A STUDY ON GENDER BASED TURN TAKING IN THE

CONVERSATIONS OF THE MAIN CHARACTERS IN BEFORE

MIDNIGHT FILM

ARTIKEL ILMIAH

OLEH:
ANIS CAHYA MAGRIDA
NIM 125110100111018

PROGRAM STUDI SASTRA INGGRIS

JURUSAN BAHASA DAN SASTRA
FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA
UNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA
2016

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN
ARTIKEL ILMIAH
A STUDY ON GENDER BASED TURN TAKING IN THE
CONVERSATIONS OF THE MAIN CHARACTERS IN BEFORE
MIDNIGHT FILM

STUDI ALIH TUTUR DALAM PERCAKAPAN TOKOH UTAMA DI FILM

BEFORE MIDNIGHT BERDASARKAN GENDER

Nama
NIM
Program Studi
Alamat Tempat Tinggal
No. Telepon
Alamat E-mail

: ANIS CAHYA MAGRIDA

: 125110100111018
: Sastra Inggris
: Jl. Haji Dimun 4 No. 50 RT.06/06
Depok 16415
: 082132688517
: magridanis@gmail.com

Mengetahui,
Ketua Program Studi

Menyetujui,
Pembimbing

Yusri Fajar, M.A.

19770517 200312 1 001

Eni Maharsi, M.A.

NIP. 19731209 200501 2 002

A STUDY ON GENDER BASED TURN TAKING IN THE

CONVERSATIONS OF THE MAIN CHARACTERS IN BEFORE
MIDNIGHT FILM
ANIS CAHYA MAGRIDA
This study is aimed to find out the turn taking components in the conversation
between the two main characters of Before Midnight film, Jesse and Celine. It is also
attempted to seek the differences between male and female characters on how they
applied turn taking in their conversation according to the gender stereotype as
proposed by Coates (2013). This study also used the theory of turn taking as proposed
by Sacks, Schegloff, and Jefferson (1974). The approach of this study is descriptive
qualitative. The data of this study is the transcription of the conversations between
the two main characters in this film. This research used data reduction technique as
proposed by Miles and Huberman (1994). The result found that the turn taking
occurred in the conversation between Jesse and Celine. Both speakers used the
techniques of Current Speaker Select Next Speaker and especially Self-Selection
as the more frequently used technique. By using Self-Selection either Celine or
Jesse would take turn at the earliest transition relevance place. For Current Speaker
Select Next Speaker techniques are used by both characters with addressing
question, addressing the other first pair part of adjacency pair, and using address
term. As the violation of turn taking system, the writer also found 5 gaps and 9
overlaps in this conversation. The overlaps found are 3 Transitional Onsets and 6
Recognitional Onsets. For the gender, the result suggests different result from Coates
theory (2013). Since Celine as the female character tended to dominate the
conversation more than Jesse since she interrupted him once and talk 23.8 % more
than him. It happened because the conversation took place at private setting where
women can behave more freely so they may dominate the conversation.

Keywords: Turn Taking, Conversation Analysis, Gender, Before Midnight

INTRODUCTION
Communication is very essential in human life. Communication can be
defined as process of exchanging information between two or more people. By
communicating, people can get more knowledge, express their feeling, and build
relationship with others. Communication can be categorized into verbal, non-verbal,
written, and visual communication. Verbal communication includes any kind of
verbal or spoken interactions that happen in everyday life. One realization of verbal
communication is conversation.
Conversation usually refers to interactive, spontaneous, oral communication
that involves two or more people (Warren, 2006, p.6). As a matter of communication,
it is crucial to ensure that the conversation runs smoothly. One basic aspect that
affects the conversation flow is the way on how people exchanging roles in taking
turn to speak. Such system appears in any kind of conversation which is called turn
taking.
Turn taking becomes important in conversation because people tend to make
judgment on how we behave in a conversation (Wiemann and Knapp, 1975). As for
example, the one who tend to interrupt others talk can be considered as rude and the
one who has larger portion to talk and hold their turn too much can be considered as
talkative. It can prove that people has the concept on the ideal conversation and rules
on how it should happen. These rules can be sensitive in the sense that when it is
violated the participants of the conversation are usually aware that something is
amiss. The participants can also exploit the turn taking system to show power and
dominance. Therefore, it is essential to understand how turn taking works in a
conversation (Hyland & Paltridge, 2011, p.28).
The turn taking organization can be diverse on how the participants applied it
in a conversation. Isenberg (1998) said that each person has a particular behavior of
turn taking which identifies them like fingerprint does. This unique behavior of turn
taking can be caused by some factors such as, cultural background, personality,

gender, topic, and situation. Especially on gender, it is not surprising that men and
women use their language differently since males and females have different
communicative competence (Xu, 2009, p.1). Moreover, Coates (in Xu, 2009, p.6)
added that women prefer a collaborative speech style which can emphasize their
solidarity with the other person. On the other hand, men use competitive speech style,
stressing their own individuality and emphasizing the hierarchical relationships that
they enter into with other people (Cheshire and Trudgill in Coates, 1993, p.126). In
conclusion, men and women do differ in term of how they use their language to
communicate with others.
The difference between male and female language use can be observed
through film. Film can be classified into various genres such as; comedy, action,
horror, romance, and so on. Romance film is one of genre that might be appropriate
for gender and language use research because it featured two main characters which
are male and female who are involved in a love affair (Preston in Dixon, 2000,
p.227). One example of romance film is Before Midnight which was directed by
Richard Linklater. Before Midnight is a romance drama film released in 2013 which
is the third film of a trilogy; preceded by Before Sunrise (1995) and Before Sunset
(2004). The trilogy features two main characters named Jesse and Cline tells about
how they develop their romantic relationship. In Before Sunrise, Jesse and Cline
barely knew each other, strangers who just met on a train and decided to jump off the
train to spend a night in Vienna. Meanwhile in Before Sunset, Jesse had become a
successful novelist of his book he wrote which was inspired by his meeting with
Cline in Vienna which then led to their second encounter. Continuing the two
previous films in Before Midnight Jesse and Cline portrayed as forty years old
couple who had been living together for almost a decade.
Before Midnight was chosen as the object of the research because it portrayed
the interactions and conversations of two people who had been together for a long
time. According to Hutchby (1998, p.48) the interactions of people with longstanding
relationships tend to create more gaps and especially overlaps in their conversation.

Moreover, Jesse and Celine frequently showed their different emotions such as anger,
happiness, sadness, and so on which were reflected in the dialogues. At the climax of
this film, Jesse and Celine were having a big argument that both of them tried to win
over through their verbal exchanges. Furthermore, Celine characters in this film is
portrayed as a feminist that might affect the domination of the interaction, especially
with Jesse as her partner in this film. Therefore, it is interesting to analyze the
conversational aspects, specifically the turn taking of the main characters (Jesse and
Celine) conversation in this film.
Finally, this research is aimed at finding the turn taking organization used by
the characters in Before Midnight film by using conversation analysis approach and
utilizing the turn taking theory from Sacks, Schegloff and Jefferson (1974). It is also
attempt to find the difference between male and female main characters in Before
Midnight film by looking at how they applied the turn taking in their conversations.

METHOD
This research design is descriptive qualitative. Qualitative research involves
analysis of data such as words, examples from interviews, transcripts, pictures, video,
recordings, notes, documents, the products and records of material culture, audiovisual materials and personal experience materials (such as artifacts, journal and diary
information and narratives). In this research, the researcher analyzed the
conversational aspects, particularly the turn taking occurs in the conversations
between the main characters in a film entitled Before Midnight. The theory used to
analyzed the turn taking phenomena for this research is the theory of turn taking from
Sacks et al. (1974) and gender theory in turn taking from Coates (2013).

DATA AND DATA SOURCE

The data in this research are the turn taking used by the main characters (Jesse
and Celine) which are taken from the conversation transcription of Before Midnight
film which was downloaded from http://www.sonyclassics.com. Whilst, the data
source for this research is the Before Midnight (2013) film which was downloaded
from a website http://idfl.me. According to Miles and Huberman (1994, p.10) data
reduction is the technique of selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting, and
transforming the data that appear in the field notes and transcriptions. Therefore to
reduce the data the writer only selects one scene in this film that contains dialogue of
its main characters. Thus the writer selects scene 10 as the data of this study. The
selection is based on several considerations; it is the climax of the film where the
main characters were having an argument, it has the longest conversation duration of
the main characters in the whole film, it is obviously the place where the turn taking
and its components frequently occurred.

FINDING AND DISCUSSION

The researcher chose the climax of this films plot where Jesse and Celine
were having an argument in which their conversation became intense. The scene
where the climax happened is the scene number 10. In the video the conversation
starts at 01:10:30 and ends at 01:26:45. The setting where this conversation happened
is in a hotel room at night and the participants are Celine and Jesse. In this
conversation, Celine and Jesse supposed to have their own time together as their
Greek friends gifted them a free hotel stay at a local village with great view. As they
reached their room, they commented on how nice the room is despite the fact that it
locates in the middle of a village. When they tried to get intimate, suddenly Celine
phone rang and interrupted their foreplay. It was a call from Jesses son Hank who
just arrived at his transit in London. After they hung up, Jesse was upset by Celines

comment over the phone about his ex-wife. He told her to not make such comment
then he brought up the idea about moving to Chicago again which she responded by a
saying that women always makes sacrifices. The argument ended after Jesse
agreeing on Celines opinion.
The finding of this research is that, there are 80 turns identified from the
conversation. The turns are shared between Celine and Jesse respectively 40 turns and
40 turns. From the finding, most turns are constructed of multiple units of sentences.
However, there are also turns that constructed of single unit such as non-lexical item,
single word, phrase, and clause. The turn allocation of self-selection and current
speaker select next speaker were used by both characters to get turn to speak. As for
gaps and overlaps, there are respectively 5 and 9 occurrences in the conversation
between Jesse and Celine. From the finding, 4 gaps were identified in Celines turns
and 1 gap can be identified in Jesses turns. Analysis on the findings was done in
three parts; the analysis of turn taking, the analysis of gaps, and the analysis of
overlaps.
Turn taking
As discussed previously, there are two techniques of taking turn in this
conversation which are; current speaker select next speaker techniques and selfselection technique. For current speaker select next techniques, the techniques found
is by addressing question, addressing the first pair part of adjacency pair, and using
address term.
hhh why can't I talk to hi:m (1) that's twice you've done that.(2) c'mon
you couldve just handed me the pho::ne (3) [you know I wanna talk to
him. (4)
3 C:
[we:ll] he didn't have time
to ta::lk. (1) [he said they were board[ing. (2)
2 J:

1
2
3
4
5

As seen in line 1, Jesse constructed a question why cant I talk to him. In this
example, instead of using rising intonation at the end of the question sentence, Jesse
used rising pitch before the word why as to emphasize his question. After he finished
his construction, Celine as the next speaker constructed her turn to answer to his
question. Other questions as to select the next speaker can be seen in excerpt 1 turn
(4), (7), (11), and (14).
For addressing the first pair part of adjacency pair, there are two types from
the finding which are; request for action and accusation. Request for action occurs
when either Celine or Jesse asked their interlocutor to perform an action. While
accusation occurred in this conversation is because the main characters were in the
middle of an argument therefore it was natural for them to strike accusation towards
their opponent. The example can be seen as follow.
6 J: (1.0) you shouldn't have said that about his mom. (1)

From the excerpt above, Jesse addressed the first pair part of adjacency pair
that is request for action to Celine by using the pronoun you as to select her as the
only next speaker in this conversation. Similarly, it happened in excerpt 1 turn 10.
10 J: I=kno:::w but it's not good. (1) it just reminds him of the whole

thing. (2) I just wish you wouldn't do that. (3)

1
2

The finding for accusation as part of first pair part of adjacency pair can be
seen as follow.
27 C: making a joke about the fact that his mom and I don't like each other is 1

not the issue. (1) that's not going to traumatize him. (2) that already 2
happened alright? (3) and now you're trying to transfer your guilt 3
and blame me? (4)
4
And also in turn (53) and (55) below.
53 C: okay hh I can't even say that fucking word. (1) I just naturally feel bad 1

about everything. (2) and you give me that look like it's my fault. (3)

54 J: what look. (1)

3
55 C: that look. (1) the I forgot to put in the bag the science project look. (2) I 4

know you blame me, (3)

Besides the pronoun you as the address term to select the next speaker, in this
conversation the character Celine also used the address term sweetie which can be
categorized as the term of endearment as to select Jesse for the next speakership.
67 C: (0.3) you're an asshole. (1) you know what sweetie. (2) when are we 1

moving to Chicago. (3) I- I- I wanna make sure we are able to find a 2

nice house, (4) and I can sew the drapes, (5) and pick matching bed 3
cov[e:::rs, (6)
4
Not only by the selection from the previous speaker, Celine and Jesse also
used self-selection to entitle themselves for a turn. The example is as follow.
1 C: he's fi:ne. (1) (0.3) he says he'll call you from Chicago when he lands. 1
2
(2)
2 J: hhh why can't I talk to hi:m (1) that's twice you've done that.(2) c'mon 3
you couldve just handed me the pho::ne (3) [you know I wanna talk to 4
him. (4)
5

From the example, Celine took the very first turn by constructing two units
turn. Therefore, she self-selected herself to obtain the turn. The second turn is also
done by Jesse through self-selection because Celine did not use any technique as to
select Jesse to be the next speaker.
Gaps
There are only few occurrences of gap in this conversation. From 7 excerpts,
there are only five gaps identified which is in excerpt 1, excerpt 3, excerpt 4, excerpt
5, and excerpt 7. The explanation can be seen as follow.

Excerpt 1
turn
4

line
J: a::nd- what'd he forget? (1) what was that?= (2)
C: =his science project. (1) but we'll mail it tomorrow. (2) it'll be
fine.(3)
J: (1.0) you shouldn't have said that about his mom. (1)
C: what? (1) what did I say. (2)

5
6
7

1
2
3
4
5

As seen in the excerpt, Celine completed her turn after her third unit ended with
falling intonation as seen in line 3 and thus came to the TRP. However, Jesse did not
directly construct any unit to start his turn and (1.0) one second of gap occurs at that
place.
Excerpt 3
turn
27

C: making a joke about the fact that his mom and I don't like each
other is not the issue. (1) that's not going to traumatize him. (2) that
already happened alright? (3) and now you're trying to transfer
your guilt and blame me? (4)
J: no I'm not. (1)
C: (0.5) you=know on the contrary (.) if he can make a joke about it
maybe he'll be able to live with it better. (1) That's what I think. (2)
J: okay you're=right. (1) as always. (2) let's just not talk about it. (3)

28
29
30

line
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

From the excerpt, gap can be seen in line 6 which is a five-second gap length
notated in the transcription as (0.5). It is happen since Celine did not directly utter
any minimal unit after Jesse completion point in line 5.
Excerpt 4
turn
42

J:

OKAY I screwed up. (1) and I love this little rewrite you do (2)
=everything that isn't perfect in our life gets laid at my feet, (3)

line
1
2

43
44
45

C: and now you're putting this shit on me about Henry? (1)

J: what shit. (1) what're you talking about. (2)
C: (0.5) let me tell you what I'm talking about. (1) the moving to
Chicago and giving up of my life. (2) now that you mention that
Henry needs you. (3) how do you think that makes me feel. (4)
I'm=mi::serable alright? (5) how can I take that job now. (6) tell
me (7)

3
4
5
6
7
8
9

In this excerpt, gap can be seen in line 5 of a five-second length gap notated by
(0.5). Since Celine did not take the turn when she supposedly to be next speaker
which entitled by Jesse through question as seen in line 4.
Excerpt 5
turn
49
50
51
52

C:
J:
C:
J:

It is in the nature of women to be the nurturah. (1)

The what? (1)
(0.5) Nurchuryer (1)
The nurturer? (1)

line
1
2
3
4

From the excerpt, gap can be identified in line 3 of a five-second length which
made by Celine. Since she did not take the turn where she supposed to be the next
speaker when Jesse had select her to be the next speaker by addressing question with
rising intonation as seen in line 2.
Excerpt 7
turn
66

67

you suffered SO MUCH growing up in middle class Paris. (1)

I=mean- the a::gony in the trenches of the Sorbonne (.) in the post
feminist era. (2) I can't imagine. (3)
C: (0.3) you're an asshole. (1) you know what sweetie. (2) when are
we moving to Chicago. (3) I- I- I wanna make sure we are able to
find a nice house, (4) and I can sew the drapes, (5) and pick
matching bed cov[e:::rs, (6)
J:

line
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

As seen in line 4, the (0.3) notated that there is a three-second length silence
occurs in the place where turn transition supposedly happened. It is because Celine
did not directly start her turn after Jesses turn came to completion as seen in line 3.
Therefore, it can be considered as gap.
Overlaps onset
From the extract, there are 9 findings of overlaps which made by Celine and
Jesse. From the finding, 6 overlaps made by Jesse and 3 overlaps made by Celine.
The findings included 3 Transitional onsets and 6 Recognitional onsets. The
transitional onset happen when a speaker overlap others turn at the near the transition
relevance place (TRP) and recognitional onset happen when a speaker can project the
ongoing turn even when the unit is unfinished. The findings are respectively, 3
findings for transitional onset and 6 findings for recognitional onset.
turn
2

3
4

line
J: why can't I talk to hi:m. (1) that's twice you've done that.(2) c'mon 1
you couldve just handed me the pho::ne (3) [you know I wanna 2
talk to him. (4)
3
[we:ll] he didn't
4
C:
have time to ta::lk. (1) [he said they were board[ing. (2)
5
[a::nd-]
[what'd he forget?
6
J:
(1) what was that?= (2)
7
In this excerpt, there are three occurrences of overlap. The first overlap

happened after Jesse finished his third unit as seen in line 2. Celine has identified his
completion and took her turn by uttering well as seen in line 4. However, Jesse
actually has not finished the turn instead added one more unit. Celine was aware of
that and abandon her turn very shortly after one word well thus giving the floor to
Jesse to complete his unit. Therefore, this first case of overlap can be identified as
Transitional Onset. The same thing also happened after Celine finished her first unit

as seen in line 5. Both Celine and Jesse simultaneously took turn but Jesse abandoned
his turn shortly after one word and and let Celine continued her turn. However,
before Celine completely finished her second unit Jesse already projected her unit
completion thus Recognitional Onset happened.
turn
line
1
6 J: (1.0) you shouldn't have said that about his mom. (1)
2
7 C: what? (1) what did I say. (2)
8
J: good luck with your mom (1) ((chuckles)) hh [I mea::n, (2) come 3
4
on (3)
5
9
[I didnt-]
C:
6
I=didn't mean anything by it. (1)
As seen in line 3 and 6, Jesse and Celine talked at the same time which
probably happened because Celine already oriented to Jesse completion after he
answered her question with his first unit. However, Jesse still held his turn even after
he produced small laughter notated by ((chuckles)) and a two-second aspiration.
Therefore, to repair the problem Celine abandoned her turn after two words I didnt
as seen in line 5. Thus, this overlap case can be considered as Transitional Onset.
turn
64

65

line
J: ((clapping hands)) wo:::w bravo. (1) the Nobel committee is 1
taking note. (2) I'm just- hold on a second I'm gonna alert Sweden 2
okay, (3) I mean- it must be a full time job carrying that much 3
feminine [oppression. (4)
4
[It is.] (1)
5
C:
From the excerpt, overlapping talks happened because Celine can already

recognize that Jesses turn will come to its completion point. In this case, Celine took
her turn by uttering it is (line 5) while in the same time Jesse finished his turn by
uttering oppression (line 4) and ended the turn with falling intonation. Thus this
overlapping talk can be considered as Recognitional Onset.

turn
67

68

C: (0.3) you're an asshole. (1) you know what sweetie. (2) when are
we moving to Chicago. (3) I- I- I wanna make sure we are able to
find a nice house, (4) and I can sew the drapes, (5) and pick
matching bed cov[e:::rs, (6)
[so this is how you now wanna spend this evening,
J:
(1) I=mean- this is what you wanna do tonight.= (2)

line
1
2
3
4
5
6

The overlapping talk in this excerpt can be seen in line 4 and 5. It is happened
because Jesse can already recognize the turn completion via Celines repetitive
intonation. The sixth unit in Celines turn ended with slightly rising intonation which
is also happened in the previous unit (unit 4 and 5). However, Celine stretched her
last syllable in the word cover as notated with colons and Jesses turn came in latched
position. Thus this overlap can be considered as Recognitional Onset.
turn
69
70

C: =well you started [it.

[no you are the one who will not SHUT UP about
J:
it. (1) but if you wanna ta::lk about it. (2) I mean really talk about it
(3) I would prefer to have=an unemotional rational conversation
(4) I=mea::n do you think we can do that? (5) would that be
possible.= (6)

line
1
2
3
4
5
6

As seen in line 1 and 2 in this excerpt, Jesse started early before Celine
completely finished her unit. The simultaneous talk happen when Celine was uttering
the last word in her unit at the same time Jesse started his turn. Thus in this case the
overlapping talk can be considered as Recognitional Onset.
turn
75
76

C: <the final solution,> (1) eh very rational thinking behind [it. (2)
[uh okay so
J:
we're there now. (1) US versus the final solution ((clapping twice))
(2) okay let's do it (.) alright? (3) let=me ask you this right, (4)
do you think Henry's life would be help by more

line
1
2
3
4
5

77
78

consistent present by you and me huh? (5)

C: here we [go:: hh (1)
[NO you won't drop it. (1) so let's talk about it alright? (2)
J:
let me just ask you one question. (3) do you think Hanks' life
would be better served by more consistent present from you
and me hm= (4)

6
7
8
9
10
11

There are two overlapping talk occurred in this excerpt which possibly
happened because Jesse already recognized Celines turn completion. The first
overlap happened in line 1 and 2. In this case, Celine almost finished her turn with the
word it at the same time Jesse started his turn. Similar thing happened in line 7-8 in
this excerpt, Jesse started early before Celines completely finished her unit. These
overlapping talks thus can be considered as Recognitional Onset.
Interruption
For the interruption, in the data there is only one finding. According to Coates
(2013), interruption is when the next speaker begins to speak while the current
speaker is still speaking, at the point where the current speakers turn cannot be
defined as the end of its unit projection.
34
35
36
37

J: Medea huh? (1)

C: yeah. (1) after all its a Greek myth, (2)
J: It's actually a play by Euripides. (1) But [uh::
[A woman killing her kids
C:
to punish her ex-husband, (1) that's basically what she's doing. (2)
she's hurting him to get to you. (3)

1
2
3
4
5
6

From the data, Celine began to speak when Jesse was still speaking. As seen
in line 6, Jesse tried to held his turn after constructed 1 sentential unit with the
conjunction but. However, Celine cut him off after the word but and took over the
floor. Thus, it made Jesse lose his turn because he needed to give up the turn in order
to keep the principle in conversation one speaker talks at time.

Turn size
According to Coates (2013), men tend to talk more than women in mixed sex
conversation setting. However, the result in this study is quite different than the
claim. From the finding, the researcher found that the female character Celine talked
more than the male Jesse. That result based on the accumulation of the number of
words produced in the conversation taken as the data in this study. In total, there are
1237 words spoken by the two characters where Celine spoke 788 words (61.9%) and
Jesse 485 words (38.1%). Therefore, Celine spoke 23.8% more than Jesse. Thus,
Celine dominated the turn size in this conversation.
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
After analyzing and discussing the result of the data, the writer comes to the
conclusion that the female main character Celine in Before Midnight film dominated
the conversation more than the male main character Jesse. Since she interrupted him
once during his turn and talked 23.8% more than him during their conversation taken
as the data in this study. This result is different from Coates (2013) gender theory on
turn taking where male dominate female in conversation. The reason for this case is
the setting where the conversation happen which was in the private place. As
mentioned by Tannen (1992) private setting for women is the place where they can
talk freely so it is understandable for them to talk more and interrupt more.
Since there are few studies had been conducted on Conversation Analysis
(CA), the writer encourages further research by utilizing CA. Specifically on turn
taking, the writer suggests for the next research to explore more about other aspects
influence turn taking such as social status and cultural background. The next
researcher can also focus on other aspects in conversation such as, overlapping,
interruption, adjacency pair, repair mechanism, sequence organization etc. The writer
also suggests the further research to take other kind of conversations as the object of

the study. As for example the conversation that happens in more specific context and
situation such as in class lectures, television talk show, social media etc.
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