Swiss Confederation

Federal Department of the Environment,

Transport, Energy and Communications DETEC
Federal Roads Office FEDRO

Directive Edition 2009 V1.05

Road tunnel doors and gates

ASTRA 13011 ASTRA FEDRO USTRA UVIAS

 ASTRA 13011 | Road tunnel doors and gates

Imprint

Authors / Working Group

Berner, Marcel (FEDRO, chairman)
Gammeter, Christian (FEDRO)
Joseph, Cdric (FEDRO)
Wyss, Martin (FEDRO)
Rohrer, Karl (bridges and roads department OW)
Roffler, Christian (consultant engineers)
Steinemann, Urs (consultant engineers)
Zumsteg, Franz (consultant engineers)

Publisher
Federal Roads Office FEDRO
Road networks division N
Standards, research, safety SFS
3003 Berne

Dissemination
The directive may be downloaded free of charge at www.astra.admin.ch.

ASTRA 2009
Reproduction authorised for non-commercial use with acknowledgement of source.

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ASTRA 13011 | Road tunnel doors and gates

Foreword

Road tunnel safety has always been a subject of the highest importance for the Federal
Roads Office. The first priority is to avoid critical incidents which could constitute a threat
to human life, the environment and the tunnel infrastructure. Secondly, it is necessary to
ensure that tunnel users directly affected by incidents such as fires and accidents have
the benefit of the best possible conditions for reaching safety by their own efforts. When
an incident does occur, the first ten to fifteen minutes are crucial for the tunnel users to
get themselves to safety and for the situation to be brought under control. All of this
presupposes the existence of a safe escape route for the users. In the following phase, it
is a question of ensuring that the emergency services are deployed efficiently and
effectively.

In this perspective, road tunnel doors have a doubly important role: on the one hand, they
must form a barrier against toxic gases and, on the other, they must permit for users and
the emergency services to move freely.

The special conditions that apply in road tunnels place demands on the doors that far
exceed the ordinary requirements of building construction. The implementation and
operability of the doors must comply with the specifications laid down by the laws in force
for road tunnels. The standardisation of the escape route doors in Switzerland's road
tunnels will help users to react automatically and correctly to an emergency situation and
thus contribute to limiting the extent of the damage.

Federal Roads Office

Rudolf Dieterle, Dr. sc.

Director

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Contents

Imprint ................................................................................................................................ 2
Foreword ............................................................................................................................ 3

1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 7
1.1 Purpose of the directive ...................................................................................................... 7
1.2 Scope .................................................................................................................................. 7
1.3 Target audience .................................................................................................................. 7
1.4 Entry into force and modifications ....................................................................................... 7

2 Terminology and functions .............................................................................................. 8

2.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 8
2.2 Terminology......................................................................................................................... 8
2.3 Escape route doors ............................................................................................................. 9
2.3.1 Function............................................................................................................................... 9
2.3.2 Opening system .................................................................................................................. 9
2.3.3 Opening mechanism ........................................................................................................... 9
2.3.4 Special features connected with emergency exit doors and airlock doors ....................... 10
2.4 SOS niche doors ............................................................................................................... 10
2.5 Service doors / service gates ............................................................................................ 10

3 Requirements .................................................................................................................. 12
3.1 Size of door opening ......................................................................................................... 12
3.2 Windows ............................................................................................................................ 13
3.3 Opening force / automatic closure .................................................................................... 13
3.4 Configuration of door sills .................................................................................................. 13
3.5 Doorstops .......................................................................................................................... 13
3.6 Fire protection ................................................................................................................... 13
3.7 Seal requirements ............................................................................................................. 14
3.8 Pressure strain .................................................................................................................. 15
3.9 Service life ......................................................................................................................... 15
3.10 Requirements applicable to materials and equipment ...................................................... 15
3.11 Paintwork and colour ......................................................................................................... 16
3.12 Door monitoring ................................................................................................................. 16

4 Maintenance..................................................................................................................... 17

Annexes ........................................................................................................................... 19

Glossary ........................................................................................................................... 23
Bibliography .................................................................................................................... 24
List of modifications ....................................................................................................... 25

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1 Introduction

1.1 Purpose of the directive

This directive describes the functional and technical requirements applying to road tunnel
doors for pedestrians and gates for vehicles, with a view to standardising their
configuration and execution. Relying on the tunnel designs currently in use, the directive
lays down the principles and criteria determining their method of opening, as well as the
requirements determining their execution and their use in road tunnels.

1.2 Scope
This directive applies to the planning, design, production and utilisation of road tunnel
doors and gates. It must be taken into consideration for the building of new tunnels, as
well as for the renovation of existing facilities.

1.3 Target audience

This directive is intended for the owners, designers and operators of road tunnels.

1.4 Entry into force and modifications

This 2009 edition of the Road tunnel doors and gates directive will come into force on
01.09.2009. The modifications are listed on page 25.

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2 Terminology and functions

In the remainder of the text, we will not systematically distinguish between pedestrian
doors and vehicle gates but will simply use the term door.

2.1 Introduction
The following points must be noted with regard to the design and construction of tunnel
doors:
The use of the doors and number of persons who could be found in front of them at
the same time are minimal.
The air pressure on the doors could reach several hundred Pascals due to one or
more of the following phenomena:
o overpressure produced by the fans in the safety gallery;
o traffic dynamics;
o highly variable traffic flows during the first minutes following an incident, a
period which falls within the self-rescue phase;
o operation of the ventilation system in the traffic space;
o natural pressure differences in tunnels with a steep gradient.
Pressure-related design criteria are described in two directives, namely
ASTRA 13001 Ventilation of road tunnels [1] and ASTRA 13002 Ventilation of road
tunnel safety galleries [2].
Emergency exit doors1 must guarantee adequate protection against fire and ensure
the overpressure of the escape routes.
The tunnel environment imposes high requirements in respect of the materials used.

2.2 Terminology
Different types of doors may be distinguished on the basis of their functions (cf. Glossary,
p. 23):

Escape route door

emergency exit door
intermediate door
airlock door
outside door
All of the escape route doors may be incorporated into the service gates.

SOS niche door

SOS niche door

Service door / service gate

service door
service gate, including airlock gate

1
emergency exit door: Door situated in the traffic space and indicated as an emergency exit. It gives onto the
outside, the second tube, a cross passage or an escape gallery leading directly to the outside. It never forms
part of an airlock.

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2.3 Escape route doors

2.3.1 Function
The escape route doors are situated along the marked escape route leading from the
traffic space to the outside. They must be ready for use at all times by tunnel users in the
direction of escape.

2.3.2 Opening system

As the type of door opening system has implications for the civil engineering, it must be
specified at an early stage. In general, sliding doors will be used. These have the
advantage of being opened easily and without danger even in the event of large pressure
differences.

Sliding doors can be used in both directions of escape. It is for this reason that, in
cut-and-cover tunnels with only a single door between the two tubes, all doors on the
escape route must be sliding doors.

If swing doors are used on escape routes, they must open only in the direction of escape.
Swing doors that open in both directions are not authorised.

Choice between sliding doors and swing doors

Swing doors may be used only if they can be guaranteed to function at all times. The
proper functioning of a swing door must be established by a technical evaluation, taking
into consideration ventilation. The traffic and ventilation levels may change following an
incident. These considerations must be taken into account throughout the tunnel system
(traffic space and safety galleries).

Suitability
Type of tunnel
Sliding door Swing door
2-tube tunnel
without cross passage2 (cut-and-cover tunnel, dividing wall between
the tubes) yes no i)
with cross passage (mine style) yes yes ii)
1-tube tunnel
with parallel safety gallery3 (with over-pressure) yes no
with escape gallery4 (with over-pressure) yes no
with escape gallery (without over-pressure) yes yes ii)
door giving directly onto the outside yes yes ii)
i)
For reasons of space and direction of opening.
ii)
To be supported by calculations taking into consideration the special conditions prevailing during an incident.

Fig. 2.1 Suitability of opening system for doors on escape routes.

2.3.3 Opening mechanism

Escape route doors must open easily and at all times in the direction of escape. The
opening mechanisms must be simple and easy to understand (cf. chap. 3.3).

The handles serving to open the doors situated along the escape routes must be
designed for opening with both hands. The doors must have only a single handle to open
them. The method of opening them is indicated by a photoluminescent yellow arrow
printed on a green background like the escape route symbol (fig. 2.2, 3.2, and I.1). Panic
bars are not allowed on road tunnel doors.

2
cross passage: Passage between two tunnel tubes or between a tube and a safety gallery.
3
Safety gallery: Gallery generally parallel to the tunnel tube, connected to the traffic space by cross passages
and closed by an airlock at each end.
4
Escape gallery: Gallery leading directly from an emergency exit to the outside. If an escape gallery is longer
than 30 m or if there is difference in height of over 3 m between the way out and the emergency exit door, it is
necessary to provide mechanical ventilation and an airlock door.

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60 - 80 cm
4 cm

4 cm

30 cm
60 cm
20

m
8c m
8c

Sliding door with no latch mechanism; opening to the Sliding door with latch mechanism; opening to the
right. right.

Fig. 2.2 Dimensions of escape route door handles, sliding door type.(for swing doors,
cf. Annexe I)
(Remark: the arrow is yellow photoluminescent.)

2.3.4 Special features connected with emergency exit doors and airlock
doors
Emergency exit door
In principle, emergency exit doors must always be of the sliding door type.

Airlock door / airlock gate

Airlock-type doors must be so designed that only one door can open at a time. It must
remain possible for the doors to open even in the event of a power cut. The opening of an
airlock door from the outside towards the inside of the tunnel must be possible only with a
key (switch). Photoelectric cells may be used to trigger the automatic opening and closing
of the doors; a switch on the airlock will permit the automatic mechanism to be activated
and deactivated.

The automatic operation of an airlock vehicle door must be the object of an approval.

2.4 SOS niche doors

SOS niche doors serve to protect the SOS niche from the noise and dust of the traffic
space.

SOS niche doors must be of the swing door type. All of the cable ducts of the SOS niches
must be watertight (SIA 197/2, paragraph 8.8.2.1 [11]).

2.5 Service doors / service gates

Service doors and service gates are reserved exclusively for use by the maintenance
teams and emergency services.

Service door
To ensure a tight seal, the service doors must be of the swing door type. If in special
cases a service door has to be opened in the direction of an over-pressure zone, a sliding
door may be installed.

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Service gate
Service gates must incorporate a pedestrian door (escape route door or service door). It
must not be possible for service gates to be opened from the outside or from the traffic
space by tunnel users. In principle, service gates must be of the swing gate type. They
must be designed in such a way that there is no danger of them bursting open or
slamming shut due to large pressure differences.

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3 Requirements

3.1 Size of door opening

The minimum sizes for door openings and the accessibility requirements of the cross
passages for vehicles are laid down in the standard SIA 197/2, paragraphs 8.8.4 to 8.8.7
[11].

In principle, it is not necessary for the safety galleries and cross passages to be
accessible to vehicles. Safety galleries which, for technical reasons, have a width
permitting vehicle access will be fitted with airlock gates designed exclusively for the
passage of maintenance vehicles.

With a view to standardising doors, efforts will be made to comply with the following
dimensions for free space with the doors open:

Fig. 3.1 Size of opening for the various doors (free space)
Type Opening width [m] Opening height [m]
Escape route door 1.25 2.10
SOS niche door (minimum dimensions) 0.80 2.00
Service door 0.85 2.00
Service gate 4.00 4.30
Airlock gate 2.50 2.30

The signs on the escape route doors must comply with the conditions laid down in [3].
2.1 m

1.25 m
~ 1.40
ca. 1.40mm ca. 1.40 m

Fig. 3.2 Dimensions of escape route doors, sliding door type.

Example presented: sliding door with latch mechanism (seen in the direction of escape);
swing door cf. Annexe I.
(Remark:- The arrow is yellow photoluminescent.
- The sign emergency exit door consists of a photoluminescent white silhouette; the yellowish
representation means photoluminescent. (cf. Annexe II).)

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3.2 Windows
Airlock doors must be fitted with a window.

The design of the SOS niche doors is governed by standard SIA 197/2, paragraph 8.8.2.1
[11]. The width of the window is 0.3 m and its height at least 80 % of the height of the
door.

All other types of door and gate must be windowless.

3.3 Opening force / automatic closure

Escape route doors must be designed for opening with a maximum force of 120 N. This
opening force must not be exceeded under the most unfavourable ventilation conditions
for door opening, taking into consideration wear and maintenance cycles.
In order to satisfy these requirements, the opening force at the time of first entry into
service must be less than 100 N under the most unfavourable ventilation conditions for
door opening, i.e. the operating conditions prevailing in the event of an incident.

Any measures intended to reduce the opening force must be simple and reliable. Electro-
mechanical assistance for the opening of escape route doors is prohibited.

An automatic closing system that does not rely on external power is required for
emergency exit doors, outside doors, airlock doors and SOS niche doors. The system
must be easy to use at all times and must guarantee the safety of users.

In general, service gates are opened and closed manually.

3.4 Configuration of door sills

Escape route doors should not have any sill. Projections with a height of less than 4 cm
are not considered to be door sills.

3.5 Doorstops
Sliding doors must open to the right in the direction of escape and swing doors must open
by pivoting towards a doorstop on the right in the direction of escape.

In principle, emergency exit doors must close on the back of the door in the direction of
escape. By way of exception, sliding doors may be fitted in such a way as to close on the
front of the door in the direction of escape.

3.6 Fire protection

The fire stop requirements for the doors are as follows:

Escape route doors

Emergency exit door - EI230-C
Intermediate door - no requirement
Airlock door - no requirement
Outside door - no requirement

SOS niche doors

SOS niche door - no requirement

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Service doors / Service gates

Service door giving onto the traffic space: EI230-C
All other service doors: no requirement
Service gate giving onto the traffic space: EI230-C
All other service gates: no requirement

3.7 Seal requirements

Emergency exit doors
Emergency exit doors giving onto the safety galleries, escape galleries leading directly to
the outside and pressure ventilated cross passages may have leaks up to a maximum of
0.15 m3/s, in the case of a pressure difference of 50 Pa in the direction of escape. A
minimum airflow5 is required through each emergency exit [2]. This airflow may be
adjusted by arranging openings next to the doors.
The same seal requirements apply to the emergency exit doors of cross passages
without mechanical ventilation. The purpose of this is twofold, firstly to protect the cross
passages from the dust in the traffic spaces and, secondly, to ensure standardised door
construction.

Intermediate doors
There are no special requirements for the sealing of intermediate doors. For functional
reasons [2], it is necessary to arrange openings of at least 0.25 m2 next to the
intermediate doors.

Airlock doors and airlock gates

Well-sealed airlock doors and airlock gates reduce ventilation losses in normal operation.
An accepted reference value for closed airlock doors is a leak equivalent to an airflow of
0.15 m3/s at a pressure difference of 50 Pa.

Outside doors
Outside doors are subject to the same leak requirements as emergency exit doors.

Service gates
Service gates giving onto the traffic space are subject to the same leak requirements as
emergency exit doors.

5 To ventilate safety galleries [2] and prevent dust penetration, an over-pressure of 50 Pa is needed to induce
an airflow of 0.2 to 0.4 m3/s through the doors. For escape galleries leading directly to the outside, the airflow
must lie between 0.5 and 1.0 m3/s, with the same over-pressure of 50 Pa.

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3.8 Pressure strain

The doors giving onto the traffic space must be designed to withstand pressure variations
ranging from +2 000 Pa to -2 000 Pa in 0.3 s and from -2 000 Pa to +2 000 Pa in 0.3 s.
(cf. fig. 3.3)

2000
Pressure [Pa]in Pa
Druckdifferenz

4000 Pa

0
Zeit
Time [s]

-2000
0.3
0.3sec
s 0.3
0.3sec
s
Fig. 3.3 Pressure variations to be taken into consideration for the design of doors and
gates giving onto the traffic space.

It is also necessary to allow for the recurrence and persistence of such pressure
variations. Due to traffic movements, the doors giving onto the traffic space are subject to
continuous variations in pressure through their service life.

3.9 Service life

The doors, including their fixings, frames, tracks, thermal insulation6 and bearings, must
be designed for a service life of at least 30 years.

3.10 Requirements applicable to materials and equipment

In selecting materials, it is necessary to take into consideration the special requirements
imposed by tunnels and their infrastructures.

The doors and gates must continue operating perfectly even after being subjected for
years to such conditions as:
vehicle exhaust gases;
road dust;
de-icing salt;
alkaline water and runoff containing sulphates;
water containing detergents jetted at pressures of 6 7 bar;
mechanical strain due to the rotation of cleaning brushes;
mechanical strain due to recurrent and persistent pressure variations generated by
traffic movements;
ambient temperatures ranging from -25C to +45C;
a relative humidity of up to 100 %.

6 The door and gate construction must prevent the detachment of their thermal insulation.

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3.11 Paintwork and colour

Emergency exit doors, SOS niche doors and the like must be constructed in such a way
that they can be painted. Careful attention must be paid to preparation as well as to
painting. The paint must be compatible with the door material and must withstand the
aggressive conditions prevailing in road tunnels over a service life of 30 years.

Both sides of the escape route doors must be painted in green (RAL 6029).

3.12 Door monitoring

Emergency exit doors, airlock doors, airlock gates and service gates giving onto the
traffic space must be monitored. Their opening must trigger an alarm in the control
centre.

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4 Maintenance

Doors and gates must be designed for ease of maintenance. This applies to tunnel
cleaning, door maintenance in general and sliding door tracks in particular.

The operating instructions will specify the tasks and responsibilities with regard to regular
maintenance.

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Annexes

I Swing-type escape route doors ..................................................................................... 21

II Sign emergency exit door........................................................................................... 22

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I Swing-type escape route doors

The use of swing-type doors for emergency exits 7 is authorised only in justified
exceptional cases.

2.1 m
1.25 m 1.25 m

Fig. I.1 Dimensions of swing-type emergency exit doors.

(Remark:- The arrow is yellow photoluminescent.
- The sign emergency exit door consists of a photoluminescent white silhouette; the yellowish
representation means photoluminescent. (cf. Annexe II).)

7
Emergency exit door: door situated in the traffic space and indicated as an emergency exit door. It gives onto
the outside, the second tube, a cross passage or an escape gallery leading directly to the outside. The door can
never form part of an airlock.

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II Sign emergency exit door

44 235 17 160 44

10

112
314
680
700

275
10

500

Fig. II.1 Dimension of the sign emergency exit door [mm].

(Remark: the yellowish representation means photoluminescent.)

The sign emergency exit door consists of a photoluminescent white silhouette on green
bottom (RAL 6029).

Place: very visible on all the escape route doors 8. The sign must be only affixed on the
side of the door in the direction of escape.

8
escape route door : Generic term covering all of the doors along the escape route.

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Glossary

Term Meaning
airlock Space delimited by two doors closing manually or automatically in opposite directions
from each other. The purpose of the airlock is to establish a permanently controlled
over-pressure. Certain airlocks are reserved exclusively for the passage of persons,
others also serve for the passage of cars and small maintenance vehicles.
(sas, Schleuse)
airlock door Airlock door connecting the safety galleries with the outside (2 doors).
(porte de sas, Schleusentr)
airlock gate Airlock gate connecting the safety galleries with the outside (2 doors). It is a service
gate intended for the passage of maintenance vehicles and the emergency services.
(porte de sas carrossable, Schleusentor)
cross passage Passage between two tunnel tubes or between a tube and a safety gallery.
(liaison transversale, Querverbindung)
emergency exit door Door situated in the traffic space and indicated as an emergency exit. It gives onto the
outside, the second tube, a cross passage or an escape gallery leading directly to the
outside. It never forms part of an airlock.
(porte dissue de secours, Notausgangstr)
escape gallery Gallery leading directly from an emergency exit to the outside. If an escape gallery is
longer than 30 m or if there is difference in height of over 3 m between the way out
and the emergency exit door, it is necessary to provide mechanical ventilation and an
airlock door.
(galerie de fuite, Fluchtstollen)
escape route Signposted route leading from the traffic space to the outside (SIA 197/2).
(chemin de fuite, Fluchtweg)
escape route door Generic term covering all of the doors along the escape route.
(porte de chemin de fuite, Fluchtwegtr)
gate A gate intended for the passage of maintenance vehicles and emergency vehicles.
(porte carrossable, Tor)
intermediate door Door situated outside the traffic space between an emergency exit door and the open
air (e.g. between a cross passage and a safety gallery). It must be possible for
persons escaping to open the door. The door does not form part of an airlock.
(porte intermdiaire, Zwischentr)
outside door Door giving onto the outside from an escape gallery without pressurised ventilation.
(porte extrieure, Aussentr)
safety gallery Gallery generally parallel to the tunnel tube, connected to the traffic space by cross
passages and closed by an airlock at each end.
(galerie de scurit, Sicherheitsstollen (SISTO))
self-rescue escape route Route leading from the present location in the traffic space to the emergency exit.
(chemin de fuite pour lautosauvetage, Fluchtweg zur Selbstrettung)
service door Service door reserved exclusively for use by the maintenance teams and the
emergency services. It may be incorporated anywhere.
(porte de service, Servicetr)
service gate Service gate reserved exclusively for use by the maintenance teams and the
emergency services. It may be incorporated anywhere, its size being determined by
its intended application. Service gates must incorporate a pedestrian door.
(porte de service carrossable, Servicetor)
sliding door A door which opens by a lateral displacement of its leaf.
(porte coulissante, Schiebetr)
SOS niche door Door giving onto an SOS niche and serving to protect it from the noise and dust of the
traffic space.
(porte de niche SOS, SOS-Tr)
swing door Door which opens and closes by a rotational movement around a vertical axis.
(porte battants, Flgeltr)

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Bibliography

[1] Federal Roads Office FEDRO (2008), Ventilation of road tunnels, ASTRA directive 13001, V2.01,
www.astra.admin.ch.
[2] Federal Roads Office FEDRO (2008), Ventilation of road tunnel safety galleries, ASTRA directive
13002, V1.02, www.astra.admin.ch.
[3] Federal Roads Office FEDRO (2009), Safety equipment signs in road tunnels, ASTRA directive
13010, V2.00, www.astra.admin.ch.
[4] European Standards Committee ESC (2006), Fire resistance and smoke control tests for door and
shutter assemblies, openable windows and elements of building hardware - Part 1: Fire resistance
test for doors and shutter assemblies and openable windows, EN 1634-1.
[5] European Standards Committee ESC (2007), Fixed vertical road traffic signs Part 1: Fixed signs,
EN 12899-1.
[6] Swiss Confederation (1960), Federal Act of 8 March 1960 concerning the national roads (NRA),
RS 725.11, www.admin.ch.
[7] Swiss Confederation (2007), Order of 7 November 2007 concerning the national roads (NRO),
RS 725.111, www.admin.ch.
[8] Swiss Confederation (1958), Federal Act of 19 December 1958 concerning road traffic (RTA),
RS 741.01, www.admin.ch.
[9] Swiss Confederation (1979), Order of 5 September 1979 concerning road signs (RSO), RS 741.21,
www.admin.ch.
[10] Swiss Society of Engineers and Architects SIA (2004), Tunnel projects General bases, SIA standard
197.
[11] Swiss Society of Engineers and Architects SIA (2004), Tunnel projects Road tunnels, SIA standard
197/2.
[12] Swiss Association of Road and Transport Professionals VSS (2005), Road signs Application of
retroreflecting materials and lighting, SN 640871.

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List of modifications

Edition Version Date Modifications

2009 1.05 23.01.2015 Formal modifications.
2009 1.03 31.03.2011 Fig. 2.1,3.2, I.1, II.2: precision concerning the representation of the
photoluminescent panels.
2009 1.02 27.05.2010 Chap. 2.5 Service gate, add by tunnel users: It must not be possible
for service gates to be opened from the outside or from the traffic space
by tunnel users.
2009 1.01 27.04.2010 Publication of the English version.
2009 1.00 01.09.2009 Entry into force of the 2009 edition (original German version).

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