Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 12 - Atoms-Saju-Hsslive PDF
Chapter 12 - Atoms-Saju-Hsslive PDF
ATOMS
1. Explain Thomsons model of
atom
Ans: According to Thomsons model
Atom has a spherical shape. It is
full of some positive matter and
electrons are embedded in this
positive matter like plums in
pudding. The total positive charge is
balanced by the ve charges of
electrons. As a result of this atom is
electrically neutral. This model is
sometimes called plum-pudding
model.
2. Explain particle scattering
experiment performed by Rutherford
and also by H. Geiger and E. Marsden
Ans:
Experimental set up
A narrow beam of - particles emitted
from radon (radioactive material) are
made to incident on a thin gold foil.
When the scattered -particles strike
the fluorescent screen (zinc sulphide
screen), tiny flashes of light (or
scintillations) is produced. This can be
observed with the help of a low power
microscope.
Variation of no. of particles
scattered with scattering angle
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut
1 Ze 2e
(Distance of closest
4 0 1
2
mv
Ze2 cot
40 1 mv2
2
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut
mv 2
1 e2
.
r
4 0 r 2
mv 2
1 e2
.. (1)
4 0 r
But mvr
postulate)
v
(Bohrs
nh
2 mr
..(2)
From equation (1),
2
1 e2
nh
m
40 r
2mr
m
n 2h 2
1 e2
4 2 m 2 r 2 4 0 r
n 2h 2 e2
mr 0
0 h 2 2
n
2
me
nh
(2) v =
h2
2m 0 2 n 2
me
e2
v=
2 0 nh
Also we have r =
0 n 2 h 2
e2
v
In general n
20 nh
iii) Energy of electron
An electron revolving around the
nucleus possesses both KE and PE.
mv 2
1 e2
r
4 0 r 2
KE, Ek =
me 2
In general,
0 h 2 2
rn
2
n
me
rn n2
The radii of the stationary orbits are
in the ratio:
1 2 : 22 : 32 : 42 : ..
Or 1 : 4 : 9 : 16, etc
The stationary orbits are not equally
spaced.
For n = 1 we get the smallest radius.
This represents the normal state of the
hydrogen atom.
0 h 2 2
1
me2
8.854 10 12 6.626 10 34
=
3.14 9.11031 (1.6 1019 ) 2
r1 =
rn = r1.n2
ii)
Velocity of electron
mvr =
1
1
1 e2
mv 2
2
2 4 0 r
e2
80 r
Ek
PE, Ep =
e2
8 0 r
1 e 2
4 0 r
Ep
e2
4 0r
Total energy
E = Ek + Ep
=
e2
e 2
+
8 0 r
4 0 r
e2
4 0 r
1
e2
4 0 r
2
1
2 1
e 2
E=
8 0 r
But r =
0 h 2 n 2
me 2
nh
nh
v
.. (1)
2
2mr
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut
e2
E=
h 2n 2
80 0 2
me
The term
R=
KE = -E
h E n 2 E n1
h=
80 2 h 2 n 2 2
me 4
80 2 h 2 n12
1
1
2 2
n1 n 2
me4 1
1
802 h 3 n12 n 22
c
me 4 1
1
2
2 3 2
80 h n1 n 2
1
me4 1
1
802 h 3c n12 n 22
1
is the wave number.
It is denoted by .
me4
802h 2
me4
.
8 0 2 h 3 c
PE = 2E
As n increases, En becomes less
negative ie, energy increases.
9. Derive Rydberg Formula
Ans: According to Bohrs frequency
condition,
me 4
is known as
me4
En
802 h 2 n 2
me4
8 0 2 h 3 c
1
1
1
R 2 2
n1 n 2
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut
i.
Lyman series
The spectral line of this series
corresponds to the transition of an
electron from some higher energy state
to the innermost orbit (n = 1).
For Lyman series, n1 = 1
and n 2 = 2, 3, 4, ..
1
=R
n 22
1
1
=R 2 2
n2
2
=R
n 22
2
2
5 n2
=R
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut
13.
levels of hydrogen
Ans: We have
En
13.6
eV
n2
13.6
12
eV 13.6eV
13.6
eV 3.4eV
4
13.6
eV 1.5eV
For n = 3, E3 =
9
For n= 2, E2 =
For n = 4, E4 =
13.6
eV 0.85eV
16
For n = 5, E5 = 0.54eV
For n = , E = 0 eV
For large values of n, the energy levels
are so close they constitute an energy
continuum.
14. Define Excitation energy
Ans: Excitation energy is the energy
required to excite an electron from its
ground state to an excited state.
First excitation energy of hydrogen
atom required to excite the electron
from n = 1 to n = 2 orbit of hydrogen
atom.
First excitation energy of H atom
= -3.4 (13.6) = 10.2eV
Second excitation energy of hydrogen
atom is the energy required to excite
the electron from n = 1 to n= 3 orbit of
hydrogen atom is called second
excitation energy H atom.
Second excitation energy of H atom
= -1.51-(-13.6) = 12.09eV.
15. Define excitation potential.
Ans: Excitation potential of an
excited state is the potential difference
through which electron in an atom
has to be accelerated so as to excite it
from its ground state to the given
excited state.
The first excitation potential of H
atom is 10.2V. and the second
excitation potential of H atom is
12.09V.
16. Define ionization energy
Ans: Ionisation is the process of
knocking an electron out of the atom.
Ionisation energy is the energy
required to knock an electron
completely out of the atom. (ie from
the ground state to n = )
Ionisation energy of H atom
= E - E1 = 0 - (-13.6) = 13.6eV
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut
nh
, n = 1, 2, 3,
2
mv
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut