
Sv(f)
Turbulent component
140
120
100
80
60
= 10 m /s
= 6 m /s
40
20
0
0 .0 0 1
0 .0 1
i= 1
[S
(f i ) f ] 1
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
0 .1
f (H z )
Frequency, f (Hz)
Turbulence
longitudinal
component
Generation of wind speed time-series

v (t ) =
z 0 = 0 .0 5 m
z = 2 0 m
= 15 m /s
V w
ln ( z z
160
c o s (2 f i t +
(Shinozuka method)
= 2 5
z 0 .3 5
z 00 . 0 6 3
Basic rotor aerodynamics

P
Rotor power:
1
2
Aerodynamic coefficient Cp(,)
Aerodynamic power
coefficient:
Cp = Cp(,)
R
v w
Air density
Rotor surface (R2)
3
A v w
Wind speed
(Betz limit:Cp < 0.59)
Ratio of blade tip speed to wind

speed
: blade angle with respect to wind speed

Tip speed ratio,
Typical WT power curve
11
Speed of
rotation
10
9
8
Rated power
Rotor speed
Stall controlled WT
Pitch controlled WT
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Cut-out speed
Optimal
efficiency
characte-ristic
Rated speed
12 m /se c
Cut-in
speed
Aerodynamic power
Rotor power-speed characteristics
Aerodynamic torque harmonics

Wind shear effect
V w
V w h
z
=
z h
Tower shadow effect
Exponent : 0.15-0.20
( ) =
w h
1 +
0 .7 5
R
z h
s in
V ( )
Rotor aerodynamic torque
sh
(r a d )
0
3 /2 -
3nP harmonics of rotor aerodynamic torque

Taero
Tgen
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
3 /2
3 /2 +
Aerodynamic power variability

Wind speed time series - 5 min (turbulent component: 17%)
Rotor power (kW)
Aerodynamic power variability due to turbulence
Rotor aerodynamic torque harmonics

Tower shadow
Wind shear
effect
(variation with height)
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
3nP harmonics of
aerodynamic torque
Aerodynamic control
0 .5 0
coefficient, Cp
Aerodynamic power coefficient of a

stall-type blade
Aerodynamic
Cp
Stall control
0 .4 0
0 .3 0
0 .2 0
0 .1 0
0 .0 0
0 .0 0
2 .0 0
4 .0 0
6 .0 0
8 .0 0
1 0 .0 0
Tip-speed ratio,
Rotor power-speed
characteristics for a 140 kW stallcontrolled WT
e
qu
r
o
dt
e
t
Ra
For:
Simplicity, low cost, reliability, maintenance-free
Against:
Increased loads to rotor and structural system
Stall phenomenon not fully understood
Lack of output power control capability
Power curve may vary with time
Increased cut-in disturbance to the grid
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
S
re tall
gi
on
Aerodynamic
power (kW)
Rated power
Rated speed
Rotor speed (rpm)
1 2 .0 0
Blade pitch control

Typical pitch regulation
characteristic
Simplified control system block diagram
For:
Against:
Better energy yield at low winds
Active power limitation possible
Reduced loads for blades and structural system

Complexity and maintenance requirements
Power fluctuations above rated wind speed
Blade fatigue due to inertia loads
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Mechanical system
(drive train)
3-inertia equivalent
H G B
G B
G B
G B G
H
D
H G B
Rotor
Hub
Low speed brake
Low speed axis
Low speed elastic coupling
(part)
G B
G B G
G B
Generator
High speed brake
High speed axis
High speed elastic coupling
(part)
Gearbox
Low and high speed couplings
(parts)
6-inertia equivalent
Blade
H
,
W 2
B 2
B 1
D
B 1
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
B 3
B 3
G B
H
d
H B
H G B
H B
H B
H B
H B
B 2
W 1
H G B
G B
G B G
G B
H B
d
G B
G B G
W 3
Blade
Constant speed WT
Basic scheme
R o to r
3 0 -4 0 rp m
G e n e r a to r
1 0 0 0 -1 5 0 0 rp m
Synchronous speed
G r id
50 H z
G e a rb o x
1 :2 5 - 1 :5 0
f
p
Stator frequency = grid

frequency
constant
Generator pole pairs
Torque-speed characteristic of
generator
Operating point
Mechanical torque
Practically constant speed,

regardless of mechanical
torque/power
Matching to rotor aerodynamic

characteristics
Practically constant speed,
regardless of wind speed
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Constant speed WTs
Generator selection considerations
Induction generator
Synchronous generator
Induction generators are always selected (cage rotor)

Advantages:
Cost, weight, simplicity, robustness, reliability, low maintenance
Dynamic characteristics
Reduced output power variability (better power quality)
Reduced mechanical stresses
Basic disadvantage:
Lack of power factor control (always inductive)
Installation of compensating capacitors
(power factor > 0.95 ind.)
In d u c tio n
g e n e r a to r
M V /L V
T r a n s fo r m e r
0 .4 o r
0 .6 9 k V
1 5 o r
2 0 k V
C o m p e n s a tin g
c a p a c ito r s
Typical induction generator

characteristics:
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Rated slip ~1%

4 or 6 poles (Ns =1500 or 1000 rpm)
M V
g r id
Constant Speed WTs

Wound rotor induction generator
Cut-away view of a wound rotor
induction generator
Effect on the - characteristic from the connection of

external resistances to the rotor
Rotor sliprings
Rotor winding
Effect of rotor resistance on the operation of the WT

Rated power slip = 2%
Rated power slip = 8%
(no resistance)
(with external resistance)
Power fluctuations:
Power fluctuations:
~20% of Pn
~5% of Pn
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Constant speed WTs

Dynamic slip control
Vestas Optislip system
Opti-Slip & Opti-Pitch control system
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Cut-in of a constant speed WT

Connection with the large generator
Current, voltage and power measurements
th harmonic
55
voltage
5 n
5n
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
th harmonic
5
current
/ (%
)
V/V(%
)
Harmonic distortion measurements
Cut-in of a constant speed WT

Connection with the small generator
WT: 225 kW, pitch controlled, constant speed

Cut-in with the small generator(50 kW)
Grid short-circuit capacity ~ 9 MVA
Terminal
voltage (p.u.)
WT current
(p.u.)
Start of voltage ramp
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Switch-in of 1st
capacitor
Switch-in of 2nd
capacitor
Variable Speed WTs

R o to r
G e n e r a to r
(S G o r IG )
A C /D C
c o n v e r te r
~ 2 0 -5 0
Rotor power
General
scheme
D C /A C
c o n v e r te r
D C
H z
H z
G
G e a r b o x
Synchronous
generator
Control characteristic
Induction
generator
Synchronous speed
Regulated stator frequency
N
Rotor speed
f
p
variable
Generator pole pairs
Advantages:
G r id
5 0
Increased wind energy capture

Reduction of mechanical stresses (blades, gearbox, structural)
Possibility for elimination of the gearbox
Reduction of acoustical noise
Adaptation to local wind conditions
Improved output power quality (reduction of power variability)
Regulation/support of grid voltage ( weak grids) and frequency ( autonomous systems)
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Variable Speed WTs

Generators and converters utilized
AC generator types
Induction generator
Cage rotor
Wound rotor
Field winding
excitation
Permanent magnet excitation
AC/DC converter types

Diode rectifier
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Thyristor bridge
inverter/rectifier
Voltage source converter

(PWM)
Variable Speed WTs

Power electronics converters
Line-commutated converters
3 diode bridge rectifier
Qac
Pac
Uncontrolled
Single-quadrant operation
Active power: AC DC
Reactive power: Absorbed (low)
High harmonic distortion
3 thyristor bridge inverter/rectifier
Qac
Pac
Controlled DC voltage
Possible current regulation
Two-quadrant operation
Active power : AC DC & DC AC
Reactive power: Absorbed (high)
Common characteristic:
High harmonic distortion
AC voltage required for their operation (e.g. by network, synchronous generator etc.)
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Variable Speed WTs

Self- commutated converters
3 voltage source converter
Generator,
network or load
Qac
Pac
Four-quadrant operation
Active power: AC DC & DC AC
Reactive power: Generated or consumed
At AC side appears as a voltage source of controlled magnitude and frequency
With proper control may become a regulated current source
Always controlled with Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) techniques
Harmonic content low and at high frequencies
Excellent speed of respense
Semiconductor switches: IGBTs for WT power ratings (up to some MW)
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Variable Speed WTs

PWM Voltage source converter
VInv
Xf
VGrid
Grid
Control principle:
Inv VInv
Grid
f I
VGrid
Active power ~ Power angle and hence frequency, Inv of the

inverter
Reactive power ~ Inverter AC voltage magnitude, VInv
Control of VInv & Inv (scalar control) or

Direct control of active and reactive current components (vector control)
Important characteristics:
Power factor regulated at inductive and capacitive values

Control of grid voltage at the point of connection
Participation in the frequency regulation (autonomous systems)
Low harmonic distortion
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Variable Speed WTs

Generator Converter schemes
Induction generator & PWM voltage source converter
Induction
generator
Induction generator:
Cage rotor
Generator magnetizing current supplied by the converter
All advantages of the induction generator retained (simplicity, cost, reliability etc.) but converter more
complex
Excellent dynamics (but not fully needed)
Generator torque devoid of low order harmonic pulsations
Torque control:
Control of stator voltage and frequency (scalar control) or
Direct current control (vector control, field oriented control or direct torque control)
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Variable Speed WTs

Synchronous generator and rectifier
R e c tifie r
G e a r b o x
D C /D C
c o n v e r te r
S y n c h r o n o u s
g e n e r a to r
Synchronous generator:
With field winding excitation or

Permanent magnet (low power)
Rectifier commutating voltage provided by the generator
Very simple converter but more complex generator
Generator torque may present low order harmonic pulsations
Elimination of the gearbox is possible
DC/DC boost converter required for:
Matching the variable DC output voltage of the rectifier to the capacitor constant DC voltage (input
to the inverter)
Torque control:
DC current control
Via the regulation of the DC current (generator AC current ~ DC current)
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Variable Speed WTs

Schemes used in practice
Cage rotor induction generator
Synchronous generator with field excitation
Wound rotor induction generator
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Variable speed WTs

Basic electrical schemes
Cage-rotor induction generator
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Variable Speed WTs

Wound-rotor (slip-ring) induction generator
G r id
S te p -u p r o to r
tr a n s fo r m e r
R o to r
S ta to r
G
S lip -r in g
in d u c tio n
g e n e r a to r
U n c o n tr o lle d
r e c tifie r
C o n tr o lle d
in v e r te r
Output power = Stator power + Rotor power

Stator power:
Rotor power:
s ,n o m
r ,n o m
1
s
1 +
s
1 +
T ,n o m
PW
T ,n o m
a x
s ,n o m
0 .5 PW
T ,n o m
= 1
r ,n o m
0 .5 PW
T ,n o m
m a x
Reduced rating for generator and converters
Central advantage:
Realization using PWM voltage source converters

G r id
S te p -u p
tr a n s fo r m e r
3
S ta to r
= 1
a x
m a x
m a x
PW
R o to r
G
S lip -r in g
in d u c tio n
g e n e r a to r
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
G e n e r a to r -s id e
c o n v e r te r
G r id -s id e
c o n v e r te r
Variable speed WT with double-output

induction generator
Measured waveforms
Spectral content
Rotor current
Stator current
Inverter output current
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Variable Speed WTs

Aerodynamic power
Control system structure

Control

characteristic

12 m / s e c
Constant
speed
operation
11
10
9
8
Rotor speed
Simplified structure of speed control system

R o to r
G e n e ra to r
(S G G )
A C /D C
c o n v e r te r
D C /A C
c o n v e rte r
G r id
G
G e a rb o x
A n e m o m e te r
C o n v e rte r c o n tro l s y s te m
TYPE
C o n tro l c h a ra c te ris tic
r,r e f
r ,r e f
C o n tro l c h a ra c te ris tic
T ref
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
re f
Speed
c o n tro lle r
T Y P E
Alternative control
implementations
Konfiguracija pogona vetrelektrane sa kaveznom asinhronom mainom
I mg
I mm
Pmm
Qmm
U
Qrefm
ref
DC
Pmm
Prefm
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Upravljanje vetroelektranom
Tr
N
n,
iabc
n iq x S
regulacija
ugla
n
abc
dq
p el
uq
+
PI
abc
dq
i dref ( = 0 )
PI
n ( id x S + af )
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
iabc
ud
id
i qref
af
iq
-te
id
iq
p el
1n
Upravljanje vetroturbinom
Statika karakteristika snage

g
Ogranienje
Opseg promen brzine
Pel [kW]
Pmeh [kW]
Optimizacija
vnom
Brzina vetra [m/s]
Brzina generatora [o/min]
Regulacija brzine obrtanja generatora

Pmm
g
ref
g
m
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Prefm
Upravljaki sistem za regulaciju ugla zakrenutosti elisa
Vvetra [m/s]
16
14
12
10
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
sp
beta [stepeni]
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
Trenutna
snaga
Ogranienje snage
lookup
Tranzicioni
prekida
x 10
Pi logika
Pi sistem
P [w]
Podeena
snaga
2.5
1.5
1
0.5
0
t [s]
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Vektorsko upravljanje asinhronom mainom u pogonu vetroelektrane
ias ibs ics
uas u bs u cs
j dq
isq
isq
Lm
isd
Lm
1 + sTr
n n
d
d
Tr
rd
dq
kl +
+
dq
isd
isq isd
isq
3 Lm
p
2 Lr
usd
isd
mc
Pel
mc
2 Lr
3 pLm
isq
rd
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Reg isd
isq Reg isq
rd
*
j dq
usq
dq
isd
Nova Laboratorija za obnov.

izvore Elektrine energije
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Eksperimentalni rezultati
Hardver
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Softver
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Vektorsko upravljanje asinhronim generatorom

B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
MRAS
Estimacija brzine obrtanja

B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
PLL
Sensorless vektorsko upravljanje asinhronim generatorom

B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Rsm = 1.2Rs
Pref
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Pref
Rrm = 1.2Rr
Pref
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Pref
Variable speed WTs

Comparative assessment
Induction generator and voltage-source converters

Low wind
Constant speed operation
Variable speed operation
High wind
Constant speed operation
Variable speed operation
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Constant speed WTs

Normal operation High wind
225 kW pitch controlled WT
m/s
Wind speed
kW
Output power
deg
Blade pitch angle
Time (s)
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Variable speed WTs

Normal operation
Gearless WT with multi-pole SG
Wind speed
Rotor speed
Output power
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Control capabilities of a modern WT
Enercon
E-40
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Current Development
Wind Turbine Technologies
Vestas A/S Denmark
Target market: Big off-shore farms
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Vestas V120 off-shore turbine

Rated power: 4,500 kW
Rotor diameter: 120 m
Hub height: 90 m
Turbine concept: Gearbox, variable
speed, variable pitch control
Generator: HV DFIG
Current Development
Wind Turbine Technologies
Enercon GmbH Germany
Enercon E-112 gearless turbine

Rated power: 4,500 - 6,000 kW
Rotor diameter: 114 m
Hub height: 124 m
Turbine concept: Gearless, variable
speed, variable pitch control
Generator: Enercon ring generator
Target market: Big on-shore and off-shore farms.
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Off-shore development in Denmark
Off-shore technologies
Horns Reef 160MW
80 x 2MW (Vestas V80, pitched,

variable-speed, DFIG with
gearbox)
In operation for more than 3 years
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Horns Reef - Vestas V802.0 MW
Rotor Diameter
80 m
Hub Height
70 m
Weight
245 tons
Start Wind
4 m/s
Nominel Wind
13 m/s
Max Wind
25 m/s
Platform for helicopter hoist
Improved Power Control
Improved Corrosion Protection
Improved HSE Facilities
Manufacturers of wind turbines and

applied principles
WT with full-scale frequency converter
Enercon,
MEG (Multibrid M5000 5MW),
GE (New series 2.5MW and 3 MW),
Zephyros (Japan Steel Works),
Winwind (1MW and 3 MW),
Siemens (2.5MW and 3.6 MW),
Scanwind 3MW and 3.5MW
Made (2.3 MW), Spain
Leitner 1.2MW Austria
mTorres, 1.6MW Spain
VENSYS 1.2MW Germany
Clipper 2.5MW MV USA
Jeumont France MV
Northon Power 1.5 MW USA
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Variable speed WT with DFIG
Vestas
Gamesa Wind GmbH
GE Wind Energy
REpower Systems AG
All new developments of windmill producers

with experience, are with Permanent Magnet
generator and full size inverter, 4Q DRIVE
Vetroelektrana
Glavni problem kod vetroelektrana je
promenljivost/nestabilnost snage na izlazu
elektrane !
Povezivanjem vie jedinica moe da se
dobije stabilniji izlaz i vea snaga
FARME VETRENJAA
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Organizacija parka vetrenjaa
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Povezivanje u parku
DC
DC
DC
DC
AC
Redna veza
6a)
DC
DC
DC
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
AC
Veza zvezda
6b)
Off-shore - Possible Topologies
Wind Farm Connections
VSC-based HVDC connection
common AC off-shore grid
DC-link connection
full grid support during faults
black-start capability
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Voltage drop at three-phase short-circuit conditions
Windmills operation under network

disturbances
E-on was the first power supply

company which, four years ago, issued
instructions for connecting wind energy
turbines to the high voltage grid.
Amongst other things, one requirement
was that wind turbines should remain
in the grid in the case of a short circuit
For network voltage values beyond the red line the

automated disconnection from the network is not allowed
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
GE Low Voltage Ride-thru

Technology
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
A modular, full-power converter

allows for simplified, more effective
power quality control functions
including harmonics, reactive power
and flicker. Acting as a buffer, the
converter protects both the generator
and the gear box from the harmful
effects of weak grid systems. It also
enables the machine to be easily
outfitted with GE's Low Voltage RideThrough (LVRT) electronics, which
enable wind turbines to stay on-line,
producing power even during severe
grid disturbances
LATEST EVOLUTION OF GE ENERGY
WIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGY: 2.5
AND 3-MEGAWATT UNITS
INTRODUCED
5MW Wind turbine
Cell 1
Cell 2
Rectifier
MVDC line
V=6kV
Vdc=100V to10kV
Cell 9
Cell 10
A power converter that can be

placed on the bottom of the tower
(less weight in the nacelle),
SEMIKRON MV Cell
Medium voltage windmill on cell

principle
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Basic 500kW cell

Only low voltage semiconductors
Removable power part : 500 kW
1050 Vdc
3 x 690 Vac
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Modularity
-Series connections
of cells for different
voltages
-Parallel connections
in one cell for
various power ranges
Complete MV inverter
construction
All power electronics are installed

is in only one container
MVDC connection
G
Efficient power distribution can be

achieved at the distances with
1kVdc per 1km
Wind park concept

B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Connecting several windmills in series for DC voltages of 100kV or more; the power
converter is on the shore, and the windmills are connected with a single cable
Series connection of several

windmills
G
10kV
10kV
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
10kV
150kV
SEMIKRON has 2000 types of

STACKs in production
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Wind Solutions from SEMIKRON
4Q inverter
Moduler design for Wind
SEMIKRON market share in variable speed is above 50%,

and SOLUTIONS by SEMIKRON are in more than 15 GW
of wind mills throughout the world.
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Parallel
connection of power semiconductors is necessary
SKiiP Power modules
Standard Modules like Semitrans
SEMIKRON solutions for high

power
applications
Power system Platform SEMIKUBE,

modules in use
3 phase IGBT inverter
3 phase rectifier *
Forced air-cooled capacitor bank
Hall effect current sensors
Drivers
variable torque
motor rating
220 kW
355 kW
400 kW
560 kW
900 kW
385 A
660A
770A
1035A
1550A
(10% overload for 60 sec)
max. current
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Offers maximum power capability

Size 2H and 3H
Air volume : 1000 m3/h per heatsink
Up to 1550A 1.0MW / 1350 HP @ 460V
Only 1080mm wide
fits into standard 1200mm wide cabinet
airflow
3
3 x 1000m h
SEMIKUBE B6Ci - Horizontal

arrangement
Power system Platform water

cooled example
SKiiP technology
3 phase IGBT inverter
capacitor bank
current sensors
Drivers and protections
Module current up to 2400A
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Thank you
for your attention!
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.
Conclusion
Variable speed windmills have many advantages

All new developments are based on the variable speed windmill principle
There is a trend for new designs to use permanent magnet generator and full
size inverter - 4Q DRIVE
Active and reactive power control, and low voltage ride-thru technology are
very effective in full size inverter designs
Service lifetime of applied silicon can be predicted and controlled
1700V IGBTs are the most efficient blocking voltage IGBTs today
The future of high-power wind turbines is in medium voltage ranges
B. Dumnic
FTN Novi Sad
Dr.

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Electrical Systems Technology

in modern Wind Turbines

Background knowledge required:

Wind energy figures and outlook

Electrical machines (induction and synchronous)

Constant speed WTs

Variable Speed WTs

Comparison of Constant and Variable Speed WTs

Renewable Energy Sources (RES) for

Wind Energy Figures

RES contribution to the energy balance

Proizv. CENA Fiksni spoljni trosk.

Wind Energy Figures

Wind Energy Figures

Distribuirani izvori el. energije

House with domestic CHP

Kakva je situacija kod nas?

Instalisana snaga svih vetrogeneratora u svetu trenutno iznosi oko 55 000 MW

Neophodno je poeti sa korienjem obnovljivih izvora elektricne energije

PRIRODA VETRA, TIPOVI VETRA

Rua vetra, nain dobijanja i svrha

Povrina koju zahvata vetrenjaa A = R 2 .

Koeficijent snage. Teorijska vrednost za idealnu turbinu 0,593 - Betz-ova granina

Gustina snage vetra(Wind Power Density ) W w / A = WPD = 1 2 v 03

Energetski sadraj varira sa kubom prosene brzine vetra

Povrina rotora, 600kW-na vetrenjaa ima prenik 39 - 48m i povrinu od 1500m2

Snaga grubo raste kao h1/2

Turbulencija i uzroci nastajanja

Slika 2.5. Zavisnost WPD od brzine vetra

od 10% za ravne terene do 20% i vie za

Senka vetra, trag efekat, park efekat

Slika 2.13. Trag efekat (wake effect)

S lik a 2 .14 . Izg led park a

Prosena godinja brzina vetrova (m/s)

zimskom periodu decembar februar, duvaju veim delom Vojvodine jugoistoni

prolenom periodu (mart maj) u raspodeli najeih vetrova dolazi do sasvim

leto vetrovi su rasporeeni samo oko jednog pravca i to severozapadnog sa

estine vetrova u Vojvodini u najveoj meri dolaze do izraaja u jesenjem

sa najveim estinama vetrova u Vojvodini iz pravaca odakle u najveem broju

Broj dana sa jakim vetrom 6 i vie Bofora v = 0 .836 B 3

Od 8 dana u Senti, do 166 dana u Vrcu

Mapa vetrova ostalih zemalja Zapadne Evrope.

ANALIZA EKONOMSKE OPRAVDANOSTI ULAGANJA U

C kWh = 0,045 $ / kWh

U Vojvodini postoji veliki broj mesta sa veom brzinom vetra,

Mesto i uloga energ. pretvaraa

OPTI DEO O TURBINAMA NA VETAR

Generator, kriterijumi za procenjivanje tipova generatora

1.Konfiguracija bez konvertora, jedan statorski namotaj, brzina rotora konstantna

5. Konfiguracija sa duplim statorskim namotajima, invertorom i ispravljaem,

Manji broj polova,

Vei broj polova,

Nordex N54/1000 4 pola za brzine 7 25 m/s nominalno 14m/s

Mogunosti korienja asinhronog generatora sa motanim rotorom

3. Konfiguracija sa kontrolom klizanja preko dvosmernog transfera rotorske energije, brzina

4. Konfiguracija sa kontrolom klizanja preko dvosmernog transfera rotorske energije, brzina

Zadovoljava odnos cena/efikasnost

Generator sa permanentnim magnetima (The Permanent Magnet Generator - PMG)

ABB-ov 3.5MW generator

The size of wind turbines at market

Horizontal Axis WTs

Enercon E40 - 500 kW

Rated power: 500 5000 kW

Vertical Axis WTs