Akh Laki Yat

Harbe Fi Islam fin.
13/01/16 14:13 Page 1
SEG G bNCG
FdG HHCG bEG fi .P
2014/`g1435 ` jEG ` adGh dGh Hd eSEG G GQe

Harbe Fi Islam fin. 19/09/14 8:33 Page 2
2014 MO 2743 : fdG GjEG bQ

978-9981-26-602-5 : eOQ
jEG dGh VdGh dG
HG G ` HdG `
Harbe Fi Islam22 16/09/14 8:26 Page 3
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EG kYGOh Gk jfh Gk H , ,kGfi dG q dG dSQ J dG H
FdGh G EGh dG S EG dG j ,kGe kLGSh fPEH dG
G Y FdG dG Y j q kjO SEG ,s `Lh s `Y dG Lh .Gh
fEG Mh jGh LGdGh G IGhGh IOGh MdGh
jh ,edGh dG BGdG H QdGh jdGh edGh
GPEG EG ,G e SSCG Y dG e SSCG Y dG H bdG
dG EG AdG ,WhCG Y GhdG q Uh dG Y adG YGhO bG
YdG HGdGh hd kàh ,Y jH gb V ,c g dG
.G g e Ljo dEG jdGh ,gQWEG QGdG eCG dhCG j dG
,HK dM dh ,ka jQGVG dM eSEG QG a
e G Z e AGS ,VG Gg Gc ne j j c
AGQh GbfG eSEG UCG hP H e M hCG ,HdG
g jdG ,SEG N gOOj dG LGQCGh dGh dG
M) jO SEG a .hCG G fEG d N ,G
OG eCG .GMCG e M CH SJ a ,Yj c (Se
,a dG G j eL eT ea ,SEG
kMUEG j bh ,dEG CeG SCGh YGhd ,ka kb j b Oa
kMUEG j bh ,SG EG hdGh UG JEG Y d kYOQh d
bCGh UCG f ,jG FSdGh dG dH d Gk Jh d
bh c ,Jh eJh jJh H VdG AGQh kSh , MCGh aCGh
,H TGh ,a dGh ,e dGh dG cG S Gk OL j
ANEd kSh ,ObG Ad IYbh ,QG Ad Sh PJGh
.fEG d keh ,YLG
-5-
,d a AS OSh ,SEG OGh G M dG c dh

dG eSEG gG W jdG jdGh jd ISa IK g
dG H M ,dG jdG dGh dG BGdG EG J dG
dG e ke ,WdH dEG JG S LJh e dGh SEd
d q dG j H ,jdGh gGdGh H HG dGh
Y SGdG WHh ,SGQdGh IGh ,G dGh ,SGdG dH
f WMEGh ,VG Gg UH eSEG dG GdG c eCG
,FSdG NGe a ,Y ee SEG YW dDe e
.SEG Y IG G dSCGh ,YG dSCGh
PSCG G MdG g ,dG AY MCG eCG Gg j CG SCG dh
Y bCG dG ,cfc ` H dG BGdG SDe je ,FdG bEG fi
kae JLa ,Y WG dG (SEG G bNCG) Hc J
a ,a dDGh VG Gd SQGdG id aGJ CG Lj dG hd
,dCG g H YG dG dG SCGh Yh YWG S d
eCG gh ,fGh ZdGh SdG e QWEG ,keT kah kjQJ `k H
Y TG ,dEG jh Y jh H qj kLe Gg Hc e L dG
.Y FGah ,YT fSCGh ,a MCGh ,jQJ ee e
Qhd IOdH TCG fEa , AGq d ebCGh dG dG GH TCG PEGh
eh ` jEG ` adGh dGh Hd eSEG G GQe V
OH fc M ,VH Vd HQ e dP ,g Y dCJ
Y eh ,eSEG adG ha HdG dCdG QgORH J dG
HG Y QJ fc dG jdG dGh jG c ,UG Lh
,OHBG QM fdG QG IFGO e Y UHh ,jdG
OdG J dG S GhQ Y IgT dG M GJ e dDe
eNh Mh YQh ,YdG dGh eSEG adG MG dG
.gbQCGh fCGh eN s LCG
.dG AGS EG OdGh aG dGh
`jdG Y H jdG Y .O
adGh dGh Hd eSEG d dG jG
-6-
SdG
5...................................................................................................................................... : ee
9.............................................................................................................................. : SG
13..................................................................................................................... :hCG dG
15...................................................... kMUGh kd G e M : hCG dG
19........................................................ SEG b dG Y G : dG dG
23...............................................gG dG IQG hG : ddG dG
29......................BGdG b SG dG G :dG dG
31.................................................................................................................. : `````````````````
35....................................................................................... IGQdG G : hCG dG
41.......................................................................................EG G : dG dG
43............................................................dG ShdG dG : ddG dG
49................................................................................................................ :ddG dG
51..................................................................... dG BGdG G : hCG dG
57.......................................................................G EG SEG If : dG dG
61.........................d kMQ Ho Sh Y dG U fi : ddG dG
-7-
63.............................................................................................................. : HGdG dG
65.............................................................. SEG OG Ue : hCG dG
73....................................................................SEG OG JGe : dG dG
77.....................................................................SEG G GOBG : ddG dG
99.............................................................................................................. :eG dG
101.......................jdG IdG G bNC Y P : hCG dG
113..................................................jG IhZ G bNCG : dG dG
121.....................................................dG IhZ G bNCG : ddG dG
129.......................................................................................................... :SOdG dG
131............................................. jGSh SdG GhZ Y If : hCG dG
157................. Sh Y dG U dG Ghd If : dG dG
167............................. Sh Y dG U dG hM QGG : ddG dG
177................................................................................................................... : dG UN
183............................................................................................................................... : G
187........................................................................................................... : LGGh QOG
-8-
SG
fi SGh AfCG q S Y dGh IdGh dG q Q d G
,Hh .eG q dG Uh dBG Yh eCG dG Y H
jO SEG qCG ,dG OGaCG e dGh dCG hPh AdG Y j
EG Yj jO ,OGdGh dGh ,dGh dG jO fCGh ,dGh Oq dGh ,FdGh q G
AL jd j jO gh ,e Qqjh q T q c Y jh ,Y qjh N c
,GVGh dGh ,OdGh dG e jh ,QgORGh q bdGh ,ANdGh eCG
GfCGh dG q H dEG YOh ,INBGh kfdG kGc kfCT d SEG L bh
pn p rdG n pe nor oJ r o oc s eu Gk pcn r ond o u n jo n odSo Qn r co ALn r bn pn p rdG n gr GC jn } ,dG
noSo onfGn Vpr Q nnsJG p ne oqdG ppH pr nj lp te lnpchn Ql of pqdG nue ocAnL r bn m pcn Yn or njhn
bh .(1 )| m p nr te mGn Up ndGE p rp jpr njhn ppfPr Ep pH Qp tdG ndGE p pn o tdG p ue o oLp r ojhn p ndG s
UCG g d G CG Th ,dG g ffEG bdG UCG q GC Qqb
jh ,feh fCT ajh fEG b j jO SEGh ,bdG j dG
eGc d AL EG fGbh SEG MCG qch ,dGh dG If dEG
jGh IGhGh MdGh da ,GGh q dG e J M h fEG
pa r o n rn Mn hn n On GAn pHn n er s cn r n ndhn } SEG d g jdGh edGh
Gh .(2 )| kr p nJ n r nNn r s eu p pcn nYn r o n rn
s ahn pn u sdyG n eu o n br Rn Qn hn p
r n rdyGhn u n rdyG
EG ATCG HCG ,Sd gREGh ,Aed Sh ,GNh QeOh ,HHh bb e a
n pco } eDG Y he eCG G qCG dG BGdG cP ddh ,jd gfCGh ,SEG

Gt p oJ rGnC n Yn hn r ond l r Nn n go hn kr Tn Gr go n rnJ rGnC n Yn hn r ond l r co n go hn o n p rdyG r or nYn
.16-15 : IFG (1 )
.70 : AGSEG (2 )
-9-
Ad GJ { : SdG jh .(3 )| no nr nJ r o rfGCn hn o nr jn o sdGhn r ond w Tn n go hn kr Tn

,QdGh dBdG EG IYO a dG BGdGh .zGhUa gd GPEGh hdG q
OGaCG H YLG hdGh fEG ANEG EG IYOh ,hdGh Gh
ocn r nNn sfGE p S o s dG n jt GnC jn } hdGh eGh CGh dG Hh MGdG G
l p Yn n `sdG sGE p r co nrJGnC p`sdG n Yp r oen n cr nCG sEGp GoaQn n n pd n pFn bn hn Hk o To r co n rn Ln hn nfGoC hn m cn Pn eu
Gho n r nJ nCG p Gn n rdG pp r n rdG p Yn r co ht Un nCG m nr b oBn Tn r os en p r jn hn } .(4 )| l pNn
o jpTn n `sdG sGE p n `sdG GoJs Ghn pGhn r o rdGhn p rKEp rdG nYn Gofhn n nJ hn irn s dGhn u prdG nYn Gofhn n nJhn
jn } .OaEG UEG EGh G dG EG Yj jO SEGh (5 )| pnp rdG
hw o Yn r ond o sfGE p p n``r dG
s pGn o``No Go ``ps nJ hn k as nc p rdG u pa GoNo Or G Go èn BG n ``jp `sdG n jt GnC
n go hn pprbn pa en nYn n `sdG o p r jo hn n rft dG pIn n rdG pa o odnr b n o p r jo en p Ss dG n pehn } (6 )| lpet
t p jo nd o `sdGhn n r s dGhn nr
n rdG n p r jo hn n pa n rp o pdp VQr nCrdG pa n Sn sdnn J GnPGE p hn p n p rdG t dn GnC
. (7 )| On nn rdG
aJh ,UEG QhO Ggh U gh fCT Gg SEG c GPEG
jYOh T b Rj a ,OdGh dG Y AdGh ,dGh eCG
jd fLh q j WHCGh GAGaGh ,Qf d Y SEG AGYCG gOOq j
GMCG e dG j e ch .?FM Y SdG gPCG dh ,JQU
SEG Y Y j kHZh kbT dG Q bCG fl HgQEG
Yh ,NBG Y gMCG j CGJ gQEGh SEG qCG Yjh ,Gh
,SSCGh UCG g dG d kbN q J SEG G qCG e ZdG
g a ,eG Ifh GhdG Oq c ,QGVHh IQhd qEG dEG Cj
AdG dhDe XJ dG jQdG MG gh INCG fhBG
.216 : IdG (3 )
.13 : GG (4)
.2 : IFG (5)
.208 : IdG (6)
.205-204 : IdG (7)
- 10 -
eCG G JQU VYh ,SEG IYO H b P e cCG IYdGh

gQKCG dG dG Y Oq dG NCHh ,gGdGh H He SdG
d VGh eCa ,dG IH fG jO SEG qCG e q V SEG AGYCG
ASd h SEG Y SdG GcE GJb e G qCG gT jQCdGh
Ghqaj CGh ,Y GhdG Oq Q g q L c H ,M H a QSGh VQCG
.INBGh fdG eGch IOS c d Gqjh ,AhdGh eCG AL jd
kjO h dG e e a J CG qCG q G'' : e gT Th
,dG dG Gg OYCG jdG LGdG GH dG aGa .(8 )''jc kS
,H SEG AGYCG H j dG dGh d kMOh Fd kc
id G Z VG H j dG LGQCG Y GOq Qh
,(Se kHM) fq j dG G Hh SEG H Hj M Sf
keJ kVQJ VQJ qfCh ,aj SEG qC ,d e J gh
.(9 )G dG Ue e
H jdG Y QcdG jG dH L q JCG CG EG j h
Y ,adGh dGh Hd eSEG d dG jG ,jdG Y
CG J dG CSCGh .AGG MCG dG Ga .dG Gg H CG dG dG
JJSCGh
q dGh Mh JM Ge jh ,dG Gg q e j
HUCGh dBG Yh N N Y J dG qUh ,eBG . q GE MCG e Lh
.LCG JjQq Ph LGhRCGh
FdG HHCG bEG fi

(dG) H dG BGdG SDe je
.YR OY LJ ,Hd SZ `72 U ,dG IQM (8)

.jdG Y H jdG Y QcdG H ,jEG GQe ,QGG SY QcdG ,SEG Gh dG dOe (9)
- 11 -
: hCG dG
kMUGh k d G e M : hCG dG
SEG b dG Y G : dG dG
gG dG IQG hG : ddG dG
hCG dG
kMUGh k d G e M
: d G
,de NCG GPEG ,HM j ,G : QG : HGYCG HG b : SdG HCG b
Lh : HMCGh ,dG gh .G WCG GPEG : Hq Mh ,Hj e Y qdO :HMCGh
jGhQ ,Ag H ,jM gJh ,fDJ ,dG f : G : dG bh .kHhfi
jbh fhOhP J jhPh fh fCG jVh jbh jQP eh ,dG Y
GfCG : b .Ag H j fCJ dP c .N e :j ,Nh Qb J
,G EG H gj dGh ,dG dch HQG EG GgP fC G
:G QGOh .HQ``fi CG ,a M ah ,T : fi LQ :dG bh ,fDa
GPEG : kj kfa Hq M Jh .G Hh H U j``dG ``cG OH
CG Gh ,kHM a M : jh .JhGHh H dhCa fEH kj Tq M
: LdG jMh ,jMh M gh ,G H f ,M LQ a ,c de NDj
b jdG GJG db T HG .jM S dG : jGh ,H j dG de
: jO M .hfi .jG e gh ,QYh QGO j : b M NBGh g dhCG
GofPn rCan } : J dG bh ''jO M e hG Ea'' db j ,jO S CG
n jp sdG Ao Gn Ln n sfGE p } ,Lh Y db eCG dG g : j (1 ) | ppdSo Qn hn p`sdG n eu mr
n pH
jBG g CG AdG b CG YR dG SEG HCG qEa , (1 2)| ondSo Qn hn n`sdG noHQp noj
.(1 3)UNQdG df
S c S b K G dG : Gh ,he G : ZGdG bh
.279 : jBG , IdG (1 )

.3 3 jBG ,IFG (2 )
.771/1 dG jJ e (3 )
- 15 -
.G e G e Gh : bh ,FGG a Gh : b ,kHM
dBG fCc fi LQh ,G IQKEG jdGh ,S CG ,jM a M bh
,GG e hCG G e dG UCGh ,ahe d dBG : HGh ,G
S : bh ,idGh dG HQfi Ve fC dH S : b .G Gfih
,WGG RJ eh fdG TCG e k jM j CG a fEG M d dH
,H QU a LG JG K ,G QU dG Gfi CG a UCG : bh
dGQU a G QU H N SG gh ,G UCG GG H : bh
e d j } : Lh Y dG b ,UCG g Cch ,G G kJ kHGfi
.(4 )| Kh jQfi e Aj
,G jT : Gfih ,G H ,fih M LQ : Qe HG bh
CG fi LQh Hfi bh ,M MU : Gfih fi : bh ,T
CG ,kHGfi kLQ Y Ha : Lh dG c Y jM h ,hd Qfi
e Ac ,dG HCG egh ,IQe Gh ,H kaQY ,H kahe
: Lh dG c Y b ,Y dG ``VQ S`Y HG jM h ,AdG
.''e kHGfi jCGQ e''
l M ah ,HQfi CG a M ah ,hY CG HQM l M fCGh
j : d bh : f b ,fCG dch ce ,kHQfi j EGh Qfi hY CG
.?M CG fCG M d SCG !N Y CG
M Y Qfi hCG ,QM L fCG EG H gPh .dc : M bh

.(595/1 dG d) FGdG
gJ : G b .M H bh : j ,fDJ G : gG bh
: OG bh ,Qe UCG fC : RG b .dG Y jGhQ Ag H jM
: fCGh cJ b G
HGM J M Le HY g G GPEG gh
. 225 : U , BGdG dCG GOe (4 )
- 16 -
,ZCG CG ,HMh .jdG :jdGh GHQMh GHMGh GHQh

.T H Qfl g :YdG b ,HQP e JOM CG ,dG HMh
(5 ) fi S dCG Ya GPEG gAGQh HdG S S
j W e ,kHM Hj HM: J ,H j dG de : LdG jMh
jMh hfia ,S CG ,de M bh ,ATH cJh de NCG GPEG ,kW
,dGQhU ,jQG : AGdG b ,hY e j e Y dO CG ,HMCGh
: dG Vh b .adG : GGh . G Gfi S eh
kS JQCG hCG dCG LGPEG Gfi HQ
pGn
r p rdG n pe ppenr b nYn n n n an } : J dbh .dH GZ jQfi eh
.(7 )G e : Gdb (6 ) | v p Yn hn kIn rHo G
o u Sn GnC r p r ndGE p Mn hr nCan
: bh T G jT : Gfih fih M LQ : S HG bh
kjCG gh a Ve cCGh dGQU : GGh .M MU ,Gfih fi
: YCG bh ,a j Gfc dG gLe :FGSEG H jQfih .adG
bQ dGh dG e GQ `G H j
q k iJh
(8 )G j GQCG
: kMUG G
: hN HG j
,dG gCGH e G bGh J JG GfCGh hG CG YG{
GPEa ,Y gCG e d jh H e dG H fG IOGQEG UCGh
.42/4 : Md dGh dG (5 )
.11 : e (6 )
. 109-108/1 dG (7 )
. 235/3 dG YCG Gh G (8 )
- 17 -
fc ,aGJ iNCGh fG J gGMEG : FdG aGJh dd GheJ

fG Gg Sh .Lh eCG Y J dG W eCG gh G
d Z eEGh ,jdh d Z eEGh GhY eEGh ,aeh IZ eEG ,cCG
FdGh IQhG F dG H j e cCG hCa , Sh
cdG MdG CG e j e cCG GhdG gh : dGh .IX G
eh ,gZ jCH a Teh MeQ bGRQCG GL fC ,dH
,eh JQ e dP AGQha d H h H fPBG Ye Y aGO
G g : ddGh ,jjCG e Y SdG Z YCG fh q g EGh
fGh Y LQG e hdG hM g :HGdGh ,OH jdG
H hM e hCG dG : hG e UCG HQCG a ,Yd
H bGdG hG Uh ,Yh OL hM GNCG dGh , ah
,dGh dH fh kaU MdH f : Yf Y gOLh hCG e G
dH dG eCGh ,dLCG bJ Y c dG b a MdH dG eCG
b e TCGh KhCG MdG bh ,G gCG e HdGh dG b a q dGh
hCG GdG iJ q c iJh q dG a JJ MdG b C dPh q dGh q dG
Y KCG J da ,eb hdG EG a H h ,IdG U
G dGh G Fc fC ;hd gQCGh dG UCGh QG
o sfnCcn vUn pp pSn pa nopJnoj njp sdG tp oj n`sdG sGE p } jdG h ,dGREG j
eDG'' dG jG h ,dH k H H q j CG (9 )| U l Uo r es ln r Ho
.(1 0)zH H q j dc eDd
.4 :dG (9 )
.hN HG ee (1 0)
- 18 -
dG dG
SEG b dG Y G
b dG c H ,SEG H AL dG eCG e kYH G d
Gfch ,M AH e a jeh hH Ha hNj SEG
fhj e fCG hgjh G d ddG ecdG Zj
OCGh jQdG c S bh ,G hd ja Ybd d Gk QYh kc
MG e Y Y IQY gh ,dG jCH Yh TG e HdG
. dG e b dG H f dG ddG
jh `` AGdGh MGOh `` SdG) d Ic kejCG jQGdG c cP bh
eCGh .(dEG ... MMQ j `` L T j `` Qb P j `` QG j `` QdG
GcG Yh AdG dGh IjdG SG CG ij jCGh MG g
d G ObdG g fc ,dH J dG IQG YdGh QeCG bGH
IGh ,QRG g LCG e eb dG SCG gJ Y ka Gg ,hG
N dG gdG QKBGh ,dG GY H SG dG jdG edG
,hG g N bO AMEG Y f fCG e ZdG Yh ,hG g
eJh WCG Jh GGh AdG e gQKBG Uh b dG dG CG EG
,DdGh SCdG e SdG Sf G KMCG e ie Y bd ,dEG.... AdG
Wj gh IQG e dP e k aW S HCG HgR YdG d jh
: HPh Y H d YdG
eY H GbOh GfJ e `` ` `H `` `` HPh k` Y `` ` `` ` cQG`J
,de e G jO H fEG : d Yd j a
SG g : eh ,eY H GbOh ,GjeH HPh k Y fCG
- 19 -
dG SCdG Y Y dO ,DhdG G H j dG J fc ICGe

.(1 )G g AfG e SdG Sf UCG
a aj Hh ,eGch gqY qS fch ,d Ie G fc
Gg j c,TGdG Y kjW fCG M gMCG CG gj Gfch ,H
: gYT j .gQTCG c
`` ` ` ` ` ` `` ` Sh `` ` ` ` ` e``Y `` ` JCGQ `è GPEG q ` ` ` S `` ` `` ` dG i``fe d fEGh
`` ` ` ` ` `` ` ` à `` ` ` ` `d``LBG g``` ` Jh `` ` d `` ` ` ` dLBG `` ` `G ``M j
``` ` ` `` `b `` ` ` ` c `` `Mqe qWh `` ` `` ` fGC `` M oqS qe e eh
J dG Z Y dh `Sf dG q M Y J
: jh
`` ` ` ` `` Mh `` ` ` e`` ` e Q`` ` Z d `` ` ` `fh`` ` `Y IQ`` ` ` ` è `` ` ejCGh
`` ` ` `` à `` ` ` `YQG``dG Gb eH `` ` èh `` ` `Z c aSCGh
(2 )`` ` ` ` ` ` ` `` ` ` ` ` b `` ` ` ` j `` ` ` M a df `J CG IOe
]dG G H QGS[ : NBG jh

`` L q c `` ` ` `LGC GPEG mh`` ` ` ` ` ` M k` ` ` ` ` `NCG GRCG `` ` ` ` ` ` ` `fEGh
jMh ZdG T fc G CG j ,dG QTCG eC Gh

eCG Jh ,dGh QedGh GG a QJ G fch ,OGdGh dG
.H Y H FdG IQZEG aj Gfch ,dGh AhdGh
eh ,QTCG G j ,G AGT e S HCG HgR Ga
.fh jh e
.jG bhCG IQGRh be QG ,MdG e Y ,G T (1 )

.GQg gP : W .Vh b Z e e : fCG M ,QdG : S (2 )
- 20 -
: j
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q G jH Y g eh `bPh Ye EG G eh
a gjV GPEG iJh `` ` èP gJ gJ e
`` ` ` `` à J K kac Jh `dH MdG Y ca
`` ` à VJ K OY MCc ``` c CTCG Z d `à
(3 )gQOh b e GdH ib `` ` `` g
C J e d a
Ihf ,dGh adG SDe . ,hdG G HGdG fi ,66-65 : U ,fh VY H HdG OCG (3 )
.dG ,Dd AdG
- 21 -
ddG dG
gG dG IQG hG
AGdG M SEG b L dG FbdGh MGh hG

,g c aUhCGh FSCH Y WCGh ,jQdG d gGhQh ,gQTCG
Oj dG QTCG e Mh d hQe H ,dG QdG jCG d VYCSh
.SEG b dG VN dG hG cP a
Qe j gh ` W j cj jQ H S H M H hY j
: fdGh ffdG jCG e
`` dG `` ` ` ` cPEG S`` ` ` `Hb Y `` ` T `` ` `Z W jb
`` ` ` ` ` jQ `` ` G `` `G d `` ` ` `` ` ` J A`` `H B Gh HCG h`` d
G``M`` `TCG ``M ``dGE G`` ` `gGPEG `` ` ` d `` ` `` ` ` ` à G jO GHCG
`` ` èdG `` ` `J G T `` `` ` ` ` ` ` j `` ` `M ec ba
````dG IQ`` `G O`` ` `G Y `` ` `j M ec b a
`` ` ` dG `` ` ` `` ` ` dH `` `L`` ` e GPEG `` ` `` ` ` ` e `` `FG Y PCG
`` ` `` ` b IOQGh `` ` ` `dG `` `` ` `J `` ` ` ` ` H `` ` ` ` ` ` dG b`` d ``fC c
G`` MGQh d jg`` ` ` `b `` ` ` ` `Ma `` ` ` ` à `` `SCGf fU
`` ` ` ` `MGC `` ` ` d `` ` ` ` ` ` G A`` ` HGC h ```` ` ` ` ` à `` `jGdG ``J MQh
Y j jOdG ch ,IQGRdG d aOGdG fc : W j
e aGOQ fch ,G Z HQ dh ,cQ GPEG AGQh aOjh ,LGPEG G
H j CG AdG Ae H QG G OGQCGh ,Hj H IG
Ea'' : a '' Yf d'' : Gdbh Y GHCa dP Hj H Mh ,T
- 23 -
QSh .''H fPBG K kKK Yd YO'' : Gda . ''H GfPCa gYJ

G SQCG ,d K eh ,H kT dfh G Y gGP Hj
a ,dG JCG M G fGh ,c L NCG Mh HG SHb
fG M Jh J G JGh HYCG Y ghOQh Hj H Y
M h NCGh HG QG iah ,Mh SHb SCGh ,SCG NCGh G
d aOh GZe d Jh Gbe Y QgCGh ,aGOdG Y OQh Hj H
.(1 )e b e jO
gTCGh ,Qb P jh dG j : ej SdGh dG H bhh
c dh ,SEGQX H SdGh dG H L M :gh ,Qb P j
ec dG H e bhe H e dG jCG V NJ jQdG
Gg b Jh ,YGH gL hM fi fd Sh dG
a j kHc dEG SQCGh QG H dG Y jTh S ic CG dG
dG ic Wh .dP dG HCa ,Ja FGM e kH dEG Sj CG
e Oe H fg dGeCGh gCG OSG M QSh dH jCa FGG
.dP fg HCa ,Y dG N
e jQe H a ,KGh H H H Y IQZEG Y ic Y
h .ic a QbhP d j Ae H OJ M dG M j CG dG
,dG e FM e ic L gJCG ,Qb H H dfh dG M
G GhQNa .H GfPCjhCG jjCH e Gj CG H G Fb gNh
j ic OGb e Fb a ,G HJ .IQe e H iLe H
K ,a edH Y q Th j H e KQM H jj d Ra IRQG
GLN K ,G d j e k c SdG Gch H H e LQ
SdG fGh ,HQg aMCG H dhh ,G b Y GhTh Y
.(2 )ej H J H Jh
.VjdG ` jRdGh dG YSG SDe ,1419-1999 fdG dG ,451/3 dG HdG YSG (1 )

. 451/3 f QG (2 )
Gda ,SdG dG a J j hCG fCG PEG ,dG GH Gk c dGKCJ

: j HQ YCG Gg ,kGc Gk T a
```` `` fi F`` `dG T bh ``` `b GC Q`` `b P IG`` Z `` fh
`` f`` ` ` ` ` ` W `` ` F`` c `` e pa AGhC` ` L `` H GhA`` `L bh
`` ` ` `` ` è Y `` `LO `` X ``` ` ` ` ` `` ` M `` `jc d
.(3 )`cCG YQR ``H ``` H `` `f`` `` ` ` `JG h`` `HGh`` ` dG `` `fda
Sh ,dG jCG e IT jCG H a fdG H bhh
fCG dPh ,H j QG dG dP eh ,QGh ShCG H e bhe
dP Hh .dGh jb H HhM H QG Y ShCG fSG
H QjO Gj CG QG ZQh .gQ 40 e GhNCGh ghQa QG
cQjO Hh HGN CG : ''dEG Ga ,G e H dGh jb
a ,gQjO YdGh jbH J h .''FgQ e jjCH e f EGh
Y fj ShCG EG GMGQh dGh jbH Z . FgdG QG
QG H bhCGe hCG cPh .dP Y fYEH fhjh QG b
ch ,QG Mh dLQ ShCG Mh .d Ga HhM dS
G bGh .HhM dS e d j Gk M ch .H AdG
H GMh JOb L K. je Gda dhCG ShCG efGh Gk jT kb
.(4 )ShCG M dG ch efa QG Y
: Gk e G H b YdG j ah
`` `` è q` ` a`` ` `` ` ` H fCGh `` ` ghD `fh eLBG be
M dG e iJ Fc HPEG LQG ShDhQ Cc
G`` `` ` a ,`` ` `H iPC`J Lh eM EG eL GHJa
GdJ b GUCG Y ILh Z hP SfCG e jCGQ Fch
`` ` J `` b `` ` Gh kGH H J a ke eCGb J Ea
. 1998 hH QOU QGO , 99 U ,MdG Y Y QcdG ,(jCG) GjO (3 )

.452/3 dG HdG YSG (4 )
- 25 -
`` ` ` ``f dP `` ` c `` `fh Of `` ` ` ` ` ` ` `fGC `Z d`` `b Y a

TCG H Y dO OSCG Ff Y d GLCG bh fCc
.(5 )G`` ` ` èC` `Jh `` `fGPBG `d GUCGh `` GhSa jQ``dG `` H
AMCG H SdG jCG gTCG ,H a ffdG H bh QGOh
.b AMCG H AGdGh MGO jCGh ,HQ
TGh .S 40 eGO bh ,FGh HG JhH H bh SdG M
FGh H c CG G g b Jh ,dG dhCG jCG Y
M ,IY gH e IY SGh h W e c e d LG
H gP H Ie H L c hJ .''c e YCG '' : a ,G H V
df ,g gcCG dh ,SL S gUCG H IY I ch ,T
Sd fch .Ie d IQL QUh Y ` SL dN ` e H SdG
YV bdG eQh dG c a ,SL HEG H d ah bf
kXM dG SL MGh .H dN ebEG fPCj kSL C
j fCH kSL J SdG YT .Igd jYQh G IMh Y
jZ Y H SL X ,c Y QU ZhCa ,JL j h gQeP
QCK W Y eb VM e SG CG d ch ,a FfdG d j
W Mh Af jRh N be fCH fhj eb a e C WJ .NCG
gCH MQ b T H gP HIe ch .d fh dP c a ,gOh
QS eY G H G bhh ,dG d j Ae EG c e Y
J Hh QG SGh GQdG dGJ K ,dG T H EG e
Ma H GhXh MH GY JH Jh ,dJ h kSL J
Jh ,ML e SL e K kLQY N e b CG H kH kML
.(6 )GUa d GYGa G G gH S b bh dP
.MdG Y Y QcdG ,152 U ,(jCG) GjO (5 )

QGO ,HZ T fi GTEH ,212 U ,IG HdG YSGh .452/3 dG HdG YSG (6 )
.hH ,HdG GdG AMEG
- 26 -
: HQ H e j
QG`` ` ` ` `dG `` ` `jGC `` ` `jGC `` `d j k`` ` ` ` c Gh`` `fCG `` dj
QG`dG `` ` `Hh `` ` ` ` dG q ` ` U G`` `` ` a hCG GXà`` `dj
Q`` ` ` ``` `f `` ` `` ` ` ` dG O`` `Y CG ``dG `` ` ` T `` ` ` S
GhQa Gh`` ` `S `` ` `dG `` dh `` `` `j ``` `J `` `` ` YHh
Qj`` `dG `` ` e G`` ` J hQ hO VGH d `G ``cj
Q`` ` `` ` `G `` ` Ye OD` ` jh ``H`` ` `J `` ` b QO`` ` `ZGC hCG
GhQSh fS M Gh k`` ` h kGO``jEG I`` `L GhC` `SG
.(7 )GhQK M `JGSfSCa k`` `LG`` ` `Hh g`` ` ` dOPEG
bh dG MdG SG QGh IQG ahG hG eh
.AGdGh MGO M ,IMG HdG FdG H SEG b
AGdGh MGO M
jCG Y TGh ,S 40 SGh ,HPh Y H bh G g
dGh hCG IRMh ,dhCG gh jG a dG jCG H e IQe
H gR H b H SGaCH S Y gQ G g QKCG .idGh bdGh
C ,dP b HCGh ,dG jM YOGh .HP eQH H jMh Y H
jM Wh .b Sa GhOd HP a H G jW cCG jM
H G dP KEG a .b a dH b EG HG SQCGh gdG M
Och bdG ch .S HQCG dG MhGj GXh ,HPh Y
H dG d Y H QGh S HG g YGJ J dG
.(8 )gQGRhCG G Vhh dG jO LdG h ,dG
QdG jCG dEG eb gG jCGh hH Le jJ Ga
gQZ jh ,hG Vj Gfc c SEG b SdG CG d
g G fch ,G JCG gQYCG e jh aJ SC
. 163/2 OCG fGN ,220/5jdG dG (7 )

. 452/3 dG HdG YSG (8 )
- 27 -
hNj Gfc Hh ,FGYCG e dGh Te d jd SdG

b Y k YaO G G hj Gfch ,Ljh MOj
TGdG Y kMW fCG M Gh ,kaTh eGch IY JOSh eYRh
.(9 ) : gYT b c Gk QTh kPh Gk QYh S
ZCG eCG H fdh fCG hdG j Nd fEG
f`èG jCG CG IdG b `` ` ` FGhCG aCGe EG
SQ fi H ,dGh dGh ,dGh G LQ ADg
fh ,YGdGh aG J EG gYOh ,FdGh MdG fh ,dGh eCG
G Y L .dG EG dEG IMGh c Y Lh ,YGdGh GhGdG
,eGe jOGe He dCe kfGNEG GhQU M INCGh dCGh ,IOGh
p`sdGp rnpH Go p nYr Ghn } : dH G Gh ,dG dG H Y dG qa
o r n Ur nCan r opHobo n r Hn n sdnCan Ak Gn Yr GnC r o oc Pr GE p r or nYn p`sdyG
n n r pf Gho co Pr Ghn Gobs n nJ hn kp Ln
ppJjn BG r o nd o `sdyG o u n jo n pdn cn n r eu ocn n fnCan Qp s dyG n eu mIn r Mo nTn nYn r o ochn kfGn Nr GE p ppn r ppH
k p Ln p VQr nCrdG pa en n r n fGnC nr d r p pHobo n r Hn n sdGnC hn } LhY bh . (1 0)| nho n r nJ r osn nd
.(1 1) | lp nM l jpYn osfGE p ro nrnH nsdGnC n`sdG sp `ndhn rp pHobo nrnH nr sdGnC se
SEG b YGdGh aG e Y Gfce ie j g e
Y j AL a ,Sh Y dG U fi SGH H dG dCa
OOGdG Y j H j c GdGh GhQGh dG
eh .kH j kH H d VdGh adGh hdGh ,HdGh
Y dG U Gk fi CGh ,Sh M jO SEG CG Fb c j g
Y ihj e NBG EG ,QGG fh dG s Th Z e dG q S e hCG Sh
je c Y kaGh Gk OQ dG PEH j ah .OdG GH dLdG HGdG
ndGE p Yn r oj n go hn np nrdG p`sdyG nYn in nar G p s pe on rXGnC rnehn } Gk QhRh kHc SEG Y
.(1 2)| n p pd sdG n nr rdG pr jn nd o `sdGhn p nSr Ep rdG
. 25 U ,SG GjO ,dG M H eH (9 )
. 103 ,GY BG (1 0)
.63 : fCG (1 1)
.7 : dG (1 2)
- 28 -
dG dG
BGdG b SG
q dG G
: ``````````````J
IGQdG G : hCG dG
EG G : dG dG
dG ShdG dG G : ddG dG
`````````````J
Yhe fc ``G CG Y ``jdG BGdG VGh O g EG

,IdG Y kYaO ,eGbCGh CG AfCG H eCG ,SEG b FGdG
.dGh dG Y Sd kfh , GhdGh d Gk AQOh ,jdG Y kXMh
Godnb Pr GE p S n eo pr Hn pe n pFGn Sr GE p pHn pe Ep nn rdG ndGE p n nJ r ndGnC } : LhY dG j
sdGnC o n p rdG o or nYn n pco GE p r o `r `n Yn r gn n nb p`sdG p pSn pa r pJntf kp en n nd rn Hr G o o sd x pn pd
op rnYn npco s nan npFnrHGnC hn nfQp njOp pe nrLp Nr GoC r bn hn p`sdGp pSn pa npJnof sdGnC nnd nehn Godnb GopJnoJ
r ond nn Hn r bn n `sdG sGE p r o t pnf r o nd n nbhn , n p pd sdpH l p Yn o `sdGhn r o r eu kp bn sdGE p Gsr dnn J o n p rdG
n eu k n Sn n Dr jo r ndhn o r pe pro rdpH t Mn GnC o r nfhn n r nYn o ro rdG o nd oojn sfnCG Godnb kp en n od nW
en o nreo pJDr jo o `sdGhn p r p rdGhn p rp rdG pa k nr Hn o On GRn hn r or nYn o n nUG r n `sdG sGE p n nb p n rdG
eu l n p Sn ppa o Ho s dG o on pJrC jn GnC pp reo n jn BG sGE p r o t pnf r o nd n nbhn ,l p Yn l SG p hn o `sdGhn Ao n jn
o oc GE p r osd k jn Bnd n pdPn pa sEGp o npFnn rdG o op r nJ nhQo gn o BGhn S n eo o BG n n nJ s eu l s p Hn hn r oHu Qs
upe n rnan orpe np Tn n an m n npH op nroe n`sdG sGE p nnb Op oordpH ood nW nn n a s nan ,pperD te
n go oRn hn nL s nan ro rue kp bn sdGE p orpe GoHp nn a ppnpH k an r oZ nn nrZG p ne sdGE p upe osfEp an or n rnj rsd nehn
p`sdG obnet o sfnCG nt ojn n jp sdG n nb pOp o Lo hn n od n pH n r n rdG n nd n bn nW nd Godnb o n en Go en BG n jp sdGhn

n od n pd GhRo n Hn s ndhn ,jp n pHdG s n en o `sdGhn p`sdG pPr Ep pH kIn pcn k n pa r n nnZ mnp bn mn pa eu nc
go eo n n an ,jppanrdG p nr rdG nYn nfr fG o hn n en Gn br GnC r u nKhn Gk r Un n r nYn rp ar GnC n Hs Qn Godnb pOp o Lo hn
p`sdG o ar On ndnr dhn Ao n jn s pe o n sYn hn n n rp rdGhn n ro rdG o `sdG o nJBGhn n odLn Oo hhGo On n n bn hn p`sdG pPr Ep pH
- 31 -
p`sdG n rpJ ,
o jn BG n p ndn rdG nYn m n
r a hoP n `sdG s p `ndhn V
o Qr nCrdG pn nn sd m r n pH o n r Hn S
n s dG
. (1)| np Sn r o rdG np nd nsfGE p hn unrdpH nrnYn gn ornf
dG H eb cqj dG Y Se dG f CG IFG IQS h
dP dG e GMCG Dj e gJBGh k ceh AfCG a L CG Y
j dh ,dG d AYEG ,dG S OGh dG Y Vjh ,edG
dG j .VG`YEGh AHEH Hbh dOLh eb VQY H k`c kGOQ e
: Lh `Y
An Bn prfGnC r opa n n Lr Pr EG r or nYn psdG k n r pf Gr ho co Pr BG p nr jn ,ppenr pd S n eo n nb Pr EGh }
n Sn s n o rdBG Vn Qr nCrdBG GoNo Or BG p nr nj (20)
n p nn rdBG npe Gk nMGnC prD oj rnd se ocnJGnAhn kcote ronnLhn
n o jn Gr odnb (21) n jpp Nn Gr o p n n n an r co Qp Hn Or nCG nYn Ght nJn nJ nhn r ond o sdBG
kenr b n pa sGE p S n n cn psdG
pnoLQn nnb (22) noNp Gn O sfEpa n rpe GoLo r nj Ep an n rpe Gr oLo r nj snM n nNo r sf nd sfGE p hn njpQsnL
nYn hn no pdnZ ofs Ean o o o rNn On GnPEan n n rdBG o p r nYn GoNo Or BG n p r nYn o sdBG n n rfnCG noan jn n jp sdBG n pe
nfGnC rgn Pr Ban n pa Gr oeGOn se Gk nHGnC n nNo r sf nd sfEG S n o nj Gr odnb nperD te ooc EGp Gocs n nan psdBG
.(2 )| nho Yp nb n o gn sfEG Bpn an n Ht Qn hn
Gfc eh ,dGh G e q j OdG oIn Yo c e dG BGdG c d
j c ,FfCG eCG Y dj Gfceh ,dGh MdG Y HdG qdj
UH aUe BGdG ADgh .cdG ddG jBG N e c Gg
Gh ,idG JGh ,dGh dGh ,d FGdG Gh ,Gh dGh
,dGh dGh ,GhdGh dGh ,ffCGh VQCG QSGh ,dGH
Gk c kd dG a ,Gh dG fh ,AfCG bh ,jBG jJh
p Ss dG phOo eu k n pdNn p`sdG n Yp oIn Np BrdG Qo Gs dG o ond r nfnc GE p r bo } kdCG kHGY HYh
r en s bn n pH Gk HGnC o r s n n jn ndhn pbOp Un r o oc GE p
n p pd sdpH l p Yn o `sdGhn r p jpjr GnC n r n rdG Go s n n an
.252-246 : IdG (1)

.24-20 : IFG (2 )
- 32 -
en hn mn Sn
n rdGnC o s n jo nr d r go o Mn GnC Ot n jn Gocn Tr GnC n jp sdG n pehn mIn Mn nYn p Ss dG U n n Mr GnC r o sfn p n ndhn
.(96 ` 94 : IdG) | non r nj n pH l p nH o`sdGhn n s n oj GnC pGnn rdG npe pMp p rMn o pH n go
: LhY bh
.(3 )| (100)
n o peDr jo n r go o ncr GnC r Hn r o q eu l jpan o n sf Gk r Yn Gr ho n Yn n sco hn GnC }
: LhY Gbh
GhAo Hn hn p Ss dG n eu m r Mn hn p`sdG n eu m r r Hn p Vo }
n pH sdEGp Gop oK en n jr nCG o sdu dG o p r nYn
noor njhn p`sdG pnjBpH nho o rnj Gofnc ro sfnCpH npdPn o nnr n rdG op rnYn rnHp Vo hn p`sdG nue mnn pH
.(4 )| nho n r jn Gofnchs G n Yn n pH n pdPn x Mn p r npH An n pfnCrdG
: LhY bh
pp VG
p n es Yn n p nrdG noau p nf n pan }
p b r o Hn obo n rn Ln hn r go s n nd r o bn neu pr
n jo k n Sn
o Yr na r o r eu kp bn sdGE p r o r eu mn pFNn nYn o p snJ o Gn nJ ndhn ppH Gho cu Po s eu vMn Gno fhn
r o r Yn
.(5 ) | n p p r o rdG t p jo n `sdG sGE p
r n UG
r hn
.100 : IdG (3 )
. 112 : GY BG (4 )
.13 : IFG (5 )
- 33 -
hCG dG
IGQdG G
eHH La{ : j e AL ,jdG UEG e IdG S

dP eH H q Yo h FGSEG H HQ GLj d L EG G e
jdG L S GYe dG Wfl LQ dCG jYh S G e dG
.Y e LQ FS dG Gg L e e LQ FS GhY
FGSEG LQ q Yo h .jh IdG Y H G ej ADg c
Gea ,M LQ ADg c dG Wfl LQ dCG FHQCG eH GYe
HQ khCG e j e FGSEG H bh dG GdCSh jEG H EG GhUh
Y Gdfh dG FGSEG H a ,khCG GPj dG a .eH H
fCG FGSEG LQ q Uh ,eH HQ FGSEG LQ Nh ,L
dG dP FGSEG e GgCGh ,L e eH a ,L Y d
,GhOYh FGSEG LQ dG Oq Jh ,VQCG EG LQ dCG jYh KG
H U K ,hCG dG a GUG idG G d GUa
HQ JCG OYCG g : Fb dG GdCSh ,AG EG dG eCG GHh FGSEG
eH EG FGS GE H a ,dEG GhUG dG a .NCG eH H
H e gCGh dG dG L e Fd eH a ,dG dG
a ,dG Wfl ADg c ,VQCG EG LQ dCG Y fK k jCG FGSEG
eCG g GLhGHh jEG H EG GhALh ,dG fh ,FGSEG H L
,
q dG eCG eS FHPh bfi GhUCGh AG EG dG dP GeUh dG
H Sah jCG J dG Y HJ gh , q dG FGSEG H CSh
hd kjCG OYCGCG : Fb jCG J eeCG bGh hQg H QGRdCG
- 35 -
Vhh .d aOCG GZ C GhUG : q dG a , q cCG CG NCG eH HQ

dG eH H Y FGSEG H Uh ,kfi L Y kc FGSEG
Ad eH H a : fdGh hCG Ic L Y GUGh ddG
hCG Ic b dG e Hj GhNCGh jG Y GHGh dG
G L EG iNCGh jEG H EG J gGMEG dG dG fdGh
c eeCG ee fEG : eHH bh ,FGSEG e kLQ KK f
d : Gda ,jG Y Hh d Gda ,FGSEG H eCGh .hCG
,ceCG e FGSEG LQ L bh ,dG EG jG Y Hh
e ALh L AGY e fe e FGSEG cQKh ,QeJ H GUGh
gh IjT G fch FGSEG c e e LQ BG IY L He
H gCGh ,FGSEG eCG eH dG a ,e q b dG CG Gj
c ,LQ Feh LQ dCG jYh N dG dP eH e FGSEG
FGSEG LQ YCGh ,GhfG b fCG eH H iCGQh ,dG Wfl ADg
dG SCa L Y Vh idG dG Y GJG fC ed kfe
OG ch ,dG H c jG Vh dG MRh L GbGh
h .jG e NdG eY IH gOUEG dG Hh FGSEG LQ H
FGSEG LQ e b Hj eH GC HG G FGSEG LQ fG
h ,hCG c eeCG e ee g EG : Gdb fC LQ KK f
GPEGh ,FGQh EG eH dG NO OY jG e J edG CGHG
eH LQ gh FGSEG LQ LQh AdGf J c jH
,jdG jW FGSEG H eCG GLQh . e q b dG CG GhCGQ fC IYH
eH GWha ,Sh ggCG G e jdGh cQOCG dG dh
e a dG hT L He gcQOCGh d H ghOQWh
jdG EG GHgh GhQGa ,SCH hhP o ADg L LQ dCG Y fK eH
EG gAGQh GhOTh LQ BG N dG e Gda eq Q IU EG
N eH e bdG L ch LQ dCG e G bh YLp
QGOh SCH hhP o ADg L .dG dP dG Wfl LQ dCG jYh
HQCG eQ IU GebCGh LQ FS eq Q IU EG jdG EG gh
- 36 -
jG e dG q H gHVh ,eH EG FGSEG H LQ LQh TCG

gbMCG Lh dG G L jCGh ,Lh e c M FdG M gSCH
.(1 )QdH
: j e ,hCG UEG e IdG S ALh
j e e Fb dG GdCS FGSEG H CG j e H ch .1
?HQ khCq G fdG EG
.d VQCG aO b GPg .j GPj
q dG a .2
fdG Qf d Yb e UG NCG d GPj a .3

.e T ga Yb e kjCG fCG UCa
e GHa gH jRdGh fdG dG aOh GPj a .4
.LQ BG IY RH
.jq RdGh fdG GHVh HQa RH RH hOCG GhLhh .5
.LQh jj gHCG Gbh eCGh a .RH hOCG a .6

Gfc LQCGh jjCG pgHCG Ye ke S : RH hOCG a .7
EG H GJGC h .dG GRL dc a c .JFe j
.g a TQhCG
GTCGh dG H gHVh ghNCGh TQhoCG GPjH QMh . 8
.QdH jG
Gh G S fdG HQ GPj H f dP Hh .9
.dGh
dG QGO . ,518-417-416-415 U ,48EG 14 e ,hdG UEG ,IdG S ,SG dG (1 )

.hH ,ShCG dG SG
- 37 -
hM SG ch ,hM cdG fdG Y GPj QSh .10

.(2 )Jh LCGh T GHVh HQCG jb kb
: t f e ,Y ddG UEG ,OdG S ALh
fCG dG c VQCG Gd kLQ SQCG ` 2 : kFb Se dG c K .1
.a FQ MGh c SJ FHBG e S d kGMGh kLQ .FGSEG d e
G EG g e GhUG d bh c VQCG Gd Se SQCa `` 17
CG g qbCG a cdG dGh .ge VQCG GhfGh `` 18 G EG GWGh
eh jq OQ CG Iq LCG a cSg dG VQCG g ch ``19 .c CG b .V
SCG VQCG g ch `` 20 M CG q flCG a cS g dG G g
jCG fa jCG eCGh .VQCG K e Gha GhOq Jh . CG T aCG .jg CG
M GhQa `` 26 kej HQCG H VQCG e GLQ K `` 25 .dG GQcH
GhOQh TOb EG GQa jq H EG FGSEG H YL ch hQgh Se EG GJCG
EG gP b Gdbh hNCGh `` 27 VQCG K ghQCGh YG c EGh kGN dEG
CGZ `` 28 .gK Ggh kYh kd J fEG kMh dEG SQCG dG VQCG
H jCGQ b kjCGh kGL Y M Gh qe VQCG cdG dG
q SdGh q qGh G VQCG cS d dG `` 29 g Y
OQCG fL Yh dG Y cS fdGh G cS jq QeCGh
hQOb fC h f fEG bh Se EG dG fCG dc d `` 30
fC dG EG f CG Qf Gda e GhU jdG LdG eCGh `` 31Y
Fb FGSEG H g dG VQCG ee GYTCa `` 32 q pe q TCG
dG dG Lh fS cCJ VQCG g d a fQe dG VQCG
,IHG e Y H IHG g jCGQ bh edG GW SfCG a jCGQ
.(3 )YCG c Ggh .OGc YCG a
.10 EG 1 :jBG e hCG UEG ,IdG S (2 )

. 33 EG 26-25-20-19-18-17-2-1 Y ddG UEG OdG S (3 )
- 38 -
: j e ,hdGh eG UEG ,hCG FU S ALh

c b .jq HG g eh ODhGOg e bh ODhGO Y Hf LCa `` 10
Feh N NBG `` 11 .S eCG e MGh c j jdG dG dG
Z a `` 12 g jCG e YCG d YCGh q R HP dG HPh
OhGO a ``13 dG Gg c M hNCGh GhAL GLQh jW EG OhGO
.S kjCG OhGO Jh S MGh c a ,S e MGh c d dLd
.(4 )eCG e e eh LQ FHQCG f OhGO AGQh Uh
q GE ch ``1 : fe
q jdGh OG UEG bMS h
SOG Y Jh TQhCG f Lh LG OBG HG j ``2 kFb q dG c
Y GfCg : dG b Gg ,FGSEG VQC bh `` 3 FGSEG VQCG Y C Jh
e bCG fCG M e ``4 jdGh jdG e bCa Z e S qSCGh
dG EG G e H c Y Z e S j da jdGh jdG
.(5 )jCG Lj Z e S S dG fCG CG H c a (5)
: j e ,hdGh OG UEG ,OdG S ALh
q eCG YO ` 22 kFb jQeCG e S EG kSQ FGSEG SQCGh `` 21
G jW .H Ae fh c EG h M EG .VQCG
H eJ QhH FGSE S j a `` 23 eJ Rhf M
gj EG JCa jdG EG FGSEG Ad Nh eb L S L
q j EG fQCG e VQCG eh dG H FGSEG Ha `` 24 FGSEG QMh
G g c FGSEG NCa `` 25 kjb c q Y H J C ,q Y H EG
bCa ``13 gGb c h M jQeCG e L FGSEG bCGh
gGb GhNCa jj d Se SQCGh ``32 jQeCG VQCG FGSEG
a TH jW GhUh Gd K ``33 g jdG jQeCG GhOWh
.13-12-11-10 hdGh eG UEG ,hCG FU S (4 )

. 6-5-4-3-2-1 hdGh OG UEG ,bM S (5 )
- 39 -
dG a `` 34 ,YQPEG G EG eb Lh g Fd TH e Y
c H a ,VQCGh eb L e j EG aO b C e J S
Lh Hh Ha `` 35 M cdG jQeCG e H a
.(6 )VQCG Geh OQT d j M eb
. 34-33-32-31-25-24-23-22-21 hdGh OG UG ,OdG S (6 )
- 40 -
dG dG
````fEG ``G
EG jGhQ M eb Wj gh ,dG Y G Y j
: TdG UEG ,qe
H keS dC Le ,VQCG Y keS dC L CG GJ ` 43
V dGh eCG V HEGh ,HCG V fEG aC L Ea `` 35 ,kS
a e cCG keCG hCG kHCG MCG e `` 37 H gCG fEG AGYCGh `` 36 JM
.(1 )j a e cCG HG hCG HEG MCG eh .j
: FG H ddG dG ,HfH EG a ALh
d Y dEG SQCG d dG JG dG SdG jG jCG :1
dfCGe c f b dG jej dh `` 2 Ha b EG dj
e L Y d IjY Gk QGe S ``3 FGSEG j a kM YHh
``4 G e f j CG j fC Y J CG J fCGh VG
Dhjc jhCG `` 6 HCG EG Gk PEG JCG `` 5 e HY hO Mh Gk PEG JCG
I``H H a `` 9 Lh AGeCH Y MCS C `` 8 dCG ``7 ? j e
UCG ``11 G EG Dhjc H J c Y jjCG EG qSCSh `` 10
d kL qSCG H ``31 WCG Y UCG `` 12 eGQCG h dG Y
jG e eq OCG jEG MH dEG fCG c dG dGh ``41 jdGh dGh
.(2 )CG H keh jSh jGhQ GhJ M ``15
. 37-36-35-34 TdG UEG ,e EG (1 )

.1983-1403 jdG dGQGO ,Va MCG dG S ,HfH EG ,278-277 FG H ddG dG (2 )
- 41 -
Lj W eCG dG CG Y q j e kjCG HfH EG h

ASGh SdGh QSG Y j eh H e H ATCG
jCG Gdb ` 10 G GM dS fC Sd jh `9 : VQCG
dCG `12 ? VQCG Y U Lj CG jCG ` 11?SdG Sg e INEG
fc GPEG dh `13 Wd dG e c EG :dG f S j c fC
fC `14 JM ZJCG iMCa H SdG d J dG ATCG
cCG e `15 JJ fEG hO g dG fGG c C c AH e
`17 AdG OHh dG b jdG cCG e `16 G dG M b jdG
H dG GbZ jdG cCG e `18 OdGh YGdG b jdG cCG e
b jQdG TMdG C hCG GhAHdG e GJe jdG cCG e `19 jdG
PEG SG fEG JCG e `20 dG N hCG YaCG fhCG SaG
.(3 )OUH FG L Ve c d Jh K MCG Rj fCG
kGfi CG j e ,HfH EG e HQCGh ddG dG ALh
: dG ij H UCG IOY jh dG Y IdH JCj SdG NBG
eY a IMGh eC j EG fEa AL e f c CG d bCG G ` 13
SQ dh ` 15 dEG GSQCG dG dG ecRhj ddh ` 14 dG MQ
C MQh kUN a ` 16 j N H ge dG j AL e dG
IOY jh ` 18 dG Y IH JCSh ` 17 J j jdG VQCG
Ea fG : kFb gGHEG dG Yh Gg fC ` 19 dG ij H UCG
Gg k UCG gGHEG j M ch VQCG Fb c QHCG H
.(4 )f S
.196 U ,FG H hdGh HdG dG ,HfH EG (3 )

.93 U ,HQCGh ddG dG ,HfH EG (4 )
- 42 -
ddG dG
dG ShdG dG G
ch ,c IY Y gQeCG hj ShdG e W dG h
,jJh g cQj fCG EG ,H UN c d ba e ba
.Y e Se c HQCG GdG CG hj L ShdGh
SAMVEDA : G" S ` 3 YAJURVEDA : G"QLj ` 2 RIGVEDA G" jQ .1
.ATHERVEDA :G"QJBG `4
: Y UdG H dEGh
dG L Y Ga d j c dG .''dG'' e (G dG)
H ''Ga'' dG Gg N K ,''QpfHCGh'' ''pfQBGh'' ''gGHh'' ''S'' e ShdG
fh ,ShdG id SG dG gCG e GdG jh ,cdG ddG HQCG dG
EGh ,dGh GHCG Y dDe c SG d GdGh ,gG e Ic IT
b G hdG dGh OgdG J e IG AGLCG e Y g
dh : dG ,jdG dH geh''Oh'' c e e dG ch ,OG
geJ Y geCG K ,IG dG M Y ShdG dG VM
ST'' G AD d jh ,jGh jG M dG Y gh bh
H c SG d GdG EG '' : eQh QH '' ShdG dG j .(SHASTRY)
dH jh ,dG M '' Oh '' c eh ,ShdG dG QaCG e Y g
.'' IOd jdG TfCG ah fMhdG dG T a L GdG CG
: gh ,HQCG gOY j dG e Y GdG
UCG g Gg j ,AdGh AYdG eh (RIGVEDA) : Ga jQ .1
bCG e Ga jQ CG ShdG AY Yq j ,Z e kjCG TCG gh TCG
- 43 -
dG AY jh ,dCJ eR j j dh ,dG dDG

dG j .OG b 1500-1000 He MGe Y c dC J CG
bCG dG Ggh , 2500 Qj eR c dCJ EG{ : '' Je''HdG
.zShdG AY Qje EG
,HGdG fGb Y j c gh (YAJURVEDA) : Ga QLj .2
J ah Gk f e gh ,Ga jQ M K M j dG Ggh
.dBd HGdG d
.HCG 1810 j gh ,MGdGh eCG eh (SAMVEDA) Ga S .3
ShdGh ,kH Sh N GY e Ga jQ LJ HCG g Lh
CG Sh ,Jd dBG IYOh ,GdG ebEG Y HCG H q j
H jh ,dG dG Gg gQe jdG SG ahG
jdG Sd dH ''Ga jQ''e Gk Qb bCH d '' Ga S'' EG ,FY
.qbQh
Y j dG Gg ,jdG bdG j (ATHERVEDA) : GaQJBG .4
e ah''Ga jQ''e GNCG hdGh SdG HdGh ,HCG e Y
fGG e d YOCG ah ,GZCGh WdG OHE bdGh dG
.(5 )QdGh IQdG HdGh eCGh MGdG YOCG a CG c ,SG
H L dG QGh hG cP ShdG dG g jK h
iJh ,fG H MOa FN e a fceh ,gZh jQBG Fb
.fl VGZC Gh dG Y a Vq j e FGLCG e
(RIGVEDA) Ga jQ G
Zh a AGK ,kGQMh Gk QhS Qj Zh AGK WCG ` YdG dEG ` !GQGfEG j
.(2,1:8:1 ) fAGYCG H aGfh fQeCG fVjh fYj
d QdG QGO ,YCG MdG AV fi QcdG dCJ ,25-24-23-21-20 U ,dG jOCG a (5 )

.IjH ,IQG jG ,1997 `g1417 jRdGh
- 44 -
bq M QG jdG Y
q j IbG QdG fCG ` QdG dEG ` ZCG j''
.(5:12:1) G GhQCG W jdG fAGYCG
GeCG CG f fjEG ` AdG dEG ` fhQCGhGQfEG H :ah

Y q o a G dCSCGh cYOCG (fhQCGhGQfEG) j ,gfh ffh FdG
.(7,6:17:1) dGh dH
: kjCG ah
JBG Gk QfEG jh ` Gk S ` Gk AS pH OGQCG e ch ,e Ma c bG ''
.(7:29:1) ''Zj dG e kaBGh kUCGh kY k Sa
MGh ,dGh GbCGJ Zh cT JBGh IYU Ib JBG ! GQfEGj''

Gk dhh kg keWh Gk c ke YCGh AjKCG JObh AZCG fASDhQ
.(11:54:1) ''kU
,AGYCG Jfh ,AGeCGQYCG Jh ,AZCG OY j ! ZCG j''

NCf f H ZCG j ,QhdG e f dBG EG q fh ,GeCG h
.( 9,5 :74:1) ''HCH kHCGh LH kLQh SH kSa
IYO pbhn fj jdG fAGYCG gCa WdG M GPEG ! GQfEGj''

d Qq bh FGYCG cT cGh kK Gk ch Gk ah ke JBGh ,G MdG
.''.H FGYCG Hh H aGh q c M dGh cdG
p Gh ,dG d jh
ZCH GQfEG j VQC q d aG ! dG dG jCG''
Gk OhCGh kM kbRQ JG dHCG RQGh MQ NOCGh gYCGh ATCG
.(6,5,3,2:25:7) .''kfT
e IdG d Gk AK Y j SdG ! dEG jCG ` QdG dEG `` ! ZCG j

Y fJ CG ! ZCG j ,kGjT H SCH LGh FGYCG H da Y
.(11-10 :46 :8) ''GeCG fh fCG a FGYCG
G cP a dG HCG CG G e dG QdG Gg cH cGh

cP a AL dG HCG e Be gh ,eBdGh dWEG afl dGh
.dG jK g Gh dG
- 45 -
. (YAJURVEDA) GaQLj G
d H a VGh GQY (YAJUR VEDA) Ga QLj h
jh ,kc ke djh fGe j CG ZCG Yf'' .FdG Sh Gh
Ie g efh ,fh FGYCG e FdG fh jh fAGYCG
.(44 :8) ''dG Ge
fGh dBH jadG bGh ,kGOW gOWGh fAGYCG gG ! ZCG j''

.(37 :9) ''H eDG
: AYdG Gg kjCG a ALh

JG fCGh dG dG fCGh JH hG fCG ` YdG dEG ` ! GQfEG j''
O fCGh dGh dG H ,RdGh dG fCGh QdG ddG fCGh ,G
UEG a j .dGh dG e cQGh HCG LdG H e NG dH
! GNEG j pJq Gh .Jh GdG J Ib H GdG EG dG eh q
.''FGYCG L j M kM Gk AH GG GHCGh HCG OGY Gfch
bMh Y bGh fAGYCG N ` SCGh VGeCG dEG ! GHCG j
.Y H Gk KCG LGh
(SAMVEDA) Ga S G
: dG GH Gh dG cP (SAMVEDA) Ga S ALh
Yf . Igb Ibh .SdG e AcPCG H f k Y koe JBG !QfEGj''
.(3,61 :1:3) ''FdG S Y fh Hbh Ah dCfh GQfG j
,FdG NCG Y fh cfh ICGLh Ib H AGYCG f !QfEG j

dG dCf G de fCG ,HH Pf .fPEH OdG fh !QfEGj ZCa
.(6,5,4:4:1:4) .''dG e kb JBG dGh IdG GPj OLh JH eDf
fhO J Lh Ic eh ` YdG dEG GQfEG pf qEG'' : kjCG ah

.''dG dG OY Rj fEG . GHCG
- 46 -
(ATHERVEDA) :GaQJBG G
a OQh fCG HGHCGh FGLCG fl (ATHERVEDA) GaQJBG ifh
.b P e cCG dGh G cP
bGh ShDhQ JH cGh jCG e FGYCH FEG ! ZCG j''
.(7 :7 :1) ''gQX
jh ` FGYCG L bGh JTh JH e c ` dG dEG !e jh

.(3 :1 : 32 :4) ''AGdGh Gh cG e JBG dEG j eh FGYCG Jb
! dEGj.gqeOh SCG fAGYCG q M ! eSh GQfEG j'' jCG ah

bq eh gc MGh gq T pbh gq M q ah jGQ qfh cTcG
.(1 :4 :3) .''jJ L q ah j
(GEETA) '' dG '' SG ShdG dG G

gh ,dG dG YKCG d ch ,ShdG dG gCG e dG j q
G Fb eCG ''Tc''ShdG dG gdCG Ffh J Y j
,WdG Y adG gh CG ,G FXhcP ,FdG g L a .''LQCG''
.(6) SG H J gh HbCG bCG e HQG cdh M
h .H dCG FS ah kHH Y fK Y j dG Ggh
.''QHe'' c e AL''dG'' CG G
V fc ic gCG jg M bh fCG dG Gg h
ShdG dG b .GeCG e IG WdGh dG e dDG BG
e gh G GHCG e H G !LQCG j'' : ''LQCG''G Fd Tc
,jO aCG a dG Y b GPEGh ,AGd EG J UdG gh eeCG
Ggh ,HCG EG fqejh fj SdG cJh ,S gTh q eCG Vh
.(43-32 :2) .''QedGh G eq T Gh cdG ASh ,QdGh QdG
. 38 U ,dG jOCG a (6)
- 47 -
Ge e QGdGh MdG j qddG e Qj gh : LQC Tc jh

.G
SdG j M ,QdGh d fEa MdG j q J ! LQCG j''
GPa ,feh fCH j e a djh Gk AS H jh Y gALQ
fdG JCa fG GPEGh ,Ye a dG Ge q e GPEGh .H d H
.(7 )(37-35 :2)''.d eY Ja ,ZGQ dEG
dGh G cP e a OQh QdG Gg dG QdG jCG iQCG fEG
Sh Y dG U Gk fi dG f CG Y H d kac ,HdG dG
M Y jd Gk q Uh dG jO Y kYaO Jb SdG e kYH j
H dGh G jd OG CGh ,dG S gLh ,G
pe Gr Nn njp sdG pa psdG n `sSo } ,VQCG dG S dGh ,oj H q SEG
n pd Gogn hn n an l pcn ntuHQp on ne nnJnb x psf ue ujnCcn hn } (8) |kjprnJ psdG pso pd n p nJ ndhn orbn
dGh (9)| njppHdG s tp oj o`sdGhn GofnnSG r nehn Goo Vn nehn p`sdG p pSn pa ro nHUn GnC
LGh GdGh dGh eGdG Y kXM OY H eCGh J dG YT
n sdG p`sdG oar On nnr dhn } ,OdGh IdGh IOdG ceCG g dG
m r npH o n r nH S
ne o`sdG sn o nndhn Gk pcn p`sdG oSG r n pa o cn r oj o Lp n nehn lGnn Un hn lnpHhn opeGn Un rneu o sd
. (10)| l jpYn w p nnd n`sdG sGE p oo
o nj
jEG dH LG dG e gNCG OhOGh .OhOG YCG HCG d ( SEG OG) (7)

.Gde
.62 : GMCG (8)
.146 : GY BG (9)
.146. . 40 : G (10)
- 48 -
: ddG dG
a KK ah
dG BGdG G : hCG dG
G EG SEG If : dG dG
d k MQ Ho , fi : ddG dG
hCG dG
dG BGdG G
: jBG e jY J sdG j
jpnr o rdG tp oj nd n`sdG sGE p Gho nr nJ ndhn ronfopJnoj njp sdG p`sdG p pSn pa GopJnbhn }
ndhn p r n rdG n pe t Tn nCG o n r p rdGhn r co Lo n Nr nCG or Mn r eu go Lo p Nr GnC hn r go o o r p nK or Mn r go oo br Ghn
Ao Gn Ln n pdn cn r go oo br na r co onJnb Ep an ppa r co opJnjo s Mn p Gn n rdG pp r n rdG n Yp r go opJnoJ
p`spd o ju dG nojn hn l n r pa nonJ nd s Mn r go opJnbhn l Mp Qs Ql onZ n `sdG sEp an Gr n n fG pEp an n jppanrdG
l n pb
U o en o
o rdGhn p Gn n rdG p r dp
s H o Gn s
n rdG o r dG n p pd sdG nYn sdEGp nGhn r Yo nan Gr n n fG pEp an
n`sdG sGnC Go n`r ``YGhn n```sdG GoJs Ghn rornYn in `n Yr G ne p rp pH prnYn Gho nYr na rornYn in nYr G p n an
l pcn ppa l n pb r bo ppa m n pb p Gn n rdG p r dG
s p Yn n nfodnC r jn } : n nJ n nb . (1 )| n p s o rdG n en
o n r p rdGhn p`sdG n Yp o n cr GnC o r pe pp gr GnC o Gn Nr GE p hn p Gn n rdG pp r n rdGhn ppH l r co hn p`sdG p pSn Yn w Un hn
Or pnJr jn en hn GYo nn SG r pGE p r opjOp Yn r co hOt o jn s Mn r onfopJnjo nodGn jn ndhn p r n rdG n pe o n cr GnC
n p `ndhGoC hn pIn Np BrdGhn n rft dG pa r o odn Yr GnC
r npMn n p `ndhoCan l panc n go hn r o n an ppjOp Yn r ope
ntuHQp on ne nnJnb x psf ue ù jnC`nchn } : J jh .(2 )| nho pdNn n pa rgo Qp sdG onUr GnC
n jppHdG s t p jo o `sdGhn Gofnn SG r en hn Goo Vn en hn p`sdG p pSn pa r o Hn Un GnC n pd Go gn hn n an l pcn
o hn n en Gn br GnC
nfr fG r u nKhn nfp er GnC pa n an Gn Sr GE p hn n Hn ofPo n nd r p rZG n Hs Qn Godnb nCG sdGE p r o ndnr b nnc en hn
.194-190 : IdG (1)

. 217 : IdG (2)
- 51 -

n oc nr dhn r o nd n pd p`sdG n eu mn Mr Qn n pan } : J dG bh . (3)| n jppanrdGp nr rdG nYn
GnPEp an p renCrdG pa rgo Qr phTn hn ro nd r p rnSG
r hn ro rYn oYr na npdr nM rpe Gn t fnd prn rdG np nZ vna
.(4)| n p cu n n o rdG
t p jo n `sdG sGE p p`sdG nYn r cs n n an
n er n Yn
p pSn pa GhoPhGoC hn rpgQp njOp pe GoLp Nr GoC hn Gho nLgn njp sdna } : J dG bh
r eu Hk Gnn K Qo n rfnCrdG n p
r nJ pe p r nJ ms Ln r o s nNp Or oCndhn r p pJn u Sn r o r Yn sn u cn oCnd Gopbo hn GonJnbhn
p`sdGp p`Sn pa r `pJ`no ran } : J dG bh (5)| pGsn dG o r Mo o n ```Yp o ```sdGhn p`sdG pYp
ppJDr of n r nn a r p rjn hr GnC r n r o an p`sdGp pSn pa r pJ`njo en hn pIn Np BrdpH n rft dG nIn n rdG nho ` r jn n `jp sdG
Ap n udGhn p nLu dG npe np n r nr o rdGhn p`sdG p pSn pa nopJ``noJ dn rond nehn k p Yn Gk rLGnC
n fo sd pe n sd n Lr Ghn n ogr nCG p pd`s dG pjn r n rdG pp `gn r pe n Lr p Nr GnC n `s `HQn nodojn n jp sdG pGn rdp rdGhn

r co opJnjo r nan r co odn `n Yr G pEp an } : J dG bh .(6)| Gk np f n ``fo sd pe n `s d n `r LGhn v pdhn
r sd Ep an } : J dG bh .(7)| kpSn r p r nYn r ond o `sdG n n Ln n an n ndG s o or ndGE p Gnr rdGnC hn
rgo o orp nK ornM rgo oorbGhn rgo hoo na ro njprjnCG Gtonjhn nndG s oorndEGp Gorojhn rocodp n r nj
o `sdG o co o p jn Pr GE p hn } : J dG bh (8)| kpet kf nrSo r p r nYn r ond n rn Ln r op `ndhGoC hn
s p jo GnC o `sdG o jpjo hn r ond oonJ pcn r dG s pGnP n r nZ snCG nhOt nn Jhn r ond n sfnCG p r n n pF sdG in Mr GE p
(9)| ep rdG p c
o r o n n nr dhn n Wp n rdG n p r jo hn s n rdG s p o pd n jppanrdG n pHGOn n nrjn hn ppJn p npH s n rdG
npperD o rdG n p ropdhn neQn n`sdG sp `ndhn nrneQn Pr GE p nrneQn nehn ro nnbn n`sdG sp `ndhn rgo oor nJ rnan }
GLo n Nn n jp sdnc GofonJ ndhn } : J dG bh (10)| l p Yn l p Sn n `sdG sGE p k n Mn Ak nHn o r pe
.(11)| lp eo non `r `jn n pH o `sdGhn p`sdGp ``pSn Yn nht o jn hn p Ss dG An ``n FpQhn Gk nHn pgQp `jn Op pe
.147-146 : GY BG (3)
. 159 : GY BG (4)
.195 : GY BG (5)
.7 5- 7 4 : AdG (6)
.90 : AdG (7)
.91 : AdG (8)
.8 ` 7 : fCG (9)
.17 : fCG (10)
.47 : fCG (11)
- 52 -
t p jo nd n `sdG sGE p Am Gn Sn nYn r p r ndEGp r pfna k fn n Np m nr b pe s an n nJ es GE p hn } : J dG bh

p r n rdG pHn Qu pehn mIos b eu o r nn SG r es o nd Ght Yp GnC hn } : J dG bh (12)| ppFn rdG
pe Gop oJ en hn r o o nr jn o `sdG o o nfo nr nJ nd r p pfhOo pe n jpNn BGhn r co hs o Yn hn p`sdG hs o Yn ppH no pgr oJ
GonnL GE p hn } : J dG bh (13)| no n roJ nd rofGnC hn rorndGE p sn oj p`sdGp pSn pa Am r Tn
.(14)| p n rdG o p dG s n go o sfGE p p`sdG nYn r cs nn Jhn n nd s pd
r n Lr na p r
r oeu ojn GE p p n p rdG nYn n ppeDr o rdG p Vu Mn t ps dG n jt GnC jn } : J dG bh
l `nr b r o sfnCpH Gho n cn n jp sdG n eu krdGnC Go p rjn l Fn eu oeu ojn GE p hn p r n Fn pe Go p rjn nho pHUn nho r Yp
pa np roj snM in Sr GnC ond nonj GnC x pnpd nnc ne } : J dG bh (15)| no n r nj sd
n n Sn p`sdG n eu l n pc ndsr d l p Mn l jpYn o `sdGhn nIn Np BrdG o jpjo o `sdGhn n rft dG V n n Yn nho jpoJp VQr nCrdG
kdnMn r o r pnZ s pe Gooan } : J dG bh (16)| l p Yn l GnYn r oJr `n `NGnC n pa r os n nd
pa n ud ob t ps dG n jt GnC jn } : J dG bh .| l Mp Qs Ql onZ n `sdG sGE p n `sdG Go``sJGhn k ù `` nW
r `p `r `njhn r`òpe n Np GoC s ue Gk r Nn ro`pJrD oj Gk rNn ropH`òbo pa o`sdG p nr nj GE p in Sr nCrdG nue ojprjGnC
Ao n pdhr GnC r ``ò o `r Hn Gho ``ncn n jp ds Ghn } : J dG bh (17)| l ``Mp Qs Ql `ò``nZ o `sdGhn r ond

n nfG n GnPEp an } : J dG bh(18)| l pcn Ol `nn ahn p VQr nCrdG pa l n r pa onJ o o`n r nJ sdEGp m ``r Hn
r o nd Gho o br Ghn r go ho o Mr Ghn r go hoNo hn r go o tJLn hn or Mn n pcp r o rdG Goo br na o o
o rdG o o Tr nCrdG
rGE p hn l`p MQs Ql o`n Z n`sdG sGE p ro npSn Gtn an nI`ncs dG Gno JBGhn nIndG s GoenbGnC hn GoHnJ Ep an mUn r ne sco
n pdPn o n en rC en o rp Hr GnC s oK p`sdG n ncn n n r jn s Mn o r `Lp nCan n Qn
l nr b r o sfnCpH n n SG
r n pcp r o rdG n eu l Mn GnC
p Gn Nr Ep pH Gt gn hn r o nfn jr nCG Gonfs ek nr b nopJnoJ ndGnC } : J dG bh (19)| no nr jn sd
.58 : fCG (12)

.60 : fCG (13)
.61 : fCG (14)
.65 : fCG (15)
. 68-67 : fCG (16)
.7 0 : fCG (17)
.7 3 : HdG (18)
.6-5 : HdG (19)
- 53 -
(20) | n ppeDr et o oc GE p o r n r nJ GnC t Mn GnC o `sdna r o nfr n r nJGnC mIs en n hs GnC r co hAo n Hn go hn p So s dG
o jn hn r pgp r jo hn r ojpjr nCpH o `sdG o o Hr u n jo r go opJnb } : J bh
Qn ho Uo pr jn hn r p r nYn r co r
puco p ju dG n`Yn on p ropd u`n `rdGp jOp hn in `ò rdpH ondSo Qn nSn Qr GnC p sdG n go } (21)| npperD tem nr b
r opdGn er nCpH Gho pgLn hn kdnpKhn kanNp Gho p fG } : J bh (22)| nocp r o rdG n p cn nr dhn
n `sdG sGE p } : J bh (23)| no nr nJ r o oc GE p r osd l r Nn r o pdPn p`sdG p pSn pa r oop fGnC hn
noo r n an p`sdG p pSn pa nopJnjo n s n rdG o o nd snCpH o ndGn er GnC hn r o on fGnC n ppeDr o rdG n pe in n TG r
Gho p rnSn
r a p`sdG npe ppr n pH nahr GnC rnehn pBGr o rdGhn p p Ep rdGhn pIGQn r sdG pa vnM prnYn Gk Yr hn nonr ojhn
Go en BG n jp sdG n jt GnC jn } : J bh (24)| o p n rdG Ro nr rdG n go n pdPn hn ppH o r jn Hn p sdG o op r n pH
(25)|p rdG e `sdG sGnC GnYGh k nrZ
n so n n n o r n p r opa Gho p n rdhn Qp sordG n eu onfojn n jp sdG GopJnb
p`sdG o ar On ndnr dhn o `sdG n Ht Qn Godojn nCG sdGE p x Mn p r npH pgQp jn Op pe GLo p Nr GoC j n sp dG } : J bh
Gk pcn p`sdG oSG r n pa o cn r oj o Lp n nehn lGnn Un hn lnpHhn opeGn Un rneu o sd m r npH o n r nH S n sdG
n jp sdG o o p nd GnPEp an } : J bh (26)| l jpYn w p n nd n `sdG sGE p o o o jn en o `sdG sn o n ndhn
n nn J s Mn Ak Gn pa es GE p hn o r Hn v en es Ep an
n nKrn dG Ght no a r go o o n rKnCG GnPGE p s Mn pnbu dG n r n
n a Gho n cn
n jp sdGhn m ``r n pH o` n r Hn on r n ud p `ndhn r o r pe n n n fnd o `sdG Ao n jn nr dhn n pdPn gn Qn GRn hr GnC o r n rdG
Qn sordG ppgnL t psdG n tjGnC nj } : J bh (27)| ro ndn Yr GnC sp oj nan p`sdG p `pSn pa Gopbo
.(28)| o p n rdG n r pHhn o s n Ln r go Ghn rC en hn r p r nYn rorZGhn n p pan o rdGhn
,GhdG Oq Q EG G e j SEG CG jBG g e d q jh
QGdG QGO G EG MH jODG IdG Y Gh dG Y adGh
.13 : HdG (20)

.14 : HdG (21)
. 28 : dG (22)
.41 : HdG (23)
.111 : HdG (24)
.123 : HdG (25)
.40 : G (26)
.4 : fi (27)
.9 : dG (28)
- 54 -
G de H SEG jjh .bYG hjj jdG Hh Hh

p nLu dG npe np n r nr o rdGhn p`sdGp pSn pa nopJnoJ nd rond nehn } ,gCG EG gOq Qh dG
pe n sd n Lr Ghn n ogr nCG p pd sdG pjn r n rdG pp `gn r pe n Lr p Nr GnC n Hs Qn nodojn n jp sdG pGn rdp rdGhn Ap n u dGhn
dGh G If SEG jj ch .(29)| Gk np f n fo sd pe n sd n Lr Ghn v pdhn n fo sd
.dGh dG Y AdGh
.75 : AdG (29)
- 55 -
dG dG
G EG SEG If
jh ,eh kd q J ,be c SEGh G
Y IQY dGh ,dG f G C ;G e e NBG H
u pa GoNo Or G Go en BG n jp sdG n jt GnC jn } BGdG H c ,SEG
Go ps nJ ndhn k as nc p rdG
fc dG hG Y j SEGh (1)| lpte hw o Yn rond osfGE p p nrdG s pGn oNo
dG eGdG hGh MdG QG jjh ,gG FdG H Fb
QedG ge ch ,SEG b CGh dG H gMQ QhJ fc
b Y IQY IUG IQG h SEG b G fch ,GGh
IedG OdH gdGh GeCG fh VGYCG gh AedG Sh AjHCG
dG dG hMh .OdGh q dG IQDHh QedGh GG Ig q EG SdH gBG
G j dG ch .Gg Y Y o gT dG Y jh q j
: gYT b c Gk Qf JTh dd
FW Z d gh d eGH H kGQf GhbhCGh
: H bh
`` ` ` Y `` ` M G`` `f `` ` ` HKCG kCe HM e GhSGh
p VQr nCrdG pa nr n r njhn osdG gn nCn rWGnC pr nrpd Gk Qnf Gr ho bn hr GnC n sco } dG BGdG h
H c q dG Y IQY G fch (2)| n jprp o rdG t p jo n o sdGh Gk Onn a
: edG dG YdG
.208 : IdG (1)

.64 : IFG (2)
- 57 -
`` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` `j`` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` Y `` ` ` ` ` ` ` gh `` ` ` ` ` `` ` èCGh q ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` `` ` ` ` ` ` ` `dG `` ` ` ` ` ` ` U `` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` `` ` ` ` a

G`` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` fGO`` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` c `` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` g`` ` ` ` ` `qfO Gh`` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` dG i`` ` ` ` ` ` ` `S `` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` `j `` ` ` ` ` dh
(3) MEG j M Iq dG h YPEG dd G Y G Hh
gf a ,MG G G g q W G fc h
HUCG H j eh dGh G e YJCG dj e j CG HCGh SEG
aU IBGe fc WCG GPEG G C ,kHM IgGh HGh ehG e
.QedGh GGh dGh OdGh dGh dGh MdGh dG a J
`` ` `Z ``` ` ` dGh G`` `Z `` ` dG `` ` ` è `` ` e
G`` ` ` ` ` ` `bGE h `` ` ` ` ` `` ` ` Jh g`` ` `J `` `` ` à `` ` ` ` ` H
dG VGZCd Lh ,U Lh G L q hh SEG AL d
Y kYaOh ffEG eGdG Y d ,dG ddG UGh ,dG
d Gk fh ,G SdGh dG G k ebEGh ,jGh IdG
,IhGdGh gGdG QJh dG H q qdG hdG Y Ak bh AdG
p d } .Gk OL adG dGh edG G d hG G q Sh
p `n
ogo n`np dhGoC hn oGn rrn dG ono d n`np dhGoC hn rpop fGnC hn rppdGn renCpH Gho gn nL on ne GoneBG njsp dGhn oSo dG
s
. | n
(4 )
o rp ro dG
Lh daCGh dGbCH eCG SdG YO cQG OG g e EG
.YCG aQCGh aCG e q Yh SEG S IhQP OG
: a dG SQ EG LQ AL :b Y dG VQ Ijg HCG Y
N GPEG J g{ : b zLCG { : b ,zOG j Y Y qdO{
j eh : b z?Jh Jh ,Jh a ,e NJ CG gG
MCG j ,H f dGh{ : b SQ CG : Y dG VQ Yh .(5)dP
.dG HjO . 10 U ,SG GjO (3)

.88 : HdG (4)
.OG c ,2785 : bQ ,QdG LNCG (5)
- 58 -
dG d dGh ,edG j AL EG ,S j YCG dGh ,dG S

.(6)zG jQ jdG
,dGh OG SSCGh UCG g dG c AYEG SdG Lh
Jj LdG : a dG EG LQ AL : b Y dG VQ Se HCG a
b .? dG S a ,fe id Jj LdGh ,cd Jj LdGh ,d
.(7)zdG S a dG g dG c d Jb e{ :
.1656 : edG S ,1876 : e U ,2803 : QdG U (6)

.182 : QdG (7)
- 59 -
ddG dG
d MQ H , fi
Y dG jh .(1)| np ndn rud k n rMQn sdGE p nnrSn Qr GnC nehn } : Lh Y dG j

npdr nM rpe Gn t fnd prn rdG np nZ vna noc nr dhn ro nd npd p`sdG nue mn rMQn n pan } :Lh
tp oj n`sdG sGE p p`sdG nYn rcs n nan nren Yn GnPEp an p renCrdG pa rgo Qr phTn hn ro nd r p rnSG r hn ro rYn oYr na
.(2)| np cu n no rdG
r t pYn en pr nYn l jpYn r o op fGnC r eu l So Qn r co An Ln r n nd } : Lh Y dG jh
l Np Hn n sn nan } : Lh Y dG jh .(3)| l Mp Qs l hAo Qn n ppeDr o rdpH or nYn jp l Mn
he fih .(4)| kSn nCG pjp n rdG Gn`n pH Go peDr jo r sd EGp r pgQp nKBG n Yn n n r sf
jn r bo } : dG BGdG AL c ,EGh IGQdG dh aQh MH
n go sdGE p n`ndEGp nd p VQr nCrdGhn pGhn n dG s oroe ond p sdG k p nL rorndGE p p`sdG oSo Qn ufGE p S o sdG n tjGnC
rosn nd oo psJGhn ppJn p cn hn p`sdpH operD oj p sdG u ueoCrdG u psdG ppdSo Qn hn p`sdpH GopeBan op ojhn `roj
.(5)| h n o n r nJ
pa n jp sdG n p Mn r GnC } .GGh Gh fEd MQ fi da
rgo n p pH o nran n nna ro ncnrjQn nCnd oAn nf r ndhn ro nfnVr nCG o`sdG np r oj sd nCG V l n se p pHo bo
rope njppg``no rdG nnr nf snM rosfon rnndhn ro ndn Yr GnC onr nj o`sdGhn p ``n r rdG p rnd pa ro san p r nndhn
.107 : AfCG (1)

.159 : GY BG (2)
.128 : HdG (3)
.6 : dG (4)
.158 : GYCG (5)
- 61 -
,OSCGh HCG EG IGe MQ H fih (6)| r co Qn n Nr GnC on r nfhn n jppH```dG s hn

FdG dCJ HGdGh SGdG gh ,dGh dGh ,UCGh MCGh
p VQr nCrdG pa ne nr n fGnC nr d rp pHobo nrnH nsdGnC hn } H e H HQG IMG
.(7) | l p Mn l jpYn o sfGE p r o n r Hn
n sdGnC n `sdG s p `ndhn r p pHobo n r Hn
n r sdGnC es k p Ln
WdGh edGh dG L Y SdG f d
a .H H jdG MJ SSCG g ffEG Lh ,Gh
Y HC h HY Y d h Y Y Hd a '' :GOdG M
iOfh (8) ''GJ e OBGh OBG e SdG ,idH EG HCG Y OSC h OSCG
o s dG n jt GnC jn } : dG BGdG IMdG H
r co n rn Ln hn nfGoC hn m cn Pn eu ocn r nNn sfGE p S
.(9) | l pNn l p Yn n `sdG sGE p r co nrJGnC p`sdG n Yp r oen n cr nCG sEGp GoaQn n n pd n pFn bn hn Hk o To
L EG MEGh MdG daCGh dGbCGh SdG dJ EG
ch ,d MQ ac SdG EG e fCH m Y o gT ,GGh dG
fCG a ,dGh dG Y gjh ,dGh dH HUCG Uj
h Gq Sh ,Gh
q Jh Ghj{
q : dG SQ b : b Y dG VQ
GPEG dG SQ c b ,Y dG VQ TCG Se HCG Yh .(10)zGhqJ
h Ghjh
q ,GhJ h GhH{ : b eCG H HUCG e Gk MCG H
.(11) zGhJ
q
GHh
q GJ
q h Gj
q { : a ,dG EG Gk Peh H dG CG Yh
.(12) zJh YhJh GqJ h
.31 -29 : fi (6)

.63 : fCG (7)
.dCG q Mh .3270 : bQ ,edG S (8)
. 13 : GG (9)
.1734 : eh ,6125 : QdG LNCG (10)
.1732 : e LNCG (11)
.1733 e ,6124 : QdG LNCG (12)
- 62 -
: HGdG dG
SEG OG Ue : hCG dG
SEG OG JGe : dG dG
SEG G GOBG : ddG dG
hCG dG
SEG OG Ue
dh ,Mh mS o jO fCG dEG SEG AGYCG L q h dG YG e

pnjo CG j fCG dH hjjh .AVQEGh bEG jO h Sh eCG jO
eR c dG Gg Qqjh .dG IH ,GcEGh hdHEG jh ,jNBG
Y AGaGh ,gHh M H bh ,Hh c H fEG .kGQGJh kGQGe eh
f CG dG dCH djh ,G bG SEG IQd jJh
CG ZQ ,dG q Mh dG IH JYO f ` dG TM ` kGfi SEG
kIhGYh kGM aH hgj dh ,Hb G hqoj e
e VG SEG AGYCG j hKCj e hNBGh , u fh SEd
.fhNCj EG a d FSdG e Sh hj jdG gZh bG
kXM fdGh bdGh dG Gk OhM T Jh fS dG CG c
eCG Y kXM dGh OG dG T Gg ,VdGh Gh dG Y
.G Y kYaOh ,dG Y kAbh ,dGh
MU H j dG YGh OG Y IQY SEG OGh
bh GPEGh ,MCG g dH GGh G YGh H dG d AYEG
Hh IYdG H Mh ,dG EG IYdG SCG qJh ,dG S Y Gk q U dG
VJ dG dG MGREGh ,bGdG dGREG M a ,bYG hjj e
dG j h ,LQ hCG j UCG dG jG CG c ,J dG EG IYdG
VG AGSGh G Y Nh ,o H VG e CGj h ,kT dG h
Hh dG dP H gG dG j a ,L FS fjLh
.V ATh JM Y kXM
,(BGdG X ) J b S Ueh OG M T bh
- 65 -
: b M ,OLCGh MCa
d ,jdG jQJ gLh Vfh ,dG SEG fG d''
.''OG J c .GgCG IY d dh ,SEG Y Gk MCG
Gfc dG dGh iPCG eDG Y a d k hCq G SEG gL''
GC G dPQbh . JYh dGeCGh fCG Y eCG d dh ,fej
Ya ,|dG e q TCG dGh } ` IQdG g jJ S idG dG
Y AGYG e q TCG Y gCG ah ,H AGjEGh IdG Y AGYG
c GPEGh ,dG EGG Gg ah IG e k b YCG Ida .JGP IG
hPCe hCG H e a ,de Yh JM Y aGd dG kfhPCe eDG
Y dG ej G c bh .jOh JY Y aGd dG
, e q YCG Y dG g Gaj CG q H d j h ,hPDjh JY
bh .q T VQCG e WGe a hPDjh ,JY Y dG ej
Y G d YG dGh MdG jdG YH e dfCG T
T c ,dG EG Ghq Jd ,iNCG G gGG UCG ah ,jO
Id EG L q e J dG dG dG YH dMeh SG H
IdG AGd G g G VN dGh ,Y RLEGh
.''dCG dfCG e e dG g GMh ,a Ghfa gMh
a ` IdG jM jJ H ` IYdG jM jd kfK SEG gLh''
GH AL ,IG jd f bQCHh ,IGh OLd QJ cCH SEG AL
H AT a .Hb EGh YSCG EG jh ,c jdG EG jod G
dP b j dh ,jdG GcEG h .a AT eh eDa dGh dG
dG Y e ALc ,ac Sd G Gg HEG jW e dG hJ CG
CGh Gj CGh Gj CG SdG dG LGG hJ CGh ;ac Sd
.''GhOGQCG GPEG idG ce EG Gj
,jh Qq jh UG
q ef VQCG d kdK SEG gLh''
CG Qq j M ;fEG NCG fEG jM j dG dG Mh gh
d dG jOY VQCG e jh ;G dG d IMGh jOY g
- 66 -
MGh Q dg EG ,jdG jW Y dJh gQUh dTCG L

YdH qj Mh dEGh AGdG Y d j dG g kL Sd
.''AGS IOdGh EH Mh dEG j c ,Gh
IYdG g Yh ,SEG H AL dG HdG dG IYb g g''
IY j M ,fEG d jG a J f bNCG f j
a h ,SEG j jdG M MCG c eM a Jh ,SEG
c MCG a j h .JY fc jCG eSEG WdG WGe c M
.''dGg EG jdG Y a GcEG h ,SEG IY YG
j .dG d fjO h ,VQCG d gdCG g J a''
Gg Y dH j h ;IY bYG Y SdG d PEG dG SEG
X eCj keBG kef d gL EG ,j CG DhGYCG jj c G
.''JY Gj EGh d VN QWEG jh kL FdG UCG
Y gGC WGh QfGh OLd jQhV SEG Iq b fch''
ddG dG Gg ebEGh fCG Y bYG hjj e WGh ,JY
VM IQhdG ehe h ,gCG b IGOCG OG j h .jMh
.(1 )''d GMj CG FGYCG NCG jj c eh
e dGh OH SEG OGQCG e Y aJ ! dG QdG jCG dh
QhL SGh ,dGh QG H ddRh ,dG YGb Jh ,eCG
q Sh VQGdG VYh ,FGG dM e dG G e ,dGh ffCG
Gobn Un lnLQp npperD o rdG nue } bdGh HdG jW KMh ,LGG Lh
.(2 )| kjpr nJ Gods Hn en hn o p n jn es o r pehn o n n b es o r p an pr nYn n `sdG Gho gn Yn en
r nf n
H hCG e GhY EG e kej LGQ SEG dG SCG fc eh
e eCG c EGh ,kWH h IGOe ,kjCG fceh ,GcEG hCG b hCG J hCG
dGh jdGh dG jV QdG q e Y Gfc a ,dG Y
dh H IdG Q fC ,IdH IdG HQ G C Gd ,dGh
.IgdG ,hdG QGO .b S 295 ` 294 /1 BGdG X (1 )

.23: GMCG (2 )
- 67 -
eEG ,jGgh N hM kL HhM fa ,jG EG jG q ja

Gk L dCj je IW b e q e g AJ IQOe hCG SEG d
.(3 )Y SdG ah
q H jEGh Y dH SEG Ze
VQCG ASd h SEG Y SdG GcE G Jb e
eCG c jd Ghqaj CG g qL c H ,M H a QSGh
Y dG j .INBGh fdG eGch IOS c d Gjh ,AhdGh
SEG CGh Ueh dG S OG M j gh : hdG
c dG ddG VdG NCG EG a dG Lj H ,dG IH j
SEG CG GYR b q V : dEG JYO H q jh fj G
aEG ,jhdG NCG g fG EG ,dGh ,dH fG EG
Ggh ,Hb Ce dG EG GH G dG HQCG KK G
.MdG IY Y H OY dG IdG gh ,Sf Y TCG dGQdG
g ch .e ka jQdG j dG YCG dG d eSEG dG EG
gMh gOH gNCGh ,aH SGh Gk OH Ga jdG dG
,fEH OdG Ga jdG G e a d dh ,JSh JH
Gfch ,dG UCG Gfa ,H dG Gah ,dH dG Gah
.GdGh IQGh G IHo Gfch ,EG IYO
: dG HG j
o` `HCG `d`` ` ` H S e a kS qpe dG a e

fh
o t iSCG Y fhZ ``Wh inQSCG n` ` `b Mh
o` ` `` j `` ` ` à `` dH AfEG qa `` `H ohdG Gg a
HQhCG H Y dG ffEG G YGb HdG dG Gq W d
Zh J a ,jdG dG J EG Sh ,Y SdG dG
c gH e cG ,G ffEG Y FdG YW
a d .fh jH bdG e hOG NCGh , dhdG G
dG ,12 OdG ,100U ,(SEG Qe) ` OGYEGh OGSG IQhV ,jdG MdG Y MCG dG (3 )
.XHCG ,`g1405 G hP ITdG
- 68 -
dGh idGh dG j Gfc dh ,G dG HQCG KK G

GPEG EG G EG hj G ch .fj dG OdG EG dGh
,hQjh ,fj Gfa ,dG YGO Gq j CG GHCGh G gDhGYCGQNG
,kq Y dRjh ,ke ejh ,kSQ jh ,h ,qjh
NO fdGh dG c GPEG K ,ke Gk HY h ,ke jh
a .gCGh gOhCG e j fj G eP AGYCG
Fb Gk QGMCG ,gHeh jO Gk QGMCG gCG Gca ,OdG G
ghSCGh ,SdG b dH Ga ,gOhCGh dGeCG Gk QGMCG ,fh
gCG QU M ,IQG AGd ba Ghfh ,eCG X Y GHh ,dH
ce Y fY d djh ,JeM Y G Nj OdG
.(4 )dG ZQh dG q M
Sh ,VGQCG IQOeh ,JGhK Y dGh ,OdG a j
Ue e Gk e e j ,gCG jCG e G fh ,jQGQPh Ff
AG jj dG VGZCG c SdG f H ,SEG dGh OG
.dG gGh G VH
j : a dG EG LQ AL : b Y dG VQ Se HCG Y
aa ,M Jjh ,kZ Jj fMCG qEa ? dG S dG e !dG SQ
c d Jb e{ : a ,kFb c fCG EG SCGQ dEG aQe : b SCGQ dEG
.(5 )zLhY dG S a ,dG g dG
LdG : a dG EG LQ AL : b Y dG VQ Y jGhQ h
S a ,fe id Jj LdGh ,cd Jj LdGh ,d Jj
jGhQ h .(6 )zdG S a dG g dG c d Jb e{ : b ?dG
:a dG SQ EG AL kHGYCG CG : Y dG VQ Se HCG Y OhGO HC
.IgdG ,1936 jO ,4 dG (dSdG) ,eSEG dG ,hdG Y (4 )

.123 bQ ,dG c ,QdG (5 )
.4919 bQ ,OG c e ,3126 bQ G Va ch ,2810 bQ ,OG GHCG ,QdG (6 )
- 69 -
a .fe id Jjh ,d Jjh ,d Jjh ,cd Jj LdG EG

dG S a YCG g dG c J M Jb e{ dG SQ
.(7 )zLhY
jj LQ ! dG SQj : b kLQ CG : Y dG VQ Ijg HCG Yh

LCG { : dG a .fdG VY e k VY j gh dG S OG
: a ,J a dG Sd Yo : Ld Gdbh SdG dP YCa .zd
.fdG VY e kVY j gh dG S a OG jj LQ ! dG SQ j
LCG { d a ,ddG d a dG Sd Yo Ld Gda zdLCG { b
Gk cPh Sh AjQh Gk a c GPEG dG e VdG CG dG q Uh .(8 )zd
Gk QRh (H b CG) d c H ,d LCG a Mh k Zh Ak Kh Gk Mh keh
hdG{ : b fCG dG SQ Y Y dG VQ L H Pe Y .kKEGh kHGYh
,jdG Sjh ,dG fCGh ,eEG WCGh ,dG Lh HG e eCa GhZ
,Sh AjQh Gk a GZ e eCGh ,c LCG fh ef Ea ,OdG LGh
MCG fi j .(9 )zdH Lj fEa ,VQCG aCGh eEG Yh
ndhn } : dH a dG ZQh ,G Y Va dG OGh'' : G OL
c EG .(1 0) | nobRn r jo r `pHu Qn n Yp Al n Mr GnC r Hn kJGn er GnC p`sdG p pSn pa Gopbo n jp sdG s n n r nJ
,cQG IYdG g dG jG YG Y adG gMCG : jeC
S J dG FGdG dGREG NBGh ,VQCG IMdGh G J IYO
Gk e j a ,G YCG CG H EG G Nj SEGh .IYdG g f
ndhn } :J dH dEG jOe AT c G jO Gh ,e
w pdhn osfnCcn lIhGn n Yn onrnHhn nnrnH p sdG GnPEp an on rMGnC n pg psdpH ran Or G o n udG
s ndhn o nn nrdG pnnr J
. (1 1)| l p Mn
. 2517 bQ ,OG c OhGO HCG S (7 )

.2516 bQ ,OG c OhGO HCG S (8 )
.dCG ns Mh ,3190 FdGh ,d dGh , 2515 bQ OhGO HCG S ,34bQ 466/2 de eEG C We (9 )
.169 : GY BG (1 0)
.34 : a (1 1)
- 70 -
AGYCG gQKCG dG dG J Mj gh G OL fi jh
e Gk Mh dHh ,Y Gk M SEH gdCG dG dG Jh SEG
: (1 2) j e dG q Mh dG IH fG SEG qCG YGR fCG Y
c dH j fCG MdGh NQDG e d X jO''
G IMh Gk MGh c dSdG iYH b Gk fi qC ,LG Lj
H IYdG H eb Y fEG H ,SdG e d Y Gk ja dEG Yj dG
,IGOG q TCG GOYh GYO Hqc e hCG JY e c ,CG gL
dGh IdG Y X dP eh ,CGdG Jh iPCH gQGTCG Y qSh
Sfi d jh ,dOCG d jh ,G EG G Yj GPBG e iPCG Y kGHU
,jGg J dG OGQCG G Vh M ,Y g e je d Vjh ,jO
h ,kS qj Mgh ,jT Jh jO J dG dG NCa
nb p judG pa nGnrcpEG nd } : BGdG H j c H ,MGh O e Ib bGQEH eCj
nd nrKro dG pIhn r o rdpH r pn an p`sdpH peDr jo hn poZsdpH r orjn n na u nrdG n pe o r Tt dG n s n sJ
n n r n SG
GnPGpE s Vn es oct o jn nd r oon fGnC r or nYn Go en BG n jpsdG n jt GnC jn } (1 3)| l p Yn l p Sn o `sdGhn n nd n
n p fG
.(1 4) | non r nJ r o oc n pH oo u n o na k pLn r oo pLr en p`sdG ndGpE r o jr n n gr G
dGh IdG Y fi jO CG G d Y jQdG fCfCGh
dG bh :a OG Yhe bh ,jG EG e e Jg b T
SdG qCG fCfCG dch .gQh NH dG FdG SGh ,dG
AGYCG iPCG e N Y gh ,OG Yhe H kLGaCG dG jO GNO
GhOGQCG jdG jfG dG bEG gGdGh YG J h .jdG
Y AGLGh kfW dGh adG ee JOGRh ,dSGh IYdG OCGh
.(1 5) dGh IdG GC QJ OH WMh ,OG dG T ,MUh IYdG
.1937-1356 IgdH eSG e ,36 U ,G OL MCG fi ,edG G fi (1 2)

.256 : IdG (1 3)
.105 : IFG (1 4)
.373 - 372 U ,HdG LG (1 5)
- 71 -
fCG d J dG IS eCJ e :jRG dG HG eEG j

J dG eCG H ,Y j fg Y e GOe jO Y Gk MCG j
GSa d GeSG a } : J b c ,d GeSG e gH d j CG
HQM a ,jO Y gq bCGh OdG dU jG b h . (1 6)| d
M dH LCGh ,H Y q a ,Jb dH hDhHh Y Gfh
b fhj g Gfch ,gQjO gGZ dP a ,Y Gfh dH ghCGH
dh dd GhDhL g ,kjCG QH jh G jh MCG j hb c .dP
.(1 7) Jj Y GafG
SEG OG Ue e aY dG Gg N e QdG jCG d
dG eJG CH G Z NQDG e GOT gh .aG H
hG EG J dG j . Hh AGaGh c SEG EG Lq h
Oa CG Y QdG cCG e UCG d '' : (HCG) Hc dQc SeJ
qCGh ,c SEG jO CG e j e EG j CG ,dG Gg AHCG e e
dG GbCG g e e j e Qf CG d BGh .Qhe q Gq N Gk fi
Y KG Ie G GdG dGRe SdG dP gGOq GC dG dSdG Ea ,G
cMCG nanCG .N dG dG N deCG SdG e e Fe d kfb
G FdG jG g Y eh H TY dG dSdG g CG j
CG dh ,kGHCG CGdG Gg iQCG CG SCG a fCG eCG .? YNh HhcCG QMEGh
dP e e aOjh ,GhdG Gg dG N Y Lhj dGh dG
Yh S EG IG eh ,fh Ho EG SdG a , dGh jdG
.(1 8) J CG H hCG c dVCGh
.7 : HdG (1 6)
.RG HG QGO , ,fi dG ij h L 414/1 dG FGH (1 7)
SEG) ch ,HdG JdG QGO . YdG fi LJ .dQc SeJ dG 58 U ,HCG (1 8)
.WdG b He ,eWH BG M H MCG dCJ ,132 U ,(dGh dG e f SdGh
- 72 -
dG dG
SEG OG JGe
gCG Reh ,SEG S IhQP OG c : jRG b HG j

IhQdG dG SQ c ,fdG adG d c ,G RG YCG
,Gh dH OL M dG ga ,c YGfCG Y Sa ,e dG
Gdh ,OG Y abe JYS fa ,dGh dGh ,dGh IYdGh
Iq T e G b OG aCG e c h .kGQb dG Y dG YCG c
Y dG GU Sd c ,JS j e Y H j CG e VQG
OL c h ,qCGh cCG dP e d ch ,ahCG G dP e Sh
zdG GP gL e gG{ b c ,dG OL Y kYa dG AGYCG
dKhY Hh ,gOH dG eG b GhY Ga .keq e gOL c
,dGgh gOL Y j H bGhgh OHqEG gOL
s sGE p } : J dG b
rpe Gofonpd onHr Mp Yo r nj n sfGE p Ghv o Yn ohop sJna hw o Yn rond n nrdG
.(1 ) | p p dG
s p
n Ur GnC
dSQ AGYCG h dG AGYCG Jjh dG S gj CG OGQCG kLQ qCG d
SEG Y H f g j CG b Gh SG Y aGjh
GhQ j c e Z OhOe Oa ,BGdG dJ Y jhJh
b dG SQ N : db qfCG dG hR FY Y HdG H IhY
a Ih ICGL o e cj c b ,LQ cQOCG IHdG Iq H c a ,QH
qJC L : dG Sd b cQOCG a ,hCGQ M dG SQ UCG
: b , :b ?zdSQh dH eDJ{ : dG SQ d b ,e UCGh
. 6 : Wa (1 )
- 73 -
cQOCG IdH q c GPEG M ,e K : db z SCG a ,LQa{

:b ,Iq e hCq G b c dG d a ,Iq e hCq G b c d a ,LdG
hCq G b c d a ,AGdH cQOCa LQ K : b z SCG a LQa{
.(2 )zfa{ dG SQ d a f : b'' ? zdSQh dH eDJ{ Iq e
a jh cGh QdG e OG Y j SEG OG EGh
pa Gho pgLn hn } kGOL JOYh dG YW dhG OG SEG q bCG H ,Z hO
n go n pgGn Hr GE p r opHnCG n seu m n Mn r pe p ju dG pa r or nYn n n Ln en hn r co n n Lr G n go pOp n Lp s Mn p`sdG
nYn An Gn n To GofoJn hn r or nYn Gk pTn o So s dG non pd Gn`gn pahn o r bn pe n p p r o rdG o co s Sn
n r pfhn ndr n rdG n r pan r co ndr en n go p`sdpH Go ` p n Yr Ghn nIncs dG GoJBGhn nIn``dG s Go `pbnCan p S`s dG
.(4 ) | n pp r o rdG n n nd n `sdG sGE p hn n no So r o s jn pr n nd n pa Gho gn Ln n jp sdGhn } (3 )| o p s dG
f EG LQ bCG : b Y dG VQ UdG H hY H dG Y Y
: b ,J dG e LCG HCG OGh IdG Y jHCG : a dG
dG e LCG a : b .gc H f : b ? zq M MCG jdGh e d a{
jGhQ h (5 ) zU MCa ,jdGh EG LQa{ : b ,f : b ? J
: b ,f : b ? zGdGh q MCG{ : a OG fPCSa LQ AL : d
dG fPCSG : db Y dG VQ eDG CG FY Yh zga a{
eG CG FY Y d jGhQ h (6 )zG qcOL{ : a OG
:b ''g aCG'' ,dG aCG OG if ! dG SQj : db Y dG VQ
.(7 )zQhe M OG aCG q d{ ,
ghCG hfCG ! dG SQj : db ,Y dG VQ FY Y dh
G OCG a : FY da zQhe q M LCGh OG MCG q d{ : a ?e
. 4700 : e LNCG (2 )
.78 : G (3 )
.69 : dG (4 )
.e d Ggh 2549 eh (3004) QdG LNCG (5 )
.2875 QdG (6 )
.1520 : QdG (7 )
- 74 -
: dG SQ b Y dG VQ fCG Yh (8) dG SQ e Gg S PEG H

GhgL{ : jGhQ h . ( 9 )zdCGh fCGh dGeCH cG GhgL{
H OL ,zGfCGh bCG Oa dGeCGh Hbh dCH cG
GhQ qdG jG dP Y q O c dH OLh dH OLh dH OLh
iCGQ e{ : j dG SQ S : b .Y dG VQ QG S HCG
dPh a j Ea fa j Ea H q a Gk e e
.(1 0) zEG VCG
q dG SdG L Yh f Y aj M OH qe eDa
c dG H dGh AhdGh eCG qjh ,MdGh G jh ,AdGh
.kHLh kT kHZh kbT
eEG ,Y Va OG L qCG dGh'' : jRG b HG eEG j
e H gj CG e c a ,H qeGE h ,dH eEGh ,dH eEGh ,dH
,b HLh a ,H eCGh ,jc Va ,dH OG eCGh ,GfCG g
IdG qYh ,AGS BGdG dHh H OH eCG C ,HLh dGh
r ondOr GC r g Go en BG n jp sdG n jt GnC jn } : J a .H G NOh ,IGh QdG e
.(1 1) | m pdnCG GnYn rpe rop rnJ IQnpJ nYn
Y VYCGh ,dGeCGh fCG eG e iTG fCG fS NCGh
CG geCG CH qcCG K ,c aCG YOhCG b YdGh dG Gg CGh ,G
q LCG e Hq Q e bdG eCa ,dG RdG g fCH YCG K ,dH Ghj
Gg jj Y iL qdGh ,G dGh ,G g LhY dG Ea ,dG Gg
q g d fCT Gg S q GE h ,dG eh FG e ,SQ TCG dG
: L Nh YeC
(1 2)dG e YJ CG H C HQa d ``` à ``d `è
C hD` q g ``b
.1861: QdG (8 )
.(3090) eG U dCG Uh .2504 :bQ U OSEH OhGOHCG GhQ (9 )
.49 : e LNCG (1 0)
.10 :dG (1 1)
.hDfQCG QOdG Y ` hDfQCG T : 73-72/3 :jRG b HG eEd OG OGR (1 2)
- 75 -
ddG dG
SEG G GOBG
G dG
bJ ,CGh dG e gZh dG SG b G fc
ddGh ,dGh cdG iNCGh ,dG e c Q T VGZC gQf
dG q e c qc Gg Y J dG QTCGh .NBG e dGh AdG W
c QeCG g fCG SEG Ea ,SEG b dG G cP Y HdG
IOGQEG Mh dG U Gh hdG hCq G YJC Th q dCG Y fh
dG e YdG jdG Gg cSh Od LhN kSSCGh kUCG Gg Lh
a GheCG ,eDd kgoc eCG hCG dG c Gd ,Gh hdGh
dG j h , dSQ d Y gjq EG dG qc qdG GOBd edG jYdH
,AGYCG EG MEGh q dG e NCG H CG H ,HQZ Y G
qc EG MEH iOfh ,VdGh Gh dG c qjGC dG Y gfh
:b dG SQ Y Y dG VQ ShCG H OGT j Y ,GG M AT
HP GPEGh dG GMCa b GPEa ,AT c Y MEG c dG qEG{
.(1 )zHP dh ,JT cMCG q dh ,HdG GMCa
OH d Ua ,b cP kT YHh aGO c GPEG a
L H Pe Y .QdG e eDG J IQ Lh ,OY H dG eCG qdG
Lh HG e eCa : zGhZ hdG{ : dG SQ b : b Y dG VQ
ef Ea ,OdG LGh ,jdG Sjh ,dG fCGh ,eEG WCGh ,dG
.1955 : e LNCG (1 )
- 77 -
VQCG aCGh eEG Yh ,Sh Ak jQh Gk a GZ e eCGh ,qc l LCG fh

.(2 )''dH Lj fEa
,dGh dG q j c H ,dGh G j dG ch
ch .zINBGh fdG adGh dG dCSCG qfEG qdG{ FYO e ch
.(3 ) GhUa d GPEa ,hdG Ad Gjh adG dG GdCj CG HUCG eCj
G idH UdG
hH YJCG eCG SEG CG Y GPEG ! dG QdG jCG J qd
kdnr b Godobhn n `sdG GoJs G Go en BG n jp sdG n jt GnC jn } gNBG EG dhCG e G idG
Gk Rnr a Rn na r n an ondSo Qn hn n`sdG p p oj nehn ronHofPo rond r p rnjhn rondn Yr GnC rond rp r oj Gk jpSn
.(4 )| kp Yn
Lh Y dG e dG hfh dG MdG dG g ida
q M Gd (5 ) | n
o p r oJ r osn sd Gk pcn n `sdG Gho co Pr Ghn Go o rKna k n pa r o p nd GnPGE p Go en BG n jp sdG n jt GnC jn }
e Y G j h ,kGObh HGV d Vhh ,kGOhM d SdG
eCG e j . JQTEG gQh eCG W L H ,QMh gLh Jb
h G Gq M d eDG ,Y f Y jh G H J dG
S Y .f kh eCG k LhY pd Gk Y kehO j H ,dG
,jS hCG L Y Gk eCG qeGC GPEG dG SQ c : b HCG Y ,IjH H
: b K ,kGN G e e eh Lh Y dG iH UN UhCG
GhQJh GqJ a GhZG ,dH c e GJb ,psdG S psdG SH GhZG{
` N K EG YOa cG e hq Y d GPEGh ,kGdh GJh Gh
Ea ,SEG EG YOG K ,Y qch e ba HLCG e jCa ,` NhCG
QGO EG gQGO e q dG EG YOG K , Y q ch e ba HLGC
.2515 : OhGOHCG LNCG (2 )

.1742 : eh .2966 : QdG (3 )
.71-70 : GMCG (4 )
.45 : fCG (5 )
- 78 -
Y e Yh ,jLd e a ,dP Ga EG qfCG gNCGh ,jLG

,G GYCc j fCG gNCa ,e Gdj CG GHCG Ea ,jLG
dG e d j h ,eDG Y j dG dG M Y j
,Jbh dH Sa GHCG g Ea ,G e Ghgj CG qEG ,AT AdGh
CG fEa ,HUCG ePh eP d CG hOGQCa M gCG UM GPEGh
GPEGh ,dSQ ePh dG eP GhJ CG e gCG ,HUCG Ph P GhJ
,dG M Y dJ a ,dG M Y dJ CG hOGQCa ,M gCG UM
.(6)z CG a dG M JCG QJ fEa ,M Y dfCG dh
dG e N G IYdG
iNCG Ib JJ LN Ib q g CG QdG jCG QJ CG d g

Y dGh ,dG Y IYdG KDJ K ,G gh ,OhG Rh b
eCGh fi YL fEG f .?dG Y dGh dG SCG OLh ZQ ,G
:b Y dG VQ FY H MdG Y Y .d MQ G fi
Y GhJ h gqJCJh SdG GqdCJ{ : b kL H GPEG dG SQ c
JCJ qEG Hh h Qe H gCG e VQCG Y a ,SEG EG gYJ M
.(7)zFHCGh FH JCJ CG e
q GE
q MCG e H
G dG
ndhn pr p rdpH nAGn n To p`spd npeGns b Gofoc GoneBG njp sdG n tjGnC nj } : Lh Y dG j
n pH l pNn n`sdG sGE p n`sdG GoJs Ghn irn spd on br GnC n go GodpYr G Godpr nJ sdnCG nYn m nr b oBnTn rosnep rnj
,HQG Zh HQG H q j CG ,G dG a .(8 )| non r nJ
rco opJnoj rnd njp sdGp Yn o`sdG oco n rnj sd } Lh Y dG j .JG Zh JGh
.]2858[ :Le HGh ]1617[ : edGh ] 2612 [ : OhGOHCGh ]4522[ : e LNCG (6 )

.661/2 QG e FGhR Y MdG H ,eSCG HCG H QG LNCG (7 )
. 8 : IFG (8 )
- 79 -
n p rp o rdG
t p jo n `sdG sGE p r p r ndEGp G orp oJhn r go ht n nJ GnC r co Qp jn Op eu ocLo p r jo r dn hn p ju dG pa
nYn Gho gn nXhn r co Qp jn Op eu ocLo n Nr GnC hn p ju dG pa r co onJnb n jp sdG p Yn o `sdG o co n r jn n sfGE p
.(9 )| no pd sdG o go n p `ndhoCan r o sdn n jn en hn r go sr dnn J GnC r oLp Gn Nr GE p
fcQj jdG EG MEGh ,dGh q dH YJCG eCj SEa
dGh AdG SEG Lh ,AH gAGYCG hq h ,dGh dG
fh ,JG Z OGY fGh MGh edGh VGh dGh
dGh G e ,iPCG e AH eMCG HUEGh ,ADg b Y SdG
dG SQ f : b fCG (c H MdG Y) de HG c HG Y ,dGh
e LQ a : b ,GddGh AdG b Y G HCG HG Gb jdG
cPCG K ,Y dG aQCa dH G HCG HG ICGeG H Mq H : j
.(1 0)e MSG dP dh q cCa dG SQ f
ICGeG qCG'' : NCG Y dG VQ dG Y CG : af Y QdG NCG
dG SQ fCa ,de Sh Y dG U dG Re H Lh
: b Y dG VQ Y HG Y d jGhQ h . (1 1)''dGh AdG b
b Y dG SQ a dG SQ Re H de ICGeG Lh
.(1 2)''dGh AdG
Gg YGjh UdG g Y aj Y dG VQ HdG a
GfGh .IQe ahe LdG jS N bh .jYdG c dG
QG H Ha ,mQH bh H gYH M ,KdG H jRh ,mH
,mQH j QG b e g l N ch kN me Y H af H eY H
QG H H e QSa ,b Y GLCG M Gk SCG gY l N a
o
n oe JLa ,JCG M l aZ gh d kqnoH Qa ,JQYCa H q j Se
.9 - 8 :G (9 )
. dSQEG Y C WG IGhQ JG ,8 bQ ,447/2 CWq G (1 0)
.1569 : edGh 4547 :eh 3014 : QdG (1 1)
.9 : bQ 447/2 C WDG deh 4548 :eh 3015 :QdG (1 2)
- 80 -
e bCG CG JCG : a ,
l N aY k Ya Ya ,H SGh a Y
JLh d dGa ,mN e Gk N Gk SCG jCGQ e dGh : db ! dP aC c
fch ,mIK e eh jH l K fEGh j mY e kb cCj kej
.(1 3)''kN dG bRQ
l Rd fEG : J
hCG ,b j Jj jdG fG qCG Y SEG AY LCG bh
dG Qc dGh gdGh WCGh Adc ,iPCG e f
q C H d VdG
.(1 4)VGh
k
AL .dGh G OH IGQdG OQhe eCdh ,b bh a
dG g e VQCG RLCG Ea'' : Y dG UEG hG S
dBG H keMCG UCGh .FdGh SdG e e VQCG H c VCGh
dG iQCa ,a fCG qdG dG Y eY dG d jh q dG fCG ,jG
d jh ,e VQCG VCG M d HV Y j a ,Y YCGh
.(1 5) k ''jHCG ja fhq J dLCG .q d Gk Y fha Gk QcJ dG Gg
Gd f YCGh '' : ddG UEG hG S OQh e fGh
J H ,ZQa fCG M a jG Y dG
fJh ,kHK gP eCGh a eCG H jf eh JQL e ICGeG c
: dG UEG dG S h .(1 6)''jG a ,JHh H Y
dEG dG aa .gj EG d eb Lh g Fd S a''
e eMh bdG dP fe c fNCGh eb Lh Hh Ha eeCG
gf FdG d Gk OQT f ,WCGh AdGh LdG je c
.(1 7)zfC
.(IgdG ,QKBG QGO , ,535 U ,dG VjQ) (3989) QdG LNCG (1 3)

.257/1 : UG/BGdG MCG (1 4)
.14-13-12/12 hG S (1 5)
.22-21/3 hG S (1 6)
.34-33-32/2 dG S (1 7)
- 81 -
dG H b qdG eSEG OG H ST Hh Fg a
qdG hG Hh ,gH bOdG Gh Y dG VQ HUCGh
JCWh q J hM .QgdGh QdG fl ,iQdGh OdG gOb
ICGd j SEGh ,q fh Oq Y fqJCG jh ,Gdhh Th WCGh Af
dG SQ e c : b HQ H HQ Y .ke dGh G eGc
LG e Y foG : a kLQ a ,AT Y SdG iCGa ,IhZ
Yh : b zJd g fce{ : a ,b ICGeG Y : a Aa ,ADg
zkY h kICGeG q J : d b{ : a kLQ a ddG H dN eq G
J CG j dG SQ EG :d a Gk dN QOCG : jGhQ h ,(1 8)LCG :dGh
.(1 9)kY hCG kICGeG hCG Gk dh
SH GfG{ : b dG SQ CG Y dG VQ de H fCG Yh
h Gk Uh kWh kfa k T GJh ,dG SQ qe Yh dHh dG
.(2 0)zG j dG EG GMCGh GUCGh FZ Gq Vh ,GqJh ,kICGeG
,He jh ,jL Y { : e GNj CG b HUC dG bh
Y b dG SQ CG SG HG cPh .zeBG a HH ZCG eh ,SCG jh
.(2 1)zJb e qEG GJj qdCG{ :e GNj CG geCG M FGeCG EG
fjdG UCG e eG fh dG MS e ch
SY HG a .iPCG e AH HUEGh b Y f fCG ,G iNCG
SH GhZG{ : b TL H GPEG d SQ c'' : b ,Y dG VQ
GJh ,Gh GqJh GhQJ ,dH c e dG S JJ dG
.(2 2)zeGdG UCG h GddG
.q Mh dCG qUh 2669 :OhGOHCG LNCG (1 8)

.100/4 g HG IS (1 9)
.2614 :OhOHCG LNCG (2 0)
.50/4 g HG IS (2 1)
."2552" 316/2 jHCGh 300/1 MCG LNCG (2 2)
- 82 -
fjdG UCG e eG MdG dG W e ch

d kcQJ ,Y ajh j ,JGOYh gQT j a ,iNCG
AS jJc fS jO gd Kh dG YCG d ,IOdG jq M
,bM jYQ Y Jq Kh gdG YCG Id S S a ,jG
e jMh ,iQdG Y adG G a dCG bh ,OdH d AadGh
CGh ,Sf d HWe q GE hG Y gj CGh Fc fUh iPCG
qCGh ,jO ig Hh H GdjqCGh ,fgQ e kgGQh kSCG GLj
qCGh ,gLe AH Fc e e GNj qCGh ,H hCG Fc Gej
gfhj CGh ,eGZh jL j h ,bSCGh gdG Y G`j
iPCG Y Gjh ,MdG L gjh ,IjOCGh FdG UEG
.(2 3)GMQ Mh Gfc M hG
T) : Hc b fi j ,eCG e kYH d SEG q dGh
d M kT .kGH (kT) ehdG Y bdG c'' : (SEG M
.bdG Gg JCj c jCG e khCG dh .LGdG e K Y c EGh ,dCG
S c EGh .EG h Id hdG Gg j h .hdG jW e JCj c
j dh .ehdG gJh jNBG OSG IT MdG
dGh ,NdGh IOQdG eH j ,dGh dG Y ehdG
Afh N e LdG G jh ,d c e dG jWCGh ,INdG
iNCG dG OSG e Gg d q H c ,fLeh Mh bQh
CG b ,ehdG b fc M dd nen eh .FeO UeGh
.GeCd Gk OQeh ,jQWGeEd b M fc PEG .SEG gf e j
e C f dG qdG ch ,ehdG QSG c ILdG IdG g S
dG c d d ATCG ` fcPc ` Gfc a bdG eCG ,QSG dP
dG dG ZCG hqe g G j Gfc .dG Mh
dh .Gd gOLh Y Ak HEG EG j Gfj h .QGdG e J
IZ 21:dG 8 :OdG ,XHCG (SEG Qe) .dG N dG Y YSG ` SdG SeHO (2 3)

.`g 1416 T
- 83 -
dG MdG dG Y q OCGh ,dP c e aCG kT fc idG YdG

FSh jG HQhCG Y KQh dGh ,dG ehdG dP Y j
e fch ,edGh dH IRQG M fc J .SGh QSG
,kfMCG QWGeEG SCGQ Yh IOdG dEG a ,dEG fLG MCG
edGh dG W a L q J ,M IRQe hRQj bdG Ghgd
EG j G c H .dG e MG h Rq H G e CG EG
IdG dG Jh ,dH q cCGh dH LG JJh ,bCG
a ,kec Ak b eR Y jRQG MCG j M dG dG
!'' IG ba VQCG Y kjW
j Gk MGh ke GY a ,c dG dG e SEG qL d ''
iSCG bSG g ej FdG dG c .G qQ gh ,qj CG
Oj ,jQdG X kZe Gk L b dG Gg ch ,b hCG G
ALh .gQGWCG T ffEd keRe X dh ,hCG fEG EG Lj
iSCG a ,hG FGYCG Hh H bhh .G g Y SdGh SEG
e LdG ejh ,JjM a ,SEG AGYCG Y bj G
,AdG VGYCG Jh ,bdG Y ej j c dG dGh dH
,`è SG j e DhbUCGh OhCGh LdG IMGdG ICGG j
eCG .Q``HCG Z CG q c Gk QHCG AdG dhCG ffE GMG h ,fh HV H
.''dG jOdG qP hCj Gfa ` iSCG Gbh EG ` WCG
e jjCG j e GS Gj CG H Gk jL j FY''
H ,GSCG WEH Y hY q qJ CG SdG M e a .AGYCG iSCG
,AGYCG AD g Y G dGh G ej jO JCGh JYh gCG
.MdG fdG g hCG ,eGSG J fb YCG g g H eGh
CT dG e Zh SEG H Y kbha Mf CG a dP eh
j eSEG dG Z ` GJeh ` hG fc .G iSCGh G
g e dJ hG d J h ,OSGh dGh hdG EG H
dPh ,dGh WCGh AdG b hCG ,G G jJ hCG VGYCG
- 84 -
HCG ``SEG AL a .aQ gh GE eh IY d eb e e

.(2 4) ''dG S Gk OL J CG EG c hG q Mh c dP
SEG dCG dG eGdGh ,SEG Gh bdG a fG K
:b mjS H QhG Y .kc j CG G HdG q j M ,bdG
ca ,dP Y dCa ,e eZ Yh ,lM Yh ,Y dG VQ ,mQP HCG jCGQ
Dhl eG qfEG : ,dG a ,eq C H q a : dG SQ Y Y kLQ q S fCG
NCG c a ,jjCG dG L ,dNh fGNEG g : l gL a
Ea ,j e gqJ h ,j dh ,cCj a ;j
.(2 5)''gYCa gqc
cMCG JCG GPEG{ : b : ,dG Y ,Y dG VQ ,Ijg HCG Yh
;cCG hCG k cCG hCG d hCG k d dha ,e j Ea ,eH eON
.(2 6)zLY
n h fEa
f GPEG dG EG{ : b : ,dG SQ CG ,Y dG VQ Y HG Yh
Y dG VQ Ijg HCG Yh .(2 7)zJe LCG a ,dG IOY MCGh ,d
Ijg HCG f dGh ,GLCG G G d : dG SQ b :b
.(2 8)l fCGh eCG CG MC ,eCG q Hh ,Gh ,dG S OG d H
dG G{ : dG SQ b : b ,Y dG VQ TCG Se HCG Yh
d YdGh dGh ,G e Y dG S EG ODjh ,HQ IOY j
l
.(2 9)zGLC
G
: GLCG d l KK : dG SQ b : b TCG Se HCG Yh
,dG M iOq GC GPEG G dGh ,m eBGh H eBG dG gCG e l LQ{
.IgdG ,hdG QGO ,52-51-40-39 U ,(SEG M T) (2 4)
.(30) : eh (1661) QdG LNCG (5 2)
.(2557) QdG LNCG (2 6)
.(1664) : eh (2546) : QdG LNCG (2 7)
.(1665) : eh (2548) : QdG LNCG (2 8)
.(2551) : QdG LNCG (2 9)
- 85 -
MCa qYh ,jOCJ MCa HOq Ca l eCG d fc l LQh ,dGe Mh

.(3 0) l .zGLCG a ,Lha q YCG K ,J
Zh f
k d IQZEG Y SEG dG
Gk fi dG MdG CG SEG JbNCGh G GOBG eh
dG ``SEG UCG C ,aZhCG Ff gh kd AGYCG Y j j
e LdGh ,fCT dG UdG Md J dG gh .G
GddG e JG Z e AjHCG j Qh ,N e dG bh ,eCG
b dG ch ,d k qVh IQZEG d k ja dGh dGh AdGh
,iSCGh MGh dG e Gk c Gk OY hRj a ,kd IQZEG GhOJ
q
.IQZEG g e Y dG a
GPEG{ dG SQ c : j Y dG VQ kfCG S : b M Y
e H QZCG kfGPCG j EGh ,eCG kfGPCG S Ea ,j M j keb GZ
dG CG : Y dG VQ fCG Y d jGhQ h .(3 1)zkd N da ,j
,j M Y j H keb AL GPEG ch ,kd gAa N EG N
fi dGh fi : Gdb hCGQ a ,Jeh M Oj LN UCG a
Aa b MH df GPEG fEG ,N HN cCG dG{ dG a ,Gh
.(3 2) zjQG U
,fEG cfG e jG IQG hM dG Gf eh
gQf hbj jqda ,SdG d gJh ,dG d eJh ,dG d J
kd fG H a e Ieq G HdG q H Gq dG heCj eeH h
,fZh dWCGh NTh Ffh dLH ke Y AdG c
m Y o gT ,dG iL eh ,faCGh jQSh GdG dG jeh
.g c FbdGh GMCG e kH J dG Gh FGa ,fcPe Y
.(154) : eh . (97) : QdG LNCG (3 0)

.2943 QdG LNCG (3 1)
.1550 : edGh .2945 :QdG LNCG (3 2)
- 86 -
QdH jdGh jdG Y SEG dG

AGYCG j Y jT f a OQh fCG SEG G GOBG eh
Gk eCG fc SEG b QdH jdGh jdG CG ZQ ,QdH jJh iSCG
.gQTCG e j c hG SdG Wj Gk FS
: YCG j
`` JL j f q H ``Le edG j eG q eh
``Jàh ``cb IFe Y ```Sh `` ` jJ GPe d `à
`` ` `J`g `` ``dh ba Y `Hq Q G YCG qdG q eh
Ja d GPEG QdG Y IQGhCG `` `j ``` ` ` T `H `jS
(3 3)``J``gCG dNDJ JCJ e Y CG `` T e``b c
.AHEG q TCG GdG e dG Gg HCJ dG MQ fa
Sh Y dG SQ H : b fCG Y dG VQ Ijg HCG a
dG SQ b K zQdH gbMCa kfah kfa Lh EG{ : a H
H qj QdG EGh kfah kfa Gb CG JeCG EG{ : h```G fOQCG M
.(3 4)zgba gLh Ea dG qEG
dG SQ H : b fCG ,Y dG VQ Ijg HCG Y d jGhQ h
` gq S jb e Ld ` kfah kfa d EG{ : d a ,H
c q GE { : a ,hG fOQCG M YOq f JCG K : b zQq dH gbq a
Ea ,dG qEG H qj QdG EGh ,QdH k fah k fa Gb CG JeCG
a keb q M Y dG VQ qY CG : eY Yh .(3 5) zgba gNCG
zdG GH GHqJ{ b dG qC ,bq MCG fCG c d : a SY HG
VQ q Y JCG : b eY Y d jGhQ .(3 6)z dG b c dh
.48 U ,YCG T GjO (3 3)
.1571 : edGh 3016 QdG LNCG (3 4)
.2954 : QdG LNCG (3 5)
.4065 : FdGh 3017:QdG LNCG (3 6)
- 87 -
d bq MCG fCG cd : a SY HG dP a bMCa bOfH Y dG

e MdG H b dG qEGh .(3 7)zdG GH GHqJ {: dG SQ
Y dG Y H MdG Y a .H jJh GG j Y f fCG ke
e Iq M jCGa L fa S dG SQ e q c : b HCG
: a dG Aa ,TJ a Iq G Aa ,Na fNCa Na
: a gbq M b jb iCGQh ,zdEG gdh GhOq Q{ zgdH g qa e{
.(3 8)zQdG
q Q qEG QdH
q j CG j qfEG{ : b f : b z?g q M e{
dG b Y SEG dG
a dG b Y eq CG f dG qCG SEG G GOBG eh
ddG H dN H MdG Y e fhZ : b J HG Y .fEG eGd g
d b : OhGOHCG b .kGU Ga H `èCa ,hdG e YCG ``HQCH JCa
jCG HCG dP a ,kGU dH : b jG Gg gh HG Y S
H f qdG a ,dG b Y j dG SQ S : a QfCG
YCa ,ddG H dN H MdG Y dP a ,JU e LLO fc d
.(3 9)bQ HQCG
: e a j j dG S : b HCG Y e H dG Y Yh
:b jR H g Yh .(4 0) zedG j EG dG Gg H Gk U q Tb j{
fej LLO Gf kfahCG fZ iCGa jCG H G Y fCG e NO
Y dG VQ Y HG Yh .(4 1) FdG J CG dG f : fCG a
a ej LLO HGQ j H e Zh S H j Y NO fCG
CG Y eZ GhLRG : a e dHh H bCG K qM M Y HG dEG
.6922 : QdG LNCG (3 7)

2675 : OhGOHCG LNCG (3 8)
.2687 : OhGOHCG LNCG (3 9)
.4627 : e LNCG (4 0)
.5513 : QdG LNCG (4 1)
- 88 -
gZ hCG H J CG f dG S qfE a ,d dG Gg j
Gf H hCG H Ghq a Y HG Y c : b L H S Yh .(4 2)d
EG ? Gg a e :Y HG bh Y Gbq J Y HG GhCGQ a fej LLO
.(4 3)Gg a e d dG
hdG
q Y AG jW
q S Y SEG dG
.d kJh Y kJ AG hdG CG SEG G GOBG eh
GPEG M ,HdGf k gGP jG e LN : b cCG H S Y
d NCG ? H e jh : b Y H MdG d Z d HdG H c
NU K Na ,IQGah Z : b ? gNCG e : b , dG
a ,ghNCG bh gdCG M afG K MUj : H H e SCG
CG b e JSa ,VdG
q j dGh cCG HG fCG : bCGh eQCG
dG qEG ! dG SQj : a dG a ,bSCG H bCa ,GHj
,cCG HG j{ :a gKEG Ha S GHj CG YCG qfGE h TY
.(4 4)zeb e hq j dG EG SCa e
: j cCG S S : b Y HCG H jj Y d jGhQ h
:b ,Ob H YJ dG SQ d fch hCH qPDj CG b LN
e : b , dG SQ d NCG : a Y H MdG d Z a
SCa b MUj : NU K Na : b Z : b ? gNCG
e j GhNCG bh cQOCG M Lh Y afG K jG H He
VdG
q j dGh cCG HG fCG : bCGh keGQ ch H eQCG a AG
dG ALh : b IOH KK e SGh e dG SG M QCGh
YdG dEG Ha TY gh AG dG M b dG f j : a SdGh
.5514 : QdG LNCG (4 2)

.5515 : QdG LNCG (4 3)
.3041 : QdG LNCG (4 4)
- 89 -
dG SQ aOjh LQ K : b zSCa e cCG HG j{ : a

.(4 5) jG NO M bf Y
G Y SEG dG
dG gc ` G G Wj CG YJCG SEG f q h
dG d : Y dG VQ Y HG a .fEG Y ka GH M
dG Y f fCG dG Y jj H dG Y Yh .(4 6)GH qe e
dG SH GhZG{ : b dG CG HCG Y IjH H S Yh .(4 7)Gh
h ,Gqh ,GqJh ,GhQJh ,GhZG ,dH c e GJbh dG S h
,jq S dG SQ H : b Y H GU Yh .(4 8)zkGdh GJ
,Gh ,dH c e GJb ,dG S h , dG SH GhS{ : a
cG IOY e G fch ! Gg .(4 9)zkGdh GJh ,GqJh ,GhQJh
Y dG VQ IM AGdG S Gb cG CG J CG ,hG
H dc G CG G OGQCG a ,ka k H Ge MCG IhZ
Ghd IhGY OG e OG d PEG ,dP e dG e cG
gQHCG J fc qdG IhdG J dGRE c EGh ,HQG UTCG
j h ,dG Gh ,HCG G Hh H h ,WdG QdG jDhQ Y
GLSG d JhGHh ,d IhGdG e Gfc UTCG ADg C EG dG
.(5 0)dG
.4677 : eh .4194 : QdG LNCG (4 5)

. 5515 : QdG LNCG (4 6)
.5516-2474 : QdG LNCG (4 7)
.2857 : Le HG LNCG (4 9)
.352 U ,edG G fi (5 0)
- 90 -
dG Y SEG dG
e dG Y jgG f dG CG SEG G GOBG e
fG e g qC ,dH L hCG IjT LMhCG L ,HUCG eCG e c
.MCG e M H jh ,AHEG q TCG c Gg HCj SEGh ,dGh
Z SdG UCa ,HH IS H MdG Y e c :b d HCG a
e GhOq a dG Y j dG SQ S : a k N a ,gfa
dG SQ e LN : b QfCG e LQ Yh .(5 1) H a GhNCG
Ea ,gfa kZ GHUCGh Lh IjT LM SdG UCa S
K SH fQhb C cCa Sb Y dG SQ AL PEG d fQhb
Yh .(5 2)zG e q MCH d dG qEG{ : b K GdH dG eq j L
e e e eh N dG e df :b dG jQS H VHdG
:a dG EG bCa ,kGe Gk OQe kLQ N MU ch HUCG
j a .? fAf GHJh fK GcCJh fM GHJ CG dCG ,fij
eD qEG q G qEG CG Op f K Sa cQG !Y HG j{ : bh dG
: a b K dG H q U K GLa : b .zId GLG CGh
Gg e qEG kT q j dG CG j b jQCG Y k qe cMCG jCG{
,cCG hCG BGdG qfEG ,ATCG Y fh eCGh Yh b dGh qfEGh CG ,BGdG
Ff Vh PEH EG dG gCG H GNJ CG d q j J dG qEGh
b : b L e LQ Yh .(5 3)zY qdG cYCG GPEG gQK cCG h
hO dGeCH fa Y ha keb JJ d{ dG SQ
qfEa dP a kT e GJa U Y fa ,FHCGh fCG
.(5 4)zd j
.dCG Mh 2703 : OhGOHCG LNCG (5 1)

.U : dCG bh 2705 :OhGOHCG LNCG (5 2)
- 91 -
VQCG OdGh Qe
q dG Y SEG dG
bb j hdG q VQCG Y dG q H dGh dGh G qEG
QGdGh QedGh OdG j c da ,e e dG jh ,a HHh
Y fh qeH AL dG BGdG qCG dPh ,HUCG Y jh ,hdG q VQCG
nYn n `sdG o p r jo hn n rft dG pIn n o p r jo en p Ss dG n pehn } : jBG e c
n rdG pa o odnr b
nr n rdG n p r jo hn n pa n rp o pd p VQr nCrdG pa n Sn sdnn J GnPGE p hn p n p rdG t ndGnC n go hn pprbn pa en
.(5 5)| On n t p jo nd o `sdGhn n r s dGhn
n rdG
,Ue e LGh ,dG iH Uj kH H GPEG dG ch
UCG AGjEGh ,WCG bh QTCG bh ,OdGh dG Y G fGh
H GPEG dG c ,Lh dG c dW HCG H Y a .gdGh eGdG
kW Gk dh GJ h ,dG SH GfG{ : b cG EG G e kL
Gk T EG IT J h ,kY QJ h ,kGc kT h kICGeG h
GhQJ h H h eOBH G h ,cG Hh H j hCG ,kb
.(5 6)zGqJh
N Hh ,G Y eq GC M S H jj Y dG VQ HHCG fh
S qfEG : j c d Uh fch ,kGeY j hCG ,kGe Gk T j CG ,dG
Sh ,d fCG GM fCG GYR eh gQa d fCG GM fCG GYR keb
qfEGh ,dH Y Gae Va dG e ShDhQ ShCG Y Ga keb
: H Ue
...ICGeG J .1
...kU h .2
...keg Gk c h .3
.205 - 204 : IdG (5 5)

.91-90/9 idG dG LNCG (5 6)
- 92 -
...kGe Gk T J h .4
...kGeY HJ h .5
...cC qEG Gk Hh kIT J h .6
...kf b h .7
...bJ h .8
...J h .9
.(5 7) h .10
da ,jh dG H f b e dG SdG Y AL e eCG
Y J c ! fij : GhOfh GYLh ADg a ,J EG YOCG d
Gk OaEG Gg j h ?jh dG b H a U e Y Jh OdG
dGeCH ch ,AedG bGQEG e dGh eCGh dG d Sh g EG
pPr Ep pan n pdUo oCG nYn k n pFnb gn o o cr n nJ hr GnC mn ud eu o r nnb en } : J dG j (5 8)fPEGh
b dG eCa CG ''dG PEa'' : g HG b . (5 9) | np Sn p rdG n p r opdhn p`sdG
.(6 0)dG e f c dh Gk Oa j
f Gj CG HUCG fi eCG '' : g M fi QcdG j
d q J dGeCH qJ IT OdG J M bq j CGh OdG
Y Jh ,OdG Y J c b : fij : GhOfh OdG Lh ,Y Jh
or nnb ne } : J db f dP h ?jh dG b H a ,U e
.(6 1)(5 :G) | n p Sn
p rdG n p r o pdhn p`sdG pPr Ep pan n pdUo oCG nYn k n pFnb gn o o cr n nJ hr GnC mn ud eu
.89/9d idG dGh (10) bQ 447/2 :CWG a de GhQ (5 7)

.eO ` dGQGO , THCG fi H fi 400/2 dGh BGdG AV jdG IdG (5 8)
. 5 :G (5 9)
. 161U ,g HG IS fl (6 0)
. 253 U ,g M fi .O ,fi IM (6 1)
- 93 -
c Gk fi qCH aj Gfc AGYCG CG dG Gg e d X b

Gk q Sh ,GhQCG Y kAHEG c QTCG b CGh ,G OdG Y j
eq C a Gq H e hj VGe J bh'' : MCG eEG j .dGh d
.(6 2)''q a dH
jdG bh RG J Y SEG dG
bh RG J Y f dG CG SEG G GOBG eh
Gc IhZ dG f e hZ : b HCG Y G fCG H S a .jdG
Oj kjOe dG a , jdG Gbh RG SdG q a ,Gch
.(6 3)zd OL a kjW b hCG ke q V e qEG{ : SdG
SCG b Y SEG dG
iSCG H hG JOY L b SEG b dG c
MdG SdG dh ,qM e dP hj Gfch ,MG Y VLEGh
jh { : e a j SdG iOf M ,dG dG g Y f
G IOY e Gg Qa .(6 4)zkGN iSCH GUSG{ : db eh zSCG
CG VdG Sj HCG eEG ihQ .iSCG b Y fCG ,fjOh
feCG eh :Y HG b .ba b :Y HG dG d a SCH JCG G
GnPGE p s Mn pnbu dG n r n n a Gho n cn n jp sdG o o p nd GnPEp an } : Jh QJ dG j ,GH
Ao n jn nr dhn n pdPn gn Qn GRn hr GnC n rdG n nn J s Mn Ak Gn pa es GE p hn o r Hn v en es Ep an
o r n nKrn dG Ght no a r go o o n rKGnC
s p jo nan p`sdG p pSn pa Gopbo n jp sdGhn m r n pH on r Hn on r n ud p `ndhn r o r pe n n n fnd o `sdG
.(6 5) (4 : fi) | ro ndn Yr GnC
dG Y Gg e gCG e kLQ fK CG : Y dG VQ fCG Yh
, dG SQ gNCa ,gd dG IU Y dG L e HUCGh
.1552 : edG (6 2)
.2629 : OhGO HCG LNCG (6 3)
.250/1 dG GdG LNCG (6 4)
.212 U ,GG c e (6 5)
- 94 -
s cn p sdG n go hn } Lh Y dG fCa YCa

n sen p rr pH r o r Yn r ojn pjr GnC hn r oYn r o jn pjr GnC
jGhQ h (24 : dG) | Gk `p nH no`n r nJ `n pH o`sdyG n`nchn rp rnYn rco n n rXnCG rGnC pr nH rpe
Y Gg e gCG e kLQ fK CG Y dG VQ de H fCG Y :
,HUCGh : dG Iq Z hjj ,e dG L e : dG SQ
r oYn r o jn pjr GnC s cn p sdGy n go hn } Lh Y dG fCa ,(6 6)gSa ,kS gNCa
| Gk p nH non r `nJ `n pH o`sdyG n`nchn rp rnYn rco n n rXnCG rGnC pr nH rpe n sne p rrpH ro `rYn ronjp`rjGnC hn
.(6 7) (24 : dG)
SdG b Y SEG dG
SdG j CGh ,b c c j CG SEG G GOBG eh
SdG b Y a ,b c c GecCG dH SdG H eCG dRe
S : b f HCG Y TCG Oe H f H S Y .fgEGh
f :b ?z fCG Je{ : e c GC b M d j dG SQ
bh .(6 8)zbYCG Hd J SdG CG d ! dGh eCG{ : b : b c
ch .(6 9)zY Hd SQ qfCG d{ : MGdG q H e Sd dG
H fCG , daCG e dP qjD j q a ,OadGh SdG GcEG dG S e
C ;acgh dG H eY cCGh iQf gh ,QGR M G ad AGOQ
.(7 0)eb q S c Gk eYh ,eb AGYCG Gfc fGdG jaGdG
gG b Y SEG dG
n jpsdGy n jt nC jn n} : LhY dG j OdG Mh OdG AjEH YJCG SEG eCG
.(7 2)| n oYnQ rpgprnYhn rppJnfnenC pd rog npjpdyGhn } : J jh , (7 1)|pOoordypH rGoahr nCG rGoneGnA
.4679 : e LNCG (6 7)
.2672 : OhGOHCG (6 9)
.358 U ,edG G fi (7 0)
.1 : IFG (7 1)
.32 : QG (7 2)
- 95 -
YdG NEG Lh ,d MCGh dH SdG nahCG dG ch

.aG eY e dG fh
HQCG{ : dG SQ b : b Y dG VQ hY H dG Y Y
GPEGh ,NCG Yh GPEGh ,c q M GPEG e : kdN kae c a q c e N
e N a fc e N a fc eh ,a UN GPEGh ,QZ gY
.(7 3)zYj M dG
G Y H Gk c kfPh kY kKEG gG b dG Lh
b e : b dG Y Y dG VQ hY H dG Y a ,jQ M
.(7 4)keY HQCG Ie e Lj jQ qEGh ,G FGQ j Gk ge
: b dG Y Y dG VQ Ijg HCG Y Le H jGhQ h
jQ EGh ,G FGQ Gj a ,dSQ qePh dG eP d Gk ge b e{
.(7 5)zkeY S Ie e Ld
G QdG Y SEG dG
H S a .QdG Y dG G jUhh SEG dJ eh
e GJbh ,dG S h dG SH GhZG{ : b dG CG HCG Y IjH
Y HG Yh .(7 6)zkGdh GJh ,Gh ,GqJh ,GhQJh ,GhZG .dH c
IQZ g : a edG j AGd d j QOdG EG{ : b dG SQ CG
.(7 7)za H a
j ch ,Y hdG gCG Hh jhe H c : eY H S j
gh Sa Y hCG HGO Y LQ GPEa ,Y QZCG dG fG GPEG M ,gOH
.3178 : QdG LNCG (7 3)

.(2686 : Le HGh (6914) (3166) : QdG LNCG (7 4)
.2687 : Le HG (7 5)
- 96 -
:a ,dP Y jhe dCa ,Y H hYg GPEGh ,QZ Aah cCG dG :j

qfqj h kGY qja Y b Hh H c e{ : j dG SQ S
.(7 8)SdH jhe La : b zAGS Y dEG j hCG eCG M
G GdGh dG Y SEG dG
GdGh dG Yh ,AqdG Y dG NCG G SEG Sfi e
q a dG SQ e c ,b Y dG VQ TCG Se HCG Y a .a
jCG j{ : dG a ,JGUCG JQGh fch qg OGh Y aTCG GPEG
S qfEG e qfEG ,kFZh qUCG YJ fEa ,fCG Y GHQG ! SdG
.(7 9)zjb
Y dG gj dG UCG c :b OY H b Yh
.(8 0) dG
ke dG Wj CG SEG dG
G kjJh kjhJh kHgQEG q je c Y dG f
qCG Y dG VQ HL Y hQc ,ke dG Wj CG a , dG
.(8 1) ke dG Wj CG f dG
CG G dH j c kLQ eCG qfCG : dG SQ Y Yh
.(8 2)dH NBG gh qEG H q
.U M jM Gg bh 1580 :edG LNCG (7 8)

.2992 : QdG LNCG (7 9)
.2588 : OhGOHCG LNC G (8 )1)
. (216
.2586 : OhGOHC G (8 )2)
. (217
. (218)
- 97 -
: eG dG
jdG IdG G bNC Y P : hCG dG
jG IhZ G bNCG : dG dG
dG IhZ G bNCG : ddG dG
hCG dG
jdG IdG G bNC Y P
QH IhZ b
J dG e PEH j EG G e H e e SdG N
qCG ZQ ,d jL e Y kHh eSEG IYdG IFGO SJ ZQ
eSEG IYdH bGQNCG q dh ,jG GhhDo s n nJ e Gh SdG
dLh dU jQdG jb aGb fch ,jG d Oq J e
JGSG fa ,kFf Y AdGh dS Iq dGh OdGh Iq dGh OdG
aGdG d VdGh jG e hH eJh G e J IYdG
J gh jG e b eSEG IYdG CG gjq EG Gk QTEG jQdG
.gQGO Y iJh b e JDJ CG G e dh eCG EG jdG
AGHCG IhZ
KG SCGQ Y SdG gGZ qdG GhdG hCq G GOq h hCG AGHCG fa
H Ie Y HH H IU Hh k jb jj ,jG ee e Gk T Y
Gjh kL Y Ghjh hj CG Y IV H a YOGa ,fc
: kHc Hh H SdG ch .kGhY Y
IU d dG SQ fi e c Gg ,MdG MdG dG H''
GHQj CG qEG eGQ e Y IdG d CGh ,fCGh dGeCG Y eBG fCH
dH Y ,HLCG Id gYO GPEG dG CGh aUH q H e dG jO
.(1)''qJGh e H e Y dG dh ,dSQ ePh dG eP
e dG jj j dG CG jCGQ ,dG dG Gg eCJ GPEGh
j CGh ,dGh eCG jh ,dGh dG jj c H ,HdG FdG
,IgdG : ,OHdG dG Yh RdG gGHG : ,dG Sj fi ,25/4 : OTdGh idG S (1 )

.1991`g1411
- 101 -
.fCGh dGeCG Y eBG SdG

QG H IY jS
H G H QG H IY ,jH dP ee dG SQ Hh
QfCG e a d jLG e kcGQ fK hCG S b H e Y
,jb e kY kL H a ,Iq G K SCH RH Ak e H M Qa ,MCG
S hq GC a ,H mej eQ b Ubh HCG H S CG q GE ,b H j a
.(2 )eM dh ,dG Y dG fG K ,SEG H eQ
dG S EG IM jS
,jLG e kcGQ KK dG S EG IM jS g fc K
a ,e LQ e cGQ Fe K MdG dH g H LHCG Ha
Y H fa ,jd ke ch ,G hY H i q H
.b H j h ,H
GH IhZ
K ,iVQ Mf e .(3)GH H M kjb Gk Ub dG N K
.f h b j h ,Gk c j h jG EG LQ
IdG IhZ
f M dG GU Rh kjW a ,kjb dG GZ K
,INBG iOL e dh hCG iOL H bCa ,j H e IdG
.(4) Gc j h jG EG LQ K ,IV H e AMh de H a n On Ghn hn
dG Y hdG
q q d T e cCG dG j !QdG jCG foG
.112 U ,g HG IS fl (2 )
.27/4 OTdGh idG S ` OHo HQCG jG Hh H,j L : iVQ Mf e L L e L : GH (3 )
.113 U ,g HG IS fl (4 )
- 102 -
fi iS MCG g cdh ,T b g j h Iq Z Y Gh
dG SQ dh ,AedG bGQEGh QGdGh QedG a ch ,OdG VQCG S
.dG Y q j h ,dG dUh OGh IGG MdG
Ubh HCG H S jS
,Ubh HCG H S IhZ e dP H a dG SQ H cbh
LQ K ,RG VQCG e QGq G H M a ,jLG e gQ fK a
.(5 ) Gk c j h
hCGQH gh ,GS IhZ
IhZ e b M jH dG SQ j : SG HG b
N jCG IH gH : M HG bh ,IdG J Fb d qEG IdG
RcKEG ,Le e Gk T Y KK SCGQ Y hCG HQ dG SQ
,MGfh . (7 )AH Yj ch ,jG (6 )S Y JQZE ; q dGHL H
Y SGh HCG ch ,Y dG VQ dW HCG H Y AGd Mh
e GS H M Gk Rc Sh Y dG U a ,KQM H jR jG
. (8 )Gk c j h La ,cQj a ,QH Mf
,dG QH b bh qdG GhdGh jGdG g SQO e H Y d
cG JQG e H qEG LdG bh GeCG S e IMGh j fCG
JCG b Gfce e cG e g EG jGda ,dGHL H Rc IOb
.YaCG e dP b
g aGhOh SCG Y q jgh THCG fi H fi QcdG j
.113 U ,g HG IS fl (5 )
.IGdH Yq d J qdG TGGh HEG : dG (6 )
.jH Ve : Aq G (7 )
. 28/4 OTdGh idG S (8 )
- 103 -
qCG jb aEG H b d'' : idGQH bh b bGdG jGdGh GhdG

QGdG EG GhVG jqdG ` gCG e G e gdG J e
IhGdG QhT adG j gJ ` AGjEGh OVG e GfYe H e e
,JY Y YEG jMh ,jO EG IYdG jq M d jh ,AdGh
JQ eS e gC j c ,gFT jOCd G EG NdG jMh
Ib jb Qq J e k gdG Gg e j h ,dG EG jW
h .Lh IQdG W OjEGh ,H jEG Y FHCG e jLG
Lq J e M Y dPh ,H j dG c a ,d fc fCG iQCG
,cPCS e Y fdG dG FGhCG fc dG Yhe qCG e f
e ae J J gjGS G a c dq G OGYCG q C
Ad qfEGh ,d L q j c dG CG jGhdG J h ,cGOGYCG
.''ThG e j VGYG c EGh ,VGYGh dG
dG c EG hCG GhdGh jGhdG g CG bG H Yjh
ch ,e EG dG e LGdG aGdG IQ f H jj S Y dG U
dGh dG aO jG gCG EGh ,JGOYh jOdG gCG W e dG
kX fCG Y e NG e Hh WH YR Gg . fi JG EG
fi QcdG j ,dGh hdG HqJh bGdG Y Oq j Ggh ,kfGhYh
gCG qC ;OhOe c Gg'' : WdG YGG J Y Oq j gh ,g M
a fCGh ,dGh dG Y j jOH gCG Gfj e gCc jG
QGSG q M e YGQdG Y j e W e W c dP
CG q M e a hLG eq GC ,q b aGd qEG b EG cj j
,QH b dP Gj d ,dGeCG e NCGe jb jCG e Gj
j dG qEG K .hCG GhdGh jGdG SQE aGdG g j a
,bG gj qdG jhdG jdG d HUCGh fi H j h SEG
e d j Mh ,MCG jO Y j M fi H bh T EGh
,jG jJ EG Y qdG GgG e ej ch .hDhje IYdG jq M
c a G YEG dhja ,e a jb EG j M
CG f bdG HCj c fCGh ;G OH e JOYEG b e GdhM
- 104 -
a J Mh ,W dG jd IYdG jM J CG Y kjb gj
.(9 )''d jdG jh
H SHCG gOj c qdG jb Y jj N M dGh
gObG j CGh ,cG cTj CG jj dG SQ ch ,M
e dG S Y hq j d jq e jG EG LdG e Gq j c
Iq Y G qCH gQTEG S c dEG ha ,kLYfj H eBG
h ,e dGh dEG hH Gja YJ IdG q ie qCGh ,gCGh
j CG ij c H ,kb h kHM jj hG Gg dG SdG j
Gfj CGh ,G gFeh IjdG JG ke Gk q S e Gh g
dG hdG dh ,fGhdG Jgh JM e eCe k L
jCG iJ GPa .idG QH IhZ fa ,G EG dG SdG q VG
bGQEGh ,dGh d LdG gOj hG CG q J qd !dG AiQdG
a YGJh ,GeCG IQOeh ,OdG Y dGh ,SdG gREGh ,AedG
MQ gOb qdG hG dh .U Gg qa ,OdH jh G
ffEd MQ c HhM fc H ,VGZCG e e AT j d
,AGeCGh ASDhdG e QdG QGT a j h hG J J dh ,AL
Sa ,SEGh EG f GeM b edG dP dG e d
gq S Gd .EGh dG H Ua ce fc qdG QH IhZ Oj MdG
,dG Y SdG Vq j gFH iJ GPe .(bdG j) LhY dG
qEG ! qc .? dGh dGh OaEG Y qjh ,dGh dG Y jh
.qc Gg e iCeh e dG SdG
MdGh ,Gh dG e L a qJ ,QH j N g a
Nh .b YEGh M N fCH j CG fMCG jh ,q dGh
: b K Y KCGh dG a
.g M fi ,206 :fi IM (9 )
- 105 -
cf Y cfCGh ,Y LhY dG qMe Y qMCG Ea : H eCG{

jh ,dG qjh ,H eCj ,fCT Y LhY dG qEa ,e LhY dG
UCG b fEGh ,Vj Hh ,hcj H ,Y dRe Y gCG G Y
dG qEGh ,Lh H HG e qEG MCG e a dG j ,G Re e
H cQJh ,q dG e H q jh ,q dG H LhY dG q j SCdG WGe
dG qj CG dG GSa ,ceCjh cQqj dG f a ,INBG IdG
njp sdG sGE p } : j Lhq Y dG qEa ;Y ceCG e AT Y LhY
.z(1 0)| nho o rnan pnEp rdG ndEGp nr Yn r oJ Pr GE p roon fGnC ropr se pe o ncr GnC p`sdG or n nd nhr On noj Gho n cn
,qddG H cq YCGh JjBG e cGQCGh ,Hc e H ceCG qdG EG GhfG{
GLJ ,kGeCG WGG g Hq Q GHCGh ,Y Hq Q H Vj H GSa
,jT HYh ,U dbh ,q M Yh Ea ,Jeh MQ e H cYh qdG
Yh ,YG Hh fQX fCCG dEG ,dG q G dH fCGh fCG qfEGh
.z(1 1)dh d dG j ,G dEGh ,qcJ
ch ,cG GfGh G QfG Y SCG Ih dG a
e SGh ,dP e iSCG ch ,cG e kT HQCG V
.kT hYh KEG G
dG EG ge GLN SfCH cG g dG SQ UhCGh
HUC a ,jMh dG e IQe bGe d fch ,kGN
LM ,ge GLNCG b gZh Tg H e kLQ aY b qfEG{ : ej
H dG HCG d eh ,j a Tg e Gk MCG e d a ,dH d
SQ qY G Y H SdG d eh ,j a SCG H QG H g
.zkgn e N qfEG qfEa ,j a dG
,Hb hPh gCG Hj CG OGQCG UdG H SdG q GC
q h
d e Tg H cP qfEGh ,aQCGh dP e SCG jdG f fca
.10 : aZ (1 0)
.55/4 : OTdGh idG S (1 1)
- 106 -
Qh GcCGh GhL M GYCG KK dG LC gRfGh ,keY Y KK

:QfCd dbh fdG dG H q G be SdG d cPh ,dG
V d c qfCG dG HC cPh ,''eb e eh Iq Y Gj Gfi qEG ''
c bh ,b SEG gj M gh ,dG dG f c
HCG CG e dP Y q OCG dh ,e H G Oq j CG dG SQ N e
dG
q g qfEGh ,jb HGb dH HJh ,Tg H e d dG
j fEG ,SEG G bNCGh GOBG e Gg qEG .fEGh q G
dG qCG ,HGOBGh G bNCG eh .(1 2)c Mh c e MC G
dG ,QH b EG H Gfc qdG YQe e Ga dH eCG
SQ S e c H ,ghj h H Gj h ,cG H Gh
Y Cj ,aa H eCG fEG H q e GPEG ,jRe Sh Y dG
EG j c f Nh L fEG be Ga ,kGac CG keDe MU
q Sh fgCG W dG cG ADg CG ZQ ,SdG e dG dhCG
iPCG e YGfCG bGPCGh ,dGh GdG HUCG Yh Y GqUh Th
gAHCG geMh ,gCGh dGeCGh gQjO e LGNEH Gebh ,Gh
OMCG HCJ SdG bNCGh SEG ffEG dh , LGhRCGh
:a Gk N QH iSCH SdG Uhh q .fGh QCdG Y Jh ,VCGh
SfCH UhCG M ,ffEGh MdG jZ e Ggh zkGN H GUSG{
SdG UH dH G b ,AGjEG q TCG ghPBGh ,HUCGh HY W
Y H jY HCG QH iSCG MCG j ,Aec AS AahCG AeCG Gfch ,feCH
GPEG a ,QH e H GbCG M QfCG gQ c'' :Y H e NCG
Y dG SQ Ud ,dG GcCGh H N q gAYh gAGZ Geq b
SCa ,H fqEG N Ic e LQ j J e ,H gjq GE Sh
.(1 3) z
q e q Y gOq a ,gOq QCa
.147/2 : dGh BGdG AV jdG IdG (1 2)

.153 : f QG (1 3)
- 107 -
dG e Yh ,ADg QH iSCG Y bG e MGh Z j

kC X dG EG jG jdG Gg E X Y q j e dP dCG : dAjh ,Yh
GhOq j CG bG Gc CG H d cCG dh ,LdG b d
j CG jj dG DhJ dPh ? GZ qdG AdH Gj CGh ,iSCG
g e S dCG H d d Ve ej d j TEG eGY SdG
CG n Z `.jdG MU eh jdG e d Sh GhZ e gJ eh IhdG
,Yh dG e H qfRGh f GPEG .YGjh Qj CG j e DhdG Gg
TH J qdG ,HdG IQG eGO e kFGO S eh dG jeh
b SH je L EG kT RGj GJ a .VQCG e G
EG kT RGj GJ gh !gCG e c Y QSG j OH GQdG
AKCG M T RGj g g K .? idG G QR e bh e L
?G HQhCG CG Jh bh qdG G GQdG AKCGh ,fdG IQdG
fL EG G h MdG jBG QH iSCH G U qdG Ggh
fL EG AT gh ,MdGh dG gCG j dG GQdG je
g ,JQH S IQ e e ,G SH eb qdG IdG QRG
.SEG jQJ b e e AT G jQJ q S t J qdG IQG
fJhdG Hj dKdG a bh ,mH Hq O qdG IQG g
GPEa ,dG QU HCGh QdG QU qMCG a Zh Gk QZ fa Y h jQH
ie G Y Ib Gfc fC ,G QH iSCG e KG G b
c a , iPCG U a G MG qdG Y KdG GYCG
nnc en } : jBG e d``fe ``LdG IFdG QYG eh MdG je e dP
nIn Np BrdG o jpjo o `sdGhn n rft dG V
n n Yn nho jpJo p VQr nCrdG pa n p rjo s Mn in Sr GnC o nd nojn GnC x pn pd
.(1 4) (67 :fCG) | l p Mn l jpYn o `sdGhn
. 226-225U ,fi IM (1 4)
- 108 -
MCG IhZ
q dG PdG
SdG jCG{ : a SdG a dG SQ b IhdG jGH a
Y gdGh ,YH dG e ,Hc H J dG UhCG UhCG
Y d f qWh K ,Y dG cP NPh LCG dG qfEG K ,eQfi
Y j e b ,jc jT hq dG OL qEa ,dGh Gh ,dGh dG
e e dG qEGh ,YWCG e e J dG q E a ,TQ J dG Y e EG
,J dG cYhe dH GdGh ,OG Y dH dYCG Gaa ,Y
RdGh NG EGh ,cTQ Y jM qfEa ,H ceCG dH Yh
.zdGh dG jh ,J dG q j
q dGh dG eCG e dGh
H J dG q a GM Y c e qCG QU Oq L SdG jCG j{
dG qU IU qY qU eh ,fP d J dG Z Y d ZQ eh ,Hh
LY dG Y LCG bh ac hCG e e MCG eh ,Gk Y Feh Y
kUqEG G a NBG dGh dH eDj c eh ,JNBG p LBGh fO
q Z dGh ,Y dG SG Y SG eh ,kc kGY hCG kjehCG kICGeGhCG
Y e YCG h ,H JeCG bh qEG J dG EG Hqj Y e YCG e ,M
d fCG eCG hdG YhQ f b fCGh ,Y f bh q GE QdG EG Hq j
GJa ,Y C HCG EGh ,AT e j bRQ bCG J M f
dG J CG DhSG q j h ,RdG W GLCGh ,Hq Q dG
CG Z GGh G d qH b ,YH EG Ye Y Qj fEa ,J
cJ a ,dG Y e qEG SdG e c j h ,eCG e k T H
,a j CG ThCG G L EG YGdc c a bh eh ,jOh VY M
eDG e eDGh ,eQfi J dG M EGh CG ,k M dh qEG e dh
.(1 5)zY dGh ,L FS Y YGJ TG GPEG G e SCGdc
.282-281/4 :OTdGh idG S (1 5)
- 109 -
fi G OGq dG Fb gdCG qdG G g QdG jCG eq C J g

jhG dG eCG ,dG Geh ZdG MS ,Sh Y dG U
H .?G dG Sd fc N qfCG J c a g ,?HCG
.q dG Ogq dG G L eCG dG G fc fCG
,dGh G Y jh GdGh G HCj MdG SQ g Gg
.Sh eCG e c fdG J CG jh
. dG SQ qY Y dG VQ IM H dG MCG IhZ ifh
Y H g EG Mh IM c Y H k Mh CG Y H Se ihQ a
.(1 6) J CG J a ca
Gk g CG OGRh ,IM c Y H qdG g Gk g CG SG HG ihQh
eN YCGh ,Fbh (NN CG) keN fCGh LdG GPBG e JG
.(17)k Mh Wbh gFbh
S gGd e EG c M ,IM b eY k Mh CG bGdG ihQh
.(1 8)e H L
H T ,IM b kMh CG ,eEG Jh ,Y H ficPh
K a ,IM c g : a ,Y H g EG H Aa ,c NCGh
J CG e AL GPEG JYhh ,Md YCa ,Mh HK Yfh ,d
,fCG YLh c e a ,IM e gGQCG M e ebh ,ffOIY
.(1 9)e dH eb M ,eNh jeh e L K ,fPCG bh
.43/4 : jdGh jGdG (1 6)

.133/3 : g HG (1 7)
.332/1 RG (1 8)
.321/4 OTdGh idG S (1 9)
- 110 -
eCH G Y fh U h Y qEG dG SQ e j ,c Gg H
l rNn n o nd roJr nUn p ndhn ppH orpbYo ne p rp pH Gopbn an rorbn Yn rGE p hn } : ```J ``dG e
.(2 0)| n jppHu
s d
, dG NGDj eBG ,Y dG VQ IM b qdG MdG Ggh
H a dG g e bh eh ,Y dG GVQ GdG HUCG e QU H
Gk M cCG jJ ,ch c LNCG M ,dG dG e a e IM
VQCG Y bV a ,dG IhZ j eO dG QgCa ,kIhGYh
Y c SCG a ,SEG Y ja dG JCGh J ,MQ
jZ d Jh ,q H ae Y JY h Y j a aa Lh
.(2 1)jdG Y UJ
.126 : dG (2 0)
. 352 U ,edG G Sh Y dG U fi (2 1)
- 111 -
dG dG
jG IhZ G bNCG
dCG AgR SdG N ,Id SOdG dG e IdG P

Y SGh ,GYCG e e c eh QfCGh jLG e FNh
Nh : j : g HG eH dG cP c ,dG Y H Z jG
e OGdG gCG e dM eh dG SGh ,kHM jj Gk e IdG P
H d GVj CG : GU qdG jb e j gh ,e GLd GYCG
.fH S dG e Sh GYCG e c Y C HCa ,dG Y hq jhCG
Nh .Fe IY HQCG jG UCG c : j dG Y H HL ch
Sh ,dG e H eh QfCGh jLG e e dG SQ
N EG fCG SdG dh ,HM e SdG eCd ,IdH MCGh ,dG e
H d ,H c GPEG M dG SQ Nh ,d k qeh dG Gd Gk FGR
GLa , S b jb g ! dG SQj : a ,dG S H
dG hgj ,iW H Gdf bh ,QdG OL Gd b ,aG RdG e
.dG Gc EG geb b N ddG H dN Ggh ,Gk HCG Y NJ
H GqN d Y GPe ,G cCG d !jb jhj : dG SQ a
Y dG XCG EGh ,GhOGQCG qdG dP c HUCG g Ea ,dG FS Hh
dGa .? jb J a ,Ib Hh GJb Gj EGh ,jaGh SEG GNO
K .ddG g OJ hCG dG j M H dG H qdG Y gLCG GRCG
SCG e kLQ EGh .?H g qdG jW Z jW Y H j LQ e : b
dP q T bh e GLN a ,LCG Gk Yh kjW H f dG SQj fCG : b
dG SQ b ,OGdG e Y S VQCG EG GaCGh G Y
qdG qd qfEG dGh{ : a .dP Gda .zdEG fh dG f Gdb{ :Sd
- 113 -
GSG : a SdG dG SQ eCa .zgdj a FGSEG H Y VY

e ,QGG K Y LJ jdG G X H dG GP
Ib jb N CGQ a ,jdG dP G a ,e SCG e jG
dG SQ Nh .jb EG cGQ GLQ ,jW Y GdN b G
: b ,bdG CN :SdG a ,bf cH QGG K S GPEG M
YJ . e Y dG HM M dh ,H d g eh ,bdG CNe
b K .gjq EG YCG qEG MdG U a fdCj N EG dG jb
e k S NCa .Y f Ae OGdH e ,dG SQj : b .GdfG : Sd
a Ra dG J e b H a HUCG e k LQ YCa fc
.H Y SdG V M AGhq dH Ta ,aL
e LQ YGG AbQh H jH JCG , dG SQ CWG a
EGh kHM jj Cj fCG NCa .? H AL qdG e ;dCSh a ,YGN
,S H d b Gk f d b K ,e k eh d Gk FGR AL
Gfi EG ,fi Y J fEG ,jb ej : Gda jb EG GLa
AL c EGh : Gdbh gq Lh gqJa ,dG Gg Gk FGR AL EGh ,d Cj
fch .dG Y dH q h ,Gk HCG IY Y Nj dGa .kb jjh
c k T Y j ,ceh e dG SQ p f n Y YGN
ke dG SQ BGQ a ,NCG H M H Re dEG GH K .
dG SQ d b ,qch dG SQ EG fG a .QOZ LQ Gg :b
dG SQ d b gNCa jb EG La ,HUCGh jd b Gk f
ej ch ` Hq R HG hCG Y H G dEG GH K .Sh Y dG U
hj ` dCj b e Gg EG : b dG SQ BGQ a HMCG S
Y j dG iCGQ a ,Gj M Lh dG GHa ` dG jh
EG LQ ,qfi Y G W e QHhCG cCG bh Fb OGdG VY e
: d Gda ,dP d a ,iCGQ keYEG dG SQ EG j h ,jb
dGh ,jb e j : bh ,dP Y a .d Y HGYCG fCG Ea LG
k qe AL e dG H Y q jCG ,cfbY Gg Y h ,cdM Gg Y e
qfC hCG ,d ALe Hh fi H q d H G f qdGh .? d
- 114 -
e fC NCf M Mj Y q c : d Gda . MGh LQ If HMCH

JCG M a ,dG Oe H IhY dG SQ EG GH K .H Vf
L K SdG ThCG LCG ,fij : b K ,jj H a dG SQ
b ,aG RdG e ,LN b jb fEG ,H d q H EG H
qfCd dG CGh ,Gk HCG IY Y NJ dG hgj ,QdG OL Gd
: a ,Yb dG SQ N jdG HHCGh ! Gk Z Y GfG b ADH
HCG HG Gg : b ? fij Gg e : b ? Y f fCG ,dG H eG
L K .H g dh ,H JCad Y d fc l jd dGh eCG :b .ab
SQ SCGQ Y bGh T H IGh .qj gh dG SQ hj
cG :j dG SQ hJ GPEG j j a ,jG dG
ZCGh qaCG e ! jh : IhY a ! dEG J qCG b dG SQ Lh Y j
NCG HG Gg :b ? fij Gg e : IhY d a , dG SQ a !
dG SQ qa ,eCH EG JAS Z gh ,Qn oZ CG : b .T H IG
SQ Y e a .kHM jj Cj qfCG NCGh ,HUCG H qc H
jh ,AVh GhQHG EG C Vj ,HUCG H je iCGQ bh dG
j : a jb EG La ,hNCG qEG AT T e jh ,hQHG EG kbH
,e TdGh ,e bh ,e ic L b EG ,jb e
keb jCGQ dh ! HUCG a fi e b b ke jCGQe dGh qfEGh
.jCGQ GhCGa Gk HCG Ad fqj
jb EG a ,YGG eCG H TGN YO dG SQ EGh
H Gha ,d ALe Y aGTCG d ''dG'' : d j d H Y Mh
SQ JCG M ,S Gqa HMCG a ,b GhOGQCGh dG SQ L
ALe jb GTCG Y a e EG j G HY YO K , dG
H Y H e dh ,f Y jb k NCG EG ,dG SQj : a .d
qdOCG dh ,Y Zh ,gjq GE JhGY jb aY bh , MCG c
Y H Y dG SQ Ya ,Y H Y : qe H q YCG LQ Y
AL qfEG fCGh , Cj qfCG gj jb GTCGh S HCG EG a
H S H HCG a ,e EG Y a .e keh dG Gd Gk FGR
- 115 -
qH M QLCG K jj H a ,Nj CG bhCG e NO M UdG

qa ,jb AYh SHCG JCG M Y fa , dG SQ dSQ
dG SQ dSQ e a M d Gda ,H SQCG e dG SQ Y
SQ H j M aC ce : a .a dH J CG T EG : dEG
H Y CG Gh dG SQ a ,gY jb MGh . dG
.ob b Y
GVdG H
Lf M f : ob b Y CG H M b dG SQ EG K
,IdG GVdG H fa ,dG EG SdG dG SQ Ya .dG
dG Y H HL ch ,G Y dG SQ jH : dj SdG a
ja .q f sCG Y jH dh ,G Y jj dG SQ qEG : j
H G qEG ,gM G e MCG Y qj h ,SdG dG SQ
kU dEG fCG Cd dGh : j dG Y H HL a ,S H NCG ,b
qdG qCG dG SQ JCG K .SdG e H j dEG C V b ,bf HEH
.WH Y eCG ecP
jG U
: dG j edG hY H S
dG SQ EG Dd HeY H NCG hY H S jb H K
,Gg eY q Y Lj CG qEG U j h ,a Gk fi FEG : d Gdbh
,hY H S JCa .Gk HCG IY Y NO fCG Y dG q dGa
GH M dG dG OGQCG b : b ,e Sh Y U dG SQ BGQa
K ,LGJh ,dG WCa qJ , dG SQ EG S fG a .LdG Gg
G H Y Kh ,dG EG j h eCG CdG a .dG H iL
d hCG : b H : b ? dG SH dCG ,HHCG j : a ,HHCG JCa
of a : b .H : b ? cH GdCG : b . H : b ? H
b .dG SQ fCG TCG qfEa ,RZ dG ,Yj :HHCG b .? jO fdG
- 116 -
dCG ,dG SQj : a dG SQ JCG K .dG SQ fCG TCG fCGh :Y

dG Y fCG{ : b .? jO n fdG of n a : b .H :b ?dG SH
Y dG VQ Y Z EG) q j dh ,eCG dNCG d ,zdSQh
dG GcQj h G H dG hT GhCGQ fC Gh
.(dP H cQOCG K .G e c dG d dG
U qdG e YCGh qUCGh UCGh q JCG dRe : j Y a
SQ YO K .kGN j CG LQ M ,H J qdG ec afl : ej
MdG dG H{ cG : a ,Y dG GVQ dW HCG HG Y dG
: b K .a zqdG SH{ cG dh ,Gg YCG : S a zMdG
T d : S a zhY H S dG SQ fi Y dUe Gg{ : cG
: cG : dG SQ a . HCG SGh SG cG dh ,JbCG dG SQ qfGC
Vh Y UG .zhY H S dG Y H fi Y dU e Gg{
fCG Y .H Y H jh SdG a eCj ,S Y SdG Y G
e jb
k AL eh .Y Oq Q dh PEG H jb e Gk fi JCG e
qMCG e qfCGh ,ZEGh SEG qfCGh ,ae Y H CGh .Y Oq j fi
jb Y Nj CG qMCG eh ,a NO Yh fi Y Nj CG
KGJh ,Yh fi Y f : Gda YGN KGa .a NO ,gYh
NJa Gg eY Y LJ qfEGh)) gYh jb Y f : Gda H H
H bCa HUCH Na ,Y LN Hb Y c GPEG fCGh ,e Y
.((gH NJ ,dG dG ,cGdG S e kKK
LHCG AL PEG ,hY H Sh g dG j dG SQ a
SQ UCG c bh , dG SQ EG fG b ,jG Sj hY H
a ,f dG SQ gBGQ jDhd dG qj gh GLN dG
Y NO ,f dG SQ Y eh ,LdGh dG e GhCGQ
dEG b LHCG S iCGQ a ,j GhOc M Y eCG dP e SdG
CG b Hh H dG q b fi j : b K ,H NCGh Lh a
Lh ,jb EG Oq d q jh H j a bU : b .Gg JCj
- 117 -
j cG EG Oq QGoC GC ,Gej : JU YCH j LHCG

UG L HCG j{ : dG SQ a ,H e EG SdG dP OGa ! ? jO
b fEG .kLflh kLa G e e h d YL dG qEa ,MGh
fEGh ,dG Y fYCGh dP Y gYCGh ,kU dG Hh H fY
UG : jh L EG L HCG e G H Y Ka .zH Qf
dG Fb Y jh .c O gMCG O EGh ,cG fEa ,LHCG j
,HCH LdG q a ! HCG H a dG NCj CG LQ :Y j .e
G ekLQ dG Y TCG ,dG e a a .dG fh
,Y H MdG Yh ,G H Yh ,jdG HHCG : cG e k LQh
H Reh ,e Hfih ,Ubh HCG HSh ,hY H S H dG Yh
.dG Jc g ch dW HCG H Yh ,e ejgh M
Y q d ,ah
q H q jG b q QdG jCG Y VY d
Aahh,dGh dGh,dGh G e SEG HGOBGh G bNCG
aY ,jdG hO IQdG jWh ,dG YQGG QjEGh ,QdG Jh dG
c ch ,e gCG SEG Y SdG UM ie dG g N e
Yq j g a ,G e hG MGhQCG IQNh gOY Y j q
Hh H GqNd Y GPe ,G cCG jb jhj'' :dH IG g
G qH hjh ,gQEGh G jj q Gg e Lj g ,''SdGFS
dG SdG Y Y fc c dG hT aY K ,OaEGh
gQh SdG eCG W gLh ,d dGeCGh fCG GYH jqdG HUCGh
,Je kJh LhY dGeC keG Gg q c ,Sh Y dG U JQTEG
eSEG ZQ jb dCSe c EG Sh Y dG U SdG LCG
d Jh J CG Oc qdG d Gk Oq Qh ,eSEG IYdG eaEGh
Gg c ,HUCG Yh Y qbdG dG hdG J Y SdG dj
,kfgHh k Mh kdO j c Ggh , dG IS G bNCG e
eCG jO SEG qCG Y ` dH fG SEG q CG kfHh Gk QhRh kHc YOq G
H HWh QhdG d MfGh ,SEd dG fa ,QGMh Uh Sh
,QeCG H eSGh ,e gCGh G H Y qdG dG f ,SdG
- 118 -
G gPh ,QGh QhdG H SdG Zh ,dG a dG Y dP ch

c EG ,e YCG c b a SG oa a : gdG j .QhdGh
SdG eCGh ,G Vhh fdG fc a ,SdG dG M dG
j SEH MCG j a ,YRGh jG GVha GdGh ,H
dP b SEG c e e dG J NO dh ,a NOEG k T
. (1)cCGhCG
dG SQ CG gdG b Y ddGh : dH Gg Y g HG qYh
Y N K ,dG Y H HL b e HQCGh dCG jG EG N
.(2)BG IY H dP H dG
. 203U ,g HG IS fl (1 )
. QG f (2 )
- 119 -
ddG dG
dG IhZ G bNCG
d iJ a ,dG a jC
k G fEG .? e a IhZ Y j qe e
,MQ c a fEG , fi g Gg dG MU EG ,dG jQJ ke
.aQ L aQ fEGh ,Zh H d
AS geSh ,HUCG GYGC h .hPBG e e dG j gh
Gfc dh , H Gq g bh ,jdG IT e e e eh ,GdG
dG M Hh H dG dG .jcG N dGh dG h h
,Y eCG jGQ ,Gh ddG gh dGh IdG Y a ,S HCG
eh ,eBG a S HCG QGO NO e'' : dGh IdG Y jOe iOa
.''eBG a QGO NO eh ,eBG a GG G NO
e Y qUh X Y dGh dH dG dG q dG b gh
Y H QG H SHCG Y HG e EG jdG j ,dGh GdG
EG dP a ,dGh iPCG IT e e j c ,Y VYCa ,G
Sj INEG b e d à ,Lh b e dG SQ FEG : d a ,Y
CG Vj fEa (1)| n p Wp n nd sco GE p hn nrnYn o`sdG nn nKBG r n nd p`sdnJ Godnb } :Sd
n jprnJ nd n nb } dG SQ d a ,dP a ,kb e MCG MCG j

aQeh ,dP H eSEG Mh (2) | p Mp Gs dG o Mn Qr GnC n go hn r ond o `sdG o p rjn n r n rdG o or nYn
. (3) e AM dG SQ EG SCGQ
.91 : Sj (1 )
.92 : Sj (2 )
. 400/3 : OG OGR (3 )
- 121 -
Y G Fb dG SdG j c ,QdG jCG fG K

.dG Wh ,dG Sh QdG HMH Gh SEG
G Y H SdG a QNCG j N b SHCG c
CG ! SHCG j jh : jh SdG Ga , dG SQ EG H JCjh
ecCGh MCG e ,eCGh fCG HCH b .? dG EG dEG fCG J CG d Cj
,b ,H k T q Y ZCG d Z dEG dG e cd CG X d dGh ,UhCGh
Ea dGh g eCG ? dG SQ CG J CG d Cj CG !SHCG j jh
CGh dG EG dEG CG TGh SCG jh :SdG b .k T BG M e dG
.G IOT Th SCa ,Y J CG b ,dG SQ Gk fi
M ,dGh eCG e a j dG SQ Sh c fG K
,dG EG H dCGh .edG gR e EG e j e gCG UCG
a S HCG QGO NO e : dG a ,dGh G KBGh ,IG ch
dG SQ fh .eBG a G NO eh ,eBG a HH ZCG eh ,eBG
e EG fEG CG Y e Nj eY dG Ge j CG Y L
CGh Jh e gCG GeCG Y G qj CH eCGh ehbh VYG
.Y jjCG Gqj
.?eCG dG G dG Nj c G dG dG Gg EG dh
CG M ,dG e H dG ecCG e iCGQ M ,d k VGJ SCGQ VGh gh Nj
e dNO h ,dG IQS GC j gh NOh ,MdG SGh Od bP
e QT c aQ ` SdGh MhdG gceh dG IjL b gh k a
HG gh ,jR H eSCG OQCa ,Gh VGdGh ,IGhGh dG FT
GTCG AHCGh Tg AHCG e Gk MCG Oj h Sh Y dG U dG SQ e
H S qe ,G MG j e a j ch .(4)c gh ,jb
J dG ,G j dG : d b ,QfCG c S HCH IOY
Sh Y dG U dG SQ GPM a ,k jb dG PCG dG ,eG
.. 337 hdG Y G HC jdG IdG (4 )
- 122 -
: b .?S be J CG ! dG SQj : b ,SHCG GP dEG T ,c

j dG H : bh ,S de dG SQ Sa ,Gch Gc: b ? beh
e a S EG SQCGh .dG dG jh ,jb k dG j dG ,MG
.(5) HG EG QU PEG S Y j AGdG CG iCGQh ,HG b EG aOh ,AGdG
YO ,dH aGW dG SQ b ,Aah h q H j e a j
e W b ch ,NOh d a dG e e NCa ,W H Y
,Y a ,e fh ,dG d ZCa ,jG EG Lj CG b ek j G
d : a ,T M VCG ,H ek j G Gg iJ d ! Yj :bh
Y e c bhh ej Yh Y H : a ,dPh ej jb g
.(6) b e EG SeCG CG Xh ,k be W H
, j dG eh dW HCG H Y dEG b dG e Na
jCG{ : dG SQ a ,jdG e HG d LG : dG Sd b
,Aahh q H j dG ! zYj Me g{ : a ,d Ya ? W H Y
.(7)zX EG e Yj ,IdJ IdN ghN
H ,a Gh SEG a j e a CG QdG jCG YGh
dGh MdG e ffEG e a q ,AL ffEG a c
AdGh AdGh ,dGh cdGh gG Y AdGh ,dGh
.Lh MCG Y IOq Gh q G Yh AhdGh eCG qHh ,dGh G fh
e d aQ c ee ej c dG dG Gg EG fG
hj ,kaU G Ce b jbh ,dG H j ,HG ehG
jT Mh dG EG dEG'': a , gh dG JOH NCa ,j GPe
a ,O hCG eh IKCe c CG ,Mh GMCG gh ,Y fh ,Yh U ,d
gPCG b dG EG jb ej .G jSh dG fGS EG ,Jg q eb
.404/3 OG OGR (5 )
.409/3 OG OGR (6 )
.340 hdG Y G HC jdG IdG (7 )
- 123 -
g J K ,GJ e OBGh OBG e SdG .AHBH Jh ,gG If Y

o sdG n tjGnC nj } : jBG
sEGp GoaQn n npd npFnbn hn kHo To rco nrn nLhn nfGoC hn m cn Pn ue ocnr nNn sfGE p S
.(8 ) (13 : GG) | l pNn l p Yn n `sdG sGE p r co nrJGnC p`sdG n Yp r oen n cr GnC
: Gdb ? zH Ya CG hJ e ! jb ej{ : dG SQ b K
: zJNE Sj b c d bCG Ea{ : b ! c CG HGh c CG Gk N
Y PDa j CG kH eCGh zAdG fCa GgPG ,dG Y jJ{
.GPCH J eh ,J dG c j aGTCGh jb ASDhQh dG
cQ K Uh Za ,dW HCG H fg CG QGO dG SQ NOh
fCG Z e NCG IU U QCG : db .Y d Gk T H dG IU
.(9)OdGh cdG j
hfl H e ICGeG CG c .IGhGh dG e dG IhZ h
Y f ,jR H eSCG EG eb a ,IhdG g bSWa SG
JCG : bh ,Lh q J dG SQ c a ,fj dG SQ
SQ b dG ca ! dG SQj SG : eSCG b .? dGOhM e M
SdG gCG Ea ! HeCG '' : b K ,gCGg dG Y KCa ,kN dG
Y GebCG dG a S GPEGh ,cJ jdG a SGPEG Gfc fCG ,b
eCG K .''gj d bS fi H Wa CGd ,H fi f dGh ,G
db ,LhJh dP H HJ a ,gj a ,ICGG H dG SQ
.(10) dG SQ EG LM aQCa dP H JCJ fa : FY
IhGY fc jdG AGdCG AGYCG Y ek Y GY
k IhdG g ifh
Gk S GQk fh kd JM ZdG T , H dGh , dG SdG
.GQk Lh
. 407/3 OG OGR (8 )
. 410 /3 OG OGR ,4292 : QdG LNCG (9 )
. 4304 QdG LNCG (1 0)
- 124 -
EG N b ch ,fdG d hY q iYCG HG L HCG H eY Gg

,q a CG H JCGeG d eCSa ,f Y kFNh SEG dhd gk Qc dG
SCGh ,k MJ Ma ,AGOQ Y eh dG SQ dEG Khh , dG eCa
bGe d fch ,eSEG Mh k Y GQk hS dG SQ H q a o eY
.dG hMh IOdG hM Y
H IM dSQh dG SCGh SdG Y Jbh ,e H L e Mh Ggh
.eSEG dG SQ bh ,SCa ,eO QgCG b dG SQ ch ,G Y
,Lg M SdG H jd VY b ch ,OSCG H Qg Ggh
Mh SCG K q a ,L SCGh ,IU Y S M H a
eCa ,FH J fc dG dG iMEh IQd eDSGh ,eSEG
.SCa
dG IhZ N
a ,kN SdG dG SQ b ,dG j e dG c a
: b K ,gCG g q h ,Y KCGh dG
GM a ,VQCGh GhdG N j e q M dG EG ,SdG jCG j{
j CG NBG dGh dH eDj e j a ,edG j EG dG eH
EG{ : Gda , d SQ d NJ MCG Ea ,IT H j hCG keO a
eM OY bh ,Qf e YS M EGh ,d PCj h ,dSd PCG dG
.(11)zFdG gdG qa ,eCH ec dG
dGh dG SQ H q j G H Y H da b eCdh
f b .? daCG : dG SQ d b ,e fO a ,dH j gh e
cPCG c AT : b ? zf H c GPe{ : b ,dG SQj da
a ,QU Y j Vh K ,zdG SG{ : b K dG a ,dG
E q G T dG Ne M QU Y j aQe dGh : j da ch ,b
q G MC
.1412/3 OG OGRh , 3302 G eh ,4314 :RG QdG LNCG (1 1)
- 125 -
q g : da ,dEG CG c ICGeH Qa ,gCG EG La : da b ,e

: j da fGh , : a ,jG EG
`` `SEGh `` ` dG `` Y `` HC j à jG EG q g db
UCG `` J `` j `` `dH ``` ` ` `bh Gk `` ` ` fi jCG Q`` ` ` `b d
.(12)XEG `Lh j dGh `` ` `qH `` ` `VCG dG jO `` ` `jGC d
eCSa GU eCa ,L HCG H eYh ,eCG H GU ej q ah
H NO dG eY YCGh eq C a , dG SQ G gh H Y d
QH a LG : a ,Oq a dG cj CG jj gh Y a ,e
.(13) TCG HQCG a QH fCG :a ,jT
,SCa ,L HCG H eY g H QG H M CG fc
gq bCGh ,`JOq a eCa ,dH H a qeC a , dG SQ d eCSGh
.(14)hCG Mf Y GUh g dG SQ
b H a fi SEG SQ RMCG dG eSEG dGg Gg
.(15) | kbgo nR nnc n pn rdG sGpE o pn rdG n gn nRhn t
n rdG An BLn r obhn } OdG Y dG aQh OdG
JCG dG eSEG dG Gd k eh Gk f dG jQ dG iJ g
q Gh ,IOGh MdGh ,dGh dG h ,NCG FGdGh FdH
b e Oq dGh G h ,OdG HQ dGh eCG aJh ,MEGh
gh g M fi QcdG j .dCG hC Id dP EG .OdG
,IQG Y dG LCG e'' : dG dG e a c eh dG Y j
,fG ah G a JQa ,dG q c S dG dG g YCGe
jb ADg ,fEG je a dG e Hh ,fO WY c fCGh
. 413/3 OG OGR ,271/4 g HG (1 2)

.(413/3 OG OGR) , 418 /2 g HG (1 3)
.413 /3 OG OGR (1 4)
.18 : AGSEG (1 5)
- 126 -
eh ,dP b e HUCGh HY eh ,d H GhFG e e fi j

dG Y GqdCG eh ,G IhZ hM eh ,MCG h QH Jb
ADg , dP Gfh Hk QEG Hk QEG jh b GYSGd eh ,k L
k L JMh ,HbQ af eCG ,eb h fi b jb
J CG J dH LG dCG g fS h ,T H e
dG SQ d , dG d , Gk fi d ,dG LQ gCGh e
g dh ,SdG H J CG H jj hCG IhGdG j dG LdH d
c d dH a ,Y a hY e dG eCG d .H h QH
.MCG j Gk S dG S
q h ,dH AadGh q dG ke ,k L dLCh
- 127 -
: SOdG dG
a KK ah
. jGSh SdG GhZ Y If : hCG dG
. dG Ghd If : dG dG
. dG hM QGG : ddG dG
hCG dG
jGSh SdG GhZ Y If
HdG H KGh Y G jdG IdG d jW SGQO H

bh dG eSEG jGdGh GhdG Y WG ,UCG QOG e
G e ,iSCGh MGh dG e a ceh , dG I M
IhGVh ,e Gh SdG NCG e a X eh ,cGh
.aGh cG e geC HdGh dG ASDhQ e gh Ihbh
e J c QdG jCG Y VYCG jGSh SdG GhZ ca
.SEG G bNCG Y dN
dG S jS .1
Y GVd ,jLG e kLQ KK ,G Y H IM IOH
.G dG ah .LQ Fe K LHCG a h ,dG e eOb jb
a jd kM ch ,G hY H H M ,d GUGh
.(1) dG Ig e TCG S SCGQ Y eQ dP ch ,Gj
HGdG jS.2
GT HGQ H EG jS G H QG H IY SdG H
H KKCG H e Mh ,HCG Ak Gd d Yh ,IdG eTCG fK SCGQ Y
a ,QfCG a d jLG e S Gfch ,e Y H GY
. 327 U ,MCG dG RQ e QcdG ` UCG QOG AV jdG IdG (2 )
- 131 -
,G e eCG IY Y , HGQ H Y Fe gh ,M H SHCG

,The fc EGh ,d Gj h ,dG Gj h ,edG H ch
fG K ,dG S H eQ e hCG gh ,a Ubh HCG H S ch
,L HCG H eY dG Y ch : SG HG b ,eM Y jdG
.(2)IM jS Y IY jS q bh
QGN jS .3
SCGQ Y IdG P .(3)QGqG EG Ubh HCG HS SdG H K
k cGQ jY Gfch ,hY H OGG Mh ,HCG AGd d Yh ,TCG J
Gfa ,eGbCG Y GLa ,QGqG Rhj CG Yh ,jd GkY Vj
GhLa ,N U G Gq U M ,dH hjh ,QdH j
.eCH qe b dG
GOh/AGHCG IhZ .4
e GkT Y MCG SCGQ Y U gGZ ,H gGZ IhZ hCG gh
jj ,S HG Y c Gk T Y KG SCGQ Y U h ,bGdGcP c ,IdG
H QjO e AGHCG H M Qa ,IV H jjh jd Y Y VGYG
Hc dP ch .GMCG Y Gjh ,Y Ghj CG Y fc e IV
.(4)dG hY H fi Yd
GH IhZ .4
e Gk T Y KK SCGQ Y hCG HQ T GH dG SQ GZ
H S Y SGh ,HCG ch Ubh HCG H S AGd Mh ,Le
N H eCG a ,jd G k Y Vj ,HUCG e Fe Nh ,Pe
L gh ,GH a ,H FNh dCGh ,jb e LQ Feh G
. 164/ 3 OG OGR (2 )
.(164/3 OG OGR) N e k jb G Qj Y QHBG fEG :bh ,jG jOhCG e QGG (3 )
.(330 U ,MCG dG RQ e ,jdG IdG) (4 )
- 132 -
jGh GH Hh ,dG jW j ,L L e MGh UCG ,Ya

.(5) La Gkc j a ,OH HQCG f
hCG QH IhZ/GS IhZ .6

H Rc j Le e Gk T Y KK SCGQ Y SdG N
SGh ,HCG ch ,Y dG VQ dW HCG H Y AGd Mh ,dGHL
ch ,bSa jG S Y QZCG b Rc ch ,KQM H jR jG Y
,QH Mf e GS : d j jk OGh H M dG SQ a , H Yj
.(6) jG EG La ,j h Rc Jah
IdG P IhZ .7
,Feh N IdG e 3 S INBG iOL dG SQ N
La ,dG EG gGP jd Gk Y Vj ,jLG e Fe jh
,dG e LQ M W a N dG dG g gh ,jCH Ja b dG
g h ,YH d qahh ,cdG GPh ,JG hCG ,gjEG dG Yh dG gh
.(7) IV H e gAMh de H OGh IhdG
dG jS .8
`g2S LQ f EG SCG L H dG Y dG SQ H
kHR jd Y H qa ,jb S jLG e kLQ Y KG
,IG H dG Y HG afh Yh eG H hY a IQh eOCGh
eG H hY a jdG da ,IG H e c H Gh
jSCG hCG fch af aCGh Gh Y SCGh ,SEG b hCG ch
.SEG
.165/3 OG OGR ,598/1 g HG (5 )

.166/3 OG OGR (6 )
261- : SQ YCG IS dG e ( 227/2 QaQG S fi Vd d MQ (7 )
.166 /3 OG OGR (260
- 133 -
idG QH IhZ .9
K ,IdG e KG S eQ dG SQ gGZ IhdG g
Fb ch .dG L q e L dCG cG ch ,kLQ Y KKh Fe
`àG``TCG e h ``Y ``H EG f```H e ``j h ,LHCG ``cG L
G e SGh ,S SCGh SQH j QdG IGS e a ,dHCG EG
.hdG gh GQfG Y cG SCGh ,hYh KG
G dG H Y jS .10
Jh ,Sh Y dG U dG PDj Ghe H AY fc
dG U dG SQ a ,GkT dP dbh , dG Y Vh SEG
Y H Y dP a .? Ghe HG e pNGB CG : dP H M Sh Y
K ,a H Y NO M dG L gAa ,LhR b e G
.(8)GY a j : a ,dH NCGh ,jH dG e dG U
QfCG Y H S jS .11
dG SQ b M ,Y H hY H MCG Y HCG f d
Y dG U dG SQ a ,GkT dP bh ,eU H jS H QG
Y GT dP ch ,a ,Y H S a .? G GH e :Sh
.(9) IdG e Gk T jY SCGQ
b H IhZ .12
Y q TG eYh ,d IY N b H SdG UM
,jQdGh AdG d CGh dGeCG d CG Y , SdG M Y Gdf ,QG
fdG dG e GT IhdG g fch ,gDhLEG h Ga H eC a
.(10) GQk h ZU Gfch Je FS bH ch ,jdG
.( 270 U ,dG e), ( 367 U ,UCG QOG AV jdG IdG (8 )

.377 - 376/2 g HG (9 )
.190/3 OG OGR (1 0)
- 134 -
jdG IhZ .13

dG e N MCG j G P jdG IhZ fc
,G Zh ,cG OGR cCG c fC dH Sh ,jdG fdG
W dG Nh ,jb e cGQ Fe N SHCG ch
SGh ,dGh IdG Y j h ,QfCGh jLG e Fe
.IhdG g G e LQ
S H IhZ/QdG Ibb IhZ .14
SCGQ Y q G e HUCG e Fe dG SQ N
Zh S H e k L CG He Y ,IdG e Gk T jYh KK
V d ,S d Ae gh ,QdG IbH ,iNCG FdG Hh
,d IOQH Z efCG GcJh ,Lh e Gha Uh eYh ,G
.(11)YCa SdG S G L ,Q`j j Z fCG e ch
QdG Ibb jS .15

ADg CG Y M S Hh Z H EG jS SdG H K
SCa ,G Fb dG dG Y H dZ Lh ,fK Ie d GLG
.G e b KK Y G
S H fi jS .16
ch ,OdG TCG H c EG e HQCGh S H fi N
,bh dEG GLa ,jb Qc Y Vjh , dG SQ j Gk YT
.jdG fdG dG e hCG HQ T dP ch
.373 U ,MCG dG RQ e ,jdG IdG (11)
- 135 -
Z IhZ/eCG P IhZ .17

Yh ,dEG Qa , e eCG P b Z CG SdG H
eCG P Ae Y G CG S HGh bGdG cPh ,eeCG Ghq a dH GY e
FHQCG G L OY ch ,Qfi H K H e Z e o g
HQ e e d IY K dEG G hN ch ,kLQ Nh
.G H bGdG gOq Mh ,IdG e K S hCG
`g2 S INBG iOL - IOb jS .18
M ,dG EG j Gfc dG jW GaN jb k CG jM c
a Q e a ,GdG jW Ga , c e QH bh e c
e kLQ GhLCSGh ,JQ Y gh Ic a eh ,M H SHCG
SQ Hh ,jdG dP Y q dj , M H Ga d j FGh H H H
J UCa ,AG dP Y a ,HUCG e Fe KQM H jR dG
H Ga SCGh dG SQ Y H a ,LdG YCGh ,a eh dG
.(12)IdG e KG S INBG iOL jdG g fch ,M
MCG IhZ .19
G OY ch ,IdG e KG S GTT IhdG g fc
L OY ch , dG SQ gOj ch ,kLGQ Nh FS eSEG
S e Y cG SCGh .cGQ Feh LGQ FKh dCG hdG q
,T
k KK hdG e bh ,G e Tk HQCG HUEGh
.(13)HUCG Yd f QdG a dh ,H MOa IQN
SCG AGM IhZ .20
Ab Y Gd G Y iNCG Ie Iq dG cG qa
AGM EG HUCG e T
k HQCGh Fe N SdG a ,ek e
.134 U ,g HG IS fl (12)
.230/2 Qa Qd d MQ (13)
- 136 -
,SHCG Oj T
k Sh Fe Jh dCG hdG L OY ch ,SCG
IG H jhe GhSCG SCG AGM e JOY jW fCG SEG HG ihQ
H e AGa H Y Sh Y dG U SdG q e dG G IY HCGh
.jdG ddG dG e GT e edG IhdG g fch.QH iSCG
S HCG jS/b jS .21
W IOH N e SCG H CH dG EG QNCG Uh
jd Igeh JGN k W jG hd Iq dG hq j S NCGh SCG
e kLQ Nh Fe H EG dG SQ Qa ,d JhGY
Y gZa ,SCG Y H SHCG Yeq GC h jS QfCGh jLG
.jG EG efCG GbSa ,gLh Ghq a ,b j H d Ae
.Id HGdG dG e GG fi Iq Z dP ch
fCG H dG Y jS .22
dG f H S H dN EG fCG H dG Y dG SQ H
jG H hd j c Gk dN C dPh ,d ,aY e fH hCG H
q G e eG jdG g fch ,b M Y Ma dG Y a
.jdG HGdG dG e
LdG jS .23
H UY ch ,jdG HGdG dG eU T LdG jS bh
jdG g H IQdGh Y e gQ a .jdG g Fb dG KehCG HK
.IdG e HQCG S G U T jdG g fch `` UTCGIY ``
RW jS/ fe H jS .24
,jG dG SQ Y qSCG Ye L H de H eY b
SEG e j h j a ,dEG YOh SEG dG SQ Y Va
LQ eCG EG gYa gCG EG HUCG e k LQ H d !fij : bh
Gdf a ,HUCG e kLQ S dG SQ a ,d Gj CG
- 137 -
HhYEG gbh , GcPh YQ e S H e Fb Z feH

.(14)dG S c fEa ,dG eCG
dG eCG H hY jS .25
hNCG , dG eCG H hY feH UCG `` dG S c
Y YCGh ,Uf q Lh ,dG HeY WCG e e fCG gNCG a ,G
k SCG
e IbdH c GPEG M eCG HhY a ,eCG Y fc fCG YR bQ
e ch ,a g X e f MeY H e LQ bCG ,Ib QU
M dCS bh ,eCG H hY j QGLh dG SQ e Y jedG
Y GY ef GPEG M eCa ,eY H e a ? fCG : f
e GHUCG a eY H e Gk QCK H UCG b fCG ij gh ,a
. dG SQ UCG
dG H IhZ .26
: dG H Ihd SCG KK g fc
idG QH H Sh Y dG U SdG b dGH OGQCG .1
.dP Y jb VM eY
jO H d gAL e Y SdG b dhfi . 2
.dG b jdG HdG
gUM .IQdG Y gqdOh , SdG b Y jb M .3
d CG Yh AG Y Gdf M OH Sh Y dG U dG
.(15)dGEG HEG Me
. 231/3 d MQ ,157 g HG IS fl (14)

. MG dG RQ e ,417U ,UCG QOG AV jdG IdG (15)
- 138 -
iNCGQH IhZ/YG QH IhZ .27

H dG dG Y IdG e HQCG S T dG SQ N
,SGaCG IYh HdG e FNh dCG e ch .MCG j S HC
.jCG fK cG H fGh ,QH EG Uhh
fh ,GdGe EG Uh M SHCG H N a ,cG eCG
,L Y dG CG H H OY K ,e e kc HQCG H Y
.MCG SfG H G g IOSG cKCG e bG Gd ch
G ehO IhZ .28
e M Gk TCG H bC a , jG EG dG SQ fG K
K . dG SQ e e HQCG S gh ,cG G J hh ,GhP
h ,dEG j CG b LQ K ,G ehO Sh Y dG U dG SQ GZ
.jgG e dCG f dG SQ e ch ,H jH bCa ,Gk c j
.IdG e N S hCG HQ IhdG fch
jG IhZ/G H IhZ .29
,Id eG dG e TT e ddG dG KEG j
H EG Le kSa KKh Je FS jG e SdG N
GhSCGh G H e IY Gb G CG bGdG cj , G
.(16)H gCG Fe gh AG Y hLh gFS
GMCG IhZ .30

,HJ eh SEG HG b c N S GT IhdG g bh
P e edG AKdG j bh fEG : bGdG bh ,QG b gh
.dG eG dG IdG
.410/1 RG (16)
- 139 -
,L BG IY cG OYh g BG KK G OY c
.IY hdG e bh S G e SG
,G V d iNCG FdGh kjb GYO OdG e Gk f EG
Gk T AGYCG gUa ,fCG Y kYaO jG Y G G a
.(17)gOH EG LGQ GhfG K
Y H dG Y jS .31
, dG SQ Y GMCG qdGC G HCG H S aGQ HCG c
ce e gZh Z YCG a ,Y jh dG SQ PDj ch
EG QG e N jG e a ,dG SQ Y dG H dG
dG SdG eCG bh ,Y Ad RG VQCG e H aGQ HCG M
.kd e dGY a ,Y H dG Y
jb H IhZ .32
P hCGh IdG P NBG ,ITe GMCG IhZH IhdG g bh
.jdG eG dG e G
Vh ,kSa KKh S e Je BG KK SdG N
G Y Vh ,LQCG Y d jYh N I jb H Y QG
,a SdG M bh ,SG GkNCG GZa ,AdG Y Y M
SCGh L Ga LQCG Y FHQCG Gfch ,a dG M SdG fh
fGNEG e dG fG JQG jb H jL fc. .hdG e Fe
,Y AdGh dSG hjj jdG AGYCG EG fH ,WdG
EG Gj CG GhKBG M jO GfN H ,fNcCG Wh dH Gfa
hj dH a ,e MJ gCG G CG e ,G Y cG
BGdG dEG QTCG e Ggh EG Y dG hYjh ,MdG Y dG
o `sdG np Sn GnC r o oo fGnC r o nd n r pnd Gho n cn n jp sdG nsr dn n jn r o r eu Gk pcn in nJ } :dG
r en s bn en
. 233 U ,Qa Qd ,d MQ (17)
- 140 -
r go hon sJG en pr ndGE p n p fGoC en hn u ps dGhn p`sdpH no peDr jo Gofnc nr dhn ho pdNn r go pGnn rdG pahn r p r nYn
J e g jb H H G a .(18)| noSn p a ro rue Gk pcn sp `ndhn nAnpdhr GnC
gh ,FGYCG e eb Qjh Wh j a jGh dG FGdG c H
H ,Jj aCGQ gNCJ a ,FGdG c Y IQG e G
.dG HYgh ,HdG e j e bCH NCJ
fC ,M iSCc dP jb H LQ EG j dGh
GfN ec dEG f EGh ,e ae HhM iSCG e j
g Wh M Y iLCa ,HQfi FGYCG EG GfGh ,Wh
bj HQG qC ,G iSCG eCG e TCG Y geCG ch ,fG
d QYa gOYh fWhC FG eCG ,FGYCG M EG JhGH
c bh .gfh G iSCG j e aCGdG e jh ,fN
ch ,dG H e a c AG W EG jh Y j CG dG
dEG GhOd gLCG d dh ,jd H HCG H WM Y Y
G GbhCGh ,G IhZ Mc ,OdGh dG L e HQfi
.(19)Jq e MGh L e eDG jh ,fi e TCG fi
AWdG jS .33
,AWdG Y IQdG qd kcGQ KK e Hfi dG SQCG
SOdG dG e q G e TdG dPh ,c H H H e H gh
e Ga ,IZ Y gO M dGjh QdG j dEG Qa ,jdG
.(20)AdGh HEG GbSGh bdG q ah IY
H IhZ .34
dG SQ UCG e IH GhQZ b Gfc jdG g H
EG RG Ze gQjO fc dh ,eGYEG GJh ,LdH
.81- 80 :IFG (18)

.IgdG ,1945 ,1 3 dG (dSdG) ,.jb H b ,dG G Y (19)
.168/4 jdGh jGdG (20)
- 141 -
ij j ,GYCGh jbh G H Fb IjdG GQdGh ,e OhM

,GMCG dPJ a ,cCG hdG e H OdG Zj CG dG SQ
BG b bdG CG iCGQ ,e M EG gGdG hd GfSGh ,FGY gSGh
HQ dEG a ,LdH dG HUCG QCK H e NCj C
jG Y SGh ,HUCG e Fe `g 6 S hCG iOL hCG hCG
` GZ H EG fG M dG SCG K ,dG jj fCG XCGh ,e CG HG
` d YOh Y Ma ,HUCG e c M ,Yh eCG H OGh
bCa ,MCG Y e Qj a ,G ShDhQ GHa , H H Sh
IY a ,Y EG Qa ,Y GhQj a ,jGdG Hh ,VQCH ej
Y Z fch ,jG EG LQ K ,jb H d dG Gc EG SQGa
.(21)d IY HQCG
HdG IhZ/Ob P IhZ .35
jdG dG GhP gh ,d hY dG Sd c fCG o Sh
M H Y Y QZCa ,a QPHCG ch ,HdH YJ IOdH dG
JCG a ,QP HCG HG Gbh gbSa ,SQa
k HQCG AHQCG d QGdG
Yh ,Fe N dG cQh ,cQG dG N j :iOf ,G dG
Y fCGh ,G J M eG : d bh ,fiQ AGd hY H OGd
H S QOCGh ,NCG TYh SQa
k IObHCG bh ,hdG jNCG QOCa ,KCG
,d Y GhSGh ,AY dG SQ h ,LQ Y gh ,dG cCG
.(22)d N Z bh LQh ,Y gh ,H dG aCGh
fi H TY jS .36
e Ae `` dG EG kLQ HQCG fi H TY dG SQ H
,GYSCa ,dG SOdG dG e NBG hCG hCG HQ `` SCG H e
.296 - 295U ,G MdG (21)

.291U ,dG e (22)
- 142 -
e GHUCa FdG Hh ,ge Y TY a ,GHgh dG H Qfh

.(23)jG EG gba ,H Fe GhLa ,Te H Y qdO
e H fi jS/dG P jS .37
H fi SQ H ,jdG SOdG dG e dG HQ h
d dG a `` K e `` GYh K H EG HdG e IY e
,c e H fi UCG a ,dH qEG GhTa ,HUCG e f M
HG a ,LSa ,dH LQ q a ,k e a k jL bh a g eCG
a ,jG EG M K ,Sh WCa e LQ g GPEa ,d a e
Ghj a ,dG Qe EG kLQ HQCG GG H IY HCG dG SQ
.LQh ba ,Ak Th k f GhLhh ,kGMCG
GG H IY HCG H/K H jS .38
,kLQ HQCH dG P EG GG H IY HCG dG SQ H
G ShDhQ e GHa ,dG jY gJCG M kIe dEG GhQa
.IdG e S S NBG HQ jdG g fch ,kLQ e SCa
KQM H jR H/G jS .39
j je e ICGeG GHUCa ,S H EG KQG H jR dG H
a ,iSCGh ATh k f GHUCa ,S H q fi e qfi Y da ,M d
jd dG SQ gh ,UCG jR b a ,fG M hR a
,UTCG IY f jdG g QdG e iSCG ch ,LhRh f
.IdG e S S NBG HQ a jdG g fch
KQM H jR H /dGhCG dG jS .40
b ,jd Gk Y Vj kcGQ S KQM H jR dG H
S INBG iOL jdG g fch .a eh ghNCa dG e bCG
.(24)IdG e S
. 470 U ,MCG dG RQ jdG IdG (23)
.295U ,dG e (24)
- 143 -
idG OGh jS .41

gP KQM H jR c .IdG e S S LQ IhdG g fc
Lh J G e bh ,HUCG Yh Y Ga dd dGE
.(25)MGh
Y H MdG Y jS/G ehO jS .42
KK a G ehO EG Y H MdG Y dG SQ H
ch ,kfGf ch ,dG hY H UCG SCa ,SEG EG gYj jCG
.(26)jG AYEG Y bCG e bCGh ,eb e c Sf e SCGh FQ
dW HCG H Y jS/a jS .43
,H H H S H dG Y H EG dW HCG H Y dG H
Oj Ghq CG hjj kL d CG H e Y ,IdG e qS S T
,k Y jW UCGh ,QdG ch dG Qa ,LQ Fe e ch ,N
,N d Gj CG Y ,gf Y Vd ,N EG H fCG d q bCa
dCGh H FN GbSa ,Y GhQZCa fe Y q dO eCG eYh
.(27)dH SH Hgh IT
jdG H HCG jS/ab CG jS .44
IQGa H fc ,jdG H HCG IOb IQGa H EG dG H
SCGh GhSCa ,ab q GC e RjEH jQdG KQM H jR ab Y GhQZCG b
S eQ jdG g fch .bdG gh e HGh ab CG e
.IdG e S
.235/3 ,d MQ (25)
.473U ,MCG dG RQ fi ,jdG IdG (26)
344/4 g HG (27)
- 144 -
MGhQ H dG Y jS .45
MGhQ H dG Y H dG SQ CG gdG Y H bGdG ihQ
,H hd Z H j OdG GRQ H j CG H PEG ,k cGQ KK
,OdG dG hj CG b ,N OdG d Gfc b ZHh
.ah OdG M
q O e M ,Jf Hh H M fCGh
Y d dEG H dG CG ghCGh ,MGhQ H dG Y dEG gP
c eh OdG dLQ e k LQ KH a ,e eh g a ,N VQCG
Y GRQ H j f ,k e kfe GH h ,eDG e jOQ e
H ijh ,MGhQ H dG Y S j CG OGQCa ,b a MGhQ HG Jje
b HV Ha ,j e h ,H La ,MGhQ HG d a ,Y
eh ,Y T a Lh MGhQ H dG Y OdG V dh .LQ
GT jdG g fch .a ,OdG e jOQ Y G e LQ c
.(28)IdG e S S
dGHL H Rc jS/fdG jS .46
dG e GT jYh Y e YL dG SQ Y b
f h V gCG c fEG dG fj : Gda ,SEH GJh ,dG SOdG
CG geCGh ,GQh OhH dG SQ deCa ,jG GNSGh ,jQ gCG
Gfc GPEG M Gfa ,dGHCH Gjh fdCG e GHa a GLj
a ,OhdG GbSGh , dG YGQ Gbh ,eSEG H Ghc Iq G Mf
Gha H eCa ,Y Ga gQKBG dG a ,gN dG
.dM Y GJe M Iq G Mf GcJh gLCGh jjCG Gbh YCG
fEG H Ghch Gbh GbS b ADg'' : jM Hb HCG b
n jo n jp sdG Ao Gn Ln n sfGE p } : jBG qEG : QG bh .dSQh dG GHQMh
n `sdG nHo Qp
.937/ 3 ,IgdG ,HdG dG QGO ,IgRHCG fi ,dG N (28)
- 145 -
r eu o oLo Qr GnC hn r p jpjr GnC n snoJ hr GnC Go sn jo hr nCG Gos n jo nCG Gk Onn a p VQr nCrdG pa nr n r jn hn o ndSo Qn hn
.(29)| l p Yn l GnYn pIn Np BrdG pa r o ndhn n rft dG pa l r Np r o nd n pdPn p VQr nCrdG n pe Gnr jo hr GnC mnNp
.ADg df
dG eCG HhY jS .47
HGYCG Aa ,Gk fi j e SQEG ZQ ed SHCG iHCG
H UhCGh fh H S HCG Oha
q ,G AGOCG bh WH Ja
,TCG Y e SdG Y qda ,jCG S H jG Aa ,eCG
gP e Yh .''jje Hh H FM dGh ,GQk Z jd Gg qEG'' : b BGQa
G H SCG L ,Sh Y dG U SdG Y d HGYCG
VYh ,HGYCG j SCa ,QGREG NGH G GPEa SdG Y d
, SHCG d Leh dH NCa ,bU g EG eCG SdG Y
.SCa ,SdG Y qa
S HCG EG jL H Sh eCG H hY SdG H Gdh
Gq a ,a GqTh hd e gCG a ,qUh aW CG Hh ,e GAa ,d
.(3 0)jG EG Gq a ,MU e H
dG S/G jS .48
MdG b cGQ FKK GG H IYHCG dG SQ H
,G EG GhqVG M jdG H gh gOGR a ,jd kGY GhUd
dCG ,T f H MdG EG GfG e Yh ,G L G dP q a
f GgOq Gh e GcCa ,dG d j dG e ,dG e k e kJM dEG dG
.G H SdG GhNCGh GhOa ,Gc G j h ,T
S LQ dh ,jG U b LQCG Y jdG g fc
.S HG cP c K
.33 : IFG (29)
. 479-478 : UCG QOG AV jdG IdG (3 0)
- 146 -
jG IhZ .49
H dG jG dG Y jb q a ,Gk e N dG c
jb Hh G H dG a a ,k e Y HQCG e Hh
dG e IdG P IhdG g fch . dG LQh ,G Sd
.jdG SOdG
N IhZ .50
c OdG EG .jdG IdG c IQceh ahe N IhZ b
hdG gH hjj Gfch ,GMCGh MCG G e dG d S
dG ah ,fGhdG dG d LCGh ,N EG dG N M ,jd
.k e
k a d
HUEGh OdG e kT Jh KK e Y IhdG g SCGh
gOY G ch ,G e kT Y fK OSGh N
.(31)10000 OdGh 1420
idG OGh IhZ .51

gCG Ua ,idG OGh EG fG, N e dG SQ a a
S GG fi IhdG g fch ,jG EG k LGQ fG K , n d
.(32)IdG e S
bdG GP IhZ .52

QCG Hh K Hh Qfi H e Yk L GL b Z H fc
dG ch .k L Gbq J ,IgH G b a .G Y IQZEd
.IdG e S S GG fi HUCG e FHQCG ADg EG N b
.238/3 d MQ (31)
.210 U ,g HG IS fl (32)
- 147 -
Y jq S .53
SdG Yj M
k a a ,jb JSCa , SCG b LHCG c
L Gdfh HUCGh g q a K ,e c OY j Y SCa .SEG EG
kja c qdG jb cQ Y jdG Gbh ,dGh e H jdG
g fch ,jG EG L HCG SGh ,jb GeCG dG Oq a ,Hk Qfi
..IdG e S S G U jdG
jdG jS .54
jdG g dEG a ,jS H H UCG Gb b G H c
Hh H ba ,jdG g Oj dG dG Y H dZ ch ,Hd
g fch ,G e T YG Y SCG GQheh cTG AGYCG
.IdG e S SU jdG
a jS .55
e EG d LQ Fe GdG H HdG dG SQ C q g
,jdG jS e dG Y H dZ OY eYh ,H S H H UCG
,jR H Yh jR H eSCG jdG g e N bh ,HdG e SQCG
..IdG e K S U jdG g fch .GHUCa
M jS .56
,IdGh jGdH b Y e dG EG Lj dG MO c
,jdG b EG KQM HjR a ,jdG Y Ga Sf dG a
Fe YGh e NBGh dG eh G QfG Y jdG g SCGh
.IdG e S S INBG iOL jdG g fch ,hdG e
G HY jS/HJ jS .57
G HY H dG SQ CG bGdG jW e dG ihQ
dG hj Gfch ,g H e dO eh ,kcGQ KK Y dG VQ
- 148 -
,jG EG k LGQ Y q ch ,e GHg ,gOH EG GfG a ,QdG jh

H qEG eCj dG SQ EG :a .? N b d g : d a
.(33) IdG e S S T jdG g fch ,VQCG RGg
jdGH HCG jS/c H jS .58

dG SQ qeGC h ,ab HCG HH HCG e LN : b S Y
qUa ,Sq a HHCG feCG ,AG e ffO a ,IQGa H fha ,Y
jdG SCGh ,b q e e AG Y a ,IQdG a HHCG feCG ,dG
.(34) jNBG bh AGYCG e YL Sh G QfG Y
dG dG Y H dZ jS/G jS .59
H EG IdG e S S eQ dG dG Y H dZ jS
Fe L e bG EG bh ,H K H Y Hh ,GY
,Ak Th kf GbSGh ,d TCG e Gbh ,k L Y Ga ,kLQ KKh
.dG EG dEG : b CG H SGOe H nf jR H o eSCG b jdG g h
.(35)Pc CG g OUCG a b Y T g dG a
HN jS .60
jR H eSCG j Y dG q GE dEG b e b e G jS bhe
fch ,eSCG a LdG dP dEG g ,jdG Gfce Y dPh
.IdG e 7 S eQ jdG g
S H H jS/Iq e H jS .61
S H Gk H H dG SQ CG OSEH bGdG jW e ihQ
e eY Gbh Ja ,f Sa ,a VQCG e Iq e H EG k cGQ KK
.419-418/3 c HG IS (33)
. 417/3c HG IS (34)
.429 U ,QcG MdG U ,G MdG (35)
- 149 -
H a ,a EG C K ,Gk jT kb Jbh ,kY Gk U ej g Uh ,e

.(36)jG EG kLGQ q c K ,OdG e LQ Y
S H H jS .62
H Y gYGh b H Z e kL CG dG SQ H
a S HH dG SQ Ya ,jG Y GMd e d M
K ,G f gh QLh EG GJCG M ,LQ FKK e Hh ,Ak Gd d
Gbq a ,dG GhQMh ,AYdG q Jh ,kGc kf d GHUCa ,dG e GfO
,LQqEG qdfih gQjH q M eY H j Gdh ,gOH AH Gh
GT dP ch .SQCa ,SCa dG SQ Y H bh gSCa
Y GhQZCG ,N SCG GJCG eY fCG jGhQ h ,I dG e S S
L fG K ,gTha Y L Gd K ,d kY Gbh cG
.(37)LQ e SGoC h ,Y
ALdG HCG HG jS .63
dG ALdG HCG HG H ,AdG IY e dG SQ LQ e Y
dG N jG e a a .S H Y e ch ,SQa k N
gAL eYh ,G Ad Ghq SGh Gk Z kL Ga ,gNCa eb EG
,eY Ga ,H GbMCGh ,Gaa SEG EG gYO G
GH M e K ,dG H k jL cJh ,ALdG HCG HG GHUCGh
jdG g SGh .(38)IdG e K S U e j hCG jG
.e MGh SCGh ,G e 49f
Y H c jS .64
Ja ,kLQ Y N K S WCG GP EG jdG g fc
g : b ,dG jL LQ e aCGh ,Gb M dG TCG HdG
. 419-318/3c HG IS (36)
. 529U ,MCG dG RQ e ,jdG IdG (37)
.535 U ,f QG (38)
- 150 -
q a G NCa , dG SQ JCG M e ,Y dG OH a ,eCG

.ca NBG Ve EG GhQS fCG a ,dEG dH qgh ,Y dP
SCG gh H T jS/Y GP jS .65
H T dG SQ H ,dG edG dG e hCG HQ
,eY H VQCG e q dH RGg e L EG k LQ jYh HQCG gh
GO Z H H GhOa ,Ak Th Gk c kf GHUCa ,Y GhQZCa ,cQ Mf
Oq a ,eSEG GYCGh jG EG gah gKEG ALh ,d IY N
dG e G QNG Vh jQL dG ch .dG dEG G
,gZ G NCG KCG ie Y dO jQG g b h .gh H
.(39)Y AdG GhOGQCGh gHQM g dG Gg c dh M
JDe jS .66
aG gQGJh gOhQh j ahe IQe cG g b
fi SQ s ORCG Y H QG b b MT CG b a .eGh
dh ,IQN d q eSEG G CG eh ,G dd ba , dG SQ
g IhGV e ZdG Yh ,hdG e dCG Fe G e BG KK g
iS G e j qfCG EG ,hdG L OGYCG Ich SGTh cG
.(40)gb OY j a AGYCG eCG ,bCG q c kLQ Y KG
SdG GP jS .67
SdG H ,b jCH jG EG JDe jS e IOdG H
FN TdG UdG H hY IdG e K S e fdG iOL
,jG e fdG
q jJ fc qdG Yb Y Ad QfCGh jLG e
.G Ig AGYCG a .Y IQZEGh
540 U ,MCG dG RQ e ,jdG IdG (39)

. 547 U ,jdG IdG - 241/3 d MQ (40)
- 151 -
Qfi jS .68
Qfi VQCG gh ` ,IN EG QfCG IOb HCG dG SQ H
a .Z EG kLQ Y N e Hh ,K S T ` H
dGh ,H Fe HEG fa ,dG SGh Gk c kS Sh ,e TCG e
.d IY N Z fch ,IT dCG
e a IhZ .69
qfCG Gh .ke CG ka e dG NO g AdG NG
YL VJ e SCG Jh ,NJ CH TG eCG c
.OG e c qEG VJ h ,be H e TG Na .e
OY ch ,Y jJ AW c SdG Lh ,e dG Na
,kTYKG cG e bh ,e KG Sa ,BG IY G
.(41)IdG e K S eQ a Gg ch
ddG HdN jS .70
fch ,Y dG VQ ddG HdN ea ,fc H U i
q dG fc
.ed kSQa KK eh N .K S eQ e H d
UdG H hY jS .71
b ,e e eCG KK Y jg Ugh ` ,GS EG jdG g fc
CG dG SQ eCG : a ? jJe : a ,OdG Yh ,dEG fa : hY
hCG j gh jh : a . : b ? : b ,dP YQJ :b ,egCG
.d SCG : b ? jCGQ c : Od b K ,Ja e fa b ,j
TCG jR H S jS .72
fch ` H QGh ShCd Ugh ` ,Ie EG jdG g fch
b ,dEG fG M kSQa jY N ,e a M eQ T
. 243/3 ,d MQ (41)
- 152 -
eh dG EG S bCa ,GPh fCG : b ,Ie g : b ? jJe : OdG

e H d dP ch , dG SQ EG kLGQ fGh ,ea HUCG
.(42)eQ
ddG H dN jS .73
q a ,b e GSCG b LH fch ,kYGO H ddG H dN c
L H e kLQ Jh N b ,kLQ e bh ,eSEG dN
jdG g fch .jdG H iOhh b dG SQ a ,GSCG Gfc
.IdG e K S GT
RGg/SWhCG/M IhZ .74
dG N b ch ,IdG e K S GT IhdG g bh
e GLN jqdG HUCG e BG IY e ` AdG ` e gCG e dCG e
,d m emf Y cG G .kdCG Y KG GUCa ,e d
K e de H b CG hQ a ,Kh RGg e cOY Lh eh
dH eCG ,LQ iS MCG e j h ,kb S H b gMd
CGh ,AHCGh AdG e BG S H b M S CG hQ a ,FdGh d
CGh ,kdCG jYh HQCG fc HEG CGh ,a bhCG BG HQCG fc GeCG
SG a ,Gk L W G IQN fch .IT dCG HQCG e cCG dG
.e OY Lh e HQCG
FdG IhZ .75
dG N ch ,IdG e K S GT IhdG g bh
IhdG g G SGh ,LQ dCG Y KG eh K H EG
eGO IUfi H dG LQh ,FdG gCG eQ fGh HHdG
e j h ,G e kT Y KK OSG Y IhdG SCGh ,kGT
.KK iS cG
.319U ,dG e (42)
- 153 -
jM H M H Y jS .76
e dG H EG QGdG M H Y dG H
h Le a d dG e kSQa N IdG e J S G
FdG AGZEH eb b fch ,QdG jh dG j a ,QfCG
e SCa ,GHg Y dEG N h ,jG AGOCG Y eh ,d HdG
k L dG WCa ,kU KKh kICGeG jYh iMEGh kLQ YMCG
.gS Y b M
eY H b jS .77
,e YCG e HJ e k jb N EG eY H b dG SQ H
M Gk jT kb Gba ,Y IQdG q j CG eCGh ,kLQ jY e Hh
AdGh dG GbSh ,b e b bh ,k L jdG MG c
.(43)IdG e J SU jdG g fch ,jG EG AdGh
q dG jS .78
HdG S H
S H dG Y eq GC h ,AWdG EG L
k dG SQ H
H bhh .GHCa ,SEG Y GVa ,Ih q R ,
q dH ga ,HdG
,cG gh G QfG Y jdG SCGh ,jT bh cTG
.IdG e J S hCG HQ jdG g fch
TdG aGM H dG Y jS .79
GLG b Gfc ,G e UGdG EG H jdG g fc
g fch. jdG g GhCGQ M Gba ,e Y IQZEG hjj ,IL MS
.IdG e J S hCG HQ jdG
.325 U ,dG e (43)
- 154 -
dW HCG H Y jS/W H jS .80

HCG H Y SdG SQCG ,dG SdG dG e NBG HQ
Y IQdG Gqa ,d ` W U ` dG EG LQ Feh N dW
jjCG GhDeh ,H e GhNCGh Hq Nh dG Gea ,dG e FdG M BG fi
a , dG WCa ,M H fS dG ch .AdGh dGh dG e
.(44)M H Y NCG SEG S dP
J IhZ .81
dG Fbh hdG e Yk L L bg qCG S HGh bGdG cP
,JDe bh qdG QdG dh ,jG Y IQdG q pd ,d dGG
g fch . G Y Gha AGYCG YdG UCa ,QdG EG dG a
.IdG e J S LQ IhdG
G ehO jS .82
Y S hCG HQ GOdG M b ddG H dN dG SQCG
.(45)GSCa ,GH b , GG Y H EG
:GY f fCG ,QcG dG e j CG j MdG qEG

L a KCG H ,a hG ( jGSh SdG GhZ Y If)
hG Y H dh .G H b hCG , dG H b qdG MdG
,MCGh ,Qa GL b gfLd ,jGdG h GhdG e G Gg idG
J dh ,a q T hM qfEG .M IhZh ,Nh ,GMCG IhZh
.dGh dGh hdGh SQah dG gG hG Y ke
. 326-325U ,dG eh ,611-610 ,MCG dG RQ ie ,jdG IdG (44)

.343 U ,dG e (45)
- 155 -
dG dG
dG Ghd If
eCG ,V dG FGdG M gbh GhdG g J GPEG

: JBc gh ,QG g e KM dG FdG Y dG
: e jb .1
,de H a g jb
k EG M , dG dEG j dG dG gh
e fch , d q L ja ddG c Yh ,fc H dG bh
hP ` jdG ` IdG hP ` GS ` GH ` QGV ` HGdG `dG S : GhdG
H hY jS ` dG jS ` GMCG ` INBG QH ` SCG AGM ` MCG ` IOb
.e a `g8 fdGdG S ` jG ` eCG
: QCGh ZH b .2
H Z H b e H Z H'' : jdG b ,e e Z
M HG b ,'' dGh dG c e H gh : dG b ,e
QCG eCG , ''JH e e L RGgh Zh SCGh '' :QdG a
CG H a JCSh'': M HG b , Z e dG f cj a
kjCG e EG j QCG CG CG , ''Z e H e Fb QCG
H Y b H S H Z H jQ H H H QCG : dc fh
H ` G ehO èCG P ` QdG Ibb : g V dG GhdGh . e
G ` HJ ` bdG GP `HL H Rc jS ` idG OGh ` HdG ` G
.aGM H dG Y ` IOb HCG jS ` HG `
- 157 -
: SH .3
dGh Y b e Y b G dG H'': jdG b
dG GhdGh ,e H Y b H N OhCG e Sh ,S dEG
HCG jS ` L ` feH : g ,S H e Sh Y dG U VN
.S Hh e H IhZ ` ALdG
: KH . 4
f ,e H SdEG H HW HOCG H V S HG g K
SdEG H HW H OCG H e H K : Gg OCG H e EG G Y QcdG
K HIhZ ` dG P IhZ : g e gGZ dG GhdGh . e H
.G jS ` W IhZ `
: IQYh IQGaH .5
: dG b ,Z e HP e H IQGa H'': gdG FS b
H H HP H IQGa : IQGa fh ,idG OGh h H IQGa Re fch
.e H Y b H S H Z H jQ H
H S H IQY : Gg fh ,Yb e H H : IQYH eCG
.Yb H G H SCG H OS H d H jR H L
M HG fCG Y Gk e iG Y QcdG kjCG Yb EG fh
IQYa Gg Yh ,Yb H G H GY H SCG H S H IQY :Gg
e ch .e e gh IQGa d dGe Gfc EGh ,e e Gd
` S H H jS ` a jS ` jdGH HCG jS :JBG jGdGh GhdG
.WCG GP IhZ
: Ie Hh cH .6
H a H dZ H Dd H c H Ie H cH a : cH eCG
g IeHh ,e H SdEG H cQe H N H fc H dG HG de
- 158 -
dG dG S f gh ,Ie e H c a ,Dd H c AHCG

fc dG GhdGh .M HG fCG Y Gk e G Y QcdG gcP
.V jS ` Ie HIhZ ` c H IhZ ` jb IhZ : e
: IQdGh Y .7
: Gg fh , ''e e dG H e H Y'': gdG FS b
gcj a ,IQdG eCGh ,e H SdEG H cQe H N H dG H Y
EG f G fi dG CG EG ,GQcdG h FdG jdG
dG gGZ bh ,IG dH IMG AdH IQdG cPh ,cQe H N
.LdG IhZ g IMGh IhZ Sh Y dG U
: SCG H .8
N HSCG : Gg fh ,N H e M SCG H'' : jdG b
jS : g dG SQ gGZ dG GhdGh ,e H SdEG H cQe H
.SdG GP IhZ ` hRe Y jS ` b
: GcP H .9
dG e jdG e gh ,S e H e H GcPH'' :jdG b
: Gg fh .YQ Yh Y Yj ,IdG j Gk T Sh Y dG U
,e H Y b H N eY H Qe H S H H H GcP
.fe H IhZ g IMGh IhZ EG dG SQ gj h
: H .10
,e H cQe HG :g jgh ,jg e H CG hG e
. H IhZ : g IMGh IhZ Sh Y dG U dG gGZh
:H H S H .11
N H eY H Qe H S H RGg H H H S : f
.a jS g IMGh jS dG d SQCG bh ,e H Y b H
- 159 -
: RGg H .12
Qe H S H RGg : Gg fh ,Y b e H RGgH
.Y GP IhZ gGZ bh ,e H Y b H N H eY H
: H .13
e IFGO VQCH dRe fch'' : dG b ,HW e H H
SdEG H HW H OCG H e H : Gg fh ,dGh IdG Y dg
.e H
: K H .14
H K : fh ,K HCG SH GhTG RGg e H K H
H Y b H N H eY HQe H S H H HH H e
.FdG IhZ ` M IhZ : g JhZ dG gGZ bh ,e
L fc FdG g EG : f CG ,dG Gg N e fh
f fc , q OCG Hh ,gGh en hCG dG q L gh e EG J
Jge M jb e Gfc a O dG eCG ,OGLCG e JNEG Z
, dG SQCG hCG VN dG jGdGh GhdG CG kqLX dHh .(46)e
dG CG : M j CG a ,e f g V f Le fc
hG VN fCG hCG ,kL dG V GQf TCGb Sh Y dG U
M bd ,dj c eCG c dh ,SEG YG Y SdG GcE
G gh .HdG FdG e e b CG V YaOhCG fGhY
Fb j b PEG ,dG Fb FN H dGh dG e je EG
dGQfG gh CG ` dH dEG UJ dG Gg EG : Ve Vj hCG
j h AT Y J bJG QeCGh ,kbJG EG j ` jG e
,hbR M Ofi QcdG H MdG AdG e Y ,81 U , 65 :G ,G T (46)

.IgdG
- 160 -
J``j CG ``G e c PEG , dG OL Y H f q c fb e

fdG Jj hCG ,ke eh HQ Jj hCG ,e e kH HQ dG
IOGh dCG jJ CG bG e c Ggh ,ke Jj hCG ffdG e kH
dG a .H dGh G Qf J CG ,MGdG q G Fbh OGaCG H
.! ? Y Y kSCGQ eCG bh bdG Gg Y
: f dG g Y HLEdh
,'' keehCG kX NCGfG''QG G HdG eCG TCG e c
aVCG dG jdG Gg hO ` k aM kJ G Gg j dG c bh
M c Y kM Gk f eYCG Hh fGNEG hjGfa ` Y SEG
c ,M e b NO GPEGh ,Xh dYh Nh HGU
j b G Ggh ,iNCG dG OGaCG Y IdG dG OGaCG e Oa d
.dG MGh eCGh FdG ASDhQ j bh OGaCG
J M gGJ H PEG ,FM h HCG H dc g H
j dG FdG a ,IhdGh dG a kH H af b dG
e d UdG J OUH NC bh b IMGh c MGh CG
,J dG LQdG e H b AGdG iJh ,bRQ OQGe Y ASGh
HG Jh H Hh , HPh Y Hh ,QGh ShCG H H cc
dG H IFS LG hQ fa ,dEG ,Tgh T Y Hh ,FGh
FdG H k e IOe fch ,Gh
k IM dG gjJ ,IMGdG
.JYGfh HhMh db fe gGb fa ;G
: jeCH dG G g G fi dG qY bh
: hCG eCG
Fb fc JM CG PEG ,MGdG CG H H IG IOe adG
.Hj e dG gGh ,efCG a j dG YGG Y
- 161 -
: dG eCG
dh dh INEG cCG e GPEG dP j e cCGh ,SjdGh dG RJ
e MCG j h IdG SjQ eYCG Ra ,HCG Ve j C dU
IhGdG e a e f Gk e QjdG dG MCG FQ Qj bh ,NBd
c c TCG adG j dG g h ,jQhe j bh ,AdGh
Y Hh ,e e eCGh Tg Hh ,jG e QGh ShCG H G
hCG YL H QdG Lh eh .HQ e Jh H Hh ,b e HPh
jCG EG H ,jb SCG EG H G Qf f j ,T H
IjG fc dd ; AdG CJh WCG Jh G Qf d c GdG
.YRGh hG FGO HdG
H dG jS G Qf CG gh ` dEG UJ dG G g
f fc EG G CG e dEG UJ e YJ ` MGdG G hCG CG AHCG
Ca ,HdG dG Gk Qfi G c GPEGh ,OGLCG e JNEG Z
adG g dG g .? dG SQ Y Gh IdG Qf L q GC dG g S
PEG dG EG hDJ dG IOdGh dG GfG e G CG ,fdG IG IOe
.? IdGh dSdH d GYPCG g
e Qc V a ,WEG Y Gk OQGh a ,hCG dG Y eCG
GhRfa ,G Y Hh Tg H Yh dG SQ Y kj Gk QM
j e eGh G a GTY ,ec GS K dW HCG T EG
AH H e j ch dG Qh GcCG b G IT e fEG M ,H
eCj h ,dGh dG dG dG a dP eh ,NT fCGh dWCG
CG dG e j Gh ,QG Gg q d kb hCG kHM Gq j CG HUCG
.EG e K hCG Mh e Qf j EG ,jdG dH G j
q M Yh .ADg b QdG g TEH kc PEG dG dG c
J CG j dh ,jb e dH Gk Oe c '' :Lh ja fi J
Yh ,HdG OdG jdG eYR Y Fb jG eh ,Y jb
- 162 -
kfS gH Qh ,idG C kae j c OdG iNCG eYR b

dGh ,'' hQG M Sh gAGN OHCa jb Y q ch ,dG Y
b PEG ;L HCG Hh jT H NCG H QGO dG QGG dP ,jjh Gg jDj
e : a ` BGdG j ` ? fi e S a jCGQ e G HCG j :NCG d
,a GMh ,WCa GWCG , dG e Y Hh f YRJ ? S
f q e :Gdb gQ Sc ch ,cdG Y K GPEG M ,YCa GYCGh
.bq f h kGHCG H eDf dGh .!? Gg Qf a ,AdG e MdG JCj
d dG aO GdG g JG fi h PEG aOG d
HdG dG H ,dG e gZ hCG HQ hO e e OGLCG AHCG
qH e Y ` MGdG CG AHCG e IOdGh dG YRj kFGO KG
q VG gdh ,hG g T FdG dG g fc ` k fBG
dG e dGh q G e qJ dGh IYdG e keY Y KK H d
fEa eb gG dG '' ` eCGh g HCH ` Gg c a dP eh ,Y H
.f QG .'' j
G dG Md X ,QG jdG FdG g c h
fCG c .? Gc b LQ GhSCG GPh .? Gc b V G gX GP
g g C .FdGh M ceh e ah N bh bh SCG S
g a Hh .Gh MCG G b d S dG FdG
Y adGh Y OdH Geb EGh ,db EG G S FW hCG b
.JM QJ M fCG
dh ,GR b VG VGYG j CG ,dG g c Hh
j dG ,hG bQCG L j CG d bC Ea ,H T b c GPEG
dc jh ,fGhY kHM c gjh ,''hG'' k bQ fKh KG gOY
f CG Y j c dP eh ,c hG GhDhH jdG g G CG
G IQN CG e X b KCG dG ha .hG g Ff
: je M fc QG jdG IQNh
- 163 -
jdGh G IQN G dG jG SCG SG

MH QG jdG
H d ML OY 387 259 127 1 G
7323 759 0 6564 dG

dGh iSCG OY 7710 1018 127 6565 G
ke U dG
e N ,82 Y b GPEGh ,b 1018 jdG e c b OY

fEG hG g Y j CG bd g .b Y KK f IMGh M
YGh QhG dG jOCG J Y SdG GcEG dH KCJ GP fc
.?dG IjL e Mh jQV OH Sh jG jdG
V jC
k G OdG Gg dh ,SCG 6564 CG ,kGc hj AGYCG iSCG OYh
j OdG Gg L e (6000) dG OdG CG h .dG IjL d dH
dh .k S j hG bH iSCG a ,M IhZ ,IMGh IhH
.jdG J Y c OdG j H IdG e OdG Gg
LQ 6347 e WCG c SdG CG SCG 6564 Y d bh
G e c AGL b jdG (4 7)jSCG EG T hH MQh T
dG bK Y j CG c eCGh .ge YCG Gk SCG 215 H bh
LQ 6347 EG MCG dG dG LdG CH beh cCe fCGh .H dGh
.ech H G b kLQ 215 j CG H
.G e Ghj a G GHh GSCG b ADg j CG ddGh
f dCGh Y fH
q V b fCG Y j YCG QcG O dG
EG KdG jG dGh ,jG dG EG TMdG dG jd
dG eCG jJh dGh dG GMCG Y Adh ,jMG G dG
.255-254-253/3 Qa Qd ,d MQ (47)
- 164 -
IhGdG fi fMhdGh INCG MEGh , H fa e cCG OH

,dP e dHh .OGSG e WGdG MEGh ,KQGG AdGh
AfEG S jeCGh fa a V gP dG FdG OdG EG GhfG
.dG d GfEG S dG AedG EG GhfGh ,WGdG
14 e SG dG hCG dG G Y f FN EG GhfGh
AGLCG e Y ,1917 S SQe T e 3 EG ,1914 S ZCG T e
jM eCJ EG G H J fcEG GfEG CG cP .G dG
ah SdG BG g ,OdG dG Gdh ,fch IdG eG
,dG IQdG QgJh ,dG GFdG e bZh ,FdG GeCG
e EG dG Ea c dP eh ,dG geh IG aGe ah
. OG Vd k d H
LQ dCG Y fH V fEG M SdG ie EG GhfGh
dG edGh jOGh Gh MhdG dG a
eYG hG cPGh ,fdG LQ hM Y YO .dG M dhO h eCG
IY Y a dG OY qj (4 8) ''QH e'' hM a ,SGdG
Hj Sf
k HhQhCG SG jdG dG gCG dch ,f je
.f BG e Y gOY
''BGb jEG fi BG LdHCG'' Hc QH jO LG cP bh
dG cfi eYCG dG SdG OY CG (Aplogy of Muhammad and Quran)
.G jCH G b ,f e Y KG H
,G e kdCG HQCGh dCG FKK gCG gMh fSEG dhOh
.(4 9) Ak MCG GbMCG e kdCG KKh KEG
. dG dG dG gdG AYR H L Y hM (48)

. 264-263/2 ,Qa QG S fi VdG ,d MQ (49)
- 165 -
ddG dG
dG hM QG`dG
GPEG EG d j ,G SdG bNCG e fG Gg EG

,jbh H e Y eOdG OadG e ,Sh Y dG U ee SQO
GgGh Gh AGeCG EG c dG FSdGh ,OadG cP e k H a
.G Hh H gY dG
SdG j H OadG
dG QGG SdG IS JbNCGh G GOBG Jh

.e kH a . FYRh FdG ASDhQ e Y jaGdG Hh H j
gAL ` dL
k b hCG ` k e HUCG e dG H : b Ijg HCG Y
b .JG eCG Gg : Gdb ? G Y HG jq GC : a .jOdG gCG e LQ
EG bh e fa b ` G e JGh ,IM e HCG eCG IM
b e q H fCG : a ,d GH Y S a ,dCG Y q a FS
CG eCG dBG dH fCGh : b ,f qdG : b .? SQCG dBG H e Qh
dBG dH fCGh b .f qdG :b .? dh j c GU N J
:b .f dG : b ?FGa Y Oa FZCG GeCG e NCJ CG eCG
.f dG : b ?Gk T Y KG e dG Gg J CG eCG dBG dH fCGh
: b ? kS dEG SG e dG Gg j CG eCG dBG dH fCa b
dGa IdG g eCGh ,K H V fCGh bUh eBG b Ea b .f dG
,MGdG IdG j HCG a : IM b .gG Y d c EG
.''LdG a'': dG SQ b qdh CG a b
- 167 -
dCe MCG Gk MCG jCGQ e :j Y dG VQ G H Y a : b

.K H V e LhCG h
LQ eY ed b keV EG :a bh G Gg SG HG cPh
EGh ,a c H cSG kHc Y fCGh kSQ H b dG EG :dEG
L bh ,dSQh Y Gk fi CG TCGh ,d jT Mh dG EG dEG CG TCG
dG dP e eCG e dG a b .Y cf eh H ceCG Y e
aGH S a :SY H dG Y j b .ke EG ICGeG h LQ VM
.K H V e aCG c b
AW ah FdG e H G jR hb
gh G jR a .AW ah dG SQ Y bh : SG HG b
.eSEG Mh GSCa SEG Y VYh qc ,dEG GfG a .gS
e hO jCGQ EG AL K H dG e LQ cP e : dG Y bh
a d bh G jR S K.a e c j fEa ,G jR EG a b
a ,eb EG LGQ dG SQ Y e a ,dH d ch e VQCGh
SH dG SQ gS b b fEa ,jG q M e jR j EG dG SQ
ge e Ae EG H e fG a ,j a e CG Zh G Z
: b H jR MCG a a H G HUCG ,IOa d j
`` ` ` ` è IO`H `` `H JCGh IhZ QG eb eCG
gj e j e FGY Od Ve d j Q CG
dG SQ d bCG dG c e c e EG JCGeG Y e a
.QdH bMCa
H eY SCG b ch .Y aN NBG e H bh Y HCG b
jMh j c Hh e HG d ch .Uf q Lh eSEG b dG
.dN e IOdG gCG b GTh dG Uh SCG
- 168 -
K H ah
fGG e o Le K S K H ah dG SQ Y bh
,Sh H jK e H H gALh QG H eQ QGO Gda ,f HQCG
a .d Ig SEG fEG :d Gdbh dG e dG GhTh GcCa
.cq j a dG JGh c M : dG Y
N e LQ c YCa ,gLCG : d b ,fYj GhDhL K
.a bGhCG
Qfi H ah
ZCG Gfc gh GOdG M Y Qfi H ah dG SQ Y bh

FdG Y f VY jCG SGG J dG SQ Y qaCGh dG
e gAGQh Y Ff IY e dG SQ EG Aa ,dG EG gYj
dG SQ e GL CG EG AYh AGH JCj H ch .GSCa eb
j HQG BGQ a ,dG q eCa e kLQ a ,dG EG dG e kej
CG : HQG a ,jCGQ d : b ,gJ dG SQ j fCc :b ,dEG dG
J fCGh H OdG bCH JOOQh dG bCH ch jCGQ d !dGh
c e !dG SQ j :HQG b K .f : dG SQ a .SdG Y
M HCG dG dG MCa ,e SEG Y HCG h ej Y qTCG HUCG
: dG SQ a .jO Y e Gfc jdG dG dhCG e dh ,H bU
e SG !dG SQ j :HQG a .LhY dG H dG g EG
z.dG e b c e t j SG EG{ : dG SQ a .jEG LGe
.(50)gCG EG GafG K
Y SDe ,SdG S HG j H dG Y H fi dCJ ,dGh FdGh RG a KCG Y (50)

.313 - 312-311 dGh Yd jdG
- 169 -
AGeCGh G EG dG FSQ
,SEG G bNCG h GOBG H jdGh dG e j
EG gYj AGeCGh G EG c dG dG FSQ Y kU HV GPEG
H jh d q j c fG .INBGh fdG gN Y kUM SEG
.a eCa e kH dEG .Gh dG jh
b EG dG c
S ,hdG Y bg EG dG Y H fi e ,MdG MdG dG H
JDj SCGh .J SCG .SEG jYH YOCG Ea :H eCG ,idG JG e Y
EG GdJ dG gCG jh ,jdG KEG Y Ea ,dJ Ea ,Je LCG dG
H j h kT H f h dG EG f CG Hh H AGS c
.(e fCH GhTG Gda GdJ Ea ,dG hO e Hk HQCG H
k
ic EG dG c
,SQa Y ic EG dG SQ fi e ,MdG MdG dG H
Mh dG EG dEG CG Th dSQh dH eBGh idG JG e Y S
EG dG SQ fCG Ea ,dG YGH YOCG .dSQh Y Gk fi CGh d jT
Ea J ,SCG ,jadG Y dG jh ,kM c e Qd ac SdG
.SG KEG a HCG
TdG EG dG c
: j c dG dP CG bGdG cP
,G e TdG EG dG SQ fi e ,MdG MdG dG H

eDG dG ShdG G g EG dEG dG dG dEG MCG Ea fCG S
dG dG e EG gdCG ch dG hQ e H Y CG TCGh G
YOCG EGh ,H OBG N c ,fh MhQ e a H a G
- 170 -
,AL dH eDJh J CGh ,YW Y IGGh d jT Mh dG EG

Gba fh H bh LhY dG EG OLh YOCG EGh ,dG SQ Ea
.idG JG e Y dGh .f
: TdG dEG ch
S ,UCG TdG e dG SQ fi EG ,MdG MdG dG H
: H eCG ,g EG dEG dG dGh ,JcHh dG MQh dG e dG f j Y
VQCGh AdG Qa Y eCG e cP a dG SQ j Hc H a
H e aY bh cP c fEG bhK cP e Y jj e H Y EG
bh kbe kbOU dG SQ fCG TCa ,HUCGh Y HG Hb bh dEG H
.dG Q d jj Y SCGh Y HG jHh jH
bG EG dG c
.dG Y bG EG dG Y H fi e ,MdG MdG dG H
,J SCG SEG YGH YOCG Ea :H eCG ,idG JG e Y S
dG gCG jh dG KEG Y Ea dJ Ea ,Je LCG dG JDj SCGh
j h k T H f h dG EG f CG Hh H AGS c EG GdJ
.e fCH GhTG Gda GdJ Ea ,dG hO e kHHQCG H
k H
Y e jORCG G HG Yh L EG dG c
.iG HG Yh L EG dG Y H fi e ,MdG MdG dG H
SCG .SEG YGH cYOCG Ea :H eCG ,idG JG e Y S
Y dG jh ,kM c e QfC ac SdG EG dG SQ Ea .J
Ea ,SEH Gq J CG HCG EGh qdh SEH QbCG EG fEGh .jadG
.e Y Jf Jh MH Nh Y FGR e
.dG dG SQ Nh ,c H HCG ch
- 171 -
edG MU G Y H IPg EG dG c
Y S ,Y H IPg EG dG SQ fi e ,MdG MdG dG H
,J SCG .aGh G e EG S jO CG YGh ,idG JG e
.jj e d LCGh
qdG jdG GgG

YGh QfCGh jLG H kHc c ,jG EG dG Lg
: dG n UN dEa .dGeCG h jO Y gq bCGh ,ggYh ,OdG a
jb e Gh eDG H (dG SQ) dG fi e c Gg
.SdG hO e IMGh eCG fCG e gLh H a J e h j gCGh
nfY ho j gh H bj HQ Y jb e hLG
be bj HQ Y Y Hh .eDG H dGh hH
.eDG H dGh hH fY J FW ch ,hCG
: b K .kIMGh kIMGh FdG cP K
.Y hCG AGa hH j CG H kMe cj eDG CGh
.fhO eDe e eDe dj CGh
SO HG hCG e H e (c) Y( jjCG) G eDG CGh
c dh ,kL Y jjCG EGh ,eDG H Gk Oa hCG kfGhY hCG kKEG hCG X
.gMCG dh
.eDG Y Gk ac j h ac keDe eDe j h
H Ge H eDG EGh ,gfOCG Y j IMGh dG eP CGh
.SdG hO
h ee Z ISCGh dG d E a ,O j e J e fCGh
.Y jUe
- 172 -
.HQfi GeGO e eDG e j OdG CGh

jO dh jO Od .eDG e eCG Y H Oj CGh
.H gCGh fEG Jj fEa KCG hCG X e EG ,fCGh dGe
.Oj e Fb Gg cPh .Y H Od e e QdG H Od CGh
.fCc Oj fH CGh
.fi PEH EG MCG e j fCGh
X e EG H gCGh a a e fCGh ,L QCK Y j fCGh
.Gg q HCG Y dG CGh
e Y dG H CGh ,f G Yh f OdG Y qCGh
.KEG hO q dGh dGh dG H CGh ,dG g gCG QM
e j OdG CGh .d dG CGh ,H hD eG KCj fCGh
.HQfi GeGOe eDG
.dG g gC aL GM j CGh
.KBG h Qe Z dc QG CGh
.gCG PEH EG eM Q fCGh
Ea ,Oa j QTG hCG M e dG g gCG H c e fCGh
dG g e JCG Y dG CGh , dG SQ fi EGh dG EG Oq e
.gf eh jb Q fCGh.q HCGh
.j gO e Y dG H CGh
fCGh ,fjh fj fEa fjh fj U EG GYO GPEGh
.jdG QM e EG eDG Y d fEa ,dP e EG GYO GPEG
.b dG fL e M SfCG c Y
- 173 -
dG e dG g gC e e Y fCGh dGe ShCG Oj CGh

f Y EG Sc j ,KEG hO dG CGh ,dG g gCG e G
.q HCGh dG g e UCG Y dG CGh
eBG b eh eBG N e fCGh ,KBG hCG X hO dG Gg j fCGh
.JGh q H QL dG CGh ,KCGh X eEG jH
Nh FHQCGh dCG e fi Vh dG SdG KdG g g
eMh jG eMh CGdG jMh IdG jM QJ dGh ,S KKh
IGh SdG IG jL a gh .G h G eMh IG
j a Jh ,OGSG j H J fc dG dG Gg ,ej Y fG
Hh jn bo H OdG e KdG g bJ j dh .kGOa dG
koU
o dG Hh H Gbh CG b H Gd e fEG ,b Hh dG
Y Gj CG Y ,gC keM gAGQh eh jG UCG dch .e
KdG g Qb e GM H a Gaj CGh ,Y jOY c Gajh
.(51)jG QU eh G e a
:G iQf e dG Ige
gC dG SQ dG fi c e Gg ,MdG MdG dG H
aCa ,bQh AHh AGU c h IK c M Y c PEG G
dCG LQ c : bGhCG M e M dCG Y d c dP Jh Y dP
GG Y OGR a : dG e bhCG M c e ,M dCG U c h ,M
H e eh SQ fDe G Yh .a bGhCG Y f hCG
KK jQY Yh .T a SQ h ,dP hO a ek j jY
GhQYCG g eh .Ieh dH c c GPEG Gk H KKh Sa
k KKh Yk QO
hODj M SQ Y V a ,VhY hCG cQ hCG N hCG hQO e SQ
dGeCG dG SQ dG fi ePh dG QGL TMh Gdh .dEG
. 191-190U ,g M fi ,fi IM (51)
- 174 -
e jjCG e ch Hh JYh ggTh FZh eh fCGh

e gch fgQ e gGQh SCG e SCG j ,c hCG b
C j h hj h hj h gL O h fO Y dh .fc
.L VQCG
cCG eh .ee h X Z dG a ,kM e CS eh
Gg e Yh.NBG H e LQ NDj h .jH e ea ,b P e HQ
Gf eCH dG JCj M dG SQ dG fi ePh dG QGL dG
.H e Z Y e GUCGh
- 175 -
dG UN
cP e VG dG H q e dG dG N e Y
Gh dG qj SEG f CG ,eSEG jGdGh jdG GhdG
aO g dG YdG ch ,hdGh GMCG Jq VG GPEG EG H
} : j J dG q C ,jdG Y GcEG K j h ,IYdG h ,iPCG
CG ,GMCG e M j h hjo h ,|dG e TdG J b jdG GcEG
Y dh jo CG QfCG H OGQCG fCG cP H ,jdG Y Gk MCG cCG , dG
fc fCG EG , dG h SGQO H Uhh . dG a ,SEG
c fc H ,gQEG h Y h ,IhGVh Ihb a J Va k HhM
ha .aCGdGh MdG ah ,dG ah ,adG a ,Va k HhM
.MdG fCGh ,MdG XCGh ,MdG YT eSEG
UdG dG jj MGL Y H eSEG hG EG
J J h .VGh aBH UCG e GPEG fEG AYCG H G
MQ gNBG EG dhCG e c fc H ,gEGh OaEGh JEG hM hG
dG g .iPCG aOh dG AQO EG dGh H jj SEG EGh ,MQh
hCG ,IdG H GE e Y MCG Qj CG q Mh ,eGdG hG bhCG
jW NBG L EGh ,fG SM IT hCG ,IdGQXEG hCG ,SdG eG
dG e AdGh WCGh ASDdGh AdG PfE Sh NBGh G Id
h ,G jOCG JCG H dG OjEGh dG ebE M NBGh ,dG
,OG g S G EG LG j CG kMQ j e MCG j
.MQ hG g j CG OY LQ OOq j h
- 177 -
d fEa ,G e Gd eP k eb g CG Lh f GPEG dch

e Gfc H ,a G bY H bY fc e Gfc
.jdG fGNEG LQO
QG jdG e MCG dEG q fG d e GMG e edG dG ADdh
G gj e HQG M Y j dch ,HQG M Y
d OG g Qb ,SEG YG Y SdG GcEG Y SSCG Y
.(1)G
fEG ,OdG GH g M fi QcdG ce H OQhCG CG Oq hCG gh
Y a hj Z ij e Y LGh H Mh ,dG e cCG dG'' :j
jO j Mh j M dG S Jj CG ,dG S Y q jhCG jO
Yj fi Gg ! jCGQCG : FU gFY hGh bG aj g .dG
NdG Y dH SdG GcEG CG,dG S OG EGh G EG jO
h ,dG G J M Ggh ! H dG g Gg dCG . SEG
ANEG HGH SdG H HJh edH OJh ,dG EG YJh ,G
: EG c cPCG CG ,ADg bfCG d jDhGC dh . G dG h dG
e dG g Y J eh .''dEG ...S H keS VQCG Y dC Le''
CG CGdG OH jQCG EGh . BGdG H f c Y jO hq j a ,G
NdG Y dH SdG GcE dG EG o jO YO Gk fi EG : db Oq QCG
o Tr t dG n s n sJ r bn p ju dG pa n Gn cr EGp n } J db BGdG gj ja a . SEG
n nd nn p fG n nrKro dG pIhn r o rdpH nn r nSG
r pn an psdpH perD ojhn poZ sdpH r o rnj n an q nrdG npe
h fJj jdG dG S GJbh } : J db h .(2)|lp Yn lp Sn osdGhn
.dG jBG Jg Z c h .(3) | jG j dG EG GhJ
.394-392U ,QaQG S ,d MQ (1)

. 265 : IdG (2)
.190 : IdG (3)
- 178 -
b ,jBG OQh e f Y ,jdG e dG S OGh

S dG g Ggh ,dG S Y hq jh jO Y G j jdG
:VG fY SCG e J q IQHh . jO EGh dG EG IYdG jM
j CG MCG OGQCG GPEa . CGdG UCG H Jj dG FSdH CGdG Y adG
IdH CGdG Gg J Y j CG hO Hh jYdH jCGQ Y kLQ
EG LdG Gg aj CG MC j ,jdGh ITdG FSh e IdG Hh
MU q j CG qG IdH hM GPEG d ,e Jh M VMOEH
AdG EG MGh ,dhdG SDeh fdG EG AdG Lh ,jCGQ Y CGQ
eh G eh G e ,q G LSGh Gh dG Oq Qh fEG d
fEG j dG jOG IG g e , f IG eh dG
IdGh .JY iJh eLCG Jh ,Hjh cCj ,a GGh
AG H MhdG dGh ,fEGh fEG H jG dG g g
,IG GGFS Y fEG H R dG G Gg gh .Hq Qh
Y Gh dGh FdG KDjh ,d j e NC j j dGh
dG j c k FGO d c dH jh ,UN Hh H c dh gCG
.c e d dG Qq b e
kYaO j h ,Y a Z ha kffEG IdG g e GPEG
IAG Ma ,jG EG Jg b G a e a ,f Y
Y Yf c vjCG eM h L q j h ,dGh dG Y Uh iPCGh
G a dG gh ,dhCG G a dG Ggh .JH dG
g EGh ,YL h SdG OGS g Gd Jd jHdG d .dhCG
ch kiPCG c e j e EG Ib e dG gM eh hQGh IdG
M Y ,j fe e fG d e J eh ,SGhdG q j eh ,V
CGh ,dG hj e H dG aJ CG SG GPEG d .EG J
c EGh ,J CG Y Lh ,FSH dG S Y q j e Lh J
d q SG CG H HUCGh fi a e Ggh .EG V IdG n Yn e
ehQ dG d q SG CG H G a e Ggh ,jH eCG
.G jd hdG gGY H b CG Hh fH
- 179 -
bCG dh .bWEG Y dG J G hQ d : hG q jh
jQJh ,Y o gT eeCG G jQJ d .dG Gg U Y HC
QbCG N ,Gg ej EG G a a ,Y gT eeCG SEG
HQhCG CG Nh ,hdG N ,G dG SH AedH k L VQCG
X dh . G G d cPCG EG dG hGh .c
dG QbCG kIUb dG N HQhCG eQ J dG SH TG
G AN GHdG c Ie c h ,AedG jJh Qh JJ ,eSEG
ceC G Yh SG H Y ASd MGdG TG g cQ j
e fch ,WGg k L GHdG ADg aCG .SG fGdG
CG ?bWEG Y dG J G CG aj kL AYOCG Gfc CG ?FGR
?H G Y j a dG QY SdG QdG fc J : dj
fq j dGh a f dG dG Gg Ea ,dj b e H dP j EG
a . G SdG QdG J CGQ e iCGQ b ,dGffEG IQG Y
,jeCGh fehQh djEGh fah GfEG : AG dG GG bh
G jNCG Y FSG M 1918 S SG H j
.''dG hG fG dG'' : hCG dG
,QdG fl dG GhfCG jq b G H e c GPEG
H ANEG e e H ,fEG ANEG e e IhQdG EG JGhH GSh
dG
q Gg Sf S jb dc G H a ,c dG UY
iQdG e ,jdG ADg d .fih ANEG JG OLdG H GJGh
gQJ AKCG ffEG IM ,YCG G GhQU q EGh ,Gh
j K QJ
q hf dG dG Gg EG ,dG EG gOL CGO h ,FGdG
aRL f EGh ,cGQOEG h bdG e AT hO G H jh dG H
b cCG H kfb Y HQCG gh .S OL e hf Gk jH
QdG fl SdGh ,j EG e e HdG dG Ig e fG
eh .kfJEGh bO IeG G JBG U h ,kfaG dG hOGOj
J c fCG Y jJ ,dGh dG AdEGh G f c GJ
SfCG e IG L q J jYO fCG Y hCG ,CG J M c YCG
- 180 -
e Gj CG ek j j qa ,Qj eh ,dG M Gj
jf G dG fi ,dGh ANEG S ,dG dG Gqj CGh ,k T
.Jjh Wh G
EG OdG IYO Y j jO g h ,Nh gh jO d SEGh
,YLh Gk OGaCG Y k L SdG a dG IdG jO SEG EG ,dG
ja ,SdG Ia G eGO eh .dGh jGh G jO gh
Ia e jZ g ,ffEG OhG q OCG gMh SdG Ja
jJ Nh . dGh G S gQJ JG ffEd qj eh ,dG
IYdGh CGdG jM Yh IdG Yh dG Y adEG J qCG G Id
Y SEG Qq b e Ggh .jYdG ffEG eG a YJ CGh ,dEG
.(4) BGdG H f e Ggh H e iS eh jCGQ e
.166- 164 U ,fi IM (4)
- 181 -
AdG gT GOT ,dG AiQdG jGC Y VYGC G

MG f c fCG fi dG SQ G Z e hGh
g dJ CGh ,MCGh OSCGh HCG EG e Y f fCGh . G
EG SdG j fCGh .G aWh dG q N eCG q Hh I S
.dG IH SEG
dG CH YT dG IdG EG : (dfQCG SeJ) dG G j
IdG jf EG..jdG Y IH SEG EG SdG j edG c
.iNCG fjdG JCG jdG dG jMh edG J eSEG
dCG Fe H eCG `` ehdG QWGeEG (565-384) (L) EG b dh
Y jc M b FN GOVG CGh ,jQSEG je dG e
Y J IM Ag EG eSEG dG L bh .AGdG EG AdG
Gg KCG H .edG e H dP b e H Gj dG jdG jG
dH fG dG g HdG G CG `` dfQCG SeJ `` edG
fdG Y G GdG (814-427) QT Va a .dGh
(1035-995) ((c)) G UCSG QGdG h .dG q H KdG
Brotherer of the words) ''dG GNEG YL dch .gQEGh IdH KdG
J QdGh dH dSQ GhOq GC jdG dG e gZh (cunt
G c (jhdG e HG dG) (Viken) a h .KdG ShdG
GHCG jdG ADg HH j (100-966) (ygvesson olaf) ((jGJ hCG))
Hh ,gjJh H hCG ,LQCGh jjCG H hCG ,G NdG
BGdG Le gh ,S QL jh .gSCH ((a)) jdG f FSdG
- 183 -
Yj EG ,dG H fG fCG j jdG EGh : jEG EG

.(1) k Y kYGfG
: MdG f Y fdQBG ShdG MdG j
e eG Mh VGdGh ,jdG dh ,NCG KeH TG''
L ch ,fCWh H SdG e S HQCG fi b ,SdG
e Y kY keGMG fej je gCGh ,kL kM fj HQbCG
dG c H .gGdGh ,dG Th ,dG NCGh ,dG OG
dG X LjO j ,dG JH HdG dGh bdG
;AVh
q Qf dG SQ fi T eG e e H ,IOdG Oah
e jq eCG oJ jdGh dG dho a''SEG EG Ga dG Y AVCG
IjG dG .. QGh G fGh dGh G U
fdG AGQh e jh dG jh UCG hj Gfc H dG
ZdG IOY eOCG c QdG IOY eOCG a SQdG dG eCG .. IQYdGh
bg Ggh .. SQdG dG U H gGdGh dG Qh dG ic
Y ka ,gG dj e Hqj NCa ,ehdG H FdG G qLGC
EG q G H Uh M .. kSSh kjQGOEGh k de cG fehdG dG Oa
aj jV gh .. ''SCGdG jV '' J dG Y jV GVa CG
.HP hO SCGQ J f WGG
Gg ` QJ ` dG SQCG CG EG .. dGh dH dG c Ggh
. eCG OdG
QGRGH SQe IOT
H Yh Y SCH fi If ''QGRGH SQe'' jh
: a ,H
. jdG ,1428 hCG iOL (1752) OdG ,G ,IQYfi .O ,SEGh JdG (1)
- 184 -
e j GAk L JM Z ,jG fi dG q SG e''

c h .. UJ qOCG Jaq Jh daCG dEG of a . eSEG jQdG
eSEG G Y adG df KCG a ,jG jT k eo
Y j c a ,aeh db e ZdHh ..IYdG H h ,G
,dG dG jGe CG hjh .jdG AGYCG e ej hCG j j d ,IQG
eb qHGE eSEG G W b ,IQG Y dGh ffEGh QdG
.. SEd MhdG G Lh q
: kFb jh
dc Qq j ,aCGdG b An r pe k Y kGFb Gk fi jQdG j ch ''
Y G e eJ dG G SS d ,dG b k jU mdhO n LQ
CG gGfh SeHH SG dh .M M MU c Jh ,IGhG b
c dG bdG GgG jW Y eSEG YH GYG j
Tg ,dG dG Y kGNCG fcJ GPEGh .dj CGH b dG dG
OGaCG c dG FdGh ,dG AYR e YR H j c dG dG
fi j CG qH fCG f CG SG ,H dH fdj G
,kM dG ie a nffEG ,H gG ShCG VQ j c Y dG
.''dG AfCG e kM kf j CG H fCGh
dG NCG Y
q Y ,(IGh jdG) Hc Hd SL jh
,dY NCG GP fi c d'': a ,b bQh MQ S fi
.''feCGh Uh ,MQh,aCGQh ,b bQh ,Mh
e Jq Yh , SEG d G AGQBG HL dG g NCG gh
Ve Hd SL fdG QDG a ..jQdG LQ XYCG
e YCG e fi c ;dYCG H LdG b b e GPEG'':NBG
jdG dG CG e , Gk fi j dG AY NCG bh ,jQdG aY
.(2) ''! H GYG Y jc NQDe FH YCG
.bj e fi ,MdG f (2)
- 185 -
Gk fi dG CG a jQ h'':''idJ d'' ShdG jOCG j

,L eN fEG G GeN jdG G LdG AY e c
dG EG Lh ,G Qf EG eq H eCG ig fCG Gk a jh
,jdG jdG Jh AedG S e eh ,gdG Y KDJ h ,dGh
,kIb JhCG T EG H j Y Y Ggh .fGh q bdG jW d ah
.(3 )''LEGh GMH j Gg e LQh
.223U ,dGh G H eSEG GG (3)
- 186 -
LGGh QOG
.dG BGdG .1
dG QG fi H eCG ,BGdH BGdG jEG dG AGVCG .2

.hH ,dG Y .3
.hH ,aGQGO ,HdG H BGdG MCG .4
.hH ,eSEG FdG QGO ,QdG eEG ,OG OCG .5
IgdG ` dG QGO ,KCG HG ,HdG ae HdG SCG .6
.hH ,G QGO ,dG M HG ad ,HdG HUEG .7
dG M H fi M HC .M HG U jJ MEG .8
.hH ` dSdG SDe .hDfQCG T H
.d ,hH ,dG dG QGO ,GdG eEG ,jdG Y AMEG .9
.hH ,eSEG G ,dCG jdG Uf fi ,dG AGhQEG .10
.eO ,dGQGO ,NHCG bT ,JG b SEG .11
.BGM H MCG ,dGh dG e f SdGh SEG .12
.eO ,dGh ad iG QGO ,Y fi ,fGh dG H SEG .13
dG HGQ , G I YO c ,RhY M ,gQEG Jh SEG .14
.eG e ,eSEG
.gO ,OYG e ,OGRBG dG HG ,Gh SEG .15
- 187 -
J L ,jdG gRCG e Sd H ,dG jbh SEG .16

.e ,SEG
.IQG jG ,Gh dG e ,FGG HL HHCG ,SdG jCG .17
.GdG e ,HdG Y fi ,BGdG QS dG RjEG .18
.HdG dG QGO ,OQhG fi H Y G HCG eEd ,IdG YCG .19
.b dhO ,jdG hDdG ,fGdG dG MQ ,G QXEG .20
HGQ ,G IYO c ,QYQdG Y MCG ,ffEd jOCG UCG .21
.eG e ,eSEG dG
.IgdG ,gh e ,hVdG Sj ,IGh EG .22
.IQG jG ,QdG QGO ,YCG MdG AV fi ,dG jOCG .23
adG SDe ,hdG G HGdG fi ,fh VY H HdG OCG .24
.dG ,Dhd ,dGh
.jdG ,dG QGO ,Va MCG dG S ,HfH EG .25
eSEG G ,hdG G TQ VGh fi ,jL Y f EG .26
.dG ,Dhd ,dG
.GfdG G Y ,G fEG .27
.IgdG ,M HCG QGO ,c HG ,jdGh jGdG .28
S H Y jdG Qf eEG ,QG e FGhR Y MdG H .29
,eSEG eG ,cdG dU MCG M QcO .dG
.IQG jG
.GOBG e ,SG SdG HCG dG ,BGdG J dG .30
.cH ,Qg,c J ,fdG Y TCG ,BGdG H .31
- 188 -
.hH ,dG QGO ,T Y ,HdG Je ,ShdG J .32

AMEG QGO ,QTY Y dG Y HCG ,cY HG ,dG eO jQJ .33
.d ,hH ,HdG GdG
.d ,hH ,dG jL H fi ,dG jQJ .34
.Qg ,jfha Ga ,MUEG MCG eCG ,BGdG HJ .35
.gO ,OcCG gS ,OGPBG dG HCG ,BGdG LJ .36
.e ,G HdG e W ,Ld jdG .37
WQGO ,eS fi H eS ,c HG ,dG BGdG J .38
.jRdGhd
.IQG jG ,QGdG e ,RGdG M HCG HG ,dG BGdG J .39
H QW Pe HCG :Jh L ,G LQ HG ,G LQ HGJ .40
.VjdG ,UdG QGO ,fi H dG VY
e QcdG : ,dG g H GRdG Y eEG ,BGdG J .41
.VjdG ,TdG e ,fi e
,QdG he H S H S dGY HCG eEG ,QdG S J .42
.dG dG QGO
.hdG jhCG fi L ,dG HG eEG ,dG dG .43
.eO ,IdG QGO ,WdG jdG L ,dG J .44
ad LG L ce ,HdG Y fi ,G VGdG dG .45
.HO ,GdGh
.gO ,eSEG G ,OhOG YCG HCG dG ,BGdG J .46
.M ,TdG QGO ,eGY fi ,dG M HG ,jdG jJ .47
- 189 -
fi .O ,hG hDhdG Y fi ,jQdG e Y bdG .48

.jGdG GVQ
q be ,je HG ,NCG jJ .49
.GQdG
QGdG ,hQg fi dG Y ,gRCG MCG H fi ,dG jJ .50
.LdGh dCd jG
.IgdG ,HdG dGQGO ,WdG ,BGdG MC eG .51
.hH ,dG QGO ,QGKCG HG ,SdG jOMCG UCG eL .52
.J HG e ,dG jL HG ,BGdG BG jhCJ Y dG eL .53
.VjdG ,jRdGh d dG QGO ,edG aG eEG ,edG eL .54
.gO ,eSEG G ,OhOG YCG HCG dG ,SEG OG .55
,dG dG QGO ,UCG f HCG ,AUCG Wh AdhCG M .56
.hH
,G IYO c ,G Y MALQ fi ,SEG Gh jG .57
.eG e ,eSEG dG HGQ
.IgdG ,QGQGO ,g M fi QcdG ,fi IM .58
.hH ,G QGO ,T Ofi ,dG SQ IM .59
.HdG dG QGO ,IgRHCG fi ,dG N .60
,dG eSEG eG ,dG M fi QcdG ,QdhH N .61
.OHCG SEG
.e ,jG dG QGO ,GdG fi ,G N .62
IYO c ,jdG a Y ,dGh G H eSEG GoG .63
.eG e ,eSEG dG HGQ ,G
- 190 -
.dG jO e ,dGh RG QNG QQdG .64

,G IYO c ,edG GM S H MCG QcdG ,SEG FO .65
.eG e ,eSEG dG HGQ
.hH QOU QGO ,MdG Y Y QcdG h L ,jCG T GjO .66
dG Y jJ ,Qa QG S S VdG ,d MQ .67
.ee ,dG QGdG ,dG G Y
.eG e ,eSEG dG HGQ ,Qc QG MdG U ,G MdG .68
.hH ,dfCG QGO ,dG M dG eEG FSQ .69
HGQ ,G IYO c ,GM jf PSCG ,bG Hc SdG .70
.eG e ,eSEG dG
Y H MdG Y dG ,g H jdG IdG J fCG VhdG .71
.jRdGh d W QGO ,cdG MdG Y ,dG dG
.IgdG ,QKBGQGO ,hdG eEG ,dG VjQ .72
QOdG Y ,hDhfCG T ,jRG b HG eEG ,O G OGR .73
.dSdG SDe ,hDhfQCG
.e ,eSEG dGh jRdG QGO ,Qe e ,jdG Y OGR .74
T fi a ,dG Sj H fi ,OTdGh idG S .57
.eSEG GdG AMEG ,g MdG Y IOL
.hH ,dG AMEG QGO ,dG TQ fi QcdG ,jdG GQdG .76
.dCG jdG Uf fi ,dG jOMCG S .77
.IgdG ,hdG QGO ,b S ,SEGh dG dG .78
.VjdG ,jRdGh d dG QGO ,OhGO HCG aG eEG ,OhGO HCG S .79
- 191 -
.VjdG ,jRdGh d dGQGO ,Le HG aG eEG ,Le HG S .80

.VjdG ,jRdGh d dG QGO ,FdG aG eEG ,FdG S .81
.VjdG ,QG e ,dG ,idG dG .82
HdG dGQGO ,eJ dG Y Y ,g H jdG IdG .83
.hH
.Qg ,fe e ,hdG S dGh dG T dG ,dG IS .84
,jRdGh d hdGQGO ,hdG Y G HCG d ,jdG IdG .85
.IL
ce ,MCG dG RQ e QcdG ,UCG QOG AV jdG IdG .86
.eSEG d a G
,dGQGO ,THCG fi H fi ,dGh BGdG AV jdG IdG .87
.eO
,Gh dG e ,dG AV cCG QcdG ,dG jdG IdG .88
.IQG jG
IYO c ,hRe QdG Y QcdG ,dG BGdG jdG dG .89
.eG e ,eSEG dG HGQ ,G
.IgdG ,hdG QGO ,b fi ,SEG M T .90
.hH ,eSEG G ,dG eEG ,dG T .91
.hH ,dG QGO ,hdG ,e U T .92
.hH ,dG dG QGO ,G dG Y H MCG ,YCG U .93
,jRdGh d dG QGO ,Q dG aG eEG ,QdG U .94
.VjdG
- 192 -
.VjdG ,jRdGh d dGQGO ,e aG eEG ,e U .95

.dGh Yd hH QGO ,dG S H idG dG .96
.hH , QG SDe ,QPd GdG a .79
.hH ,dG QGO ,(`g718) ,OHBG RhdG jdG G SedG .98
M H G Y jdG AY d ,aCGh GbCG S dG `c .99
.dSdG SDe ,dG jdG
.hH ,QOUQGO,Qe HG ,dG d .100
,hdG G Y GHCG dG ,G fH dG N GPe .101
.(dG) hD d ,dG eSEG G
.jdG ,dG .102
.jOdG ,dG .103
.jOdG ,G .104
.jOdG ,IYdG .105
.e ,dSdG .106
.jdG ,bdG .107
.jdG ,G .108
.hH ,dG QGO ,L b SGhQ fi QcdG ,SG dG fi .109
.IgdG ,eSG e ,G OL MCG fi ,edG G fi .110
.HdG dG QGO ,M H MCG eEG e .111
a```G) ``jdG ````G dG Y H fi eEG ,HG Ie .112
.hH ,eSG G ,dCG .(`g737 H
- 193 -
.HdG ,jEG ,QGG SY QcdG ,SEG Gh dG dOe .113

,HdG dG AMEG QGO ,bdG Y OGDa fi ,de eEd ,WDG .114
.IgdG
.Sh Y dG U dG SdG NCG Qe dG If YSe .115
MdG Y H fi H MdG Yh M H dG Y H dU GTEG
.IL ,jRdGh d SdGQGO .e H
.HjO W ,dG MCG Xe dG ,G dG .117
- 194 -
dDd JGP IS
FdG HHCG bEG fi : SEG
(dG) Jfc-H : ebEGh ICdG
1975/6/5 : OG jQJ
dG-H eSEG eG : ddGh SGh FGHG SGQdG
dG-Dhd-AdG Ihf dG QGO : dG SGQdG
(dG) SGQe eL :LG
(dG) SGQe eL dG b : GQcdG
(dG) - Jfc-H eSEG eH YdG dG SQe : dG
H - IM eL Nh eEGh
HdGh jOQCG LQGh NGdG Gh FGG Jc
UCG dG HCG .dGh dG e P SEG QGG : dG dG
.IMdGh IdG eQ bCG G .ZCG Hch
.HdG bGGh Gh FGG IQe e d
JAMIA ISLAMIA BHATKAL : G GdG

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- 195 -

Akh Laki Yat

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Harbe Fi Islam fin.

13/01/16 14:13 Page 1

FdG HHCG bEG fi .P

2014/`g1435 ` jEG ` adGh dGh Hd eSEG G GQe

2014 MO 2743 : fdG GjEG bQ

,d a AS OSh ,SEG OGh G M dG c dh

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Ad GJ { : SdG jh .(3 )| no nr nJ r o rfGCn hn o nr jn o sdGhn r ond w Tn n go hn kr Tn

eCG G JQU VYh ,SEG IYO H b P e cCG IYdGh

FdG HHCG bEG fi

.YR OY LJ ,Hd SZ `72 U ,dG IQM (8)

.279 : jBG , IdG (1 )

M Y Qfi hCG ,QM L fCG EG H gPh .dc : M bh

. 225 : U , BGdG dCG GOe (4 )

,ZCG CG ,HMh .jdG :jdGh GHQMh GHMGh GHQh

fc ,aGJ iNCGh fG J gGMEG : FdG aGJh dd GheJ

dG SCdG Y Y dO ,DhdG G H j dG J fc ICGe

]dG G H QGS[ : NBG jh

jMh ZdG T fc G CG j ,dG QTCG eC Gh

.jG bhCG IQGRh be QG ,MdG e Y ,G T (1 )

AGdG M SEG b L dG FbdGh MGh hG

QSh .''H fPBG K kKK Yd YO'' : Gda . ''H GfPCa gYJ

.VjdG ` jRdGh dG YSG SDe ,1419-1999 fdG dG ,451/3 dG HdG YSG (1 )

Gda ,SdG dG a J j hCG fCG PEG ,dG GH Gk c dGKCJ

. 1998 hH QOU QGO , 99 U ,MdG Y Y QcdG ,(jCG) GjO (3 )

`` ` ` ``f dP `` ` c `` `fh Of `` ` ` ` ` ` ` `fGC `Z d`` `b Y a

.MdG Y Y QcdG ,152 U ,(jCG) GjO (5 )

. 163/2 OCG fGN ,220/5jdG dG (7 )

hNj Gfc Hh ,FGYCG e dGh Te d jd SdG

Yhe fc ``G CG Y ``jdG BGdG VGh O g EG

.252-246 : IdG (1)

eHH La{ : j e AL ,jdG UEG e IdG S

Vhh .d aOCG GZ C GhUG : q dG a , q cCG CG NCG eH HQ

jG e dG q H gHVh ,eH EG FGSEG H LQ LQh TCG

fdG Qf d Yb e UG NCG d GPj a .3

.LQh jj gHCG Gbh eCGh a .RH hOCG a .6

dG QGO . ,518-417-416-415 U ,48EG 14 e ,hdG UEG ,IdG S ,SG dG (1 )

hM SG ch ,hM cdG fdG Y GPj QSh .10

.10 EG 1 :jBG e hCG UEG ,IdG S (2 )

: j e ,hdGh eG UEG ,hCG FU S ALh

.13-12-11-10 hdGh eG UEG ,hCG FU S (4 )

. 34-33-32-31-25-24-23-22-21 hdGh OG UG ,OdG S (6 )

. 37-36-35-34 TdG UEG ,e EG (1 )

Lj W eCG dG CG Y q j e kjCG HfH EG h

.196 U ,FG H hdGh HdG dG ,HfH EG (3 )

dG AY jh ,dCJ eR j j dh ,dG dDG

d QdG QGO ,YCG MdG AV fi QcdG dCJ ,25-24-23-21-20 U ,dG jOCG a (5 )

GeCG CG f fjEG ` AdG dEG ` fhQCGhGQfEG H :ah

MGh ,dGh GbCGJ Zh cT JBGh IYU Ib JBG ! GQfEGj''

,AGYCG Jfh ,AGeCGQYCG Jh ,AZCG OY j ! ZCG j''

IYO pbhn fj jdG fAGYCG gCa WdG M GPEG ! GQfEGj''

e IdG d Gk AK Y j SdG ! dEG jCG ` QdG dEG `` ! ZCG j

G cP a dG HCG CG G e dG QdG Gg cH cGh

fGh dBH jadG bGh ,kGOW gOWGh fAGYCG gG ! ZCG j''

: AYdG Gg kjCG a ALh

,FdG NCG Y fh cfh ICGLh Ib H AGYCG f !QfEG j

fhO J Lh Ic eh ` YdG dEG GQfEG pf qEG'' : kjCG ah

jh ` FGYCG L bGh JTh JH e c ` dG dEG !e jh

! dEGj.gqeOh SCG fAGYCG q M ! eSh GQfEG j'' jCG ah

(GEETA) '' dG '' SG ShdG dG G

. 38 U ,dG jOCG a (6)

Ge e QGdGh MdG j qddG e Qj gh : LQC Tc jh

jEG dH LG dG e gNCG OhOGh .OhOG YCG HCG d ( SEG OG) (7)

.194-190 : IdG (1)