International Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science

Vol. 4(1), pp. 152-163, January, 2017. www.premierpublishers.org. ISSN: 2167-0449

IJPBCS

Research Article

Physiological and biochemical response of

common bean genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
treated with salicylic acid under natural
drought stress
Y.A.A. Molaaldoila1,4, M. M. Al-Aqil2, A. H. A. Al-Haj3
1

Department of Agronomy, Crop physiology, The Southern Highland Research Station (Taiz-Ibb), Yemen
Plant Breeding and Genetic. The Agricultural Research and Extension Authority (AREA), Yemen.
3
Plant Production, Horticulture Vegetables, Faculty of Agriculture and Vit. Med., Ibb Universiy, Yemen
4
The Agricultural Research and Extension Authority, Khormaksar, Aden, Yemen.
2

A field experiment was established over three rainy seasons (2011, 2012 and 2013) at two
locations (Shaban and Al-Qaidah) which represented the severe (SDS) and moderate (MDS)
drought stress in the southern highlands of Yemen-Ibb. The experiment was arranged in a split
plot design with three replication. The main plots were: untreated or treated seeds with 0.5 mM
salicylic acid (SA), the subplot were nine CIAT bean lines and three local cultivars. The results
revealed that salicylic acid improved significantly the yield and yield traits of some
genotypes. Accordingly, under severe drought stress, the bean genotypes categorized
into three groups; The first group (MIB-156, MIB-156, G23818B and NSL) which were high
yielding and low responsiveness genotypes to SA group (HY-LSAR); The second group
(BFB-139, BFB-140 and BFB-141) that perform low yielding and high responsiveness
genotypes to SA (LY-HSAR) and the third group (Taiz-304, Taiz-5 and Taiz-306) that perform
low yielding and low responsiveness genotypes to SA group (LY-LSAR). It is concluded
that the physiological mechanism of bean cultivars response of the high tolerant lines
(LY-HSAR) and the medium tolerant lines to drought (LY-HSAR) to SA was similar by
causing significant increase in dry matter accumulation, photosynthetic pigments content
of leaves and accumulation of high proline content, total soluble sugars, total free amino
acids, and soluble proteins, and also by maintain high relative water content (RWC%) and
low leaf ion leakage (LIL%) in comparison to susceptible cultivars to drought (LY-LSAR).
Key words: Soluble proteins, proline content, photosynthetic pigments, (RWC%), (LIL%),
INTRODUCTION
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is considered one
of the most important grains for human alimentation and
is worldwide planted on approximately 12 million hectares
and is sensitive to severe environmental stress situations,
such as heat and water deficiency (Bajji et al. 2001, Parry
et al. 2002).
This fact must be analyzed in depth, since more than half
of the worldwide common bean production is grown in
regions of occurrence of water deficit (Souza et al. 2003).
Large genotypic differences in drought tolerance among

crops also have been reported within-species and genetic

variability for tolerance to drought also has been
identified in common bean (Beebe et al., 2006; Singh et
al., 2003; Molaaldoila, 2016).

*Corresponding author: Y. A. A. Molaaldoila, The

Agricultural Research
and
Extension
Authority,
Khormaksar, Aden, Yemen. P. O . Box. 6289. Tel: 967777-271-041. E-mail: yaldoila@yahoo.com

Physiological and biochemical response of common bean genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) treated with salicylic acid under natural
drought stress

Molaaldoila et al.

153

However, In Yemen most of the local common bean

cultivars are susceptible to drought (Molaaldoila, et al.,
2016).
One of the useful practice used to reduce the inhibitory
effect of environment stresses was the application of SA.
Significant variation in the response to SA application
was observed in many crop cultivars such as in faba
bean (Azooz, 2009), common bean (Machado Neto and
Duraes, 2006) and sunflower (Noreen et al., 2009)
genotypes that can develop different mechanisms of
adaptation to stress and responded to SA application
differently.
The exact function of SA is however uncertain; it can be
its ability to reduce the damaging effects of salt or water
stress through restoration of various physiological and
biochemical plant alteration. It is generally assumed that
SA as stress-induced proteins might play a role in stress
tolerance such stress-induced proteins might play a role
in stress tolerance and this protective role may be
essential for the survival of plants under extreme stress
conditions (Abou Al-Hamad, 2007; Zahra et al., 2010 and
Ismail et al., 2011). Sahar et al. (2011) recorded that the
high soluble protein content in salt-stressed plants could
play an important role in increasing the osmotic pressure
of the cytoplasm and salt tolerance. In this context, Ismail
et al. (2011) found that the soluble proteins have been
decreased by SA treatment with the salinized wheat
seedlings.
There are contradictory reports about the role of salicylic
acid on photosynthetic pigments. Lusia et al. (2005),
reported that methyl salicylic do not have any effect on
photosynthetic pigments but photosynthesis decrease
under treatment salicylic acid. It is reported that salicylic
acid causes increasing photosynthetic pigments in plant,
under salty stress (El- Tayeb, 2005) and with salicylic
acid, the leaves fill up more soluble sugar and proline
(Szepesi, 2006).
The objective of this study were (i) To evaluate the
physiological and biochemical characteristics in common
bean genotypes subjected to drought stress, (ii) To
alleviate the inhibitory effect of drought stress by salicylic
acid application and (iii) To understand the mechanism of
SA action in alleviate the adverse effect of natural
drought stress

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Experimental Design and Environmental Locations
The response of bean cultivars (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to
the application of salicylic acid under drought stress
condition was investigated. The aim of this study was to
evaluate
some
physiological
and
biochemical

characteristics in common bean cultivars subjected to

natural drought stress and to alleviate the adverse effect
of drought by salicylic application. A field experiment was
established over three rainy seasons (2011, 2012 and
2013) at two locations (Shaban and Al-Qaidah) which
represented the severe (SDS) and moderate (MDS)
drought stress in the southern highlands of Yemen-Ibb.
The experiment was arranged in a split plot design with
three replication. The main plots were: untreated or
treated seeds with 0.5 mM salicylic acid (SA), the subplot
were bean cultivars; (MIB-156), (G23818B), (BFB-140),
(BFB-143), (BFB-144), ( Taiz-304), (Taiz-305) , (Taiz308), ( Taiz-309). In SA treatments seeds were soaked
in 0.5 mM SA for 6 hrs where SA was dissolved in
absolute ethanol and then added drop wise to water
(ethanol:water, 1:1000, v/v) (Williams et al., 2003) and
after that seed were planted.
Plant Phenology and Production
After three weeks of drought stresses the plants were
harvested and the dry weight obtained by oven-drying
at 65C for 48h, dry weight of the roots drought weight g
-1
-1
plant (RDW) and shoots drought weight g plant (SDW)
were determined and the root/shoot ratio of plant was
calculated for dry weights at the sampling stage. At
-1
harvest: Seed yield (kg ha ), biological yield, harvest
index, pod numbers/plant, seeds numbers/plant and 100
-1
seed weight (g plant ) were recorded and values of the
two formers were adjusted to 14% moisture by weight.
Harvest index (HI) that is seed biomass dry weight at
harvest/total shoot biomass dry weight at mid-pod filling
100 also recorded.
Determination of Photosynthetic Pigments:
For chlorophyll and carotenoids we used method of
Lichtenther (1987) and Welfare et al. (1996). Hence, chla,
chlb, chlT and car show the concentration of chlorophyll
a, chlorophyll b, the total chlorophyll and carotenoides
(include carotene and xanthophylls), respectively.
Accordingly, the results of measuring photosynthetic
pigments content was calculated and presented in fresh
weight in gram
Determination of Leaf Water Content and Leaf Ion
Leakage %:
Relative leaf water content (LRWC%) is a useful measure
of the physiological water status of plants was
determined according to the method of (Teran, and
Singh, 2002). Leaf ion leakage % for measuring
leakage of cell membrane was evaluated by the
method of Marty's et al. (2005)..
Protein Metabolism and Soluble Sugars
Tissue powder samples of shoots (50 mg) were extracted

Physiological and biochemical response of common bean genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) treated with salicylic acid under natural
drought stress

Int. J. Plant Breeding Crop Sci.

twice in distilled water with continuous stirring for 30 min

at 60 C. After cooling, the water extract was centrifuged
and the supernatant was decanted and completed to a
definite volume using distilled water. The soluble proteins
were then determined in the supernatant by folin reagent
according to the method adopted by Lowry et al. (1951).
For evaluating proline content in leaf tissue, we use
method of Bates et al. (1973) and The results of
measuring proline content was calculated and
-1
presented with g mg
DW. Free amino acids were
extracted from plant tissues and determined according to
the method of Moore and Stein (1948). The water-soluble
sugars were estimated by the method of anthrone
sulphuric acid method described by Badour (1959).
Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis was carried out with the aid of S.A.S.
statistical package (SAS institute Inc., USA) and mean
comparison according to Duncan Multiple Range Test
(DMRT) at P < 0.05. For data analysis, the cropping
seasons and replications were considered as random
+
effects and (SA ) versus (SA ) treatments and common
bean genotypes as fixed effects (Mcintosh, 1983). In this
paper we are representing the overall average of the
three seasons for all the parameters and also we are
focusing on the action of salicylic (SA) treatment in
ameliorating the adverse effect of natural drought
stresses.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Yield and Yield Attributes
The results revealed that the SDS had inhibitory
effect on the seed yield and biological yield of bean
genotypes more than MDS. The seed yield and
biological yield of SDS reduced significantly to the
extent of 27.9, and 17.1% in comparison with SDS,
respectively. However, SA application reduced the
deleterious effect of SDS and improved the seed yield
and biological yield to about 23.3, and 22.2%,
respectively. In contrast, the results didnt show
significant changes of SA application in harvest index
although SDS increased HI to the extent of 18.2% in
comparison with MDS (Table 1). On the other hand,
pods number per plant, seeds number and 100 seed
weight of common bean genotypes were substantially
affected by severe drought in comparison with
moderate drought. The pods number/plant, seeds
number and 100 seed weight were reduced genotypes
grown under SDS to about 35.9, 26.6and 33.2%,
respectively. However, when SA applied under SDS, it
improved pods number/plant, seeds number and 100
seed weight to the extent of 32.0, 24.6 and 25.6%,
respectively (Table 2). These results are in accordance

154

to some earlier studies in which it has been observed that

exogenous application of SA promotes the growth and
counteracts the stress-induced growth inhibition due to
abiotic stresses in different crop species (Metwally et al.,
2003; Shakirova et al., 2003; Singh & Usha, 2003). In
contrast, working with maize, Nemeth et al., (2002)
reported that exogenously applied SA through the rooting
medium caused an increase in growth inhibition.
Genotypes responded to SDS and MDS differently in
seed yield, and other yield traits. However, application
of SA not only mitigated the inhibitory effect of drought
stress on some of these genotypes, but also in some
cases induced a stimulatory effect on greater than that
estimated in the control plants. Accordingly, under
severe drought stress, the bean genotypes can be
categorized into three groups; The first group (MIB-156,
MIB-156, G23818B and NSL) that were high yielding
and low responsiveness genotypes to SA (HY-LSAR);
The second group (BFB-139, BFB-140 and BFB-141)
that perform low yielding and high responsiveness
genotypes to SA (LY-HSAR) and the third group (Taiz304,Taiz-305and Taiz-306) that perform low yielding and
low responsiveness genotypes to SA group (LYLSAR). However, these yield traits didnt changes
significantly on HY-LSAR or LY-LSAR. On the other
hand, effect of SDS was more drastic than the MDS
Interestingly, the LY-LSAR responded to SA application
significantly under both SDS and MDS in seed yield,
and other yield traits. Moderate to high drought stress
can reduce biomass, number of seeds and pods, harvest
index, seed yield, and seed weight in common bean
(Acosta-Gallegos and Adams, 1991; Ramirez-Vallejo and
Kelly, 1998). However, exogenously applied SA through
the rooting medium caused an increase in
photosynthesis, plant growth and yield under non-stress
or drought stress conditions (Natr & Lawlor, 2005).
Root, Shoot Dry Weight and Shoot/ Root Ratio
In this study, the RDW, SDW and SRR were
decreased significantly under SDS as compared with
the MDS. The reduction were to the extent of 29.4,
38.6 and 13.1%, respectively. On the other hand, SA
treatment caused a significant increase in root and shoot
dry weight. The extent of increase in RDW, SDW and
SRR under SDS were about 30.9, 43.5 and 18.0%,
respectively. However, the accumulation of RDW,
SDW and SRR improved significantly in HY-HSAR and
LY-LSAR bean genotypes due to SA application under
SDS environments in comparison with MDS. The
increase of SRR indicated that SA application induced
accumulation dry matter in shoot more than root in
comparison with HY-LSAR. SDW caused a significant
improvement in root and shoot dry weights of bean
genotypes (Table 3). These results correspond with

Physiological and biochemical response of common bean genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) treated with salicylic acid under natural
drought stress

Molaaldoila et al.

155

Table 1. The action of salicylic (SA) treatment in improving the adverse effect of SDS and MDS on seed yield
(t/ha), Biological yield (t/ha) and Harvest index %

Seed Yield

Genotypes

SA

SA

Average

SA

SA

Average

SA

SA

Average

M-155

2.424

2.538

2.481

4.459

4.720

4.590

45.7

46.3

46.0

M-156

2.475

2.464

2.470

4.390

4.638

4.514

43.6

46.8

45.2

G23818B

2.462

2.548

2.505

4.514

4.792

4.653

45.3

46.7

46.0

NSL

2.483

2.604

2.544

4.469

4.772

4.621

44.5

45.4

45.0

BFB-139

2.343

2.482

2.413

4.460

4.766

4.614

47.3

47.9

47.6

BFB-140

2.381

2.537

2.459

3.865

4.439

4.153

38.4

42.8

40.6

BFB-141

2.270

2.407

2.339

4.067

4.616

4.342

44.1

47.9

46.0

Taiz-304

1.676

1.948

1.812

3.322

3.958

3.640

49.7

50.7

50.2

Taiz-305

1.788

2.146

1.967

3.229

4.011

3.620

44.6

46.5

45.6

Taiz-306

1.852

2.306

2.079

3.436

4.088

3.762

46.1

43.7

44.9

Average

2.121

2.286

2.307

4.021

4.385

4.250

44.9

46.5

45.7

DMRT at 0.05

0.261

0.321

0.402

0.517

0.576

0.561

NS

NS

NS

CV%

18.6

19.9

23.4

23.2

21.7

25.0

18.3

21.5

19.1

M-155

1.889

2.315

2.102

3.735

4.498

4.116

49.4

48.5

49.0

M-156

1.825

2.244

2.035

3.784

4.492

4.138

51.8

50.0

50.9

G23818B

1.767

2.253

2.010

3.765

4.384

4.074

53.1

48.6

50.8

NSL

1.601

2.260

1.931

3.505

4.742

4.123

54.3

52.3

53.3

BFB-139

1.771

2.153

1.962

3.511

4.892

4.201

49.6

56.0

52.8

BFB-140

1.808

1.747

1.777

3.960

4.717

4.338

54.3

63.0

58.7

BFB-141

1.793

1.768

1.780

3.495

4.852

4.174

48.7

63.6

56.1

Taiz-304

0.910

1.627

1.268

2.634

3.171

2.902

65.4

48.7

57.1

Taiz-305

0.977

1.783

1.380

2.416

3.176

2.796

59.6

43.9

51.7

Taiz-306

0.938

1.783

1.360

2.513

3.916

3.215

62.7

54.5

58.6

Average

1.528

1.993

1.760

3.332

4.284

3.808

54.9

52.9

53.9

DMRT at 0.05

0.320

0.296

0.332

0.377

0.372

0.379

9.3

7.7

7.7

CV%

20.5

22.7

25.5

25.3

20.6

21.5

16.7

20.0

24.9

SDS

MDS

Traits/

Biological yield
+

Harvest index %
-

Physiological and biochemical response of common bean genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) treated with salicylic acid under natural
drought stress

Int. J. Plant Breeding Crop Sci.

156

Table 2. The action of salicylic (SA) treatment in improving the adverse effect of SDS and MDS on pods
number/plant, seeds number/plant and 100 seed weight (gm)

Pod number/plant

Genotypes

SA

SA

Average

SA

SA

Average

SA

SA

Average

M-155

27.1

27.1

27.1

121.2

124.2

122.7

27.9

29.3

28.6

M-156

25.7

26.1

25.9

122.5

124.6

123.6

28.2

31.3

29.8

G23818B

27.5

28.3

27.9

125.5

129.5

127.5

26.8

28.3

27.6

NSL

25.0

27.0

26.0

121.5

128.8

125.2

27.0

29.4

28.2

BFB-139

23.8

27.2

25.5

119.9

125.3

122.6

29.6

32.6

31.1

BFB-140

25.9

27.5

26.7

122.7

124.7

116.7

25.6

27.0

26.3

BFB-141

26.2

27.6

27.0

120.8

126.6

118.7

27.3

29.7

28.5

Taiz-304

18.2

24.4

20.1

95.0

113.0

101.5

20.1

23.4

22.3

Taiz-305

18.9

24.9

21.6

99.9

119.8

109.9

18.8

24.1

23.2

Taiz-306

20.6

26.4

29.7

111.7

128.6

120.1

20.6

25.1

23.3

Average

23.9

26.7

25.7

116.1

124.5

118.9

25.2

28.0

26.9

DMRT at 0.05

5.8

6.8

6.5

9.8

10.8

12.1

NS

NS

NS

CV%

15.4

16.8

16.9

15.1

18.3

18.1

16.5

17.8

17.1

M-155

18.7

23.4

21.0

93.7

113.2

108.7

19.4

24.0

21.7

M-156

18.2

24.2

21.2

95.2

113.5

109.7

20.8

25.0

22.9

G23818B

17.6

24.7

21.2

88.3

117.4

107.8

17.9

23.3

20.6

NSL

17.0

23.0

20.0

93.0

117.1

110.2

17.6

23.9

20.7

BFB-139

16.5

23.7

20.1

93.0

119.4

111.3

18.4

24.9

21.6

BFB-140

14.2

22.0

18.1

84.7

118.4

106.3

15.1

21.8

18.4

BFB-141

13.4

22.0

17.7

76.4

113.7

96.8

16.1

20.8

18.5

Taiz-304

11.8

20.7

16.3

69.5

95.7

84.0

13.1

20.6

16.8

Taiz-305

12.7

20.5

16.6

75.2

108.3

96.0

14.2

20.7

17.4

Taiz-306

12.8

20.8

16.8

83.3

113.8

105.7

15.4

20.9

19.6

Average

15.3

22.5

18.9

85.2

113.0

103.6

16.8

22.6

19.8

DMRT at 0.05

3.6

4.0

4.6

6.6

7.6

6.8

4.6

4.7

4.7

CV%

19.3

21.4

21.8

16.5

17.5

17.3

15.5

17.6

17.6

SDS

MDS

Traits/

seed number/plant
-

100 seed weight

-

Physiological and biochemical response of common bean genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) treated with salicylic acid under natural
drought stress

Molaaldoila et al.

157

Table 3. The action of salicylic (SA) treatment in improving the adverse effect of SDS and MDS on root (RSW),
shoot (SDW) dry weight (gm/plant-1) and root/shoot ratio (SRR)

RDW

Traits/
-

SDW
-

SRR
-

SA

SA

Average

SA

SA

Average

SA

SA

M-155

7.11

7.62

7.40

77.6

89.4

83.5

11.0

11.7

11.3

M-156

7.10

7.96

7.55

81.0

89.6

85.3

11.4

11.4

11.4

G23818B

7.12

7.66

7.40

70.7

77.9

74.3

10.0

10.2

10.1

NSL

6.95

7.92

7.45

66.3

72.7

69.5

9.5

9.2

9.4

BFB-139

6.43

6.99

6.50

64.0

72.2

68.1

10.0

10.3

10.2

BFB-140

7.03

7.18

6.85

58.4

73.1

65.8

8.3

10.4

9.3

BFB-141

6.66

6.76

6.50

62.0

70.1

66.1

9.3

10.4

9.8

Taiz-304

5.19

6.63

5.90

57.9

67.1

62.5

11.2

10.2

10.7

Taiz-305

5.58

8.07

6.85

63.3

78.9

71.1

11.4

9.8

10.6

Taiz-306

5.75

8.31

7.00

64.8

89.1

77.0

11.3

10.8

11.0

Average

6.49

7.51

6.94

66.6

78.0

72.3

10.3

10.4

10.4

DMRT at 0.05

2.00

2.30

2.40

4.2

4.7

4.5

NS

NS

NS

CV%

18.3

19.0

18.75

14.7

20.1

23.0

14.2

17.3

19.3

M-155

5.24

7.60

7.10

53.7

76.9

74.4

10.2

10.1

10.2

M-156

5.11

7.28

7.05

50.3

85.0

79.4

9.8

11.7

10.8

G23818B

3.95

7.52

6.20

42.0

81.8

75.4

10.6

10.9

10.7

NSL

4.29

7.62

6.50

45.0

75.4

66.5

10.5

9.9

10.2

BFB-139

4.98

6.49

6.15

37.8

75.3

64.5

7.6

11.6

9.6

BFB-140

4.90

6.18

5.55

34.7

62.1

57.0

7.1

10.0

8.6

BFB-141

4.97

6.06

5.20

32.4

65.8

51.0

6.5

10.9

8.7

Taiz-304

4.30

5.77

4.90

35.0

55.7

50.1

8.1

9.7

8.9

Taiz-305

4.07

5.75

6.40

35.9

69.4

58.7

8.8

12.1

10.5

Taiz-306

4.02

6.03

6.50

41.9

76.4

62.8

10.4

12.7

10.7

Average

4.58

6.63

6.16

40.9

72.4

64.0

9.0

10.9

9.9

DMRT at 0.05

1.23

1.42

1.50

4.3

4.9

5.3

1.2

1.1

1.1

CV%

19.9

18.5

18.5

22.8

23.4

19.9

17.8

16.1

16.3

SDS

MDS

Genotypes

Average

Physiological and biochemical response of common bean genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) treated with salicylic acid under natural
drought stress

Int. J. Plant Breeding Crop Sci.

the finding of some researchers. For example,

Herralde et al., (1998) believed that drought causes
decreasing biomass in argyranthemum plant. Working
with maize, Nemeth et al., (2002) reported that
exogenously applied SA through the rooting medium
caused an increase in growth inhibition. In some previous
studies, it was found that salt tolerant (S-24) genotype
(Pritchard et al., 2001) and moderately salt sensitive
(MH-97) genotype (Iqbal & Ashraf, 2005) had high
root/shoot ratio.
Photosynthetic Pigments
SDS caused decrease in photosynthetic pigments of
leaves bean genotypes in comparison with moderate
drought. The extent of reduction in Chl a, Chl b, under
SDS was about 36.4 and 32.5%, respectively.
Interestingly, the effect of SDS on Chl a/ Chl b ratio in
comparison with MDS was not significant (Table 4). The
results also indicated that these bean genotypes can
develop different mechanisms of adaptation to drought
stress. On the other hand, SA treatment caused a
significant increase in Chl a, Chl b. The extent of
increase in Chl a, Chl b, under SDS were about 33.2,
29.9 and 14.8%, respectively. The effect of SA
application on Chl a, Chl b, were significantly high in HYHSAR and LY-LSAR bean genotypes due to SA
application under SDS environments in comparison
with MDS bean genotypes and remained unchanged in
HY-HSAR bean genotypes (Table 4). These results
revealed beneficial effect of SA and one of the
mechanisms of beneficial effect of SA to drought stress
is the restoration in photosynthetic pigments of leaves.
Similarly, the results showed a decrease in total Chl,
Carotenes contents and total Chl : Carotenes ratio in
leaves with increasing drought environments. The extent
of reduction was about 26.7, 20.4 and 25.2.8%,
respectively. However, the application of SA mitigate
the adverse effects of drought stress. It increased the
total Chl, Carotenes contents and Chl : Carotenes ratio to
28.1, 29.7 and 28.5%, respectively. HY-HSAR and LYLSAR bean genotypes showed higher total Chl,
Carotenes contents and total Chl : Carotenes ratio than
HY-HSAR under MDS environment (Table 5). Evidently,
the results showed that drought stress alone causes
decreasing in chlorophyll a, b, total and Carotenoides
in compare with check plants. The decrease of these
pigments content on bean cultivars improved with the
treatment salicylic acid. These results
were in
accordance with the results of De Lacerda et al. (2003),
Khodary (2004), Parida and Das (2005), Al-Sobahi et al.
(2006), Khan et al. (2007), Almodares et al. (2008), Khan
et al. (2009) and Carpici et al. (2010). There are
contradictory reports about the role of salicylic acid on
photosynthetic pigments. Lusia et al. (2005), reported
that methyl salicylic do not have any effect on

158

photosynthetic pigments but photosynthesis decrease

under treatment salicylic acid.
The results also revealed that the ratio of chlorophyll a/b
was decreased with increasing drought. Similar results
was obtained by Al-Hakimi (2001) who found adverse
effect of salt stress on chlorophyll a/b ratio. On the
contrary, chl a/b ratio increased significantly with an
increase in NaCl concentration (Al-Sobahi et al., 2006).
SA generally, effective in antagonizing partially the
inhibitory effect of drought stress on chl. a/b ratio. In this
respect, our results are in agreement with these of Mady
(2009), they found that application of SA increased chl.
a/b ratio in tomato plants. Raafat et al. (2011) reported
increase in the chl. a/b ratio of wheat leaves plants in
response to SA treatment. In contrast, chl a/b ratio
decrease significantly with an increase in SA
concentration indicating that SA affected light-harvesting
antenna size (Moharekar et al., 2003). The change in the
chl. a/b ratio used as an indicator for relative
photosystem stoichiomtry (Pfannschmidt et al., 1999).
Leaf Water Content % and Leaf ion Leakage %:
The genotypes had significantly difference in RWC% and
LIL% as well under both MDS and SDS environments.
The LRWC exhibited significant decrease under SDS
environments in comparison with MDS environments.
The reduction in RWC% reached to 23.9% when the
plants subjected to SDS environments in comparison with
MDS environments. In contrast,
LIL% exhibited
significant increase under SDS environments in
comparison with MDS environments. The increase in
LIL% reached to 25.2% when the plants subjected to
SDS
environments
in
comparison
with
MDS
environments. However, the application of SA
significantly alleviate the adverse effects of MDS stress
on RWC% and LIL%. Application of SA caused a
significant increase in LRWC and decrease in LIL% bean
genotypes under drought environments. The increase in
LRWC was to about 25.2% and the reduction in LIL%
was to about 39.0 % when the plants subjected to SDS
environments in comparison with MDS environments.
Furthermore, genotypes differed very markedly in their
response to this level of drought stress. HY-HSAR and
LY-LSAR bean genotypes maintain high RWC% and
low LIL% than HY-HSAR under MDS environment in
comparison with HY-LSAR (Table 6).
Thus, the resultant limited supply of water in plant would
naturally decrease LRWC. The aforementioned results
are conceding with those of El-Tayeb (2005) and Yildirim
et al. (2008). Parida and Das (2005) reported that the
LRWC of plants become more negative with an increase
in salinity. The reduction in LRWC leads to flaccidity
responsible for stopping of cell division as a cell has to
occupy a requisite size before entering in the cell cycle

Physiological and biochemical response of common bean genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) treated with salicylic acid under natural
drought stress

Molaaldoila et al.

159

Table 4. The action of salicylic (SA) treatment in ameliorating the adverse effect of SDS and MDS on
Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b (g mg -1 FW) and Chl. a/ Chl. b ratio

Chl a
SA
0.91
0.88
0.82
0.82
0.80
0.77
0.72
0.69
0.70
0.71
0.78
0.11
16.2

SA
0.93
0.92
0.89
0.89
0.89
0.82
0.83
0.75
0.76
0.76
0.84
0.13
18.2

Average
0.92
0.90
0.85
0.86
0.84
0.79
0.78
0.72
0.73
0.73
0.81
0.12
21.0

Chl b
SA
0.69
0.68
0.61
0.58
0.53
0.52
0.52
0.51
0.51
0.49
0.56
0.12
18.0

SA
0.78
0.77
0.74
0.66
0.65
0.60
0.52
0.53
0.56
0.63
0.64
0.13
18.8

Average
0.73
0.72
0.68
0.62
0.59
0.56
0.52
0.52
0.53
0.56
0.60
0.12
17.7

Chla/Chl b
SA
1.32
1.30
1.34
1.43
1.50
1.50
1.40
1.35
1.39
1.45
1.40
0.14
24.1

SA
1.19
1.19
1.20
1.36
1.36
1.37
1.61
1.41
1.36
1.21
1.33
0.12
20.4

Average
1.26
1.25
1.27
1.39
1.43
1.43
1.50
1.38
1.37
1.33
1.36
0.10
19.6

M-155
M-156
G23818B
NSL
BFB-139
BFB-140
BFB-141
Taiz-304
Taiz-305
Taiz-306
Average
DMRT at 0.05
CV%

0.56
0.58
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.47
0.46
0.44
0.46
0.47
0.50
0.11
18.0

0.72
0.72
0.71
0.78
0.87
0.76
0.73
0.71
0.72
0.74
0.74
0.11
17.5

0.64
0.65
0.61
0.64
0.69
0.61
0.59
0.57
0.59
0.60
0.62
0.13
19.9

0.44
0.42
0.41
0.43
0.36
0.38
0.41
0.29
0.32
0.33
0.38
0.13
17.9

0.63
0.62
0.59
0.59
0.53
0.51
0.48
0.46
0.53
0.49
0.54
0.13
20.9

0.53
0.52
0.50
0.51
0.45
0.44
0.44
0.37
0.42
0.41
0.46
7.57
21.1

1.27
1.36
1.24
1.20
1.41
1.25
1.15
1.51
1.43
1.41
1.32
1.21
16.4

1.15
1.16
1.21
1.32
1.64
1.48
1.53
1.53
1.37
1.51
1.39
1.29
19.6

1.21
1.26
1.22
1.26
1.53
1.36
1.34
1.52
1.40
1.46
1.36
1.26
21.6

SDS

MDS

Traits/
Genotypes
M-155
M-156
G23818B
NSL
BFB-139
BFB-140
BFB-141
Taiz-304
Taiz-305
Taiz-306
Average
DMRT at 0.05
CV%

(Khan et al., 2007). Our results showed that SA

treatments induced an increase in LRWC of the drought
stressed plants. Increases in LRWC of bean genotypes
treated with SA were also reported for other crops grown
under salt stress including tomato (Tari et al., 2002),
barley (El-Tayeb, 2005 and Khosravinejad et al., 2008),
cucumber (Yildirim et al., 2008), Ocimum basilicum
(Delavari et al., 2010) and banana (Bidabadi et al., 2012).
The increase of LIL% under drought stress and the
alleviation effect of SA on drought stress damages by
reducing ion leakage also observed by several
workers . It is reported that in maize doesn't have a
great change than a check sample lonely in ion
leakage, but when the plant placed under drought
stress, salicylic causes enough changes in ion
leakage (Nemeth et aI., 2002). The studies show that
salicylic acid causes preventing from damage to the
reduction of membrane leakage and preventing from
tilacoide membrane in the time of salty stress in
Arabidopsis (Borsanio et al., 2001).
SDS also caused significant increase in soluble sugar
content in comparison with MDS stress. The increase
was about 27.2% when plants were subjected to SDS
in comparison with MDS stress. Treatment with

salicylic caused reduction in soluble sugar content to

the extent of 18.4%. Furthermore, genotypes differed
very markedly in their response to this level of drought
stress. LY-HSAR bean genotypes
responded
significantly to SA application in restoring soluble
sugar content than HY-HSAR and LY-LSAR under MDS
environment in comparison with HY-LSAR (Table 6). It is
reported that increasing proline and sugar causes
protecting turgidity and reducing of membrane
damage on plants. Thus, osmo-regulation is an
adaptation that increase the tolerance toward drought
stress (Inze and Montago, 2000). On the contrary,
Khodary (2004) reported that the decrease in soluble
carbohydrates content by reason of SA treatment might
be assumed to inhibit polycarbohydrates-hydrolysing
enzyme system or one hand and/or accelerate the
incorporation of soluble sugar into polycarbohydrates.
Treatment with salicylic caused improving resistance
of plant on stress and as a result sugar approach to its
normal (Miguel et al., 2006) condition.
Protein Metabolism
The soluble protein content, proline content and total

Physiological and biochemical response of common bean genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) treated with salicylic acid under natural
drought stress

Int. J. Plant Breeding Crop Sci.

160

Table 5. The action of salicylic (SA) treatment in improving the adverse effect of SDS and MDS on total chlorophyll
(Chl T), carotenoids (g mg -1 FW) and Chl / Car ratio

Chl T

Traits/

MDS
SDS

SA

0.55

2.65

2.67

2.66

0.57

0.51

3.10

2.56

2.83

0.40

0.52

0.46

3.28

2.77

3.03

1.42

0.38

0.57

0.47

3.75

2.67

3.21

1.49

1.38

0.45

0.57

0.50

2.87

2.63

2.75

1.23

1.36

1.30

0.47

0.52

0.50

2.62

2.61

2.61

NSL

1.19

1.30

1.24

0.36

0.49

0.42

3.37

2.68

3.03

Taiz-304

1.30

1.38

1.34

0.37

0.51

0.43

3.56

2.73

3.15

Taiz-305

1.23

1.46

1.35

0.39

0.53

0.46

3.19

2.76

2.97

Taiz-306

1.19

1.47

1.33

0.38

0.51

0.47

3.18

2.93

3.05

Average

1.28

1.43

1.36

0.41

0.53

0.47

3.16

2.70

2.93

DMRT (P=0.05)

0.17

0.16

0.16

0.15

0.15

0.14

NS

NS

NS

CV%

17.7

14.6

20.9

18.2

17.0

20.6

22.1

18.3

20.18

M-155

1.14

1.35

1.24

0.46

0.50

0.48

2.47

2.70

2.58

M-156

1.19

1.38

1.29

0.39

0.52

0.46

3.06

2.68

2.87

G23818B

1.09

1.39

1.24

0.42

0.47

0.44

2.64

3.00

2.82

BFB-139

1.12

1.36

1.24

0.35

0.52

0.44

3.19

2.67

2.93

BFB-140

1.04

1.39

1.21

0.35

0.51

0.43

2.93

2.75

2.84

BFB-141

1.01

1.18

1.09

0.34

0.43

0.39

2.95

2.74

2.85

NSL

1.03

1.25

1.14

0.37

0.48

0.42

2.82

2.59

2.70

Taiz-304

0.92

1.17

1.04

0.33

0.41

0.37

2.77

2.84

2.80

Taiz-305

0.93

1.30

1.11

0.34

0.43

0.38

2.76

3.04

2.90

Taiz-306

0.96

1.28

1.12

0.31

0.43

0.37

3.10

3.00

3.05

Average

1.04

1.29

1.17

0.36

0.48

0.42

2.87

2.80

2.84

DMRT (P=0.05)

0.18

0.16

0.15

0.12

0.14

0.13

0.18

0.16

0.16

CV%

19.0

20.5

19.2

18.4

20.2

22.1

16.9

17.6

19.6

Average

Total chl/Car
SA

genotypes

Carotenoids
SA

SA

SA

SA

M-155

1.36

1.53

1.44

0.52

0.58

M-156

1.38

1.46

1.42

0.45

G23818B

1.29

1.40

1.35

BFB-139

1.35

1.50

BFB-140

1.28

BFB-141

Average

Average

Physiological and biochemical response of common bean genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) treated with salicylic acid under natural
drought stress

Molaaldoila et al.

161

Table 6. The action of salicylic (SA) treatment in ameliorating the adverse effect of SDS and MDS on
relative water content (RWC %), leaf ion leakage % (LIL %) and soluble sugar content (g mg -1 DW)

RWC%

Traits/
-

Soluble sugar content

-

SA

SA

Average

SA

SA

Average

SA

SA

M-155

76.6

79.4

78.0

31.6

27.7

29.7

632.0

691.5

691.8

M-156

78.6

81.8

80.2

33.5

31.0

32.2

627.5

661.5

694.5

G23818B

76.8

81.7

79.2

38.4

25.8

32.1

625.0

656.0

690.5

NSL

76.2

67.3

71.7

37.4

28.2

32.8

603.5

631.0

667.3

BFB-139

78.0

79.4

78.7

35.4

28.0

31.7

674.0

692.0

643.0

BFB-140

74.7

79.0

76.8

38.3

27.3

32.8

670.5

713.0

741.8

BFB-141

77.5

79.0

78.2

36.0

29.9

33.0

608.0

686.0

747.0

Taiz-304

72.6

76.2

74.4

35.5

29.5

32.5

697.0

663.0

730.0

Taiz-305

72.8

75.7

74.3

35.8

28.5

32.1

629.0

654.0

741.5

Taiz-306

72.6

76.3

74.4

36.4

28.3

32.4

632.0

674.0

753.0

Average

75.6

77.6

76.6

35.8

28.4

32.1

639.9

672.2

710.0

DMRT at 0.05

3.2

4.2

5.2

3.3

2.8

2.9

42.3

36.6

36.9

CV%

17.6

17.6

17.7

17.1

16.9

17.7

19.7

18.8

20.2

M-155

61.4

77.9

69.7

46.7

25.6

36.1

879.1

757.5

818.3

M-156

61.4

76.8

69.1

46.7

29.9

38.3

892.1

721.0

806.5

G23818B

56.8

77.0

66.9

42.4

28.6

35.5

818.1

649.5

733.8

NSL

58.3

76.7

67.5

43.8

29.2

36.5

851.1

700.0

775.5

BFB-139

55.6

77.2

66.4

51.3

27.8

39.5

918.0

680.5

799.3

BFB-140

55.2

72.1

63.6

50.9

28.7

39.8

929.9

753.0

841.4

BFB-141

55.3

71.9

63.6

51.0

31.9

41.4

831.0

746.0

788.5

Taiz-304

54.8

69.4

62.1

50.6

29.9

40.2

851.5

764.5

808.0

Taiz-305

53.4

72.1

62.7

49.3

31.9

40.6

865.0

696.5

780.7

Taiz-306

54.0

72.5

63.2

49.8

31.0

40.4

947.7

695.5

821.6

Average

56.6

74.3

65.5

48.2

29.4

38.8

878.3

716.4

797.4

DMRT at 0.05

2.0

4.0

3.0

3.3

3.6

2.6

30.9

44.0

37.3

CV%

19.0

20.8

19.0

18.8

20.2

20.3

14.8

17.4

18.5

SDS

MDS

genotypes

LIL%

Average

Physiological and biochemical response of common bean genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) treated with salicylic acid under natural
drought stress

Int. J. Plant Breeding Crop Sci.

162

Table 7. The action of salicylic (SA) treatment in improving the adverse effect of SDS and MDS on soluble
protein, proline and free amino acids contents (g mg -1 DW)

Traits/
-

Proline content
-

Total amino acids

-

SA

SA

Average

SA

SA

Average

SA

SA

Average

M-155

169.3

183.9

176.6

79.0

96.7

87.8

67.3

81.0

74.2

M-156

169.9

180.5

175.2

85.3

95.7

90.5

68.9

82.3

75.6

G23818B

143.5

160.1

151.8

66.3

79.8

73.1

57.8

70.5

64.1

NSL

165.7

183.3

174.5

67.6

90.2

78.9

67.5

82.7

75.1

BFB-139

152.4

168.4

160.4

60.1

89.1

74.6

63.2

75.6

69.4

BFB-140

157.4

173.4

165.4

72.1

84.0

78.0

59.3

72.4

65.9

BFB-141

143.9

163.5

153.7

59.5

69.5

64.5

67.2

77.4

72.3

Taiz-304

152.7

171.9

162.3

44.1

57.3

50.7

54.4

78.8

66.6

Taiz-305

141.5

164.6

153.0

49.0

58.5

53.7

49.1

69.6

59.3

Taiz-306

149.3

172.5

160.9

40.7

52.2

46.4

54.1

76.4

65.2

Average

155.0

172.2

163.4

61.5

77.3

69.8

60.9

77.0

68.8

DMRT at 0.05

22.7

30.8

31.3

20.4

33.7

33.1

18.8

18.6

26.1

CV%

18.9

20.0

21.6

16.1

18.8

21.3

20.9

19.0

17.9

M-155

236.4

174.4

205.4

60.6

80.0

73.7

64.7

82.9

73.8

M-156

226.6

174.2

200.4

63.3

83.5

76.9

71.6

82.2

76.9

G23818B

227.2

162.3

194.7

49.7

67.2

61.2

55.9

73.3

64.6

NSL

244.9

185.2

215.1

43.5

59.4

53.9

43.8

82.0

62.9

BFB-139

232.1

176.4

204.2

59.2

82.6

74.2

42.4

74.9

58.6

BFB-140

231.6

173.5

202.5

50.9

79.0

67.8

35.7

70.7

53.2

BFB-141

224.4

166.9

195.6

46.4

75.7

63.6

58.3

78.6

68.4

Taiz-304

210.7

155.7

183.2

45.0

57.7

53.8

38.9

69.9

54.4

Taiz-305

202.1

154.6

178.3

34.6

52.5

45.5

40.1

73.1

56.6

Taiz-306

194.5

153.2

173.9

29.8

43.3

38.2

35.8

64.1

49.9

Average

223.1

167.6

195.3

48.3

68.1

60.9

48.7

75.1

61.9

DMRT at 0.05

24.4

28.1

20.1

12.2

28.0

24.4

26.3

22.6

28.6

CV%

21.4

19.0

19.4

19.9

20.5

23.6

16.1

18.8

21.3

SDS

MDS

genotypes

Soluble protein

Physiological and biochemical response of common bean genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) treated with salicylic acid under natural
drought stress

Molaaldoila et al.

163

amino acids of shoot increased by drought stress

considerably; the magnitude of increase in soluble
protein content, proline content and total amino acids
were in the extent of 30.5%, 21.4% and 20.0%,
respectively. However, the salicylic acid application
minimize the stress effects, by adjusting soluble
protein content, proline content and total amino acids of
shoot to about 24.9%, 29.0% and 35.2%. Moreover,
genotypes differed very markedly in their response to this
level of drought stress. The magnitude of restoration on
soluble protein content, proline content and total amino
acids of shoot were observed in the HY-HSAR bean
genotypes than LY-LSAR under MDS environment in
comparison with HY-LSAR (Table 7). This can mean
that in spite of the low responsiveness of genotypes
group LY-LSAR bean genotypes to SA, responded with
a positive stimulus in an attempt to minimize the
stress effects, an adjustment for which proline is
responsible; and that SA application could activate
other defense systems or inhibit soluble protein
content, proline content and total amino acids
accumulation.
It is generally assumed that SA as stress-induced
proteins might play a role in stress tolerance such stressinduced proteins might play a role in stress tolerance and
this protective role may be essential for the survival of
plants under extreme stress conditions (Abou Al-Hamad,
2007; Zahra et al., 2010 and Ismail et al., 2011). Sahar et
al. (2011) also recorded that the high soluble protein
content in salt-stressed plants could play an important
role in increasing the osmotic pressure of the cytoplasm
and salt tolerance. In this context, Ismail et al. (2011)
found that the soluble proteins have been decreased by
SA treatment with the salinized wheat seedlings.
However, proline and amino acids accumulation has
been suggested as the result of degradation or synthesis
(Sudhakar et al. 1993), inhibition of the protein synthesis
while in common bean it can be related to degradation
mechanisms (Andrade et al. 1995). Bates et al. (1973)
and Stewart and Larher (1980) pointed out the role of
proline as solute during stress, where an increase in the
proline content would indicate resistance or tolerance to
water deficit, serving as parameter for the selection of
highly resistant cultivars. But Maggio et al. (2002)
demonstrated that proline accumulating genotypes were
susceptible to this type of stress. However, the SA
application
caused
a
diminution
in
proline
accumulation, but raised the soluble protein content
in the tolerant variety Guarumbe. Compared with the
control plants, the proline content increased in plants
not treated with SA and dropped with 0.05mM of
salicylic acid (Yokota 2003).
CONCLUSION
From the above discussion, it can be concluded that

yield and yield traits as well as some biochemical

constituents and physiological traits of the investigated
bean genotypes were severely deteriorated by drought
stress SDS in comparison with MDS. The
accumulation of RDW, SDW and SRR, photosynthetic
pigments, RWC% and sugar content as well as soluble
proteins, amino acids and proline content has been
considered a tool for the determination of the drought
adaptation and as an indicator of drought stress.
However, The use of salicylic acid to alleviate the
adverse effect of drought is achieved by the accumulation
dry matter and proline, the maintaining high RWC%,
sugar content as well as soluble proteins, amino acids
and lowering LIL or ion leakage. The beneficial effect of
SA could be used for improving their drought tolerance.
The results also indicated that these bean genotypes can
develop different mechanisms of adaptation to drought
stress. Accordingly, under severe drought stress, the
bean genotypes categorized into three groups; The
HY-LSAR (MIB-156, MIB-156, G23818B and NSL) that
were high yielding and low responsiveness genotypes
to SA; LY-HSAR (BFB-139, BFB-140 and BFB-141) that
perform low yielding and high responsiveness
genotypes to SA and LY-LSAR (Taiz-304, Taiz-305and
Taiz-306) that perform low yielding and low
responsiveness genotypes to SA group. Thus, further
studies are required to explicitly elucidate the mechanism
of SA influx through different ways and the target
enzymes or metabolites involved in plants respond to SA
application.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank Dr. Steve Beebe (CIAT)
for providing us bean lines samples. We also appreciate
the help of Ibb extension experts in locations and farmer
fields selection for conducting the experiments.
REFERENCES
Abou Al-Hamad MF (2007). The interactive effects of
salinity and phototohormones on some physiological
studies of two Hibiscus sabdariffa cultivars. M.Sc.
Thesis, Fac. Sci. South Valley Univ. Qena, Egypt. Pp.
13491353.
Acosta-Gallegos JA, Adams MW (1991). Plant traits and
yield stability of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars
under drought stress. J. Agric. Sci. (Cambridge)
117.213219.
Al- Hakimi AMA, Hamada AM (2001). Counteraction of
salinity stress on wheat plants by grain soaking in
ascorbic acid, thiamin or sodium salicylate. Biol
Plant, 44. 253-261
Almodares A, Hadi, MR, Dosti B (2008). The effects of
salt stress on growth parameters and carbohydrates
contents in sweet sorghum. Res. J. Environ. Sci., 2 (4).
298-304.

Physiological and biochemical response of common bean genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) treated with salicylic acid under natural
drought stress

Int. J. Plant Breeding Crop Sci.

Al-Sobahi, OA, Al-Zahrani HS, Al-Ahmadi SB (2006).

Effect of salinity on chlorophyll and carbohydrate
contents of Calotropis procera seedlings. Sci. J. King
Faisal Univ. Basic. Appl. Sci., 7 (1). 105-114.
Andrade JL, Larquce-Saavcdra A, Trejo CL (1995).
Proline accumulation in leaves of four cultivars of
Phaseolus vulgaris L. with different drought
resistance. Oyton 57: 149-157.
Azooz MM (2009). Salt Stress Mitigation by Seed Priming
with Salicylic Acid Two Faba Bean Genotypes Differing
in Salt Tolerance. International Journal of Agriculture
and & Biology. II: 343-350.
Badour SSA (1959). Analytisch-chemische untersuchung
des Kaliununangles bei Chlorella im Vergleich mit
anderen
MangelezustandenPh.D.
Dissertation,
Giittingen
Bajji M, Lutts Sand Kinet JM (2001). Water deficit
effects on solute contribution to osmotic
adjustment as a function of leaf ageing in three
durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) cultivars
performing differently in arid conditions. Plant
Science 160: 669-681.
Bates LS, Waldren RP, Teare ID (1973). Rapid
determination of free proline for water-stress
studies. Plant and Soil 39: 205-207.
Beebe SE, Rao IM, Cajiao C, Grajales M (2008).
Selection for drought resistance in common bean also
improves yield in phosphorus limited and favorable
environments. Crop Sci 48.582592.
Bidabadi SS, Ghobadi C, Baninasab B (2012). Influence
of salicylic acid on morphological and physiological
responses of banana (Musa acuminata cv. Berangan,
AAA) shoot tips to in vitro water stress induced by
polyethylene glycol. Plant Omics J., 5 (1). 33-39.
Borsani O, Valpuesta V, Botella MA (2001). Evidence for
a role of salicylic acid in the oxidative damage
generated by NaCl and osmotic stress in Arabidopsis
seedlings. Plant Physiol., 126: 1024-1030.
Carpici EB, Celika N, Bayram G, Asik B (2010). The
effects of salt stress on the growth, biochemical
parameter and mineral element content of some maize
(Zea mays L.) cultivars. Afr. J. Biotech., 9 (41). 69376942.
De Lacerda CF, Cambraia J, Oliva MA, Ruiz HA,
Tarquinio Prisco J (2003). Solute accumulation and
distribution during shoot and leaf development in two
sorghum genotypes under salt stress. Environ. Exp.
Bot., 49. 107120.
El-Tayeb MA (2005). Response of barley grains to the
interactive effect of salinity and salicylic acid. Plant
Growth Regul., 45: 215224.
Iqbal M, Ashraf M (2005). Changes in growth,
photosynthetic capacity and ionic relations in spring
wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) due to pre-sowing seed
treatment with polyamines. Plant Growth Regul., 46:
19-30.
Ismail AM, Abou Alhamd MF, Galal HRM, Nasr-Eldeen

164

FA (2011). Modification of photosynthetic pigments,

osmotic solutes and ions accumulation in Chlorella
vulgaris and wheat Cv. Sds-1 seedlings under the
influnce of NaCl with salicylic acids. Res. J. Bot., 6 (3).
100-111.
Khan NA, Samiullah, Singh S (2007). Activities of
antioxidative
enzymes,
sulphur
assimilation,
photosynthetic activity and growth of wheat (Triticum
aestivum) cultivars differing in yield potential under
cadmium stress. J Agron Crop Sci;193.435-44.
Khan GS, Khan ZH, Imran J, Quraishi MU, Yaqoob S,
Khan SH (2009). Effect of salinity on germination and
growth of some forest tree species at seedling stage. J.
Agric. Res., 47 (3). 271-279.
Khodary SEA (2004). Effect of salicylic acid on growth,
photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism in saltstressed maize plants. Int J Agric Bioi; 6:5-8.
Khosravinejad F, Heydari R, Farboodnia T (2008). Effect
of salinity on photosynthetic pigments, respiration and
water content in two barley varieties. Pak. J. Biol. Sci.,
11 (2). 2438-2442.
Lichtenther HK (1987). Chlorophylls and carotenoides:
Pigments
of
photosynthesis.
Methods
in
Enzymology. INRA, EDP Sci., 57: 245-250.
Lowry OH.; Rosebrough, NJ; Farr AL and Randa RJ,
(1951). Protein measurement with the folin phenol
regent. J. Biol. Chem., 193: 265275.
Lusia P, Munne BS (2005). Sustained accumulation of
methyl. salicylate alters antioxidant, protection and
reduces tolerance of Holm oak to heat stress.
Physiol. Plant Arum, 124: 253-361.
Machado Neto NB, Duraes MAB (2006). Physiological
and biochemical response of common bean varieties
treated with salicylic acid under water stress. Crop
Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 6: 269-277
Mady MA (2009). Effect of foliar application with salicylic
acid and vitamin E on growth and productivity of tomato
(Lycopersicon esculentum, Mill.) plant. J. Agric. Sci.
Mansoura Univ., 34 (6). 6735-6746.
Maggio A, Miyazaki Sand Veronese P (2002). Does
proline accumulation play an active role in stressinduced growth reduction? Plant Journal 31: 699-712.
Marty L, Bureau S, Sarkissian G, Gouble B, Audergon
I, Albagnac G (2005). Ethylene regulation of
Carotenoides accumulation and carotenogenic gene
expression in color contrasted apricot varieties
(prunus armeniaca). 1 Exp. Bot., 56 (417): 18771886.
Metwally A, Finkemeier I, George M, Dietz K (2003).
Salicylic acid alleviates the cadmium toxicity in barley
seedlings. Plant Physiol., 132: 272-281.
McIntosh MS (1983). Analysis of combined experiments.
Agron. J. 75. 153155.
Miguel A, Juan R, Ruiz M, Hernandez J, Soriano T,
Castilla N, Romero L (2006). Antioxidant content and
ascorbat metabolism in cherry tomato exocarp in
relation to temperature and solar radiation.

Physiological and biochemical response of common bean genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) treated with salicylic acid under natural
drought stress

Molaaldoila et al.

165

Sci. Food Agric., 86: 1545-1551.

Moharekar ST, Lokhande SD, Hara T, Tanaka R, Tanaka
A, Chavan PD (2003). Effect of salicylic acid on
chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of wheat and
moong seedlings. Photosynthetica, 41. 315-317.
Molaaldoila YAA, Al-Hadi AMS, Al-Mosanif EM, Al-Hakimi
KAA (2016). Genotypic variation for agronomical and
physiological traits affecting drought resistance in
Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Int. J. Plant
Breeding Crop Sci. Vol. 3 (1), pp. 109-122
Moore S, Stein WH (1948): Photometric method for use
in the chromatography of amino acids. J. Biol. Chem.,
176: 367-388.
Natr L, Lawlor DW (2005). Photosynthetic plant
productivity. In: Hand Book Photosynthesis, 2nd (Ed.):
M. Pessarakli. C.R.C. Press, New York, USA, pp. 501524.
Nemeth M, Tibor J, Eszter H, Emil P, Gabrella S
(2002). Exogenous salicylic acid increases.
Polyamine content but may decrease drought
tolerance in maize. Plant Sci., 162: 569-574.
Noreen S, Ashraf M, Hussain M, Jamil A (2009).
Exogenous application of Salicylic Acid enhances anti
oxidative capacity in salt stressed sunflower
(Helianthus Annuus L.) Plants. Pak. J. Bot., 41(1): 473479.
Parida AK, Das AB, (2005) Salt tolerance and salinity
effects on plants. A Rev Eco Env Safety 2005;60.32449.
Parry MAJ, Andralojc PJ, Khan S, Lea P and Keys A
(2002). Rubisco Activity: Effects of drought stress.
Annal of Botany 89: 833-839.
Pfannschmidt T, Nilsson A, Allen JF (1999).
Photosynthetic
control
of
chloroplast
gene
expression. Nature, 397. 625-628.
Raafat N, Zaki, Tharwat EER, (2011). Improving
wheat grain yield and its quality under salinity
conditions at a newly reclaimed soil by using
different organic sources as soil or foliar
applications. J. Appl. Sci. Res., 7 (1). 42-55.
Ramrez-Vallejo P, Kelly JD (1998). Traits related to
drought resistance in common bean. Euphytica
99.127136.
Sahar K, Amin B, Taher NM (2011). The salicylic acid
effect on the Salvia officialis L. sugar, protein and
proline contents under salinity (NaCl) stress. J. Physiol.
Bioch., 7 (4). 80-87.
Shakirova FM, Sakhabutdinova DR (2003). "Changes in
the hormonal status of wheat seedlings induced by
salicylic acid and salinity". Plant Sci. 164. 317- 322.
Singh B and Usha K (2003). Salicylic acid induced
physiological and biochemical in wheat seedling under
water stress. Plant Growth Regul., 39: 137-141.
Souza GM, Aidar ST, Giaveno CD Oliveira RF (2003)
Drought stability in different commom bean
(Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes. Crop Breeding
and Applied Biotechnology 3: 203-208.
Stewart CR, Larher F (1980). Accumulation of amino

acids and related compounds in relation to

environmental stress. In: Stumpf, P. K. and Conn,
E. E (eds.) The Plant Biochemistry, v. 5. Academic
Press, New York. p. 609-635.
Sudhakar C, Reddy PS, Veeranjaneglu K (1993).
Effect of salt stress on the enzymes of proline
synthesis and oxidation in green gram (Phaseolus
aureus Roxb.) seedlings. Journal of Plant
Physiology 141: 621-623.
Szepesi A, (2006). "Salicylic acid improves the
acclimation of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. L. to high
salinity by approximating its salt stress response to that
of the wild species L. Pennellii". Acta. BioI. Szeged.
50(3-4):177.
Teran H, Singh S (2002). Comparison of sources and
genotypes selected for drought resistance in common
bean. Crop Science. 42. 64-70.
Welfare K, Flowers TJ, Taylor G, Yeo AR (1996): Additive
and antagonistic effects on ozone and salinity on the
growth, ion contents and gas exchange of five varieties
of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Environ. Pollu., 3: 257-266.
Williams M, SenaratnaT, Dixon K, Sivasithamparam K
(2003). Benzoic acid induces tolerance to biotic stress
caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi in Banksia
attenuata. Plant Growth Regul., 41: 89-91.
Yildirim B, Yaser F, Ozpay T, Ozpay DT, Turkozu D,
Terziodlu O, Tamkoc A (2008). Variations in response
to salt stress among field pea genotypes (Pisum
sativum sp. arvense L.). J Anim. Veter. Adv., 7: 907910
Yokota S (2003). Relationship between salt tolerance
and proline accumulation in Australian acacia
species. The Japanese Forestry Society 8: 89-93.
Zahra S, Baghizadeh A, Vakili SMA, Yazdanpanah A,
Yosefi M (2010). The salicylic acid effect on the tomato
(Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) sugar, protein and
proline contents under salinity stress (NaCI). J. Bioph.
Struct. Biol., 2 (3). 35-41.
Accepted 19 October, 2016.
Citation: Molaaldoila YAA, Al-Aqil MM, Al-Haj AHA
(2017). Physiological and biochemical response of
common bean genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) treated
with salicylic acid under natural drought stress.
International Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science,
4(1): 152-165.

Copyright: 2017 Molaaldoila et al. This is an openaccess article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original author and source are cited.

Physiological and biochemical response of common bean genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) treated with salicylic acid under natural
drought stress