A@ANAZIO“ PArATZHE H AIAALKAAIA THE AOTIKH® ETHN A’ AYKEIOY Ewayoyh H Aoyuxy yevird, sivar n pedéty tov tpdm0v Tov Ma RASTAON CUVERtyE- aL and Ghdsg xpotdcets, SNAOd1 Tov Kavéveov opi¢ cunRspaopatoroyiag. Avté dmg Sev onpatver dui Aoyrn pos poBetver ve oxentopuote: oKeRTé- paote pvaiKd. O Feppavdg piadcogposg Christophe Lichtenberg g3ace pia evyaptotn Lopoy os aut THY hantotoon xpoteivovtas va avtiKatactrcouE: «ch denke» SnAady oxépropar pe «Es denkt» mow civan peu SooKoAn popes yut va amodotet ota chAWwiKd GAG nov exopdler cagde thy ea StL 1 SKEW, Sragebyer Katé Eva peydho pEpas tng bEANONG tov av8psrov [6]. Miadpe Aoindy cvyvd yle Mm apvotst] Aoyteip tHe onoiac oF Péoetc dvepevvovvtar and TH yuxodoyia. «H wouxokoyia aveEgotnta and to Beapn- Kd vAdPabpo and to onoto Eexwd Exovtas cav ageTnpla tHS tH GURTEpI- ops Kat Tove tPSRoNE Ys Tau ORALOLS Ot évAPETAL MivoUY npORAYpata, Siepevvad ard tm pie, av o1 tpdmo1 pe toug oMoiovs o1 &VOparar AUVOUV TPOBANpeta eiver Goro pe avrobs TOD avanTWoGoUY O1 LE; KOL EMoTHPO- veg and THY GAN ypnotporoLdveas ws Spyave avdAvang mg LoyiKH YAGo- oa, mpoonadel va. neprypdyet ta tunixd atotyeia tav Siagdpwv exinidoeov THES TKEWNG, NOC avté AAPATHPOUYTAL «7d NPAYpATIKEC» OvvVET|KeEc, SNAG, uxé try eniSpacy napeyovtay dma eva 1 pvr, ol otdcElC, ta npaypEL KG rhaiow, K.a.» [8]. Ané ty @&.A7 TAsvpa av avalynricovus tig myéc tH¢ «TumiKric Aoyi- Kr[g» (y1e BidKprsy and cy Dvourr} Aoyier}) Ga prdcoupe pExpr Ty Orrooopt- Kt OZOAT| tev Meydprav (40g Ka1 30g andvag 2.X.). “Eto. 0 vopog ms «ave Beroavttotpagr{c» (now Titov yards Oty TxOM| Tov Meyépav pe -T™ PNT Hopgy tov) mydter xOpia and ty peyddn xpaxtrey mg TExvNg va anoppirter Knows TS MpotdaErs EVs avTERdAOV. Exiong 0 Aptorotédne (384-322 7.X.} o¢ pe ceipé épyav tov nov ivat yroord pe tov tito «Opyavown pehétmoe tous tpGxoug nou ov évOporat84 Eexwdveag and opioptves vrodécers (npoKeipevec) P@dvovy oe oplopéva, ovpnepdopata Kat fiprixe pepicd ovdAoyioTAK oxtLaTA Tov exypatovv ho- yueég vowotéhsreg, ‘“Onorog axoAovbei éva tétoLo oyT|e GKétEtaL KoMoTé», OTGVEL GE “aANGLVGy GuUNEpacpa. TOAD yvwotd civer to oxTLG: «Odor o1 dvOpwro1 eivar Ovytoi O Eaxpérng eivar évOpmnog “Apa o Loxpartng eivar dvntdg», tov onoiou 7 adtiGere Sev ckaptdtat and to ovyKekpiuévo uMoKEiLEvo «LO- Kpdtng» 1} to KamySpnjea eBvytécy GAL ax Tr Son} Tov xpoTdcEOV nov to anotedoby [13]. evixd to oye «kdGe M eivar K To ¥ eivor M “Apa to ¥ eivat Ky civat éva undderyua opGot urodoyiopot nov BpioKetar nord Kovté GTO GUYYPOVE Kavéva Tapayayrc: wAy p tore q P. “Apa qo. (13) ‘Oka ta nupandvo sive: Beare ra npdta otorysia ts «Tumterig Aoyxrign Spos eivar exndycuKd én or Apyaion Sev crsbdvOnKoy THY avéyEn va oT: pitovv ta poqpanixd (rou ye tov Evxieién eizev ydn yvepicet pia ager Viki] avdrTuen) os pntés AoyIKés Paoelc. Le avery thy akatépyaoty popyt] tev avtovéntov Kavdvev, Tov bev anaitei Wicitepo popradtapd obte avoiyer npoomtuxés eEEMENG, y ATU napéuewve yea cikoot nepinov oidves. Lav oxanaveig ory avéntvdy tS Aoyixtic Gempobvrar kopia o G. Frege (Grudgesetze der Arithmetik (1893), 0 G. Peano xa téhog 0 B. Russel (Principia Mathematica). H Aoytky meprraupdver 800 pépn: 1) Tov Hporaciaxé Aoyrous #f Aoyroud twv Hpocdescov (Sentential ¥ Pro- positional Calculus). To avrikeipevé tov iver 1 pehéty tav pordceov» Syed tov exppdosay prac ovyKexpipévy yAGooag rov Sempotivear sav éver «adtaipeto ojvoAo». Evétagepopacte vo va Sacoupe Os pia mpdtacn pic CTY GAT BE1acy, SNAGSH ite THY THI COAT Orc» elte THY TUT] «YEDSticn. 2) Tov Katnpopnpatncs Aoyiaps 4 Aoyops tev Katyyopnydcov (Predicate Calculus). To avtixcipevé tov civar n avédven ty¢ eow@tepixris Soprig pig TPSTAGHS Kal TO KAaoIKS Mapdderypo sivar 1 Aptototédsra Sout} «pmoKet- pevo-covetixé-pripa». O Khddog autdg napéyst peyadsrepes Suvarérytes Exppaons Kal GupREpuopetoroyids. Linv spyacia autt) evSiagepspacte ia tov Mpotaciaks Aoyiopd. Tho ouyKexpyséva oto mpdto Kepddato tov syodiKo8 PiPhlou tov poOnpaniKdy mg A’ Avxkeion xepouaidZovtar storyeia tou Tpotaniaxot Aoy1apot. O85 tpdT0g RA povsiaors Spas avtév tev Gtorgeioy etvar Kat tH ywepT LoD ROAG Ocoprtixds kat SnpLoupyei RpoBATHaTA GtoUs pAdKTEs. LIV spyacia aunt yivever pra mpoondbeu ak old nang tev anoteheopdrov THs SiBacKG- diag mg AoyiKis nov Bacilerca oto nepandve eyyetpidio. 1) Medéres 19g Ardaxtre}s tov Manpatixesy ndveo ory Aoyct H AvSaxctikt] tov Madquetikoy peActé ovometiKé TH Stadixacia Kkata- vérjons twv LadnpariKdy evvoudy Kabds KaL THY aRSKTHON THC KKaVSTNTAG ApHons tav apoporwopévay ewowdy. Av} Stadtxacia o1xoSopeita péoo and avtinapabécess aveueoa oc Eve Labnpotixd ne pexouevo, oe éve, qioy- ‘Trp Kat os Bideopous RaaywyKots mapdyovtes. H AiBaxtuxy) tov Madquatixdy maipver undyn tn dhovg avzovs toVs napdéyovteg mou napeuPaivovwv —dxi axopoveuéva— oAdG empévovtag otic GAAnMOsm Spacer tous [1]. Tlodiéc nepapatixés tpevves tag ASaKtuxris apepapéves orn wehéry ototyeimbay ouvenayoyay édeigav wa obyxyvan atoug eberalduevous pabn- té¢ avdpeca os avayKaia cuvariKn Kar tkavr] covOryKn. Avté onpaiver dtr ory gpion «Av A téte By to yeyovds A anoxté moAb ovyve byt GVO Eve txavé yapaKtpa adhd eniang éva avayKaio yapaxzipa: to B ovpPaiver av kat pdvo av to A oppBaivel. Zeoug wadytéc Sivovtar ovyva cpwtiicets nov propotpe va 1g napatHptooups ps te oxrare: [11] AB A> B A Ey B B; ry Qc yraotdy to xpbto oyna SraPdCetm: «Av A rote B, Fvapiloveas dui Exoupe «dy A» ci pnopodpe va wobpe yia to «Bs», Eiong to Settepo oyfjpa SoPstera: «Av A tte Bo. Pveapitovrag dct éxoupe B ti propotpe va mobpe le to An; Ot epwtijcets avtég mapovorétoyy evdragépov pra ty AaxtiKy tev pobnpatiKcay yati 7 «adyyoon» ty onoia pavépacay ota pabqpateKd an- Hoiver pte tabtLIoN TWIG da@opoiwan» tho wRddEGNS LE To GUUNEpacuC. Axéyn propsi va oypatver pic cepopoiwan» te oovenayariig ue THY 1608v- vaylia. Haipvovras urdyn pag det n Sudepion avépeca omy undO_cn Kat ata GUPREepaopa sivar ROA GNMAVTUKT ota pabnpatiKé (KOI GE dAcG yevIKE TIG EMLOTHpYES) pO pel ve avaparnGel Kaveis av avtt} 9 «agopotwanp UREKOvEL os pid AavOaopévy yhoosohoyux epunvela tr¢ expavyons «av A tte By 1 av,86 avtiBeta, ondpyovy cowtepiKa mpopAywata ovdedepéva Le Thy évvoiw THC ouvenayaytic. Eivar pavepd oui av to npopATpe eiver Eva TOSBANpS eppn- vetag jua KardMAnin sppnveta Ou 10 érvve. AvtiBera av vadpzovv tiaftepa eunddia any Katavéyan avtiig tg Evvoiag mpénct va ta yv@picoupe Kat axpibds 7 Atsaxtikt tov padyuatiKdY peAstOYTag THY KAtTAvSTET TOV Ha- Onpatikay svvoidy mpoonabel ve evtomicer utd ta spnddia Kar vo umodelber m§avobs tpdnong vreparSyaris tous, Tia ve eényijcoupe thy napaxéto obyzver ag Beaptoovpe THY napaKd- tw mpdtacn: [11] «Av Bpéye1, 0 Métpog Oa néper thy opmpéha cow, kai ag cuv8écoupe pe avery Sbo epwtraets E) kar E>: E,: Fvwpitovras on Sev Bodyet, Oa néper o Métpog thy ounpéha tov; Ex: Fvapitovras dtu o Méspos mipe thy onnpéha tov, Bpkyeu Avtés o1 epatijoeic cvvévdfouv, dag paivetar Kar and ta npornyobpsva. oyrparta, and tr pia mhevpa pra covenayeayy Kat and Thy &An mAcvpd ta dpvqcy. O mpotaciakds Aoyropds Dover T1¢ E, kort Ex ple ty BorfGcte mvdKov ahnBetac nov opttouv tous hoyikalic covdEapous THE «ouvenaywyrigy KAL TNS adpynoner. Tivaxac 1 Tlivaxag 2 Dp Pp \q [A wy A 1 A A Y ¥ A 2 A A (p+) Tic thy Ep apxei va dotpe ott av n covverdpevrp q (O Tétpos Oa néper anv ounpéha tov) THs ouvenaywytie (tov H i6ia vrotiBetat aANGric) civar aANOHs, N RpoKetyevy p (Bpézer) propet extong va sven odnBrig A yevdris. Tia thy E: av Gécoupne: Bpéyet = p= A, 6a Exoupe: dev Bpéyet = p = ¥ katy avdyvacn the tédevtaiag ypaupric tow mivaxa 2 wag mAnpogopei dt ng pnopel va etver oandric 1] yevdric. Mnopotpe ve Sobps 6ti or anavitjoets «O Tlétpog Sev 6a népet iv oprpé2a too» (Ex) Ken Bpeyet (Ex) now given vtec Rov odjyoUY GTHY KATAOTAGH HS «abyyLOTG, aVTLOTOLXOLV, STOV KACOIKG ROVtOWS Tov TpoTdcEHV, STO Givéecyo ty¢ LeoSvvapiac: Hiverag 3 pq A ¥ A A ¥ peq vy fw fa.87 Tr’ avd Aépe dui éva. dtopo nov éxe1 Shaet cuts tig aemavtroets ovyyéet TH OUVERayaYT] WE tHY toodvvapic. “Ouws yi tétorsc épevves pnopovpe va EGoupe So epwricsic: a) ya ta Spia aveig THE povteLoxoiTang Kar B) yee th oxéoN avdpeou ato AoyiKotc GuVdéspouc THE dpynons (-) Kat TNS ovverayoytic (2) Kar tov avriotoryev (Sev, av-tdt6) ot QUGLKI yhdooa. Tpdypon avr] 1 povtehoroinoy eivar proyy, yloti of pa mpdtacn avt- atolyet UOvo THY TUT] GATIOELdS THS KL THC agatpet THY NPOEoH TNS Kat TIC ouvérixsc ot1¢ noise dratuRoeyke, Mropobe va gawractotpe Sct aut 1 hovtehonoinan cuvictatal ory tpoBodi] pac ppdons, ts oxoias UROLOYi- Covtar oAgs or avviota@occ (n-didatato Siévvoa), oe éva yadpo pac Sidota- ong. Kar 6a AvOsi axpipdc o€ avt6v tov povodidotata ydpo: PAsToUpLs 6TH hovtehonoiqan eivar nokt prog. ‘Ocov agopa thy epdtnan B ac Aewpr- coupe t @péon: [2] «Av Stydte vrdpyer mipa oto weyeto» (1) Avni 7] @pdor evar «Kkatavortrp oe Eve oupPatiKed mepeycuevo. ALAE av Soope avtyv mm @pdon oe Eva nEptexdpevo Aoyixrig (Exovpe Tov teheott «av ,..16tes) 6a Gupnepdvoups 6t1 apKel va Suydpe pra va Und pysi UAipA STO yoyeio. H avi8etoavristpopn avtiig mg covenayayrig nov tHE Eivar doped ioodSvaury, Oa enétpene va. cvpREpaoUpE: «Ay vmépysl nbpa Gto woysio, &pa dev Suydte» (2) nov PéPaie exepder doynpa tig mpoobécetg tHE epdans (1). Avté to napddetypa enetn yet ty Stagopé avdueoa on ovvenaywyr tov pv- S1KOd ASyoOU Kat ST AOYLKT] ODVERAywyT|. Ardgopo epevvntés Piémovv tH ovvercryaryt| pe SLapopetixd tpdro. “Etot yuo tov DUCROT [4] 10 mp6tacy «av A ; Bo Cerepva thy aveyvapion evec Scoot oyéons aveveca ota A «at B (ry, to A eivar aitia tov B). TIpéxertat, pw ard 62.0, va Péhoupe tov aveyvoty os pe xatéota0n, avtr] Oxov Ua gavraotet to A, Kot Stav Bo PpioKeto Ket n mpdén 8a exer sktedeotel, ve empeBardioe to B. 0 DUCROT anavié oto npdPague tg abyyvang avépeca se aveyKaia ovvOyKT Kal Gé IKavt] ovvOT]KH we Tov «vopo THC TANPSTHTUG». ZOuUPove pe auté Stay évag omAntiic Statundcer pia opdon «av A téte Bs, apriver ve. eu@avictel to B otov axpoarit tov, oav vroKeipevn omy Npaypatonoinan tov A. Lvyypdvag tov diver thy t5é0 On Titav URO¥pEmLEVOES vo. Néper to A sey Tponyobyevo yeyovds yia va oupBei to B. Anti 4 anoKAciotiKéty ta. enixupdver, atov axpoatr, Ty avtiotpogn «Av B téte An: yi tov axpoutt} to B dev Oo pmopove va napayVei xopic to A: Auto to népacna otny avti- OTPOGN Guverayayt yperdtetat Aya oyGdic. Lopqova ye tov Radford [1 1} a_var yiver 51] x = Seiven pre dudlevén. Avaxabiotdvtag th EEN at» we to bBoro V, ypagetar x > 5 Vx =S Hx 25. Lm Aoyiky, pV q maprotd wie Sudgevgn, Mia ottev’n civar adn brig éav Kar pdvo edv ot Sho anhéc xporticers etvon aindetc. Edv 9 pe 4 7 GAAN mpdtacn eivar yevdre H ev Kat or bo eivon wevdeig, 1 obev’n eivar wevdtic. > LPO > =P ¥ _ | Se -e me : Mio didgevén elven adndris edv 1 pre Hn GhAn and tol anhég mporécers eivar adnOtic 1 edv Kat o1 dbo eivar adnBeic. Av o1 db0 mpotéoets civat weusdets, n Sidtevtn sivar yvevdns. H épvnon pias mpdtaongs evar to aveldeto tg mpdtacns, H épvnon THs b= 4 eivar b #4 1 dpynon tng x < 10 eivar x < 10. Av 1 mpétacn eivat adndyc, n Govnon sivar yevdtis, av n xpétacn civat yeudtic, 1 dpynen iver aAnOtic. Gc naprotavoupe thy dpynon pe to cbuBoAo «~», Av p eivat pia apéta- Gn, Tote ~ p eivat n dpvnsy tg. H épynon mac dpvnone civar n apyiKt Rpdtaon ~(~ Pp) =p. Mia ovveraywyr| etvar pra vnoGeriar| xpdtacH nov amoteheitar and peat Mpokeipevy (rpdtacr mov akoAkouBei th AGEN eed») Kot pa Sovendpevn (npdtacn nov axorovdsi ty AdEy atten), Or mpotdcers wav Eva tpiywvo éyer 21g tpeig mhevpkc toeg, tote Ezer tH tpg yoovies foecn Kor «av 2. = 8 TOT = 4» kai «av 1 evdeia p civar xddetn otny evdeia v, Tote 1 v civar KGBEtn OTN fy civar covenayoyés. H xpoxe(yevn Aéyetar pepixéc popes an unddeanp Kat 7102 cuvenduern Dever «to ovpxépacpar. Xpnowporordvras p cav ondveon, 4 BOY SpURcpacpe Kal Eva BiAOC avdpesd tous, exgpatoupe TH Gvvexayuyt) vey p— qeivatg +p. E éxopeon p~ q ovpBoditer drt pre ovvexaywyi] Ker rpavtlotpopr z1¢ elvan tooSivepn peti 1 Kae pe ouverdyerar my ddkn Av mépoule THY dpvnsn tne npoksiperns Kal THC SuVEMGpEVTIC [LOS ouverayoytic, 1] ovverayoyt] nov mpoKbatel efvar 1 avtidety tng modtyS. H avriGety m5 p> ¢ sivar~ p— ~ q nov draPdCeta «byt p owvendystor dziqo. Av Deaprjsoupe thy épynon ths mpokeipevng Kal THG oovERdpevNS LAG ouvenayaytic Kal av ofr cuvéyeia T1¢ avTaALdZoups, 1 ovverayayr] Zou mpokénter sfvor 1) savtiotpogoavtiGer» tH p — q zival~ gq > ~ p, Tov Sunder «dy1 q ovvendyera dy po. Teor Katevénans - Aorixts Hpotdécet, Ee xdGe jie and tic epotiiseic mov axodovGoty, SadcEte wa Kat WdvO andytory SaAsete thy KodOvepy KoL Tlo andy andvinon. 1) 0 ovveopos jnog SdZevéng etvar: a> BV yr s)~ eA 2) H Sxepocn p + q onpciver dn ... sivar wodtvenss, a) jue avtiotpogoaytidery Kot [ta avvexayort B) wwe evotpopoavridern Kat pet avriorpopn y) ma covercyeyy} Kar pia avtiatpopy 6) yuo evtifesn Kon pia aviuctpogoavtibery 8) wo evsiotpopH Kar pe avTiBery, 3) Eotw a pia ok npétacn. Bay (~u) efvar wevdic, tre a eivat: 2) wants B) vevdtis y) stapedtar ax6 to « 8) eaptérar and to ~ €) Sev unopotus v" axavtrjaoupe O° awttiy tyv spdtnon 4) H avtiorpogn ty¢ p — q eivas: a) ~p-~4 8} ~a>~p103 yap aaq>~q e)~p—p 5) Bay pia obvOety nporacn anoteheiron and S60 andéc npotdceis p Kar 4g, tét0uss Hote 7 mia va “vor adybrig Kony GRAN weLdtic, THeE... a) p¥q civar névea aanOrg 6) p¥q ceiver odnOric Ldvo av p sivar n antic xpdtaon ¥) p¥q eivar adnBrc pov av q sivat n adnériig mporacn 8) pV¥q eivar navrote yevdrig 8) p¥q dev elvan obte oXnOrg ovte yeLdric 6) av aAb iver adnbrig téte: a) a 7b etvar adn ic B) a cor b sive aknGets 4) a sivar ahnOiic GAAS Sev eivor avaryxcio Kary b va var aanSris 3) b civar adnOric adAG Sev sivar aveyKato Kai 1] a va ‘var adnGrig £) Bev propose va pBdcoupe os Kavéva oupnEpacpa. NO>S worl <7 eiver pie: a) didfevEn f) cuvenayayt y) dpvnon 8) o6fev’n 2) Kayid and Tig 4 nponyoupeves, 8) ‘Otay Sivetar n cuvenaywrT} dav pia yovia etvar opOy ywvia, téte to pétpo Tyg elves 90°, 1 vaoypapynopévn ppdan Léyerat: a) cupnépacpa ovverduevy B) dpvnon y) 1 aveidern mg mpdt|s RPdtAGNS 3) mpoxKeipevn 8) vnd0son 9) H évacn dbo ankav npotdcewv n” éva (ank6) oovdeouo Aéyeran: a) avnotpogoavridern B) vnoBeri«r mpétacn 7) obvBern rpdtady 8) nohbnoKn xpétacn 8) ovvenayoyy} 10) Etny p + q, to p Aéyeta: a) Katégaonul 3) obpBodo * yedppa 3) oovendpevy s) vndéeon, Mie diélevEn taptoteveran pe: a) pKaig B) p owvendyerm q, Kat q ovvendyera p 1) ONL D 5) php 2) p ovvenéyerat q 12) «Bay 4, = 0» civen avetetpopoavtivler m6: a) civ 4, #0, tote = 0 B) ctv = 0, tte 4, =0 7) edy #0, rte 4, #0 5) edy 4, #0, tote , #0 ) adv, #6, rte 4. = 0 13) p=~ (~ p) civat ... @) névra adnbric B) aknOris av p civar chnBric 7) adn Orig av p etvan yeudtis 8) noté ak Orig 2) Sev pnopotue v’ anavitisouye oword 0° any THY epson 14) Zverrdpevn cat mpoxetpevn etver Spor nov ypnopomoLoGvraL yLa Va TUPAOTHCOVpE To WEPT tag .. ®) dpvnong 8) dudevgns y) atevéng 8) owesnayoytic 2) xojud and <1 4 mponyoopeves 15) b= 4 deyerar DA a) aveiBerq B) devnon 1) avtistpogn 8) avtistpopoavribesy 2) Kops and t1¢ xponyorpeves 16) “Eota 1 mpdtaon 4, = 8 = 2 4,58. =eivaty.. mg.= 2-4105 a) avtiBen 8} épvnon 4) avtiotpopouytidety 8) avtiatpoon €) ouverayoyT| 17) H xpétacn 3<, <7 propet va ypagtel: wa>.,>7 B) 3 <4 D3SaVA <7 B3< a, >7 )3>,Ve>7 18) Edy ua civOery mpdtaoy anotedettan and S60 anhéc Tpotdoeis pKaL q, téroreg Gate q PWG va ‘var GANGt¢ KaL 1 GAAN yevdrig, tote ... ©) pag sivon mavra aanorig B) pag elven alnOrig pdvo av 7 apdtacn q elvar chm Orig *) pAq eivat adnOric wovo av 1 RpPdtaon g civar GANIC 8) pag eivar névra yevdac 2) pag Sev ceiver obte aknBrig obte yeudyg 19) H npdracn ~ & <7) eiver woodbvayn pe: 0) ,=7 B) #7 Dirt SFT 47 20) H obvéety mpdracn 5 & x unopei va ypaptei: a 5x55 Bp) 5<.v5=, NI~q p-q 22) H xpéracn «av 4, = 24, tote , = 6» elvan...a) pra SidZevtn drow « = 6 eiver pio andr} xpdtaon B) pia StéZevkn drov 4 = 24 civat pie anAy mpéta0y 4) pia cuverayw7t] drtou . = 6 ceiver 7 mpoKsipevn, 8) uta cuvexayern| drow . = 6 elvan y ovvendpeyn 8) [lo ovverayayt] Grov ; = 6 eivar H vmdOEEH 23) H avtiotpopoavrisern tHg «av r téte ~ (s A Up etvan: a) av ~r tote (s At} B} av ft tote (5 A th ¥) av (6 At) tots wr 8) av (sat) téter £) Kod ond Ig Rporyyoumeves 24) Ava xar b civ anhés notices, wa oteven neprotdverai pe: a) aAb B)aAb Dane s) Kayud and rig nponyotpeves nepratdaerg 25) «Av 4, % 24, tote , A G» sivot y (To) ... Tg «OY 4, = 24, tOt8; ©) xpoxeipevy B) avtiotpogy 1) avtiotpopoavtidern 8) svpnépacpa } avtiBernTlivaxas 5 (1984 - 85) EKops tay epuToewv 107 apie, TYMNAZIA AYKEIA —— TEXNIKA AYKEIA epde 1 180/225 80 % 0229/252 90.9% 47/79 59.59% 2 145/225 64.4% 199/252 79 -% = 24/79 30.4% 3 163/225 72.4% 215/252 85.3% 45/7987 % 4 160/225 71% = 206/252 81.7% 46/79 58.2% 5 101/225 44.9% 197/252 78.2% © 25/79 31.7% 6 163/225 72.4% 214/252 84.9% = 35/79 443% 7 187/205 65.3% 194/282 77:% © 32/79 40.5% 8 170/225 753.6% 221/252 87.7% = 35/79 443% 9 140/225 62.2% 187/252 74.2% 50/79 63.3% 10 146/225 64.9% 212/252 84.1% 31/79 39.2% i 142}225 63.1% 210/282 83.3% © 40/79 50.6% 12 90/225 4 % 148/252 58.7% = 13/79 16.5% B 78/225 34.7% 117/282 46.AG% 32/79 40.5% 14 172/225 36.4% © 221/252 87.7% «31/79 «39.2% 5 72j205 32% ~—:116/382 46% = 10779 12.7% 16 103/225 45.8% 156/252 61.9% 16/79 20.3% 169/225 75.1% 211/252 83.7% 46/79 58.2% 18 116/225 51.6% 194/252 77: % = 25/79 31.6%. 19 91/225 0.4% 94/252 37.38% 20/79 25.3% 20 91/225 40.4% 143/252 44.30% 13/79 16.5% 21 86/225 38.2% 150/252 59.5% 19/79 24.1% 2 137/225 60.9% 164/252 65.1% 15/79 19% B 120/225 53.3% 163/252 64.7% © 22/79 27.9% 24 158/225 68.9% 216/252 64.7% 23/79 29.1% Pa 116/225 51.6% 154/252 6L.I% «8/79 10.1%108 TTivaxag 6 (1984 - 85) Mivo1 6pot kat abiomaria. (Touvaena) Jo Adpisag Mi = 62.47 o, = 22.1 Ayloy Avepyépav M: = 36 1 = 16.98 Topvapov M, = 42.56 61 = 19.30 Papkavdavas M: = 43.46 o: = 15.94 Asnvoxapuds (F:) Mi = 54.85 = 24.86 Asntoxapvdc (1) Mi = 57.45 oO = 17.46 130 @eo/viKng (TM: = 61.51 o) = 17.93 130 Gea] vixng (TM = 67.65 oO = 18,95 Ma = 68.71 62 = 23.63 M2 = 42.95 or = 2211 Mz = 44,38 o2 = 17.16 M2 = 48.04 C2 = 28.20 Mi = 69.1 02 = 23.79 M2 = 60.85 o2 = 22.39 Mb = 68.37 oa = 25.59 M2 = 76.43 oz = 20.66 M = 65.6510 = 0,56, £ = 0,72 o = 20.26 R=081 M = 39.3711 = 0,54, f= 0.71 o = 17.09 R=0.70 M= 43.41 1p, = 0.36, £= 0.54 o = 15.07 R=0.59 M = 45.6911 = 0.63, £= 0.78 o=184 R=0,74 M = 62.2 riz = 0.81, F=0.90 3 = 23.66 R= 0.87 M= 59.2 1 = 0.74, £5 085 3 = 18.65 R=0.75 M= 68.8 ti = 6.65, £= 0,79 o = 19.62 R=0.79 M = 71.8911 = 6,62, f= 0,77 s=118 R=0.78109 Tivaxas 7 (1984 - 85) Mécor dpot Kar aéomoria (Adxeva) lo Evéspou M) = 67.09 o = E5.8E lo Zvxedv M. = 64.45 oO = 13.66 Tupvéov M. = 66.71 Oi = 22.68 4o Adproas M, = 71.22 1 = 887 30 Adpioag M; = 58.14 5. = 18.68 lo Aépioag Mi = 70.4 a= BU Neénoang (Kol.) Ms = 72.5 oo = 20.13 20 Kolavne M, = 75.43 o1 = 18.69 40 K.E.T.E (@sev/ixyg) (AQ Mi = 41.29 a1 = 16.76 4o K.E.T.E {@ca/virne) (As)M: = 41.36 Mr = 28.18 1 = 16.68 Jo K.E.T.E (@co/vixng) (A) Mi = 35.8 o = 15.46 Jo K.E.T.E (@eo/vinng) (Ar) Mi = 35.4 o1 = 16.4 M2 = 77.15 oO, = 18.81 M. = 74.77 62 = 18.26 Ma = 70.42 O2 = 24.79 M2 = 84.13 2 = 12.8 M2 = 62.69 = 237 M2 = 84.1 O2 = 15.41 0.28 Oy = 20.12 M: = 68.13 oy = 17.38 Mi: = 37,47 G2 = 18.78 M = 34.91 oz = 18.50 M: = 37.7 2 = 22.49 Mz = 28.4 62 = 17.05 M = 72,35 112 = 0.65, { = 0.79 o= 15.77 R=0. 86 0.33, £ = 0,49 17 M = 6041 rn = 0.64, £= 0.78 o = 19.25 R=0.77 0.55, f= 0.71 58 M= 0.45, f= 0.62 o=16 R=075 0.72, f= 0.84 M = 38,8242 = 0.63, f = 0.77 o = 15.92 R= 0.65 ti = 0.47, 1=0.63 o = 14.98 R = 0.62 M= 368 m2 = 0.77, f = 0.87 o= 17.69 R= 0.73 M=32 rm =0.52,f= 0.68 o = 1457 R=0.62110 ev ey) Nose ALTA OL Oz Snmany a tb smarey 61 “pL sodeadon “11 Shapdoy og Somdey c€ Agaang ©} OO TL TY OF 210) MA ier@ “LDN OL 6F ‘1 1 OL @y) Shas 929 TL OF “ST soy MeempAN CL opewey oF Zt noriagng OL 6 VIayAy, Gp SuNyAjo29 OGL -g CD SUDIA/7@ OL ~L CD spdaroury 9 G1) Spadraoausy -¢ Snaggnaxdog “y aogmaday “¢ aodgidoay amdy °Z snordny a] VISVNWAL origyornsilis@ds 019 Sd0ND Ama 1089 1002/4 (8+ p86) L HRVISVAVI HXI@Vd2 R. Ht nt i ‘i it de sie a y hal ait Annan Dna n ae | 4H3 Tlivexag 9 Méoor Spot ker akiomoviu (Tupvéout 1985 - 86) 80 Adpwoag (T)) Bo Adpioag (T:) 30 Adpioas (T:) 30 Adproag (Ts) 3o Adpisag (Ts) éppns TupvéBov (Fi) lo Tupvéfov (Fs) Toupitsdyng My = 31.578 Mz oy = 10.98 op Mi. = 26.56 1 = 12.96 M, = 50.22 oO = 21.27 M, = 45 M2 = oy = 2049 = M, = 50.30 oo, = 19.22 M, = 24.03 a = 10.70 Mi = 22,45 1 = 10.08 Mi; = 30.60 61 = 15.57 M, = 26.49 oo = 13.0614 Tlivexag 10 Méoot épot kat ogiomccta (Atweta 1985 - 86) Toopirodvns, M, = 48.47% Mz = 38.84% M = 41.89% riz = 0.51 01 =2010 02 = 1898 o= 1654 F=068 30 AGptoas (Az) My = 66.65 Mr = 58.31 M625 te = 0.87 G, = 22.78 G2 = 21.39 F=0.93 30 Adpious (Ax) Mi = 52.9 My = 46.22 ro = 0.54 0 = 1585 0, = 1792 F=070 3o Admouc (A) Mi = 61.57 My = 56.07 tp = 057 =2451 02 = 17.9 Bo @cofvixns (I) Mi = 75.15 My = 72.36 6, = 19.42 o = 19.61 130 @se/vixng (2) Mi = 76.28 M)= 67.33 M = 69.93 a, = 20.04 02 = 21.98 o = 21.10 139 @coiviens (3) Mi = 65.19 Mi = 61.87 M~ 6387 = 26.38 62 = 2009 6 = 2.38 iupvdfov (Ay) Mi = 69.43 Mz = 55.6 M = 61.73 = 16.99 = 1778 o> 15.34 TupvéBov M, = 53.83 M; = 46.43 M = 50.4 o = 1756 02 =18.09 o = 15.441S au a a SL » zu Laognaday « cogpaday - vy fg) Sua /03@ og (7) Slna/os@ ogy (1) Sltatov@ o¢T 7 ry) Swoidoy of “er (y) Seordpy 08 “U1 Fy) Smordpy of TT Suaporidao | “of VISWAV bo on Suapondooy, * (1) sogpaday, 0 CD) dnordpy og Ga) Snordpy of 7 (1) Smordpy og ) Smordey 03 “¢ ) Smordpy og *[ VISVNWAL116 Lond by - mragy paiatay - ee = SW * Lopé bz - Diaxny - %6s = A 1 uope by] - oasgy = 9612 = 9A Lope lz = moparln - %1E = W Uope Uy - mopar] - 265 = We daca ise = JN (]@) AmyaHOY wa am@ypoatny Sody Song 9920031 °% 85 = A C1) sorry awa amyonartay Sodp Sag Somaat *} RSS NAAN) | {98 - SR61) Word Udargag ua atl (c@ - 6861) Shope Shy Sha Lowtsdpz) A HSVISVAVIE HMI@Va.I (9% - 6861 wa 6g - vRET) AL HSVIZVd¥I HWIOVEINT L*ENSEIGNEMENT DE LA LOGIQUE EN PREMIERE CLASSE DU LYCEE GREC A. GAGATSIS RESUME Dans cete recherche, nous présentons un essai d’évaluation de Tenseignement de la logique aux éléves grecs, La premitre année de la recherche (1984 - 1985), 225 éléves de la trositme class du collége et 252 éléves de la premiére classe du lycée ont répordu a un questionnaire aprés une lecture de quinze minutes d'un texte de logique. La deuxitme année de la recherche (1985 - 1986), 255 éftves de 1a troisitme class du collége ont repondu au méme questionnaire aprés une lecture du méme texte, et 287 éleves de la premitre classe du lycée ont répondu au méme questionnaire, mais sans lecture du texte. D’aprés les résulats, les differences obtenues entre les éléves des deux classes ne sont pas importantes. La recherche dans son ensemble montre du'il faut remetire en question l’enseignement de Ia logique en premiére classe du lycée grec.