Computer Science 1510

Lecture 23
November 2, 2016
Lecture Outline
Repetition

CS1510 Lecture 23

Repetition
There are three types of loops in C: a while loop,
a do while loop, and a for loop.
The while loop is analogous to the DO WHILE in
Fortran, while the for loop is somewhat analogous
to the counter controlled DO loop in Fortran.
Unlike a DO loop in Fortran, which iterates for a fixed
number of iterations, all loops in C will continue to
iterate as long as their condition is true.
We will look at each of these loops in detail.

CS1510 Lecture 23

while loop
Syntax:
while (logical-expression){
statement-block;
}
where logical-expression is any valid C
expression that evaluates to an integer that can
be interpreted as true (non-zero) or false (zero).
Example:
while (x<10 && y!=5){
scanf("%d",&y);
x++;
}

CS1510 Lecture 23

Example 1: while loop

Euclids algorithm:

#include <stdio.h>
int main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
int m,n,q,r;
printf("Please enter two integers M and N, where M>N\n");
scanf("%d %d",&m,&n);
r=1;
while (r!=0){
q=m/n;
r=m-q*n;
printf("%d = %d * %d + %d\n",m,n,q,r);
m=n;
n=r;
}
printf("The greatest common divisor is %d\n",m);
return 0;
}

CS1510 Lecture 23

Example 2: while loop

Calculating mean time to failure:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[]){
int numtimes;
float ftime, sum, mean;
const float end=-1.0;
sum=0.0;
numtimes=0;
printf("Enter failure time (%f to stop): ",end);
scanf("%f",&ftime);
while (ftime != end) {
numtimes++;
sum = sum + ftime;
printf("Enter failure time (%f to stop): ",end);
scanf("%f",&ftime);
}
if (numtimes!=0){
mean = sum/numtimes;
printf("Read %d failure times\n",numtimes);
printf("Mean time to failure is %f\n",mean);
}
else{
printf("No failure times were entered\n");
}
return 0;
}

CS1510 Lecture 23

for loop
Syntax:
for (start-condition; end-condition; update){
statement-block;
}
Example:
for (i=0; i<10; i++){
scanf("%d",&y);
printf("%d",y);
}
Note that the for loop begins counting at i=0.
The default in C is to count from zero since array
indices start from 0. (Fortran starts from 1).

CS1510 Lecture 23

Example: for loop

Computation of n!:
#include <stdio.h>
int main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
int i,n,fact;
printf("Enter a number to compute the factorial:\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
fact=1;
for (i=n; i>1; i--){
fact=fact*i;
}
printf("The value of %d! is %d\n",n,fact);
return 0;
}

CS1510 Lecture 23

Example: loops
Approximation of sine and cosine:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[]){
int i,n;
double x,term,approx;
char func,junk;
printf("Enter s for sin, and c for cos or q to quit\n");
scanf("%c",&func);
while(func!=q){
printf("How many terms would you like to include?\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter a value for x\n");
scanf("%lf",&x);
switch (func){
case s:
term=x;
approx=x;
for(i=0;i<n-1;i++){
term=(-1)*term*(x*x/(2*(i+1)*(2*i+3)));
approx=approx+term;
}
printf("sin(%f) is approximately %f\n",x,approx);
break;
case c:
term=1;
approx=1;
for(i=0;i<n-1;i++){
term=(-1)*term*(x*x/(2*(i+1)*(2*i+1)));

CS1510 Lecture 23

approx=approx+term;
}
printf("cos(%f) is approximately %f\n",x,approx);
break;
default:
printf("Invalid entry, try again\n");
}
printf("Enter s for sin, and c for cos or q to quit\n");
scanf("%c",&junk);
scanf("%c",&func);
}
return 0;
}

CS1510 Lecture 23

do while loop
Syntax:
do{
statement-block;
} while (logical-expression);
where logical-expression is any valid C
expression that evaluates to an integer that can
be interpreted as true (non-zero) or false (zero).
Example:
do{
scanf("%d",&y);
x++;
} while (x<10 && y!=5);
In a do while loop, the first iteration is not
dependent on a condition, ie. at least one iteration
of the body of the loop is completed.
CS1510 Lecture 23

Example: do while loop

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[]){
float x, minvalue, maxvalue, inc;
int nvals;
printf("What is the starting value?\n");
scanf("%f",&minvalue);
printf("What is the ending value?\n");
scanf("%f",&maxvalue);
printf("How many values would you like in the table?\n");
scanf("%d",&nvals);
printf("x
sin(x)
cos(x)\n");
printf("-------------------------\n");
/* Compute the increment */
inc = (maxvalue-minvalue)/(nvals-1);
x = minvalue;
do {
printf("%6.2f %10.5f %10.5f\n",x,sin(x),cos(x));
x = x + inc;
} while (x<=maxvalue);
return 0;
}

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10

The break statement

We have seen the use of the break statement in a
switch block.
The break statement can also be used within a
loop to break out of the loop and begin executing
from the first statement after the loop.
For example,
while (logical-expression){
statement-sequence1;
if (test) break;
statement-sequence2;
}
statement-sequence3;
In this example, if test evaluates to true then
statement-sequence2 is skipped, and execution
jumps to statement-sequence3.

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The continue statement

The continue statement is used within a loop to
cause control to immediately return to the beginning
of the loop.
For example,
for (i=0;i<n;i++){
statement-sequence1;
if (test) continue;
statement-sequence2;
}
In this example, if test evaluates to true then
statement-sequence2 is skipped, and execution
jumps to the beginning of the loop, where the
increment is executed, and the loop condition is
retested.
If the end condition evaluates to true, then execution
continues with statement-sequence1.
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