Register

A Containing aluminium 122 f.

Abnormal self-dissolution see intermetallic
corrosion
Abrasion, abrasion mechanisms 142 ff.
Acheson process 198
AE alloys 6
AHC process 245
Alloys 3, 6
Additions 4
Alloying elements, effect 4 f.
Anodic oxidation 223
Applications 9
Automotive engineering 19
Composite materials 16
Creep behaviour 116 f.
Creep resistance 106, 116 f.
Forging 99
High temperature properties 106 ff.
Joining 152 ff.
Low temperature behaviour 98
Parameters of the weldability 160
Production and processing 15
Secondary creep rates 173
Vacuum die-casting 45
Weight savings 19
AM alloys 6
Arc welding processes 153 ff.
Impulsion arc 153
Joining processes 153 ff.
MIG 153
Short circuit arc 153
TIG 153
AS alloys 6
ASTM-specification 3
B Inverse rule of mixture 185
Base metal corrosion 236 f.
Bayer-process 198
Beam welding methods 153
C Matrix materials 186
Calculation of casting parameters
Carbon fiber 187, 192
Coating 192
Castability 5 f.
Casting 93
Casting alloys 6
Rare Earth elements 8
Weldability 160 ff.
With Ca 122
Cathodic dip coatings
Delta Seal (DS) 235
Deltacoll (DC) 235
Gliss-Coat 235
Coating 243
Process, electrochemical 242
Coatings 247 f.
Coil-solids 186
Cold chamber machines 46 f.
Cold chamber process 45
Cold deformation 2, 96
Cold forming 82
Compo-casting 204
Composite materials 15, 16, 63, 142, 184 ff.
see also Metal-matrix composite materials
Boundary surfaces 192 f.
Component quality 148
Components 186
Composite strength 185
Continuously reinforced properties 186 f.,
189
Creep properties 191
Critical fiber length 185
Discontinuously reinforced 173
Properties 186 f., 190 f.
Drill moment 146 f.
Drilling 146, 148 f.
Effect on the strength properties 200
Feed force 146 f.
Fiber composites 274
Fiber reinforced 184 ff.
Fiber reinforcement 186 f.
Application 193
Hybrid reinforcement 211 f.
Linear rule of mixture 184 f.
Machining 141 ff.
Tool wear 142 ff.
Wear mechanisms 142 ff.
Manufacturing, Production 142
Of MMCs 186
Processes 187 f.
Melting metallurgical manufacturing 188
42 f. Melting metallurgical processes 204
Metal matrix composite materials 63
Particle reinforced 197
Materials 274
Mechanical properties 208 ff.
Production methods 203

Magnesium Alloys and Technology. Edited by K.U. Kainer

Copyright 2003 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KG aA, Weinheim
ISBN: 3-527-30570-X
280 Resgister

Strength properties 199 ff. Surface treatment with electron beam 229
Powder metallurgical manufacturing 187 TIG coating 229
Powder metallurgical processes 206 ff. Zinc alloying systems 236 f.
Preform 186 f. Zinc systems 235 f.
Properties 184, 189 ff. Corrosion resistance 5, 48, 165
Reclamation 193 Influences
Recycling 274 Laser surface treatment
Reinforcement materials 186 f. Creep
Spray forming 16, 173, 175 Behaviour 112
Squeeze-casting 16 Die-casting alloys 115
Strength properties 199 ff. Magnesium 111
Tensile strength 191 Primary 106 ff., 115
Wetting 186 f. Secondary 106 ff.
Yield strength of the matrix 185 Tertiary 106 ff.
Youngs Modulus 199 f. Creep curve 106 f.
Composite strength 185 Creep mechanisms
Cooling concept Diffusion creep 108
Emulsion 141 Dislocation creep 108 f.
MLS 141 Grain boundary creep 108
Oil 141 Creep properties 191
Cooling lubricants 131, 135 ff. Creep rate 106
Corrosion 17, 218 ff., 226 ff. Precipitations 109
Contact corrosion 221, 227 Reduction 109
Corrosion resistance 226 ff. Secondary 106 ff.
Electrochemical 227 Solid solution crystals 109
Free corrosion potentials 228 Stress dependence 108
Galvanic 219 ff. Temperature dependence 107 f.
Intermetallic 227 Creep resistance 5, 7, 49, 106, 114
Pitting Corrosion 219 Critical fiber length 185
Stress corrosion cracking 219 Crystal structure 2
Tests for corrosion behaviour 234 Cylinder compression test 78
Corrosion protection 17, 218 ff., 228 ff., 242, Flow curves 80
249 ff. Plastometer 79
Addition of specific alloying elements 221
Additional coatings and structural actions
238
Aluminium systems 237
Anodic oxidation 222, 229 D
ANOMAG-process 231 f.
Auminium materials 238 Damping capacity 3
Autocatalytic deposition 243 Deformability 165, 2, 56
Cathodic dip coating 235 Deformation 81
Classification of Verified Protection Systems By crystallographic gliding 111
233 By twinning 111
Coatings 228 Deformation behaviour 81 f.
DOW17-process 229 Influences 81 f.
Duplex systems 235 Deformation temperature 79, 81
Encapsulated with plastics 238 Deformation-map for pure magnesium 112
HAE process 229 Density 3
HART-COAT 221 Deposit 1
HP alloys 219, 221 Die-casting 10, 23 ff., 56
MAGOXID 239 Alloys 37
MAGOXID-COAT 222 Calculation of casting parameters 42 f.
Nickel/phosphor dispersion layers 249 ff. Cold chamber machine 26, 46 f.
Oxide ceramic layer 224 Costs 54 f.
Plasma-physical layer 250 f. Feeding system 41
PVD 230 f. Gas cubage content 57
Surface methods 242 Hot chamber machine 25
Surface protection 235 Inert gas 40
Surface treatment 222 ff. Mould making 38
 Register 281

Process safety 42 ff. E

Proportioning furnace 40
Safety 40 EA-RS alloys 171, 173
Vacuum die-casting 45, 47 f., 49 Electrochemical corrosion 227
Die-casting alloys Electromagnetic stirring see Rheo-casting
Applications 12, 225 Electromotive chain of elements 244
Automotive engineering 29, 50 ff. Electron beam welding
Composition 220 Energy input 2
Corrosion rate 37 Joining methods 156
Creep analysis 220 Non-vacuum electron beam welding (NV-
Creep rate 49, 114 f., 123 EBW) 156
Heat resistance 49 ESMA-mapping 230
High temperature properties 113 Extrusion 90 ff.
MAGOXID-COAT 222 ff. Alloys 94
Rare Earth elements containing 123 Casting 93
Spray forming 57 Direct 94
Squeeze-casting 56, 57 Feedstock manufacturing 92
Tensile strength 7 Melting 92
Thixo-casting 56, 57, 65 Minimum wall thickness 95
Thixo-moulding 66 Pressing speed 94
With aluminium 48 Solid and hollow profiles 94 f.
Die-casting mould 38 f.
Hot chamber process 39 f.
Die-casting processes F
Cold chamber process 27, 45
Hot chamber process 25, 45 Fiber/matrix adhesive strength 192
Vacuum die-casting 45 Finite element method 201
Die-castings 34 ff. Flank-wear 144 ff.
Application examples 50 ff. Floater-Nozzle process 93
Application fields 29, 34 Flow curves 80
Automotive engineering 29, 50 ff. Forging 85, 90 ff., 99 ff.
Costs 54 f. Alloys 99
Electronic industry 34 Application Examples 101 ff.
Equipment 34 Casting 93
Strain Control 54 Comparison Al and Mg forged wheel 102 ff.
Tools 34 Cubic 100
Diffusion creep 108 Feedstock manufacturing 92
Diffusion joining Melting 92
DB/SPF process technology 159 Premises 99
Diffusion bonding 159 Tensile strength, dependent on direction 100
Joining methods 159 Three-axial dispersing 101
Superplastic forming 159 Frank-von-Mises criterion 111
Drill finishing 131, 136 Friction welding 157 f.
Cooling concept 141 joining methods 157
Mechanical load on tool 136 ff. Of die-casting alloys 160
Optimizing machining time 139 Pressure welding 157
Drilling
Comparison of Mg and Al alloys 132 ff.
Cutting parameters 132 ff.
Drill moment 132 ff. G
Mechanical tool load 132 f.
MLS 140 Galvanic corrosion 219 ff.
Solid drilling 135 Gas cubage content 14
Surface and peripheral zones 149 Gas pressure infiltration 188 f.
Surface roughness 148 Glueing, joining methods 160
Temperature dependent contraction 148 Grain boundary gliding 108
Tool geometry 132, 134 Grain hardening 4
Drilling speed and feed Precipitation hardening Gravity casting 8, 57
AZ Alloys 4 Microstructure 178 f.
Ductility 56 Guiner-Preston-zones 118
282 Resgister

H M

Half liquid melts 65 f. Machining 130 ff.

Hall-Petch relation 202 Machining, Cutting 96
Hardness increase 5 Properties 130
Heat resistance 5, 7, 49 Magnesium alloys 2, 3, 9 f., 72 ff., 81
High temperature properties 106 ff., 111 Applications 9
High-Purity (HP) alloys 2, 4, 10, 23, 91 f., 219, As construction material 18
226 ASTM codes 3
Corrosion rate 37 Characteristic profile 18
Hollow profiles 94 f. Compared to aluminium 10
Hot chamber machines 28, 46 Damping capacity 3
Hot chamber process 27, 45 f. Deformation 72 ff.
Die-casting mould 39 f. Deformation behaviour 81 f.
Hot working 90 DIN-specification 3
Hot-Top process 93 Dispersion strengthened 15
Hydrogen overvoltage 233 Forging 85
Formed sheets 73
Massive forming 78 ff.
Processing 10
I Recycling 18
Specification 3
Impact strength 57 Temperature dependence 85
Impulsion arc 153 Magnesium composites
Inert gas sputtering 164 f., 166 Drilling and precision boring 131
Infiltration Machining 130
Melting metallurgical processes 203 Safety engineering 131
Production of particle and hybrid preforms Safety precautions 131
204 Magnesium materials, deformation of 72 ff.
Ingot feeding 41 Deep drawing 75
Intermetallic corrosion 227 Methods 73 ff.
Intermetallic phase 4 Swaging of powder 74
Inverse rule of mixture 185, 199 Magnesium, gaining 1 f.
MAGOXID 239
MAGOXID-COAT 229
Massive forming 78 ff.
J Cylinder compression tests 78
Materials, density 24
Jerky flow 119 Maximum drawing ratio 75, 83
Joining Median or d50-value 198
Arc welding processes 153 ff. Melt-spinned alloys 171 ff.
Beam welding processes 153 EA-RS alloys 171
History 152 Fracture elongation 172 f.
Joining methods 154, 156 ff. Overview 171
Thixotropic materials 160 Properties 171
Tensile strength 172 f.
Melt-spinning 166
Corrosion and creep behaviour 173
L Schematic 166
Metal matrix composite material 63
Laser beam welding Drilling 142
Gas laser 154 Machining 141 ff.
Joining methods 154 Manufacturing 142
Schematic 155 PCD 142
Solid-state laser 154 Tools 142
Laser surface treatment 229 Mg-alloys 4
Gradient surface setup 229 Micro lubrication system (MLS) 142 f.
Laval nozzle 166, 176 Microstructure inhomogeneities 57
Light weight construction 33 MIG process 153
Linear rule of mixture 184 f. Material specific difficulties 153
 Register 283

Micro-cracking 142 f. Precision boring, mechanical load on tool 136

Micro-fatigue 142 f. Preform 186 f.
Micro-machining 122 Process safety with die-casting 42 ff.
Micro-ploughing 142 f. Profiles
MLS, see Micro lubrication system 140 Application examples 99
Bending 96
Joining 96
N Tensile and compression strength values 96
Properties 2 f.
Nickel plating, electroless/chemical 244 ff.
AHC process 244 f.
Standard process 244 Q
Nickel/phosphor alloy coatings 242 ff.
Application examples 252 f. QE alloys 8
Corrosion resistance 247
Distribution of layer thickness 247
Electroless deposited 242 ff. R
Influence of the surface roughness on the
coating 247 f. Radius-effect 118
Layer properties 246 Rapid solidification 14, 17, 164
Thermal cycling test 248 Cathodic sputtering 165
Thermal stability 248 Change of properties 164 f., 166
Wear measurements 248 Cooling rate 165
Nortons Law 108 CVD 165
NRC process 66 Improving corrosion resistance 165
NV-EBW see Non-vacuum electron beam Improving deformability 165
welding process Inert gas sputtering 166
Laser or electron beams 165
Melt-spinning 164 f.
O Oversaturated solid solution crystals 165
Planar Flow Cast process (PFC) 166
Orowan-Mechanism 200, 203 Rapidly solidifying structures 165
Ostwald-Riping 110 Spray Forming 164 f., 166
Oxidation, anodic 223 Sputtering a metal melt 166
Rapidly solidified materials 168 ff.
Profile 168
P Rare Earth elements alloys 117 ff.
Activation energies 119 ff.
P/M materials 167 Corrosion resistance 118 ff.
Particle Materials Creep behaviour 124
Boundary surface reactions 198 Creep of Y-containing magnesium alloys 120
Geometry 198 Creep resistance 118 ff.
Manufacturing 198 Die-casting alloys 123
Mechanical Properties 198 Heat resistance 118 ff.
Physical Properties 198 High temperature properties 117 ff.
Particle reinforcements 199 ff. Jerky flow 119
Grain refinement 199 Mg high-performance alloys 124
Passivation, behaviour 218 f. Mg-Y-alloys 119
PCD-tools 142 QE-alloys 119
Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) 230 Radius effect 118
Pitting corrosion 219 Valence effect 118
Planar Flow Cast process 166 WE-alloys 119, 121
Corrosion and creep behaviour 173 Wrought alloys 119, 121
Schematic 166 Rare Earth elements casting alloys 8
Plasma-glow discharge 231 Reaming
Plasma-physical layer 250 f. Averaged roughness 137
Plastometer 79 Cutting edge wear 138
Powder 206 Influence of cutting speed and feed on the
Mechanical crushing 206 f. drilling quality 137
Production by gas sputtering 206 Machining 138
284 Resgister

Mechanical load on tool 136 Stretch-forming 82

MLS 140 Temperature dependent deformation behaviour
Reboring 82 f.
Drilling quality 138 Short circuit arc 153
MLS (micro lubrication system) 140 Softening 110
Recycling 18, 175, 254 ff. Solid drilling
Agent-free melting 268 Influence of the cutting speed 135
Automatic sorting of automotive shredder Mechanical load on tool 135 f.
260 ff. Solid profiles 94 f.
Casting alloys 255 Solid solution hardening 4
Chippings 272 Spray casting 166
Composites 274 f. Spray deposition 166
Dry process 260 Spray formed alloys 174 ff.
General schematic 260 Fracture elongation 174
Materials 265 Microstructure 178 f.
Melting and refining processes with little Profile 174
refining salts 267 Tensile strength 174
Melting metallurgical recycling 266 Yield strength 174
Melting processes 262 ff. Spray formed materials 175 ff.
Melting processes with much refining salts Fracture elongation 178
270 ff. Inert gas sputtering machine 175
Metal sorting facility 260 ff. Manufacturing and properties 175 ff.
Metallurgical cleaning methods 265 Mechanical properties 178
New scrap 255 ff. Sputtering behaviour of different alloys 176
Old scrap 255 ff. Sputtering tests 176
Protection gases 264 Tensile strength 178
Raw materials 255 Yield strength 178
Reactivity of magnesium 263 f. As a function of the temperature 179
Recycling Scenarios 256 ff. Spray forming 173 ff., 166
Refining salts 263 Melting metallurgical methods 203
Scandium 273 f. Sputtered alloys, mechanical properties 169 f.
Special magnesium scrap 272 Sputtering 15
Transportation of liquid magnesium 266 Squeeze-casting 16, 56, 57 f., 204
Wrought alloys 255 Composites 62 f.
Reinforcement materials 198 f. Production 58
Melting metallurgical manufacturing 197 Direct squeeze-casting 59 f.
Particle reinforced 197 Indirect squeeze-casting 58 f.
Rheo-casting 65 Properties of the castings 60 ff.
Rotation sputtered alloys 169 Squeeze-casting processes 188
Mechanical properties 169 f. Melting metallurgical production 188
Strength
Increase 5
S Stress corrosion cracking 219
Stress-Strain behaviour 57
Sand casting 8, 15 Surface treatment with electron beam 229
Sand casting alloy 121
Spray formed 175
Tensile strength 121 T
Secondary creep rate 173
Self corrosion 239 Tensile strength 191
Separation of a melt 166 Thixo-casting 56, 57, 65 ff.
Shear-Lag-model 201 Globular microstructure 65 f.
Sheet metal forming 76 ff., 82 ff. Thixo-moulding 57, 66, 68
Cold forming 82 Injection-moulding cycle 68
Deep drawing 76, 82 Injection-moulding machine 68
Deformation speed 78 Thixotropic materials 160
Deformation temperature 77 Welding 160
Maximum drawing ratio 83 f. TIG-coating 229
n-value 76 f. TIG-process 153
r-value 76 f. Tool load
 Register 285

Comparison between non-reinforced and Weldability 160 ff.

reinforced magnesium 146 f. Welding 160 f.
Tool wear 142 ff. Wrought alloys 15, 56, 82, 85, 96, 119
Coating 144 ff. Alloying elements 91
Cutting speed 143 ff. Composition and properties 9
Feed 144 ff. Creep behaviour 97
Feed force and drill moment 147 Dynamic strength 98
Flank wear 144 Extrusion products 91 f.
Mechanical load on tool 147 Fatigue strength 98
Forging 85 ff.
Forging products 91f
U Fracture toughness 98
Low temperature behaviour 98
Use in cars 9, 11 Massive forming 88
Strength increase 91
Temperature dependent deformation behaviour
V 82 f.
Tensile and compression test results 96
Vacuum die-casting 45, 50, 57 Tensile test results (elevated temperature) 97
Gas cubage content 57 Toughness 98
Valence effect 118 Weldability 160 ff.
Wrought material 9
Wrought semi products 90
W

Water-cooled slab casting 93

Floater-Nozzle process 93 Y
Hot-Top process 93
WE alloys 8 Yield Strength of the matrix 185
Weight savings 19 Youngs Equation 186
Weight, specific 92 Youngs Modulus 189