Direction lowest .’ Lae going up gradually > ole Se) Identify the direction of movement reached a peak Fiano] decreased dramatically increased” sharply aeBar Graph Bar graphs too display periods of time and data on the horizontal and axes. Se Recommendation Line & bar graphs show trends going up or down over a period of time in combination with related data. Periods of time are usually set on the horizontal axis. Data measuring upward and downward trends is usually set on the vertical axis. Se) Trends are of four kinds. Make sure you always identify the direction of the movement. 1. upward movement: 7 2. downward movement: 3. no change: —> 4. change in direction: 7 or a)Coo Make sure you always use appropriate verbs, nouns and adverbs to describe the direction of the movement that 1 | qualifies its main characteristic. i 1 i i a Verbs describing upward trends AV (to) raise (to) increase (to) rise (rose, risen) 5 Verbs describing upward trends JJ (to) go/be up (to) grow (to) boom/soar/climb ' 1 t ' =)Nouns to describe upward trends JJ ' (an) increase (a) raise (US), a rise (UK) a) Nouns to describe upward trends 7 (a) progression (a) jump 1 1 t a) Verbs to describe downward trends \) (to) decrease (to) reduce (to) fall (off) (fall, fell, fallen) ’ ' 1 t a)Verbs to describe downward trends \) (to) drop (off) (to) go down (to) decline ' 1 ' 1 t ‘ a) (a) decrease (a) plunge 5 'Nouns to describe downward trends) ' (a) drop (a) decline ' t 1 SeVerbs, Nouns & Phrases indicating a steady trend —> (to) remain stable (to) stay constant (to) stabilise Sa) Adverbs and Adjectives Describing Movement on a Chart: dramatic(ally) vast(ly) significant(ly), considerable/bly, « lot substantial(ly) a little, slightly) rapid(ly), quick(ly), swift(ly __ gradual(ly), genti/ly, little by little t ' t ' 1 i Tee What questions to answer What & How Where & Wien 1 oePie charts show the of different parts as the percentage of a China's Make up of GOP buaed on sector (2010) fe How to interpret percentages Examples of percentages and how to interpret them: 43.6% = almost a half = just under a half Compared to 46.8% can be interpreted as “about the same proportion” a)Examples of percentages and how to interpret them: 9% = negligible proportion Use synonyms of “percentage” like “proportion”, “fraction”, “part” or “section” a) Recommendation Do not describe everything you see. Use a range that identifies the lowest, the medium and highest values. Identify the sharpest changes. Use the appropriate verbs, nouns & phrases. ae) Flow charts are drawings describing physical and immaterial arrangements and situations like , cycles of progress and/or regress, n and fluc on processes . WoeFlow charts = input through processing stages resulting in output Under the form of: Tree diagrams describing organisations Arrangements interconnecting abstract or concrete situation | > one As in this tree diagram: First Toss Second Toss. ‘Third Toss Head L Wed < Teil And as in this diagram interconnecting the stages of the UK education process: » » § a)Consider this map: Ta When describing a map: 1. Identify a site with regard to the main site shown on the map. 2. Mention the position of both sites with regard toa third site. 3- Relate each site to points of interest; i.e., street, post-office, bank, factory, highway, railway, river, dam, sea, airport, etc. ee) When describing a map: 4. Use words like “location”, “place” and “surroundings”. 5. For close-by places use words and phrases like “proximity”, “vicinity”, “a walking distance” and “nearby region”. Oe ee)When describing a map: 6. To mention far distant or inaccessible places use words and phrases like “remote”, “considerable distance", "a great distance”, “far apart”, “miles away” and “outback” .