KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA HAFLONG | 2016-17

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA

AISSCE EXAMINATION
SESSION 2016-17
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
NAME

: Theophilus Laldawmsang
Parate
: XII

CLASS
ROLL No :
SUBJECT : PHYSICS
TEACHER
INCHARGE : Sir Zokapsang lungtau

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA HAFLONG | 2016-17

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA HAFLONG

SARKARI BAGAN, DIMA HASAO
DIMA HASAO (ASSAM) 788820
Phone : 03673-236245, 238911

AISSCE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Theophilus Laldawmsang
Parate studying in standard XII (Science) under AISSCE
Roll no. _____________, of Kendriya Vidyalaya
Haflong (Assam) has successfully completed the
project entitled as To set up a common base
transistor circuit and study its input and output
characteristic and to calculate its current gain
for AISSCE for the session 2016-17 as prescribed by
under the guidance and has submitted satisfactory
account for the same. His/Her conduct during the
course of the project was good.

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA HAFLONG | 2016-17

Teacher In-charge

School Stamp

(Sir Zokapsang Lungtau)

External Examiners signature

Internal Examiners signature

Principals signature

(_______________________)

(________________)
Date :

Acknowledgement
I would like to thank the CBSE, for providing me the
opportunity to carry out this investigatory project. I also
take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to my
Physics teacher, Mr. Zokapsang Lungtau, PGT Physics,
for guiding me and imparting a sound base of knowledge
pertaining to this topic which ensured the successful
completion of this project. I would also like to thank him for
unending assistance to enable completion of the exercise.

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA HAFLONG | 2016-17

Secondly I would also like to thank our parents

and friends who helped us a lot in finalizing this project
with their valuable suggestions and guidance which has
been helpful in the completion of the project within the
limited time frame
Submitted By :
Theophilus Laldawmsang Parate
Class : XII (Science)
Roll No :

CERTIFICATE
This is to hereby certify that the
original and genuine investigatory
project has been completed sincerely
and satisfactorily by Theophilus
Laldawmsang Parate of class XII
Science KendriyaVidyalaya

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA HAFLONG | 2016-17

Haflong,Dima Hasao regarding his

project titled To set up a common
base transistor circuit and study
its input and output
characteristic and to calculate its
current gain as per the CBSE
practical work requirement for the
session 2016-2017.

Teachers Signature

Examiners Signature

contents

Introduction
Circuit Diagram

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA HAFLONG | 2016-17

Objective
Apparatus
Procedure
Observations
Calculations
Results
Precautions
Sources of error
Bibliography

INTRODUCTION
A transistor is a three terminal active device. The terminals are emitter, base,
collector. In CB configuration, the base is common to both input (emitter) and
output (collector). For normal operation, the E-B junction is forward biased
and C-B junction is reverse biased.

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA HAFLONG | 2016-17

In CB configuration, IE is +ve, IC is ve and IB is ve.

With an increasing the reverse collector voltage, the space-charge width at the
output junction increases and the effective base width W decreases. This
phenomenon is known as Early effect. Then, there will be less chance for
recombination within the base region. With increase of charge gradient within
the base region, the current of minority carriers injected across the emitter
junction increases. The current amplification factor of CB configuration is
given by,
= IC/ IE

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

OBJECTIVE:
1. To observe and draw the input and output
characteristics of a transistor connected in common
base configuration.
2. To find current gain () of the given transistor.

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA HAFLONG | 2016-17

APPARATUS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

A pnp Transistor
Regulated power supply (0-30V, 1A) and a 3-V battery
Voltmeter (0-30V)
Ammeters (0-50mA)
2 high resistance rheostats
Connecting wires

PROCEDURE:
INPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. For plotting the input characteristics, the output voltage V CE is kept
constant at 0V and for different values of VEB note down the values of IE.

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA HAFLONG | 2016-17

3. Repeat the above step keeping VCB at 2V, 4V, and 6V. All the readings
are tabulated.
4. A graph is drawn between VEB and IE for constant VCB.

OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. For plotting the output characteristics, the input IE is kept constant at
10mA and for different values of VCB, note down the values of IC.
3. Repeat the above step for the values of IE at 20mA, 40mA, and 60mA,
all the readings are tabulated.
4. A graph is drawn between VCB and Ic for constant IE

OBSERVATIONS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Least count of voltmeter Vi = 0.1V

Range of voltmeter Vi= 0-5 volts
Zero error of voltmeter Vi= No error
Least count of voltmeter V0 = 0.1V
Range of voltmeter V0=0 to 5V
Zero error of voltmeter V0= No error

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA HAFLONG | 2016-17

7. Range of milli-ammeter= 0-50mA

8. Zero error of milli-ammeter= No error

Table for input characteristics

Sl.

Base-emitter
No voltage VEB(V)
.

Emitter current IE (mA) for

VCB= 0V

VCB= -2V

VCB= -4V

2.5

3.0

4.2

4.6

4.8

20

21

26

4.9

38

48

Out of range

Table for output characteristics

Sl.

Base-collector Collector current IC (mA) for

No voltage VCB(V) IE=5mA
IE=10mA
.

IE=20mA

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA HAFLONG | 2016-17

4.5

9.0

19.0

5.0

9.0

19.5

5.0

9.0

19.5

5.5

9.5

19.5

5.5

9.5

19.5

5.5

9.5

19.5

5.5

9.5

19.5

5.5

9.5

19.5

Table for transfer characteristics

Sl.

Emitter current IE Collector current IC (mA) for

No (mA)
VCB= 0V
VCB= -2V
VCB= -4V
.
1

10

10

10

10

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA HAFLONG | 2016-17

Table for Input characteristics

V CB
60

50

40
V(CB)= 0V

V(CB)=-2V

V(CB)=-4V

30

20

10

-2.5

4.2

4 . 5 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9V
9 EB
9996

4.8

4.9000000000000004

Table for Output Characteristics

25

IE
20

15

I(E)=5 mA

I(E)=10 mA

I(E)=20 mA

10

V CB

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA HAFLONG | 2016-17

Table for transfer characteristics

V(CB)=0V

V(CB)=-2V

Series 3

12

V CB

10

CALCULATIONS
i)

ri = [delta(VEB) / delta(IE)] at VCB =

ii) ro = [delta(VCB) / delta(IC)] at IE = constant
iii)

DC

= (IC) / (IE) =

iv)

AC

= [delta(IC) / delta(IE)] at VCB = constant

=
I
E

10

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA HAFLONG | 2016-17

RESULT
1. The input, output and transfer characteristics are shown in the adjoining
graphs.
2. The current gain, =
3. The voltage gain, Av =

PRECAUTIONS
1. The supply voltages should not exceed the rating of the
transistor.
2. Meters should be connected properly according to their
polarities.

SOURCES OF ERROR
The transistor may be faulty.

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA HAFLONG | 2016-17

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Various books and websites were referred while making
this project:
1) Physics Textbook for class XII, Part-I, NCERT
2) Physics Laboratory Manual for class XII, NCERT
3) Wikipedia.org
4) ConnectUEdu
5) Youtube.com