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Textured and Porous Materials
Textured and Porous Materials
TEXTURED AND
POROUS MATERIALS
TEXTURED AND POROUS MATERIALS
POROUS MATERIALS
Porous materials contain many pores.
TEXTURED AND POROUS MATERIALS
TEXTURED MATERIALS
chemical reactivity
and resistance to Weldability and
radiation damage magnetic
susceptibility
They are material properties can be highly dependent on the materials texture and related changes in
microstructure.
TEXTURED AND POROUS MATERIALS
TEXTURED MATERIALS
Numerous materials (metals, ceramics, natural and Common Materials used in Orthopedic and Dental Applications for Fabricating Porous Coatings or Porous Scaffolds
Common Methods
synthetic polymers) can be textured or rendered Ceramics
MATERIAL
Hydroxyapatite (HA)
to render Porous
Plasma-spray
Advantages Disadvantages
Similar composition and Coatings: Long-term
porous using a wide variety of techniques (Sun et al., 2001;
Karageorgiou and
Natural coral
Calcium phosphate
(coating)
Sinter (scaffold)
structure to natural bone stability (i.e. resportion,
Enhanced delamination)
Kaplan, 2005; based material osseointegration using Scaffolds: Brittle, slow
Simske et al., 1997) Amorphous glasses apatite-like materials degradation
Biocompatible Not amenable to
Easy to render porous machining
Low corrosion Difficult to control pore
sizes of naturally
occurring ceramics
Metals (Sun et al., 2001; Titanium (Ti) and Ti Plasma spray Bioinert Corrosion related
Karageorgiou and alloys Sinter Excellent mechanical complications
Kaplan, 2005; Simske Cobalt-chromium Grit-blast properties (i.e. less Stress shielding
et al., 1997; Ryan et al., (Co-Cr) and Co-Cr Wire mesh susceptible to fatigue complications from
2006; Bobyn et al., 1999) alloys Combustion than ceramics, polymers) significantly higher
Tantalum synthesis Youngs modulus than
Vapor deposition bone
Synthetic Polymers Poly lacticide (PLA) Salt leaching Scaffolds can easily Lack mechanical
(Karageorgiou and Poly glycolide (PGA) Gas foaming be tailored to meet strength
Kaplan, 2005; Simske Poly ethylene glycol Electrospinning application
et al., 1997; Ryan et al., (PEG) Sintering Amicable for growth
2006) Polyvinyl alcohol factor incorporation,
(PVA) supporting cells
Polyethylene
terephthalate (PET)
polyurethane
The Benefit And Challenges Used of Textured and Porous Materials
BONE GROWTH
POROUS MATERIALS Naturally porous of bone, pore
size 1 100m
FOR JOIN REPLACEMENT Latest study required pore
size from porous materials
less than 100m
b. Sagittal view
of human orbit
showing
placement of
WHY TEXTURED AND POROUS MATERIALS ? orbital implant.
ORBITAL IMPLANT have important consideration
include : fit, optimized prosthesis motility, and
minimized long-term complications, such as
implant exposure, extrusion, migration, and
infection
The Benefit And Challenges Used of Textured and Porous Materials
STIMULATING TISSUE INGROWTH
- Texturing to Improve healing and restore Motion in Eye Implants -
Hydroxyapatite (HA)
Good biocompability, , suturing this to the
extraocular muscles is difficult, roughness of
HA also makes more challenging.
Porous polyethylene (PPE)
CHALLENGES : flexible, easily molded, relatively inexpensive, and can
Porous orbital materials are stiffer in relation be sutured to surrounding tissue. PPE appears to incite
less inflammation and fibrosis than HA.
to the conjunctiva and surrounding tissue
Aluminum oxide (AO)
robust, biocompatible, easy to manufacture, and
less expensive than HA, is the newest porous
material used in orbital implants, with only one
commercially available implant
The Benefit And Challenges Used of Textured and Porous Materials
DISRUPTING FIBROSIS
- Texturing to Disrupt Capsular Contracture of Breast Prostheses -
BREAST AUGMENTATION
All breast implants are constructed with a smoothed or textured shell of silicone elastomer, a
material pervasively used in medical devices
.
01 PROBLEM IN BREAST AUGMENTATION
Most common complication in breast augmentation surgery, with longterm contracture
02 incidence reported at 1525%.
FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO BREAST IMPLANT CAPSULAR CONTRACTURE
03 including implant surface, implant placement, implant shape, bacterial infection, bleeding,
surgical technique, post-operative care, and patient health.
CHALLENGES
Texturing reduces contracture incidence or
01 simply delays contracture onset
CHALLENGES
Disrupting the smooth surface with texturing
02 influences collagen arrangement and structure,
macrophage population, micromotion, and risk of
infection
CHALLENGES
Patient preference suggests that breast firmness
is not a definitive factor in deciding which type of
03 breast implant is preferred. Textured implants
often have an unnatural feel, because textured
implant shells lack flexibility
The Benefit And Challenges Used of Textured and Porous Materials
DISRUPTING FIBROSIS
- Texturing to Minimize Fibrotic Encapsulation of Glaucoma Drainage Devices-
GLAUCOMA DRAINAGE DEVICE WHY TEXTURED AND
GLAUCOMA DRAINAGE DEVICE Glaucoma is the obstruction of POROUS MATERIALS ?
aqueous drainage that causes the
Implant material, rigidity,
intraocular pressure (IOP) to
flexibility, and shape are potential
increase to the point of nerve
contributors to long-term device
damage
failure. Micromotion of a smooth,
rigid plate against the scleral
surface has also been attributed
Glaucoma drainage devices (GDDs) to exacerbating scar tissue
are silicone tubes inserted into the formation by causing constant,
anterior chamber of the eye. low-grade inflammation.
Attached to the tube is a plate that
is sutured beneath the conjunctiva.
Schematic of glaucoma drainage To Reduce micromotion using a
device placement in eye. POROUS PLATE (50m pore size
(Ahmed Glaucoma Valve Over two to four years, a thick silicone attached to smooth
glaucoma drain, New fibrous capsule forms around the plate).
World Medical, Inc.) device, causing the filtering bleb to
fail at least 20% of the time
The Benefit And Challenges Used of Textured and Porous Materials
DISRUPTING FIBROSIS
- Texturing to Minimize Fibrotic Encapsulation of Glaucoma Drainage Devices-
PROMOTING ANGIOGENESIS
- Improving Long-Term Performance of Vascular Grafts -
PERCUTANEOUS DEVICES
Provides route to infection
and increases complications EXCEPT METODE (NOT
associated with wound non- USED POROUS
closure
MATERIALS)
antibiotics
CHALLENGES
smooth surface implants Perimigration
parallel collagen fibers against smooth Competition between macrophages, giant cells, and
surfaces create poorly integrated, avascular fibroblasts within the pores prevents connective
capsules prone to separation from the tissue maturation and scar tissue formation
implant during wound contracture (Kim et
al.,2006).
Topographical approaches
Topographical approaches for improving long-term sensor performance were first proposed by Woodward (1982), who
suggested that the best coating for an implanted glucose sensor was a sponge that encourages tissue ingrowth and disrupts
fibrosis
Example of a: (a) Medtronic Mini Med SOF-SENSOR TM glucose sensor; and (b) an experimental porous poly-L-lactic
acid (PLLA) coating applied to the sensor tip for investigational purposes. Inset: environmental scanning electron
microscope image of porous PLLA coating fabricated using salt-leaching/gas foaming with ammonium bicarbonate
(NH4 HCO3). (Koschwanez, H. E. (2006). Unpublished data.) Courtesy of John Wiley and Sons.
The Benefit And Challenges Used of Textured and Porous Materials
PROMOTING ANGIOGENESIS
- Porous Coatings to Improve Glucose and Oxygen Transport to Implanted Sensors -
The Benefit And Challenges Used of Textured and Porous Materials
PROMOTING ANGIOGENESIS
- Porous Coatings to Improve Glucose and Oxygen Transport to Implanted Sensors -
Variations in pore size and pore
structure
A Variations in pore size and pore structure
Limit the conclusions that can be drawn about how
A
pore size influences tissue response
B Sensor failure in vivo
Effect of pore size on bone Combination Ti/PEEK ALIF cage Porous Titanium-6 Aluminum-4
ingrowth into porous titanium for anterior lumbar interbody Vanadium Cage Has Better
implants fabricated by additive fusion: Early clinical and Osseointegration and Less
manufacturing: An in vivo radiological results Micromotion Than a Poly-Ether-
experiment Ether-Ketone Cage in Sheep
In this study, the clinical and Vertebral Fusion
radiological outcomes of a
combination titanium/ In this study, we developed a porous
In this study, we evaluated the effect polyetheretherketone (Ti/PEEK) ALIF Ti cage using electron beam melting
of pore size with constant porosity cages in one, two and three-level (EBM) technique to reduce its elastic
on in vivo bone ingrowth in rabbits surgery were evaluated modulus and compared its spinal
into porous titanium implants fusion efficacy with a PEEK cage in a
manufactured by SLM. preclinical sheep anterior cervical
fusion model.
Longterm Effect Of Optimum Pore Size Between Titanium Implants And
Combination Ti/PEEK On The Posterior Interbody Lumbar Spine
Effect of pore size on bone ingrowth into Combination Ti/PEEK ALIF cage for Porous Titanium-6 Aluminum-4
porous titanium implants fabricated by anterior lumbar interbody fusion: Early Vanadium Cage Has Better
additive manufacturing: An in vivo clinical and radiological results Osseointegration and Less Micromotion
experiment Than a Poly-Ether-Ether-Ketone Cage in
In this study, we have found that utilizing
Sheep Vertebral Fusion
Ti/PEEK interbody cages containing
Three porous titanium implants (with an Allograft and BMP-2, in one, two and
In the sheep anterior spinal fusion model, the
intended porosity of 65% and pore sizes three-level ALIF procedures, proved to be implantation of porous Ti cages fabricated by
of 300, 600, and 900 m, designated the an effective treatment for Lumbar electron beam melting can achieve rapid bone
P300, P600, and P900 implants, spondylotic radiculopathy and back pain. ingrowth. In addition, they have better bone-
respectively) were manufactured by SLM, There were no patients with lucency or material integration and mechanical stability
were evaluated and verified using halo adjacent to the titanium endplates at than PEEK cages. The Ti cage eliminates the
microfocus X-ray computed tomography. the 3-month postoperative mark, need for autografting to fill up the cage, which
Bone ingrowth was evaluated by their greatly simplifies the surgical procedure and
consistent with bone/Titanium
makes it very suitable for patients with
implantation as cylindrical porous incorporation. insufficient auto-grafts. This new cage has great
titanium implants into the cancellous clinical potential.
bone of the rabbit femur for 2, 4, and 8
weeks.
Longterm Effect Of Optimum Pore Size Between Titanium Implants And
Combination Ti/PEEK On The Posterior Interbody Lumbar Spine