Compound P6

Copyright 2001. Rapra Technology Ltd. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright

Elongation at Break
Compound P6

150C 170C 160C 140C

300

250

200
Elongation at Break (%)

150

100

50

0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Heat Ageing Period (Days)

Modulus at 100%
Compound P6

150C 170C 160C 140C

15.00

13.00
Modulus at 100% (Mpa)

11.00

9.00

7.00

5.00
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Heat Ageing Period (Days)
law.

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Accelerated Heat Ageing Test Results
Compound P6 (Vamac G)

Collection
Property WLF Predictions (%) Arrhenius Predictions Activation
Energy
40 years at 23 C 40 years at 40 C Measured Change 23 C 40 C (kJ)
(time) (time)

Rapra Technology
Hardness 6.4 9.0 15% 341864.8 years 21078.2 years 126.4

(EBSCOhost) - printed
Tensile Strength

Limited
Elongation at Break 0.0 0.0 -25% 2668132.7 years 111474.2 years 144.1
100% Modulus 0.0 0.0 50% 1126406.5 years 67897.0 years 127.4
300% Modulus
T2
T10
Tg
Rebound Resilience

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Participant Compound - Vamac G
 Compound P6
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 Participant Compound - W Type Polychloroprene
Copyright 2001. Rapra Technology Ltd. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright

Hardness
Compound P7

100C 70C 80C 90C

100

90
Hardness (Micro-IRHD)

80

70

60
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Heat Ageing Period (Days)

Tensile Strength
Compound P7

100C 70C 80C 90C

25.0

20.0
Tensile Strength (Mpa)

15.0

10.0

5.0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Heat Ageing Period (Days)
law.

Copyright
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 Compound P7
Copyright 2001. Rapra Technology Ltd. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright

Elongation at Break
Compound P7

100C 70C 80C 90C

400

300
Elongation at Break (%)

200

100

0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Heat Ageing Period (Days)

Modulus at 100%
Compound P7

100C 70C 80C 90C

20.00

15.00
Modulus at 100% (Mpa)

10.00

5.00

0.00
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Heat Ageing Period (Days)
law.

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Accelerated Heat Ageing Test Results
Compound P7 (W type polychloroprene)

Collection
Property WLF Predictions (%) Arrhenius Predictions Activation
Energy
40 years at 23 C 40 years at 40 C Measured Change 23 C 40 C (kJ)
(time) (time)

Rapra Technology
Hardness 45.3 56.3 25% 64.7 years 9.3 years 87.9
Tensile Strength -17.6 -9.2 -15% 4094.8 years 112.5 years 163.1

(EBSCOhost) - printed
Limited
Elongation at Break -58.6 >-97.4 -25% 23.3 years 3.4 years 86.7
100% Modulus 140.9 >315.2 100% 52.8 years 7.1 years 90.8
300% Modulus
T2 -63.2 -226.3 5C 68.6 years 9.1 years 91.5
T10 5C 95.3 years 12.3 years 93.0
Tg -54.8 -485.2 5C 88.5 years 10.6 years 96.4
Rebound Resilience

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Participant Compound - W Type Polychloroprene
 Compound P7
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 Participant Compound - Natural Rubber
Copyright 2001. Rapra Technology Ltd. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright

Hardness
Compound P8

100C 70C 80C 90C

100

90

80
Hardness (Micro-IRHD)

70

60

50

40
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Heat Ageing Period (Days)

Tensile Strength
Compound P8

100C 70C 80C 90C

15.0

10.0
Tensile Strength (Mpa)

5.0

0.0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Heat Ageing Period (Days)
law.

Copyright
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 Compound P8
Copyright 2001. Rapra Technology Ltd. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright

Elongation at Break
Compound P8

100C 70C 80C 90C

700

600

500
Elongation at Break (%)

400

300

200

100

0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Heat Ageing Period (Days)

Modulus at 100%
Compound P8

100C 70C 80C 90C

5.00

4.00
Modulus at 100% (Mpa)

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Heat Ageing Period (Days)
law.

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Accelerated Heat Ageing Test Results
Compound P8 (natural rubber)

Collection
Property WLF Predictions (%) Arrhenius Predictions Activation
Energy
40 years at 23 C 40 years at 40 C Measured Change 23 C 40 C (kJ)
(time) (time)

Rapra Technology
Hardness 46.3 85.2 25% 9.4 years 2.3 years 64.2
Tensile Strength -31.2 -73.8 -25% 218.8 years 17.3 years 115.2

(EBSCOhost) - printed
Limited
Elongation at Break -84.3 >-72.4 -25% 18 years 2.7 years 85.6
100% Modulus >286.7 >286.7 100% 3.4 years 321.6 years 61.8
300% Modulus 20.2 59.3 25% 33.9 years 2.3 years 122.8
T2 5C 1558.9 years 63.7 years 145.1
T10
Tg
Rebound Resilience

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Participant Compound - Natural Rubber
 Compound P8
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 Participant Compound - Santoprene 101 55 V185
Copyright 2001. Rapra Technology Ltd. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright

Hardness
Compound P9

100C 140C 170C 150C 160C

100

90
Hardness (Micro-IRHD)

80

70

60

50
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Heat Ageing Period (Days)

Tensile Strength
Compound P9

100C 140C 170C 150C 160C

8.00

6.00
Tensile Strength (Mpa)

4.00

2.00

0.00
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Heat Ageing Period (Days)
law.

Copyright
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 Compound P9
Copyright 2001. Rapra Technology Ltd. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright

Elongation at Break
Compound P9

100C 140C 170C 150C 160C

600

500

400
Elongation at Break (%)

300

200

100

0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Heat Ageing Period (Days)

Modulus at 100%
Compound P9

100C 140C 170C 150C 160C

5.00

4.00
Modulus at 100% (Mpa)

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Heat Ageing Period (Days)
law.

EBSCO 186 Ageing- of

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Accelerated Heat Ageing Test Results
Compound P9 (Santoprene 101 55 V185)

Collection
Property WLF Predictions (%) Arrhenius Predictions Activation
Energy
40 years at 23 C 40 years at 40 C Measured Change 23 C 40 C (kJ)
(time) (time)

Rapra Technology
Hardness 47.1 47.1 10% 119209.9 yrs 10874.1 yrs 108.6

(EBSCOhost) - printed
Tensile Strength -25.3 -41.9 -25% 688079.1 yrs 32237.6 yrs 138.9

Limited
Elongation at Break -25% 201192.6 yrs 12722.4 yrs 125.3
100% Modulus 0.0 0.0
300% Modulus 0.0 -0.2
T2
T10
Tg -4.5 -7.0
Rebound Resilience 0.0 0.0

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Participant Compound - Santoprene 101 55 V185
 Compound P9
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 Participant Compound - Nitrile Rubber
Copyright 2001. Rapra Technology Ltd. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright

Hardness
Compound P10

100C 80C 90C 70C

100

95
Hardness (Micro-IRHD)

90

85

80

75
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Heat Ageing Period (Days)

Tensile Strength
Compound P10

100C 80C 90C 70C

16.0

14.0
Tensile Strength (Mpa)

12.0

10.0

8.0

6.0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Heat Ageing Period (Days)
law.

Copyright
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 Compound P10
Copyright 2001. Rapra Technology Ltd. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright

Elongation at Break
Compound P10

100C 80C 90C 70C

600

500

400
Elongation at Break (%)

300

200

100

0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Heat Ageing Period (Days)

Modulus at 100%
Compound P10

100C 80C 90C 70C

15.00

10.00
Modulus at 100% (Mpa)

5.00

0.00
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Heat Ageing Period (Days)
law.

EBSCO 190 Ageing- of

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Accelerated Heat Ageing Test Results
Compound P10 (nitrile rubber)

Collection
Property WLF Predictions (%) Arrhenius Predictions Activation
Energy
40 years at 23 C 40 years at 40 C Measured Change 23 C 40 C (kJ)
(time) (time)

Rapra Technology
Hardness 19.5 22.0 10% 11.0 years 2.7 years 63.7
Tensile Strength -10.7 24.6 -10% 37.2 days 23.4 days 21.0

(EBSCOhost) - printed
Limited
Elongation at Break >-97.7 >-97.7 -25% 29.6 years 4.6 years 84.1
100% Modulus 80.7 180.4 50% 22.1 years 3.4 years 85.2
300% Modulus 130.0 189.6 50% 7.9 years 662.6 days 66.8
T2 5C 7.5 years 3.4 years 35.5
T10 -32.1 -42.9
Tg 5C 7.3 years 2.7 years 45.6
Rebound Resilience

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Participant Compound - Nitrile Rubber
 Compound P10
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APPENDIX 3
COMPRESSION SET RESULTS
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 Appendix 3
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Table 1. Compression Set Results (%)
Compound 23 C 70 C 100 C 140 C 150 C 160 C 200 C
Reference

Copyright
1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5
week weeks week weeks week weeks week weeks week weeks week weeks week weeks

: eBook Academic
2001
Accelerated Heat Ageing Test Results
A 7.7 13.3 56.7 70.9 71.9 81.9
B 12.5 20.5 37.4 57.1 52.7 68.5

Collection
C 3.3 6.8 48.9 68.3 71.6 78.7
D 10.3 21.5 85.1 95.3 96.3 98.0
E 11.2 17.1 37.6 57.7 58.8 72.3

Rapra Technology
F 13.0 19.2 25.1 41.7 56.7 92.1

(EBSCOhost) - printed
G 12.4 16.8 39.3 59.3 57.5 72.1

Limited
H 13.4 17.8 23.5 38.7 49.8 93.8
J 6.5 7.3 39.5 64.1 76.8 86.3
K 20.0 25.0 56.7 67.0 84.6 92.9
L 5.0 6.7 20.9 40.9 60.0 106.3
M 6.3 9.1 42.6 60.0 68.8 100.0
N 8.5 15.9 48.1 68.7 65.1 91.6
P 7.8 9.3 23.8 42.0 60.6 77.9
R 9.9 10.4 23.4 40.6 51.7 62.5
S 6.0 7.4 67.6 81.5 94.6 104.1
T 55.1 62.0 73.7 86.3 88.4 95.3

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W 30.5 33.8 80.6 97.4 102.2 102.2

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X 9.4 11.2 16.7 29.3 56.6 88.9

195
Compression Set Results
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EBSCO 196
Table 1. Compression Set Results (%) Continued
Compound 23 C 70 C 100 C 140 C 150 C 160 C 200 C

Account: s5940188
Reference
Appendix 3

1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5
week weeks week weeks week weeks week weeks week weeks week weeks week weeks
N1 5.9 9.1 12.7 23.9 33.2 71.8
N2 24.4 33.6 39.3 63.7 95.9 102.8

Accelerated Heat Ageing Test Results

N3 10.4 15.6 38.7 55.6 63.2 97.1
N4 19.0 29.9 47.7 84.9 88.4 109.4
N5 9.4 10.8 9.8 22.1 42. 3 72.4
N6 17.8 23.6 48.7 65.6 68.3 81.1

Publishing : eBook Academic Collection (EBSCOhost)

N7 9.9 13.0 39.8 63.3 75.6 90.2

Ageing- of
N8 21.3 32.5 34.0 58.2 64.2 75.3

printed
N9 31.7 45.5 35.1 47.6 81.4 120.1

Rubber
N10 14.4 26.8 20.4 38.0 53.7 90.7
P1 22.3 34.1 44.3 63.2 50.9 65.1

on 11/6/2016
P2 0.1 2.5 59.7 84. 3 104.3 111.6
P3 5.6 12.8 30.2 44.7 63.2 96.4

- Accelerated
P4 13.0 19.2 32.0 44.4 62.6 93.5

7:12 PM via
Heat
P5 2.1 4.1 9.5 16. 7 16.1 27.5
P6 8.0 15.6 60.4 69.3 72.1 80.0

UNIVAgeing
P7 10.8 18.3 42.4 64.3 72.4 85.0

OF ALBERTA
P8 20.7 29.0 72.5 86.3 90.7 96.0
P9 12.7 16.2 45.6 63.3 70.4 77.5

TestLIBRARIES
P10 18.2 27.1 35.9 49.3 50.5 69.2

Results
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 Compression Set Results
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Table 2. Predicted Compression Set Results (%)

Compound Natural Results Prediction Results
Reference
1 year 40 years 1 year 40 years
A 46.8 100.0 27.0 45.9
B 58.2 92.0 37.8 57.9
C 35.3 71.1 18.1 38.6
D 72.8 98.2 49.2 76.3
E 42.2 81.9 29.7 45.4
F 21.1 60.6 31.8 47.0
G 42.9 92.9 25.3 35.6
H 24.0 74.3 26.1 36.0
J 24.0 75.0 10.1 13.2
K 38.2 79.5 33.6 43.0
L 19.4 59.0 10.1 14.8
M 32.8 78.8 15.2 23.6
N 32.8 81.1 34.6 58.5
P 39.2 77.9 12.2 15.6
R 26.2 81.9 13.3 16.1
S 15.7 40.8 10.0 13.3
T 83.9 97.0 71.2 78.5
W 69.9 85.0 39.1 44.3
X 45.9 72.4 14.4 18.0
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 Appendix 3
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Table 2. Predicted Compression Set Results (%) Continued

Compound Reference Prediction Results
1 year 40 years
N1 16.6 27.5
N2 49.4 64.5
N3 26.6 40.8
N4 50.5 69.9
N5 12.9 15.4
N6 34.2 45.9
N7 19.0 26.5
N8 52.7 71.1
N9 66.1 81.4
N10 53.2 76.9
P1 54.9 73.3
P2 74.4 99.6
P3 35.3 65.5
P4 31.6 46.5
P5 10.4 23.3
P6 35.5 60.9
P7 35.2 55.8
P8 43.8 59.0
P9 22.5 29.9
P10 43.9 61.3
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 Compression Set Results
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Compression Set
Compound N1

23 C 100 C 150 C

100.0

90.0

80.0

70.0
Compression Set (%)

60.0

50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
Weeks

Figure 1

Compression Set
Compound N2

23 C 100 C 150 C

120.0

110.0

100.0

90.0

80.0
Compression Set (%)

70.0

60.0

50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
Weeks

Figure 2
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 Appendix 3
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APPENDIX 4
EXAMPLE GRAPHS
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 Appendix 4
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 Example Graphs
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Glass Transition Temperature

Compound A

100C 70C 80C 90C

-25.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

-30.00
Glass Transition Temperature (C)

-35.00

-40.00

-45.00
Heat Ageing Period (Days)

Figure 1

Tan Delta
Compound M

100C 70C 80C 90C

0.300

0.200
Tand Delta at 23C

0.100

0.000
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Heat Ageing Period (Days)

Figure 2
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 Appendix 4
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Tan Delta
Compound A

100C 70C 80C 90C

0.300

0.250
Tan Delta at 23C

0.200

0.150

0.100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Heat Ageing Period (Days)

Figure 3

Arrhenius Plot for Change in Elongation at Break with Time

Compound G
1000.000

100.000
Time (days) to end point

10.000

1.000
0.00265 0.00270 0.00275 0.00280 0.00285 0.00290 0.00295
Reciprocal Temperature (kelvin)

Figure 4
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 Example Graphs
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Arrhenius Plot for Change in Elongation at Break with Time

Compound N9
1000.000

100.000
Time (days) to end point

10.000

1.000
0.00220 0.00225 0.00230 0.00235 0.00240 0.00245 0.00250 0.00255 0.00260 0.00265 0.00270 0.00275
Reciprocal Temperature (kelvin)

Figure 5

Arrhenius Plot for Change in Hardness with Time

Compound B for 10% Change
1000.000
Time (days) to end point

100.000

10.000

1.000
0.002650 0.002700 0.002750 0.002800 0.002850 0.002900 0.002950
Reciprocal Temperature (kelvin)

Figure 6
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 Appendix 4
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Arrhenius Plot for Change in Hardness with Time

Compound R
1000

100
Time (days) to end point

10

1
0.00265 0.00270 0.00275 0.00280 0.00285 0.00290 0.00295
Reciprocal Temperature (Kelvin)

Figure 7

WLF Temperature Shifted Elongation at Break - Compound M

Reference Temperature = 40C

100C 70C 80C 90C

500

400
Elongation at break (%)

300

200

100

0
1 10 100 1,000
Time (Months)

Figure 8
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 Example Graphs
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WLF Temperature Shifted Elongation at Break - Compound K

Reference Temperature = 23C

80C 90C 100C 70C 120C

700

600

500
Elongation at break (%)

400

300

200

100

0
0 1 10 100 1,000
Time (Months)

Figure 9

WLF Temperature Shifted Hardness - Compound B

Reference Temperature = 23C
100C 70C 80C 90C
100

95

90
Hardness (Micro-IRHD)

85

80

75

70

65

60
0 1 10 100 1,000
Time (Months)

Figure 10
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 Appendix 4
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WLF Temperature Shifted Hardness - Compound R

Reference Temperature = 23C

100C 70C 80C 90C

100

95

90
Hardness (Micro-IRHD)

85

80

75

70

65

60

55

50
1 10 100 1,000
Time (Months)

Figure 11
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Copyright 2001. Rapra Technology Ltd. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright

Rapra Technology Limited

Rapra Technology is the leading independent international
organisation with over 80 years of experience providing technology,
information and consultancy on all aspects of rubber and plastics.

The company has extensive processing, testing and analytical

facilities housed in over 7,500 sq. metres of laboratory and
production space. It provides testing to a range of national and
international standards and offers UKAS accredited airborne
hazard monitoring and analytical services. Rapra also undertakes
commercially focused innovative research projects through multi-
client participation. Its expertise is disseminated through reports,
training and software products including computerised
knowledge-based systems.

Rapra publishes and sells books, journals, technological and

business surveys, conference proceedings and trade directories.
Rapra Abstracts is the worlds most comprehensive database of
commercial and technical information on rubbers and plastics.

ISBN: 1-85957-274-X

Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shropshire SY4 4NR, United Kingdom

Telephone: +44 (0)1939 250383 Fax: +44 (0)1939 251118
http://www.rapra.net
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