Lo Hoi

n mn hc: L Hi Trng H Cng Nghip TPHCM
NHN XT CA GV HNG DN
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1
Gio vin hng dn: TS.Nguyn Thanh Ho

Chng 1. TNH TON V THIT K
I. Th tch khng kh v sn phm chy

Thnh phn ca du DO [tra trn mng]
Wlv Alv Slv Clv Hlv Nlv Olv
1,8% 0,3% 0,5% 86,3% 10,5% 0,3% 0,3%
Lng khng kh va t chy hon ton 1 kg nhin liu

Vkk0 0, 0899 C lv 0,375S lv 0, 265 H lv 0, 0333O lv
[1]
0, 0899 86,3 0,375.0,5 0, 265.10,5 0, 0333.0,3 10,55m3tc / kg
Chn h s khng kh tha

= 1.15 ( = 1.11.15) [1]
Th tch khng kh thc t t du DO :
Vkk .Vkk0 1,15.10,55 12,13m 3 tc / kg
Th tch sn phm chy :

Vk = VRO2+ VN2+ VH2O+( -1) V0kk [1]
Trong
VRO2 = 0,01866 (Clv+0,375Slv) [1]
3
= 0,01866. (86,3+0,375.0,5) =1,61 m tc/kg
VN2 = 0,79. V0kk+ 0,008 Nlv [1]
= 0,79.10,55+0,008.0,3 = 8,34 m3tc/kg
V0H2O = 0,112 Hlv+ 0,0124 Wlv+ 0,0161 V0kk [1]
= 0,112. 10,5 + 0,0124.1,8 + 0,0161.10,55 = 1,37 m3tc/kg
Vk = 1,61 + 8,34 + 1,37+ (1,15-1).10,55 = 12,9 m3tc/kg

II. Entanpi ca khng kh v ca sn phm chy (khi)

Entanpi ca khi vi 1kg nhin liu c xc nh bi cng thc
Khi = 1,15 ta c :
I k =I0k +( -1) I0kk (Kcal/kg) [1]
Trong
I0k :l entanpi khi khi t chy hon ton 1 kg nhin liu vi =1
I0k = VRO2 (Cp.tk)CO2 + VN2 (Cp.tk)N2 + VH2O (Cp.tk)H2O (Kcal/kg) [1]
I0kk l entanpi ca khng kh l thuyt khi =1
I0kk = V0kk (Cp.t)kk
Nh vy mi nhit khc nhau ta tnh c nh sau:
Bng 1
t I k0 (kcal/kg) I 0 (kcal/kg) I k (kcal/kg)
100 377,4 333,4 427,4
200 755 671 855,6
300 1147 1015 1299,2
400 1551 1365,2 1755,8
500 1966 1723,9 2224,6
600 2387,9 2091 2701,6
700 2822,1 2468,7 3192,4
800 3269 2848,5 3696,3
900 3726 3228,3 4210,2
1000 4188,5 3618,7 4731,3
1100 4652,7 4019,6 5255,6

1200 5120 4420,5 5783,1
1300 5598,2 4821,4 6321,4
1400 5989,4 5232,8 6774,3
1500 6569 5623,2 7412,5
1600 7060 6055,7 7968,4
1700 7554 6467,2 8524
1800 8049,2 6878,6 9081
1900 8553 7300,6 9648,1
2000 9052,6 7722,6 10211
III. Cc loi tn tht nhit trong l hi

1. Nhit tr thp ca nhin liu
Khi t chy 1kg (hoc 1m3tc) nhin liu, nhit to ra trong l hi c cn
bng theo phng trnh :
Qv = Q1+ Q2 + Q3 + Q4 + Q5 + Q6 , kcal/kg [2]
Trong :
Qv nhit lng a vo ng vi 1kg nhin liu
Q1 - nhit lng c ch
Q2, Q3, Q4, Q5, Q6 cc tn tht nhit trong l hi
C th ly nhit lng a vo Qv gn bng vi nhit tr thp lm vic ca nhin
liu Qtlv
lv
Qtv
Q 339.C lv 1030.H lv 109 O lv S lv 25.W lv
339.86,3 1030.10,5 109 0,3 0,5 25.1,8 [2]
40047,5KJ / kg 9567 kcal / kg

Hiu sut nhit ca l hi :

Q1
.100% q1 %
Qv
2. Tn tht nng lng

Tn tht nng lng do khi thi mang ra ngoi Q2
q
Q2 I th I kkl 1 4 , kcal/kg
100
Trong :
Ith entanpi ca khi thi, kcal/kg
Chn nhit ca khi thi : tth = 4000C
I th I th0 th 1.I kkl
0
I tro [2]
Vi :
I th0 - entanpi ca sn phm chy nhit khi thi ng vi 1
Tra bng 1, ta c:
I th0 VRO2 (Cp.tth)CO2 + VN2 (Cp.tth)N2 + VH2O (Cp.tth)H2O = 1551 kcal/kg
I kkl - entanpi ca khng kh nhit khi thi ng vi 1

0
I0kkl = V0kk (Cp.tth)kk = 1365,2kcal/kg

I tro
0
- entanpi ca tro bay theo khi :
0
I tro = 0 ( v t du DO nn lng tro bay theo khi rt t )
I th 1551 1,15 1 .1365, 2 1755,8 Kcal/kg
Ikkl entanpi ca khng kh nhit mi trng

I kkl th .Vkk0 C p .t v kk
th - h s khng kh tha v tr khi thi, ta chn th = 1,2

t v - nhit khng kh mi trng, ta chn t v = 30oC
I kkl 1,2.10,55.7,2 91,2 Kcal/kg
V t du DO nn phn tn tht do chy v c hc l rt t, suy ra q4=0
Vy :
5

q
Q2 I th I kkl 1 4
100
1755,8 91, 2 1664, 6 Kcal / kg
Q2 1664, 6
Hay q2 100% 17, 4%
Qv 9567
Tn tht nhit do chy ho hc Q3

Q3 ph thuc vo nhiu yu t : h s khng kh tha, nhin liu v phng
thc hn hp nhin liu, hnh dng, kch thc bung la .V l t du DO nn
ta c th chn :
Q3
q3 1,5%
Qv
Tn tht do chy khng hon ton v c hc Q4 = 0

Tn tht nhit ra mi trng xung quanh Q5
V l c cng sut nh (sn sut hi bo ho 5tn/gi) nn ta khng cn lm thm
phn ui l (b sy khng kh v b hm nc).
Theo hnh 4-1 [1] tn tht nhit q5 ph thuc vo cng sut l hi, ta c :
q5 = 1,8%
Tn tht nhit theo x Q6
V tro khi t du DO rt thp Alv = 0,3% nn Q6 ta c th chn bng 0
hay q6 = 0
Vy hiu sut ca l hi c tnh :
100 q2 q3 q4 q5 q6
100 17, 4 1,5 1,8 79,3%
Ph ti nhit ca l hi c xc nh theo cng thc :

Ql = Dqn(iqn-inc) + Dbh(ibh-inc) + Dx(ix-inc) + Dqt(i,,qt-iqt,)+ Q , kcal/h [1]
V sn xut hi bo ho nn Dqn = 0
Lng nc x l rt t nn Dx = 0
Khng c qu nhit trung gian nn Dqt = 0
V nhit lng do nc hoc khng kh hp th bn ngoi Q = 0
6

Vy : Ql = Dbh(ibh-inc)
Trong : Dbh = 5000kg/h
Vi p sut hi bo ho P = 10bar, tra bng nc v hi nc trn ng bo ho
ta c :
ibh = 664,5 kcal/kg
ta chn nhit nc cp vo tnc = 30oC, vi P = 10bar, tra bng nc cha si v
hi qu nhit ta c :
inc= 30 kcal/kg
Ql 5000 664,5 30 3172500 Kcal/h
Tiu hao nhin liu cho l hi

Ql 3172500
B .100 .100 418, 2 kg/h [1]
Qv . 9567.79,3
Tiu hao nhin liu tnh ton :
q
Bt B 1 4 B 418, 2 kg/h [1]
100
IV. CHN BC T CHO L HI
1. Chn loi bec t
Theo catalogue ta chn bt t 3 cp ca hng Riello s hiu: Press 450T/G
Bng thng s k thut ca loi bt ny nh sau:
Model n v P450T/G
Qu trnh hot ng 3 cp
KW 890 / 2670 5340

Cng sut nhit
Mcal/h 765 / 2296 4592
Nhit lm vic oCmin/max 0 / 40
Nhit lng Kcal/kg 10200

MJ/kg 42.7
nht mm2/s(cSt) 46
Lu lng du Kg/h 75 / 225 450
Dng bm
SUNTEC TA3
Bm
Lu lng
Kg/h 525
p sut phun Bar 12
Nhit
nhin liu Max, oC 50
Qut ly tm cnh cong v

Qut Loi
pha trc
3N/50/230-
400(+10%15%) hnh sao
Ngun in cung cp Ph/Hz/V
hoc
3N/50/230(+10%15%)
Cng sut in tiu

Max,KW 15
th
ng c in KW 12
Dng in khi ng A 151/261
Dng in chy A 26/45 8

2 S h thng bec t:
Ch thch:
P Bm vi b lc du v b iu p
FO B lc du
V1-V2-
Van phn phi du
V3
VS Van an ton
MT 3 xilanh thy lc
U1-U2-
Vi phun
U3
PV Gi vi phun
A B phun
9

3. S mch in
Mch in phi c mc bi ngi c kh nng v kho lo, ph thuc vo
ch tiu cc b.
Mch in phi c mc bi ngi c kh nng v kho lo, ph thuc vo
ch tiu cc b.
Ch thch:
IN- Nt nhn dng li bng tay
MA- Bng u cc hnh sao
MB- Bng u cc bc t
S- iu khin tn hiu lock out
10

TL- Ti gii hn iu chnh h thng: tt bc t khi nhit v p sut ni hi

t gi tr ln nht.
TS- H thng iu khin ti an ton: hot ng khi TL b r
T2- H thng iu khin ti 2 cp
T3- H thng iu khin ti 3 cp
Chn ng ng cp nhin liu: 18mm, chnh gia thng cha du v bt t

l 0,5m.
Tra th kch thc ngn la ca bt t hnh di y, ta c ng knh
ngn la D f 1,0m , chiu di ngn la: L f 3,8m .
Chn phng php tn sng du bng p lc, p sut 20 30at

4.Tnh chn bm du
Lu lng ca bm du DO
Lng tiu hao nhin liu:
Bt = 418,2 kg/h
Khi lng ring ca du DO
11

760kg/m3
Lu lng du l:
B 418, 2
Q 0,55m3 / h
760
Hay: Q = 550 l/h
Chn bm du c lu lng Q = 550 l/h
5 .ng c truyn ng cho bn du:

Cng sut yu cu ca bm du:
P.Q
N
3600.
Trong :
P p lc ca bm du ( 20 30at)
Chn P = 25 at = 25.9,81.104 N/m2
Q lu lng ca bm
Q = 550 l/h
- hiu sut ca bm, chn = 0,7
Vy :
25.9,81.104.0,55
N 535,3 W
3600.0, 7
Cng sut ng c in:
N = N.k
k h s d tr cng sut khi m my, ph thuc vo cng sut ca ng c
Chn : k = 1,5
Do :
N = N.k = 535,3.1,5 = 803 W
Chn ng c in c cng sut 1,5HP
12

V. TNH TON TRAO I NHIT TRONG BUNG LA

Chn chiu di ca bung la
Lbl = 4 m
ng knh ca bung la
Dbl = 1,0m
Din tch ton b bung la :
Fv = . Dbl.Lbl = . 1,0. 4 = 12,56 m2
Th tch bung la V0 chnh bng th tch bn trong ca hnh tr. Ta chn :
Th tch bung la : V0 = 3,14m3
Nhit lng hu ch ta ra trong bung la

100 q3 q6
Q0 Qdv Qk' Qk [1]
100
Qk nhit lng do khng kh mang vo l khi c sy s b bn ngoi, v l
khng c sy nn Qk = 0
Qk' - nhit lng do khng kh mang vo bung la
Qk' 0 0 n I 0'' 0 n I kkl

[1]
0 n I kkl 0, 05.91, 2 4, 56kcal / kg
100 1, 5
Q0 9567. 4, 6 9428kcal / kg
100
Nhit lng truyn li cho bung la vi 1kg nhin liu
Qbl Q0 I k 0,982 9428 5517,3 3840,3kcal / kg
Tng nhit dung trung bnh sn phm chy ca 1kg nhin liu
Q0 I k
VCm [1]
t a tk
T Q0 = Ia = 9428 kcal/kg
Tra bng 1 ,suy ra : ta = 18580 C
Vy :
13

9428 5517, 3
VCm 5, 52kcal / kg .0 C
1858 1150
H s bm bn b mt hp th bc x quy c, tnh n s gim hp th
nhit do lm bn b mt, c chn theo bng [1] ta c
0, 9
en ca bung la
0,82.a '
a0 ' [1]
a 1 a '
Trong :
- dy c ca dn ng trong bung la
Hb

Fv
Fv = 12,56 m2 din tch ton b bung la
Hb din tch vch do dn ng chong ch
Hb = Fv = 12,56 m2
a ' - en hiu dng ca ngn la
a ' .a
- h s ph thuc vo sc thi ca ngn la, tra bng [1] ta c :
= 0,65
a - en ca mi trng bung la
a 1 e kps [1]
p p sut ca bung la, chn p = 1ata
k h s lm yu tia bc x trong mi trng bung la
Tk 1150 273
k 1, 6 0,5 1, 6 0,5 1,8 [1]
1000 1000
s b dy hiu dng ca lp bc x
V0 3,14
s 3, 6 3, 6 0,9m [1]
Fv 12, 56
14

kps = 1,8.1.0,9 = 1,62

a 1 e1,62 0,8
Vy : a ' .a 0, 65.0,8 0,52
0,82.0,52
a0 0, 45
0,52 1 0,52 .1.0,9
Nhit khi ra khi bung la [1]
Ta
tk' 0,6
273
1, 27.10 . .H b .a0 .Ta3
8
1
.Bt .VCm
1850 273
0,6
273 11610 C
1, 27.10 8.0, 9.12, 56.0, 45. 1850 273 3
1
0, 982.406.5, 52
Nh vy, ta c:
tk' tk' tk 1161 1150 110 C 500 C
Do nhit khi ra khi bung la s l :

tk = 11610C
VI.TNH TON CC B MT I LU
1. Din tch trao i nhit ca bung sinh hi
Nhit lng m nc nhn c t dng khi:
Q1 I k I th .I kkl
1
0, 982 5577, 4 1755,8 1, 2.91, 2 3860 kcal / kg
Nhit lng do b mt t hp th bng bc x v i lu:

k .F .t
Q Q1 Q2 1
B
Trong :
B - lng tiu hao nhin liu, B = 418,2 kg/h
15

F - din tch trao i nhit trong bung sinh hi, m2

k h s truyn nhit, kcal/m2h0C
t - chnh nhit , 0C
Tnh chnh nhit :
V nc v khi trong l hi chuyn ng vung gc vi nhau nn chnh
nhit c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
t t .tnc 1
Trong :
tnc - chnh hit ca s chuyn ng ngc chiu
t - h s chuyn i t s ngc chiu sang s phc tp hn.

tmax tmin
tnc
t
ln max 1
tmin
tmax - hiu s nhit ln hn ca cc mi cht trao i nhit
tmax = 1161 180 = 981 0C
tmin - hiu s nhit nh hn ca cc mi cht trao i nhit

tmin = 400 30 = 370 0C
981 370
tnc 627 0 C
981
ln
370
tm t ta phi tm 2 tham s P v R:
t2'' t2' 180 30
P ' 0,133
t1 t2 1161 30
'
t1' t1'' 1161 400

R '' 5, 07
t2 t2' 180 30
Da vo hnh 6.18 1 , ta c:
16

t = 1
Vy:
t 1.627 627 0 C
H s truyn nhit k:
1
k
1 t v c

1 1
1 t v c 2
Trong :
1 v 2 - h s ta nhit t khi cho vch ng v t vch ng n nc.
v - b dy v h s dn nhit
t v t - lp tro x v mui trn b mt ngoi ca ng
v v v - vch ng
c v c - lp cu trn mt trong ca ng
Nhit tr ca lp tro x t / t gi l h s lm bn , tra bng ta c:

= 0,015
V t du nn ta c th b qua nhit tr ca lp cu trn b mt ng
B dy vch ng: v = 3,2 mm
H s dn nhit ca ng, ta chn ng lm bng thp 20K
v = 38 kcal/m2h0C
Tnh 1 :
Nhit trung bnh ca khi:
tk tth 1161 400
t1 780.50 C
2 2
Nhit vch tnh ton:
tv = tb + 4.Song + 60 = 180 + 4.3,2 + 60 = 252,8 0C
Tra ph lc 5 4 Thng s vt l ca khi nhit t1 = 780,50C v tv =
252,80C, ta c:
17

1 0,3366kg / m3
1 8,974.102 W / m.K
v1 128.106 m 2 / s
Pr1 0, 602 , Prv 0, 66
Ch chy ca nc trong l hi:

1.d
Re1
v1
4
Trong :
1 - vn tc trung bnh ca dng khi trong ng, chn: 1 = 14 m/s
d ng knh trong ca ng, d = 54 mm
14.0, 054
Re1 5906
128.106
Ta thy: 2200 < Re1 < 104 Khi chuyn ng trong ng trng thi qu
.
0,25
Pr
Nu1 K 0 .Pr 0,43
. 1 . l 4
Prv
Tra bng 8.3 4 vi Re1 = 5906, ta c:

K0 = 19
l
V t s 50 nn l = 1
d
0,25
0, 602
Nu1 19.0, 602 0,43
. .1 15,3
0, 66
Vy:
Nu1.1 15,3.8,974.102
d1 25, 4W / m 2 K
d 0, 054
V nhit khi vo bung sinh hi cao nn ta phi xt n bc x.
Tng h s ta nhit vi b mt ngoi ca ng:
18

1 d 1 b1
Tnh h s bc x b1
Chiu dy hiu dng ca lp bc x:
s1 s
Ta c: 2 2, 64 1, 65 4,3 7
d ng d ng
Vy chiu dy hiu dng ca lp bc x c xc nh theo cng thc:

s s
s 1,87. 1 2 4,1 .d ng 1,87.4,3 4,1 .0, 0605 0, 2384
d ng

PCO2 rCO2 .P 0,125.1 0,125at 4
PH 2O rH 2O .P 0,106.1 0,106at 4
PCO2 .s 0,125.0, 2384 0, 03at.m
PH 2O .s 0,106.0, 2384 0, 025at.m
T t1 = 780,50C v tch P.s ca CO2 , H2O, tra hnh 11.9, 11.10 v 11.11 4 ,
ta c:
H 2O 0, 068 ; CO2 0, 08 ; 0,9
en ca khi c xc nh:
k CO2 . H 2 O 0, 08 0,9.0, 068 0,1412
Nhit lng bc x trn mt n v din tch:

1 T T
4 4
qbx k v .5, 67 1 v
2 100 100
en b mt ng thp thng thng khong v 0,8 0,85 , chn bng

0,85
0,85 1 780,5 273 252,8 273
4

4
qbx 0,1412 .5, 67 8573W / m 2

2 100 100
qbx 8573
b1 16, 2W / m 2 K
t1 tv 780,5 252,8
19

Vy:
1 25, 4 16, 2 41, 6W / m2 K
Tnh 2
V lng nc c bm vo rt nh so vi lng nc trong l hi nn ta
c th ly nhit trung bnh ca nc gn bng vi nhit nc trong l
t2 = 1800C
Tra ph lc 7 4 nhit t2 = 1800C, ta c:
2 886,9kg / m3
2 67, 4.102 W / m.K
v2 0,173.106 m 2 / s
Pr2 1, 0
Ch nc chy trong l hi:
2 .d
Re 2
v2
Trong :
2 - vn tc trung bnh ca nc trong l hi, chn: 1 = 1 m/s
d ng knh ngoi ca ng, d = 60,5 mm
1.0, 0605
Re 2 6
3,5.105 > 103 , nc chy ri trong l hi
0,173.10
Chm ng b tr so le ta c:
0,25
Pr
Nu2 0, 40.Re .Pr0,6 0,36
. 1 . . i
Prv
V gc va bng 900 nn = 1
V 2 >> 1 ( v mt bn l kh, mt bn l nc) nn nhit tr ta nhit v
0,25
Pr
pha nc gn nh khng ng k, do vy c th xem 1 1
Prv
20

Nu2' 0, 40. 3,5.105

0,6
848
Nu2' .2 848.67, 4.102

'
2 9447W / m 2 K
d ng 0, 0605
Chm ng c 10 dy ng, h s ta nhit trung bnh ca chm ng c tnh:

0, 6. 2' 0, 7. 2' 10 2 2'
2 8786W / m 2 .K
10
Thay vo ta tnh c:
1
k 25, 5W / m 2 .0 C 22kcal / m 2 h 0C
1 0, 0032 1
0, 015
41, 6 44,1 8786
Din tch b mt trao i nhit:
Q.B 3821.418, 2
F 116m 2
k .t 22.627
Tng chiu di ng la:
F 116
L 683m
.dtr .0, 054
S ng la trung bnh trong 1pass
4.G
ni
.dtr2 .1
Trong :
G lu lng khi
G Vk .Bt 12, 9.418, 2 5394,8m3 / h 1, 5m 3 / s
4.1, 5
ni 47 ng
.0, 054 2.14
S dng l 3 pass, vy tng s ng trong l hi:
n 3.ni 3.47 141 ng
Chiu di ng la mi pass:
21

L 683
l 4,84 m
n 141
Cc kch thc trong l hi:
Chn ng knh thn l D = 2200 mm
ng knh ngoi ng la mi pass dng = 60,5 mm
Chiu di ng la mi pass: l = 4,80m
S ng la pass 1 : n1 = 38 ng
Bc ng ngang
s1
2, 645 s1 160mm
d ng
Bc ng dc
s2
1, 653 s2 100mm
d ng
2. Tnh ton nhit pass 1

S liu ban u :
Chn nhit khi ra khi pass 1 l:
1 810 C
' 0
tra
Nhit khi vo pass 1
1 t k 1161 C
' 0
tvao
Chiu di , ng knh v s ng la pass 1
l = 4,80m , dtr = 0,054m, n1 = 38 ng
Phng trnh cn bng nhit gia nhit lng do khi truyn li v nhit
lng do nc hp th
Ta c:
22

Qcb1 I1,vao I1,ra .I z0 1

Trong :
= 0,982- h s bo ton nhit nng
, ,
I1vao , I1ra - entanpi ca khi vo v ra khi b mt t
Tra bng 1, ta c:
,
I1vao = 5577,4 kcal/kg
,
I1ra = 3747,7 kal/kg
- lng khng kh lt vo l
0 0 1,15 0, 05 1, 2
I z0 = Ikkl = 91,2 kcal/kg
Qcb1 0, 982 5577, 4 3747, 7 1, 2.91, 2 1904 kcal / kg
Xc nh h s truyn nhit
1
K
1 1

1 2
Trong :
1 - h s ta nhit t pha khi
2 - h s ta nhit t pha nc
- h s bm bn b mt i lu
Ta chn: = 0,015
Mt khc: 2 >> 1
1 1
Nn : <<
2 1
Do cng thc trn c vit li
23

1
K
1

1
Xc nh h s ta nhit t pha khi 1 , t cng thc:
1 . k1 b1 1
Trong :
- h s cao ph tnh n s gim hp th nhit ca b mt t do khng c
khi bao ph ton b
i vi cc chm ng t nm ngang, dng khi i trong ng th = 1
k 1 - h s ta nhit i lu ca pass 1
b1 - h s ta nhit bc x ca pass 1
H s ta nhit i lu ca pass 1:
Lu lng th tch trung bnh
Bt .Vk
V
3600.
Trong :
Bt = 418,2 kg/h
Vk = 12,9 m3tc/kg
Vy:
418, 2.12,9
V 1, 5m 3 / s
3600.
Tc tnh ton ca dng khi
V
1
F1
, m/s 1
Trong :
V = 1,5 m3/s
F1 din tch tit din qua pass1
24

2
d
F1 tr .n1
2
Vi :
dtr = 0,054 m
n1 = 38 ng
2
0, 054
F1 .38 0, 087 m
2
2
Vy:
1,5
1 17, 2m / s
0, 09
dtr = 0,054 m
Tra th hnh 6.7 1 vi dtr = 54 mm, 1 = 17,2 m/s ta c:
h 41, 2kcal / kg
Nhit trung bnh ca khi pass 1
ttb2 = ( 1161+810).0,5 = 985,50C
rH2O = 0,106
Tra th hnh 6.7 1 , ta c:
Cvl = 0,85
T s chiu di v ng knh ng la pass 1 l:
l 4,8
88,9
d tr 0, 054
Tra th 1 ta c:
Cl = 1
Nh vy h s ta nht i lu:
k 1 h .Cl .Cvl 1
k 1 41, 2.1.0,85 35 kcal/m2h0C
H s ta nhit bc x:
25

Nhit vch c xc nh theo cng thc:

tv = tb + 4S + 60
trong : tb = 1800C
tv 180 4.3, 2 60 252,80 C
T ttb2 = 985,50C v tv = 252,80C tra th hnh 6.12 1 , ta c:

h 146kcal / m 2 h0C
Ck = 0,99
Ring a c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
a 1 e kps 1
Trong :
Ly p = 1at
S b dy hiu dng ca lp bc x
V1
s 3,6
Fv1
V1 th tch lp bc x pass 1
dtr2 0, 0542
V1 .l.n1 .4,8.38 0, 42m3
4 4
Fv1 - din tch vch bao bc
Fv1 .dtr .l.n1 .0, 054.4,8.38 30,9m 2
Vy:
0, 42
s 3, 6 0, 049m
30, 9
H s lm yu tia bc x k:
0,8 1, 6.rH 2O T
k 1 0,38. 1
pn .s 1000
Vi :
26

rH 2O = 0,106
s = 0,049 m
pn rH 2O rRO2 0,106 0,125 0, 231
T = 980,5 + 273 = 1253,5K

0,8 1, 6.0,106 1253,5
k 1 0,38. 4,8
0, 231.0, 049 1000
Nn: a 1 e 4,8.1.0,049 0, 21
Nh vy h s ta nhit bc x pass 2 c xc nh:
b1 h .a.Ck 146.0, 21.0, 99 30, 4 kcal / m 2 h 0C
1 . k1 b1 1.35 30, 4 65, 4kcal / m 2 h 0C
Vy :
1
K 33kcal / m 2 h 0C
1
0, 015
65, 4
Phng trnh truyn nhit:
K .H .t
Qtr1 , kcal/kg
Bt
Trong :
K = 33 kcal/m2h0C
H = Fv = 30,9 m2
1
Bt = 418,2 kg/h
t - chnh lch nhit pass 1
tmax t min
t
t
2, 3lg max
tmin
Trong :
tmax - hiu s nhit ln hn ca cc mi cht u pass 1
27

tmax = tkhvao tnuoc = 1161 180 = 9810C
tmin - hiu s nhit nh hn cui pass 1

tmin = tkhra tnuoc = 810 180 = 6300C
Vy:
981 630
t 7930 C
981
2, 3lg
630
33.30, 9.793
Qtr1 1933, 6kcal / kg
418, 2
Xc nh Q % gia Qcb1 v Qtr1 :
Qtr1 Qcb1
Q .100
Qtr1 Qcb1 0,5
1933, 6 1904
Q .100 1,54%
1933, 6 1904 0,5
V Q < 2% nn nhit ra pass 1 l:
1 810 C
' 0
tra
3. Tnh ton nhit pass 2
S liu ban u :
2 510 C
' 0
tra
Nhit khi vo pass 2
2 t ra1 810 C
' 0
tvao
l = 4,80m , dtr = 0,054m, n2 = 65 ng
lng do nc hp th
28

Ta c:
Qcb 2 I 2, vao I 2, ra .I z0 1
Trong :
, ,
I 2vao , I 2ra - entanpi ca khi vo v ra khi b mt t
Tra bng 1, ta c:
,
I 2vao = 3747,7 kcal/kg
,
I 2ra = 2272,3 kal/kg
0 0 1,15 0, 05 1, 2
Qcb 2 0, 982 3747, 7 2272, 3 1, 2.91, 2 1556, 3kcal / kg
1
K
1 1

1 2
Trong :
Ta chn: = 0,015
Mt khc: 2 >> 1
1 1
Nn : <<
2 1
29

1
K
1

1
1 . k1 b1 1
Trong :
khi bao ph ton b
Bt .Vk
V
3600.
Trong :
Bt = 418,2 kg/h
Vk = 12,9 m3tc/kg
Vy:
418, 2.12,9
V 1, 5m 3 / s
3600.
V
2
F2
, m/s 1
Trong :
V = 1,5 m3/s
F2 din tch tit din qua
30

2
d
F2 tr .n2
2
Vi :
dtr = 0,054 m
n2 = 65 ng
2
0, 054
F2 .65 0,15m
2
2
Vy:
1,5
1 10m / s
0,15
dtr = 0,054 m
Tra th hnh 6.7 1 vi dtr = 54 mm, 1 = 10 m/s ta c:
h 24,5kcal / kg
ttb2 = ( 810 + 510).0,5 = 6600C
rH2O = 0,106
Cvl = 0,9
l 4,8
88,9
d tr 0, 054
Tra th 1 ta c:
Cl = 1
k 1 h .Cl .Cvl 1
k 1 24,5.1.0,9 22, 05 kcal/m2h0C
H s ta nhit bc x:
31


tv = tb + 4S + 60
trong : tb = 1800C
tv 180 4.3, 2 60 252,80 C
T ttb2 = 6600C v tv = 252,80C tra th hnh 6.12 1 , ta c:

h 80kcal / m 2 h 0C
Ck = 0,99
a 1 e kps
Trong :
Ly p = 1at
V2
s 3, 6
Fv2
dtr2 0, 0542
V2 .l.n2 .4,8.65 0, 714m3
4 4
Fv2 .dtr .l.n2 .0, 054.4,8.65 52,9m 2
Vy:
0, 714
s 3, 6 0, 049m
52, 9
0,8 1, 6.rH 2O T
k 1 0,38. 1
pn .s 1000
Vi :
32

rH 2O = 0,106
s = 0,049 m
pn rH 2O rRO2 0,106 0,125 0, 231
T = 650 + 273 = 923K

0,8 1, 6.0,106 923
k 1 0,38. 6
0, 231.0, 049 1000
Nn: a 1 e 6.1.0,049 0, 26
b1 h .a.Ck 80.0, 26.0, 99 20, 6kcal / m 2 h 0C
1 . k1 b1 1.22, 05 20, 6 42, 7 kcal / m 2 h 0C
Vy :
1
K 26,1kcal / m 2 h 0C
1
0, 015
42, 7
K .H .t
Qtr1 , kcal/kg
Bt
Trong :
K = 26,1 kcal/m2h0C
H = Fv = 52,9 m2
2
Bt = 418,2 kg/h
t - chnh lch nhit pass2
tmax tmin
t
t
2, 3lg max
tmin
Trong :
tmax - hiu s nhit ln hn ca cc mi cht u pass2
33


Vy:
630 330
t 4640 C
630
2, 3lg
330
26,1.52, 9.464
Qtr 2 1532kcal / kg
418, 2
Qtr 2 Qcb 2
Q .100
Qtr 2 Qcb 2 0,5
1532 1556,3
Q .100 1,57%
1532 1556,3 0,5
2 510 C
' 0
tra
4. TNH TON NHIT PASS 3

S liu ban u :
3 400 C
' 0
tra
Nhit khi vo pass 3
3 t ra 2 510 C
' ' 0
tvao
l = 4,80m , dtr = 0,054m, n3 = 38 ng
34

lng do nc hp th
Ta c:
Qcb3 I 3, vao I 3, ra .I z0 1
Trong :
, ,
I 3vao , I 3ra - entanpi ca khi vo v ra khi b mt t
,
I 3vao = 2272,3 kcal/kg
,
I 3ra = 1755,8 kal/kg
0 0 1,15 0, 05 1, 2
Qcb 3 0,982 2272, 3 1755,8 1, 2.91, 2 614, 7 kcal / kg
1
K
1 1

1 2
Trong :
Ta chn: = 0,015
Mt khc: 2 >> 1
1 1
Nn : <<
2 1
35

1
K
1

1
1 . k1 b1 1
Trong :
khi bao ph ton b
Bt .Vk
V
3600.
Trong :
Bt = 418,2 kg/h
Vk = 12,9 m3tc/kg
Vy:
418, 2.12,9
V 1, 5m 3 / s
3600.
V
3
F3
, m/s 1
Trong :
V = 1,5 m3/s
F3 din tch tit din qua
36

2
d
F3 tr .n3
2
Vi :
dtr = 0,054 m
n3 = 38 ng
2
0, 054
F3 .38 0, 087 m
2
2
Vy:
1,5
1 17, 2m / s
0, 087
dtr = 0,054 m
Tra th hnh 6.7 1 ta c:
h 41, 2kcal / kg
ttb2 = ( 510 + 400).0,5 = 4550C
rH2O = 0,106
Cvl = 1,06
l 4,8
88,9
d tr 0, 054
Tra th 1 ta c:
Cl = 1
k 1 h .Cl .Cvl 1
k 1 41, 2.1.1, 06 43, 7 kcal/m2h0C
H s ta nhit bc x:
37


tv = tb + 4S + 60
trong : tb = 1800C
tv 180 4.3, 2 60 252,80 C
T ttb2 = 4550C v tv = 252,80C tra th hnh 6.12 1 , ta c:

h 42kcal / m 2 h 0C
Ck = 0,98
a 1 e kps
Trong :
Ly p = 1at
V3
s 3, 6
Fv3
d tr2 0,054 2
V3 .l.n3 .4,8.38 0, 42m3
4 4
Fv3 .dtr .l.n3 .0, 054.4,8.38 30, 9m 2
Vy:
0, 42
s 3, 6 0, 049m
30,9
0,8 1, 6 rH 2O T
k 1 0,38. 1
pn .s 1000
Vi :
38

rH 2O = 0,106
s = 0,049 m
pn rH 2O rRO2 0,106 0,125 0, 231
T = 455 + 273 = 728K

0,8 1, 6.0,106 728
k 1 0,38. 6, 6
0, 231.0, 048 1000
Nn: a 1 e 6,6.1.0,048 0, 28
b1 h .a.Ck 42.0, 28.0, 98 11, 5kcal / m 2 h 0C
1 . k1 b1 1.43, 7 11,5 55, 2kcal / m 2 h 0C
Vy :
1
K 30, 2kcal / m 2 h 0C
1
0, 015
55, 2
K .H .t
Qtr 3 , kcal/kg
Bt
Trong :
K = 30,2 kcal/m2h0C
H = Fv = 30,9 m2
3
Bt = 418,2 kg/h
t - chnh lch nhit pass3
t max t min
t
2, 3 lg
t max 1
t min
Trong :
39

tmax - hiu s nhit ln hn ca cc mi cht u pass3


Vy:
330 220
t 2710 C
330
2, 3lg
220
30, 2.30, 9.271
Qtr 3 604, 7 kcal / kg
418, 2
Qtr 3 Qcb3
Q .100
Qtr 3 Qcb3 0,5
604, 7 614, 7
Q .100 1, 64%
604, 7 614, 7 0,5
3 400 C
' 0
tra
VII. TNH TON KH NG L HI

1. Tr lc ma st
i vi dng khi c truyn nhit th tr lc ma st c tnh
0,583
l 2 T
hm1
dtd 2 Tv
Trong :
40

dtd = 54mm, ng knh tng ng ca ng

l = 4,8m, chiu di ca ng
= 15m/s, vn tc trung bnh ca dng khi
= 0,33kg/m3, khi lng ring ca khi nhit trung bnh
T nhit trung bnh ca dng khi
tk tth 1161 400
T 273 273 1053,5 K
2 2
Tv = 252,8 +273 = 525,8K - nhit vch ng
H s c xc nh theo nh sau:
Tra bng 8.1 [1] ta c
k = 0,12.10-3 nhm tuyt i ca vch ng
vy 0,00008 < k <0,0125
0,25 0,25
k 68 0,12.103 68
0,11 0,11 3
0, 039 [1]
dtd Re 54.10 5.103
Vy tr lc ma st ca dng khi
0,583
4,8 152 1053, 5
hm1 0, 039 3
0, 33 193N / m 2
54.10 2 525,8
Tr lc ng dn khi t bung t n bung sinh hi:
Chn tng chiu di ng ng dn khi: Lod 2m
ng knh ng dn khi: D 0,2 m

od
Th tch khi di chuyn trong ng dn: V 1,5 m3 / s
Vn tc khi trong ng dn khi:

V .B.4 1,5.418, 2.4
od 5,6 m / s
.D 2 .0,22.3600
od
Tr lc ca ng dn khi c xc nh:
l 2
hm 2 . .
dtd 2
41

l = Lod = 2 m
dtd = Dod = 0,2m
ta tk 1850 1161
ttb 15050 C
2 2
Tra bng thng s vt l ca khi nhit ttb = 15050C, ta c:
0, 2kg / m3
H s c xc nh theo nh sau:
Tra bng 8.1 [1] ta c
k = 0,4.10-3 nhm tuyt i ca vch ng
vy 0,00008 < k <0,0125
0,25 0,25
k 68 0, 4.103 68
0,11 0,11 3
0, 042 [1]
dtd Re 54.10 5.103
Vy tr lc ma st trong ng ng dn khi:
2 5,6 2
hm 2 0,042. . .0,2 1,32 N / m 2
0,2 2
Vy tng tr lc ma st:
h hm1 hm 2 193 1.32 194,32 N / m 2
2. Tr lc cc b
2
hcb
2
Trong :
- l h s tr lc cc b, tra bng 8.III ta c
= 0,5
152
hcb 0, 5. .0, 33 18, 6 N / m 2
2
Tng tn tht p sut trn ng khi
0 760
H h.
0,132 hB
42

h hm hcb 194,32 18,6 213 N / m 2
0 - khi lng ring ca khi 760mmHg v 00C, kg.s2/m4
1 0, 01Alv 1,306Vkk0 1 0, 01.0,3 1,306.10,55

0 0,1168 kg.s2/m4
Vk g 12,9.9,81
hB - p sut kh quyn, v cao ca l khng qu 200m so vi mc nc bin
nn ta ly hB = 760mmHg
Vy
0,1168 760
H 213. . 188,5 N / m 2
0,132 760
3. Tnh cho ng khi

Ta chn ng khi c chiu cao
Hok = 20 m
ng knh ng khi c tnh:
V0
d 0 0, 0188
0
V0 - lu lng khi i qua ng khi ph ti nh mc
V0 = V = 1,5 m3/s = 5400m3/h
0 - vn tc khi ra khi ming ng khi, ta chn 0 = 30m/s
5400
d 0 0, 0188 252mm
30
43

Chng 2. TNH BN CHO CC CHI TIT
I. TNH BN CHO THN L CHU P LC BN TRONG

S liu ban u:
ng knh thn l: Dtr = 2200 mm
B dy thn l chn: Sth = 14 mm
Vt liu s dng: thp 20K
B dy than l c xc nh theo cng thc:
PDng
S C [1]
200 . P
Trong :
Dng ng knh ngoi ca thn l
Dng = 2200 + 2.14 = 2228 mm
- ng sut cho php ca kim loi
h s bn vng
1. Tnh ng sut:
Nhit vch tnh ton:
Do thn b t nng
tv = tb +1,2S+100C = 178+1,2.14+10 = 204,80C [1]
ng sut nh mc cho php ca thp tra bng 9.2 [1], ly tv = 2500C ta
c:
* = 13,2 kg/mm2
ng sut cho php xc nh
=*
= 1,0 do thn khng b t nng
= 1,0.13.2 = 13.2 kg/mm2
2. Tnh h s bn vng ca mi hn
44

V l c hn bng in v hn bng hi nn ta c th chn:

= 0,7
Vy:
10 2228
S 1 12,99mm < Sth = 14 mm , m bo bn
200 0, 7 13, 2 10
Vy chn b dy thn l l : Sth = 14 mm
II. TNH CHO BUNG LA
S liu ban u:
Chn chiu dy bung la: Sbl = 16 mm
ng knh bung la: Dbl = 1000 mm
Vt liu: thp 20K
Chiu dy bung la c xc nh theo cng thc:
PDtr al
S [1 1 ] 2 [1]
400 P( dtr l )
a = 6,25 i vi ng la nm ngang
l = 4800 mm chiu di ng la
dtr = 54 mm
Tnh ng sut :
Nhit vch tnh ton:
tv = tb +4S + 30 = 180 + 3,2.16 + 30 = 261,20C [1]
= * ,kg/mm2
- h s hiu chnh ng sut, = 0,5
*- Tra bng 9.2 [1] nhit 261,20C
* = 12,6 kg/mm2
= 0,5.12,6 = 6,3 kg/mm2
Vy:
45

10 1000 6, 25 4000 6,3

S [1 1 ] 2 14, 05mm < Sbl = 16 mm
400 6,3 10(1000 4000)
Vy b dy ng la l : Sbl = 16 mm
III. TNH GIA CNG L NGI CHUI

S liu ban u:
p sut : P = 10 bar
Kch thc l gia cng: 300 400
B dy tm kim loi gia cng : chn Slc = 14mm
Vt liu: thp CT3
1. Xc nh h s 0 :
P Dtr S C 10 2200 0, 768 14 2
0 0, 768 > 0,5 [1]
200 S C 200 14 2 .12
2. ng knh ln nht ca l gia cng:

4
d max 1, 2 1 . Dtr S S C [1]
3 0
4
d max 1, 2 1 . 2200 14 14 2 144mm
3.0, 768
M kch thc l oval l 300 400, nn l ngi chui ny phi c gia
cng.
3. Kch thc cc chi tit gia cng phi tha iu kin:
f f n f op f ha d d max .S0
Trong :
f n - din tch gia cng bi ng ni vo thn, mm2
Chn: Sn = 14mm
hn = 100mm
46

f n = 2hn .Sn = 2800 mm2
f op - din tch gia cng bi ming p
f op = 2hop .Sop = 2.14.212 = 5936 mm2
f ha - din tch gia cng bi ng ni hn
1
f ha 2. 2. .10.10 200 mm 2
2
d = 300 mm
dmax = 144 mm
S0 c xc nh theo cng thc:
P.Dng
S0
200 P
V : 1 ; C1 = 1
10.2228
S0 9,32mm
200.12 10
Thay cc gi tr tm c trn vo, ta c:
2800 + 5936 + 200 > (300 144).8
Vy chi tit gia cng tha mn iu kin a ra
IV. TNH BN CHO MT SN
S liu ban u:
p sut: P = 10bar
Chn b dy my sn: Sms = 16 (mm)
Vt liu : thp 20K
1. Phn mt sng c cc ng la nc:
B dy phn ny c xc nh theo cng thc:
S = 5 + 0,125d [1]
dng ng knh l trn mt sn
dng = 60,4 mm
S = 5 + 0,125.60,4 = 12,55 mm < Sms = 16 mm
47

Vy b dy mt sn l 16mm
2. Phn mt sng c cc tm gia cng:
P
S 0,5d [1]
100
tv = tb +1,2S + 10
= 178 + 1,2x30 + 10 = 2240C
-ng sut cho php, c xc nh :

= * =13,2 x 0,85 = 11,22 (kG/mm2)
d- l ng knh vng trn ln nht v c qua tm cc chi tit gia cng
d = 300 mm
Vy :
10
S 0,5.300 14,16mm < Sms = 16 mm
100.11, 22
Vy b dy ca mt sn l : Sms = 16 mm
V. TNH CHO NG LA CHU P LC BN NGOI
S liu ban u:
Chn chiu dy ng: Song = 3,2 mm
ng knh ng: Dng = 60,4 mm
Chiu dy ng c xc nh theo cng thc:
PDtr al
S [1 1 ] 2 [1]
400 P(d tr l )
a = 6,25 i vi ng la nm ngang
l = 4800 mm chiu di ng la
dtr = 54 mm
Tnh ng sut :
Nhit vch tnh ton:
tv = tb +4S + 60 = 178 + 3,2x4 + 60 = 2500C [1]
48


= * = 0,5.13,2 = 6,6 (kg/mm2)
Vy:
10 54 6, 25 4800 6, 6
S [1 1 ] 2 2, 67( mm) <song = 3,2 mm
400 6, 6 10(54 4800)
Vy b dy ng la l : Song = 3,2 mm
VI.TNH BN CHO NG DN HI CH P LC BN TRONG

S liu ban u:
Chiu dy ca ng dn hi: Sodh = 3 mm
ng knh ng dn hi: Doh = 120 mm
Vt liu : thp 20K
= . * =1.13,2 = 13,2 kg/mm2
(Trong trng hp ny = 1,0)
B dy ng dn hi c xc nh:
PDng
S C1 [1]
200. P
10 120
S 1 = 1,25 mm < Sodh = 3 mm, m bo bn
200 13, 2 10
VII. TNH BN CHO BASS CU
Cc s liu ban u:
Vt liu : thp CT3 , k 3.10 N / m
10 2
S bass cu : 4
Lc ko t : 7.104 N
Kch thc tit din nguy him (1-1)
2.(30mm 14mm)
49

L c vn chuyn bng cc mc cp vo bass cu nng ln v ch i,

do bass cu chi lc rt phc tp trong qu trnh nng h ( un ko
xon ). Vic tnh ton bn cho bass cu cn ph thuc vo s thay i gc nghing
ca cp. Do y ch tnh kim cho lc ko t gy ra ti v tr mt ct (1- 1)
Ta c:
F
k
S
Trong :
F lc ko t
F = 7.104 N
S din tch tit din b mt ang xt, m2
S = 4.2.30.10-3.14.10-3 = 3,36.10-6 m2
Do :
7.10 4
k 6
2.083.1010 N / m 2 < k 3.1010 N / m 2
3, 36.10
Vy bass cu tha mn bn.
50

Chng 3. X L NC CP CHO L HI
I. CHT LNG NC CP CHO L

1. Mc ch ca vic x l nc
S lm vic chc chn v n nh ca l hi ph thuc rt nhiu cht lng
nc cp cho l sinh hi.
Trong nc thin nhin c ha tan nhng tp cht, m c bit l cc loi
mui canxi , magi v cc loi mui khc. Trong qu trnh lm vic ca l, khi
nc si v bc hi, cc mui ny s tch ra pha cng di dng bn hoc cu
tinh th bm vo vch ng ca l hi. Cc cu v bn ny c h s dn nhit thp,
thp hn so vi kim loi hng trm ln, do khi bm vo vch ng s lm gim
kh nng truyn nhit t khi n mi cht trong ng, lm cho mi cht nhn nhit
t hn v tn tht nhit do khi thi tng ln, hiu sut ca l gim xung, lng
tiu hao nhin liu tng ln
Khi cu bm trn vch ng s lm tng tc n mn kim loi, gy ra hin
tng n mn cc b.
Khi cy bm trn cc ng sinh hi, cc ng ca b qu nhit s lm tng
nhit ca vch ng ln, do lm tui th ca ng gim xung , c nhng
trng hp nhit vch ng tng ln qu mc cho php c th gy ra n ng.
Ngoi nhng cht sinh cu, trong nc cn c nhng cht kh ha tan nh
oxi v cacbonic, cc loi kh ny gy n mn mnh cc b mt ng kim loi ca l,
nht l b hm nc.
V nhng nguyn nhn trn, i hi phi c nhng bin php c bit
bo v l hi khi b cu bm v n mn, m bo cho l hi lm vic an ton.
gim n mn v bo m cho l hi lm vic an ton cn thc hin 3
nhim v sau :
Ngn nga hin tng bm cu trn tt c cc b mt t.
Duy tr sch ca hi mc cn thit.
Ngn nga qu trnh n mn ca ng nc, ng hi.
51

2. Cht lng nc cp cho l hi

nh gi cht lng nc, ngi ta a ra cc khi nim v c tnh ca
nc thin nhin nh sau :
cng, kim v kho kt ca nc
cng ca nc th hin l tng nng cc ion Ca+ v Mg+ c trong
nc, c k hiu l 0H
cng cho php ca nc cp vo l hi ph thuc vo thng s hi ca
l. L c thng s hi cng cao th yu cu cht lng nc cp vo cng cao,
ngha l nng tp cht trong nc cp vo l phi thp.
Yu cu cht lng nc ( cng ) ca l hi ph thuc vo thng s hi
nh sau :
0
- L hi ng l, ng la : H < 0,5mgl/l
0
- L ng nc c p < 1,6 Mpa : H < 0,3
0
- L ng nc c p = 1,6 n 3,15 Mpa : H < 0,02
0
- L ng nc c p = 3,5 n 10 Mpa : H < 0,01
0
- L ng nc c p >10 Mpa : H < 0,005
II. X L NC CHO L
gim cng ca nc cp cho l nhm gim hin tng ng cu
ngi ta dng cc bin php sau :
Tch nhng vt c kh nng to thnh cu trong l ra khi nc trc ki a
nc vo l, gi l phng php x l nc trc khi a nc vo l.
Bin nhng vt cht c kh nng sinh cu trong l ( do nc cp cha c
x l hoc x l khng ht ) thnh nhng vt cht tch ra pha cng di dng
bn ( khng dng cu ) ri dng bin php x l thi ra khi l. Phng php
ny gi l x l nc bn trong l.
Trong phn ny chng ta ch nghin cu phng php x k nc trc khi a
vo l hay cn gi l phng php x l nc ngoi l :
1. X l c hc
X l nc c hc l dng cc b lng v cc bnh lc c kh tch cc tp cht
l lng trong nc ra khi nc. Tuy nhin x l c hc ch li b cc tp cht c
kh ra khi nc.
52

2. X l cng
X l cng l lm gim n mc nh nht nng cc tp cht c th to
thnh cu ha tan vo nc. cng ch c th c kh bng ha cht hoc
bng trao i ion (kation hoc anion)
Di y ta trnh by phng php trao i ion, c th l phng php dng kt
hp kationit Hydro (HR) v anionit (RaOH)
Cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra :
Khi dng HR :
Ca(HCO3)2 + 2HR = CaR2 + 2CO2+ 2H2O;
Mg(HCO3)2 + 2HR = MgR2 + 2CO2+ 2H2O;
CaCl2 + 2HR = CaR2 + 2HCl;
MgCl2 + 2HR = MgR2 + 2HCl;
CaSO4 + 2HR = CaR2 + H2SO4;
MgSO4+ 2HR = MgR2 + H2SO4;
Tip tc dng RaOH :
RaOH + HCl = RaCl + H2O
2RaOH + H2SO4 = Ra2SO4 + H2O
Bng phng php trao i anion ta kh c trit cc axit c trong nc, do
vy trong h thng x l nc ngi ta thng kt hp cho nc qua bnh trao i
kation hydr trc, trong nc s to thnh axit ri cho qua bnh trao i anion,
nc s c x l hon ton.
3. Qu trnh hon nguyn
Sau mt thi gian lm vic, cc Cation s b mt dn, ngha l cc Cation mt
dn kh nng trao i. V vy phc hi kh nng lm vic ca cc Cation, cn
phi cho chng trao i vi nhng cht c kh nng cung cp li cc Cation ban
u. Qu trnh ny gi l qu trnh hon nguyn Cationit.
phc hi kh nng trao i ca Cation, trc ht cn ra ngc Cation
bng dng nc chy ngc kh cc tp cht c hc ng trong thnh lp ra
cho n khi nc trong b lc chy ra.
53

hon nguyn HR, ta cho dung dung dch H 2 SO 4 1-1,5% hay HCl i qua
lp Cation t trn xung phc hi kh nng trao i. Cui cng ra Cation
bng nc sch kh ht tn d ca dung dch axit.
CaR + H 2 SO4 = 2HR + CaSO4
III. TNH TON

Cht lng nc ngun khi l t ti Tp. H Ch Minh vi cng sut hu ch
Qtt = 5m3/h (D = 5tn/h )
cng ton phn C0 = 6,0 mlg/l
kim: Kt = 2,4 mlg/l
Hm lng cn l lng gn bng 6 mg/l
Hm lng ion Na+ = 14 mg/l = 14/23 = 0,6 mlg/l
Hm lng anion SO4 Cl = A = 2,0 mlg/l
2
cng yu cu ca nc cp cho l ta chn bng 0,05 mlg/l

Tnh v chn kch thc ca b lc.
Lu lng nc i qua b lc cationit H :
Kt a
QH Qtt
Kt
SO42 Cl a
3
2,35 0,35
QH 5. 2,5m3 / h 50%.Qtt
2,35 2 0,35
( a- kim cho php sau lm mm, ta chn a = 0,35 mlg/l )
H
T cng cho php l C0 = 0,05 mlg/l ta c:
1H 2
C0H H A
H2 3
H 0,83
( H - hng s trao i i vi sunfua cationit gn bng 0,0014)

Kh nng trao i khi lm vic ca cationit-H
ElvH H .Etp 0,5q0 C0 C Na Ck 3
54

Trong :
q0 lu lng n v ca nc trong vng ra cationit-H sau khi hon
nguyn bng 5m3/1m3 cationit
CNa = 0,6 - nng ca Natri trong nc ngun
Ck = 0 - nng ca Kali trong nc ngun
Etp kh nng trao i ton phn ca cationit, chn theo bng 11.2 3 ta c :
Etp = 550 lg/m3
ElvH 0,83.550 0,5.5 6 0, 6 450 lg/m3
Th tch cn thit ca cationit trong b lc cationit-H

QH C0 C Na .24 2,5 6 0.6 .24
WH H
0, 44m3
n.E lv 2.450
Chn chiu dy ca lp cationit HH = 2,5 m
Din tch cn thit ca b lc cationit-H
WH 0, 44
F H
0,176m3
HH 2,5
ng knh ca b
dbe = 0,47 m
Tc lc ca b
QH 2,5
v 14, 2m / h
F 0,176
Ln axit tiu th Ga hon nguyn mt b cationit-H: Vi H 0,83 , tra bng

11.8 4 ta tm c lng tiu th n v ca axit H2SO4
a 90 g/lg
Vy:
F .H H .ElvH . a 0,176.2.450.90
Ga 14, 2kg
1000 1000
Lng axit tiu th hon nguyn cationit-H ( 2 ln trong 1 ngy) l:
G = 14,2.2 = 28,4kg
55

Axit d tr c nng ln hn 75% nn thng v ng phi lm bng thp thng,

th tch ca thng
QH .C0 .t. a 2,5.6.90.12
Wd 4, 4.103 m3 4, 4lit
10000.b. .n 10000.100.1,83.2
Da vo cc phng trnh phn ng ta thy lng axit tiu th hon nguyn
bng 2ln lng RaOH cn dng
GNaOH = 28,4.2 = 56,8 kg
S h thng x l nc:
NaCl Xa Xa
HR RaOH
Chn bm nc cp cho l:
- Lu lng :
Q = 5 m3/h
- p lc ca bm phi ln hn tr lc ca h thng. Tr lc ca h thng gm :
tr lc ma st, tr lc cc b v tr lc bnh trao i.
tnh chnh xc tr lc ca h thng th rt phc tp. Do , ta chn theo kinh
nghim. Chn p sut bm l 12at
Vy bm li tm c lu lng 5 m3/h, p sut 12at
- ng c truyn ng cho bm:
56

1,1.P.Q
N
3600.b . t
Trong :
P- p lc bm
P = 12at = 12.105 N/m2
Q- lu lng bm
Q = 5m3/h
b - hiu sut bm
b = 0,6
t - hiu sut truyn n
t 1
Vy:
1,1.12.105.5
N 3056W
3600.0, 6.1
Chn bm c model ca hng Ebara vi cc thng s nh sau:
T in Lu
Cng sut Dng lm Tng ct
Loi bm Pha lng
bm (kW) F Vc vic (A) p (m)
(m3/s)
550D9/26 3 4,0 80 450 9,5 6,0 129,1
57

CHNG IV : CHN THIT B PH V TNH TON LP

BO N
I. VAN AN TON
Mi ni hi u phi c trang b van an ton, nhm khng ch cc thng s
lm vic, khng cho php vt qu gii hn. S lng v kiu loi van an ton
ph thuc vo nng sut bc hi. Cc van an ton ni chungl lm vic t ng
khng cho p sut vt qu cc ch tiu quy nh
S lng v kch thc cc van an ton c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
D
ndh .A
P
Trong :
n s van an ton
d ng knh l van
h chiu cao nng ln ca van
D sn lng nh mc
D = 5000kg/h
P p sut tuyt i
P = 11kg/cm2
Chn s lng van l: n = 2, loi van nng ln khng hon ton, khi :
d 20h v A = 0,0075
Vy ng knh l thng van phi:
58

20.D. A 20.5000.0, 0075

d 5,84 cm
n. p 2.11
Vy van an ton kiu l xo c ng knh l thng d = 60mm
II. NG THY
ng thy l mt thit b quan trng ca l xo hi, theo qui phm v an ton ,
l hi phi c t nht l hai nh thy c lp vi nhau, ch c nhng ni hi c
din tch truyn nhit nh hn 100cm2 th thay 1 trong 2 ng thy sng bng ng
thy ti.
ng thy gip ta xc nh c lng nc trong l hi, d dng kim tra
mc nc trong l hi, do ngn nga c s c cn nc.
C hai loi ng thy : ng thy trn v ng thy dp
ng thy trn c cu to n gin nhng rt d v
ng thy dp c cu to phc tp hn nhiu, nhng rt tin li v an
ton lc cng tc, v n c t trong khung bo v bng kim loi.
Ta chn loi ng thy dp c chiu di 220mm
Kt hp ng thy vi b iu khin bm nc bng in cc
III. P K
p k dng o p sut ca ni hi v trong trong cc b phn cha
nc khc.
Mi ni hi pho c trang b t nht 1 p k c thang o thch hpv t
ni d quan st nht ca ni hi hoc phng iu khin ca trung tm. Theo
qui phm k thut an ton ca ni hi ca Nh nc th p k dng o p sut
trong ni hi phi l loi c cp chnh xc 1,5% ch tiu v cp chnh xc ny
c ghi r trn mt p k.
Ta chn p k c l thng l 200mm, thang o l 15at
Trn ng ni ng p k lp 1 van 3 ng trong : mt ng lp p k
mu khi cn kim tra p k ang dng hoc thng ng ni vi p k
trc khi cho p k lm vic ; mt ng lp vi mt ng xy phng cha nc
ngng bo v p k khi b tc dng trc tip ca dng hi nng.
IV.NG DN HI V VAN HI CHNH
59

1. ng dn hi
ng dn hi l thit b dng vn chuyn hi nc, y l mt thit b
ph rt quan trng ca ni hi, do Nh nc cho ban hnh qui phm
k thut an ton cc ng ng dn hi thng nht vic ch to, lp rp,
v s dng trong c nc.
Chn ng knh ng dn hi
Dodh = 120mm
Vn tc hi c tnh theo cng thc:
D.v '' .4

3600. .Dodh2
Trong :
D sn lng hi nh mc , D = 5000kg/h
v th tch ring ca hi bo ha p sut 10bar
Tra ph lc 1 ta c: v = 0,198 m3/kg
Vy:
5000.0,198.4
24, 3m / s
3600. .0,122
i vi l hi cng nghip, th tc ti u ca dng hi bo ha theo kinh
nghim trong khong:
20 30m / s
Nn vn tc ca dng hi l : 24, 3m / s
gim tn tht ra mi trng xung quanh th ng dn hi phi c bc cch
nhit bng si thy tinh.
2. Van hi
Van l mt thit b ph dng ng v ct ni hi ra khi s lin thng
vi ng ng dn hi. Khi m van cho hi i vo ng dn hi phi m
bo sao cho tr lc nh nht, cn khi ng van phi m ba kn hon ton,
y ta cho mt van kha, v mt van mt chiu mc ni tip nhau, hi i
qua van mt chiu trc khi i qua van kha.
Chn van kha l loi van a, c ng knh trong l 80mm
60

V. TNH TON LP BO N CHO L HI

Mc ch ca phn ny l gim bt s ta nhit ra mi trng xung quanh
nhm nng cao hiu sut l v hn ch nh hng do nhit to ra lm nh hng
n cng nhn ang vn hnh.
Tnh ton b dy lp bo n:
p dng cng thc:
t1 t3
q
1 2

1 2
Trong :
t1 nhit bn trong vch
t1 = 1800C
t3 nhit khng kh
t3 = 300C
1 - b dy ca lp kim loi
1 = 14mm
2 - b dy lp bng thy tinh
1 - h s truyn nhit ca thp 2000C
1 = 46,1 W/m0C
2 - h s truyn nhit ca bng thy tinh
2 = 0,051 W/m0C
M: q 350W / m 2
t1 t3
350
Nn: 1 2

1 2
2 0, 022m 22mm
Chn 2 40mm
61

62

CHNG V : VN HNH V BO DNG L HI
I - KIM TRA H THNG L HI

Trc khi vn hnh l cn kim tra cc b phn sau:
Cc loi van, h thng cp nc, h thng ng ng, h thng nhin
liu,v..v .. lp t hon chnh ng quy phm cha. Cc van phi m bo kn
v ng m d dng.
Cc thit b o lng, an ton v t ng lp t ng theo yu cu quy phm
cha :
- p k phi c vch ch p sut lm vic ti a cho php
- ng thu sng phi c vch ch mc nc trung bnh (ngang gia ng
thy), mc nc cao nht v mc nc thp nht. Hai mc nc ny bng mc
nc trung bnh 50mm.
- Van an ton c chnh p sut hot ng theo quy phm:
+ Van lm vic: chnh mc Plv + 0,2KG/cm2
+ Van kim tra: chnh mc Plv + 0,3KG/cm2
- Cc h thng t ng phi hot ng tt.
Kim tra ton b phn p lc ca ni hi xem c tnh trng h hng khng.
Kim tra nhin liu v nc cp c d tr v m bo cht lng cha
th cng vic kim l kt thc .
II. CC BC VN HNH L
1. Chun b vn hnh l:
Cc van x, van cp hi, van an ton phi ng li. M van cp nc, van x
l thot kh ,m van lu thng ng thu v van 3 ng ca p k .
ng in trong t n ngun bo hiu sng bt bm ch bng tay. Cp
nc vo l cho n vch quy nh mc thp nht trong ng thu sng. Ngng
cp nc v kim tra kn ca cc van v mt bch.
Kim tra h thng t nhin liu khi ng l
63

Kim tra mc nc trong b nc mm nu nc cn s khng th khi ng

c vi t
2. Khi ng t l v ch t l
Khi ng vi t bng nt bm vi t trn t iu khin. ch t ng
khi p sut t p sut t trn rle vi s t ng ngng hot ng.
Cc bc khi ng t l v ch t phi tun theo quy trnh vn hnh h
thng t nhin liu theo kiu loi vi t m l c trang b lp t.
Khi l xut hin hi nc th ng van x le li, tng qu trnh t.
Khi p sut l t t 11,5 KG/cm2 tin hnh kim tra trng thi cc van, thng
ra ng thu, p k,quan st s hot ng ca chng.
Khi l t p sut 2KG/cm2 thn trng dng cl vn cht cc ai c trong
phm vi chu p lc ca l hi.
Khi p sut trong l t mc p sut lm vic ti a Plv,cp nc vo l n
vch trung bnh ca ng thu.
Nng p sut ca l ln p sut hot ng ca cc van an ton c chnh
theo quy phm. Cc van an ton phi hot ng v kim p k s vt qu vch
mt cht.
Cng vic khi ng l c kt thc khi a p sut ca l ln p sut
gii hn v kim tra xong s hot ng ca l.
Trong qu trnh cp hi l phi m bo ch t tc l m bo nhin liu
chy hon ton, nu khng th xem xt v hiu chnh li h thng t nhin liu
Thng xuyn theo di ch chy ca l hi qua tm phn chiu trn nh
vi du
3. Cp hi
Khi p sut l gn bng p sut lm vic ti a Plv
th chun b cp hi . Trc khi cp hi mc nc trong l mc trung bnh ca
ng thu v ch chy phi n nh.
Khi cp hi m t t van hi chnh mt lng hi nh lm nng ng
ng dn hi v x ht nc ng trong ng ng dn hi trong khong thi
gian 10 15 pht . Trong thi gian quan st hin tng dn n ng v gi
ng. Nu thy bnh thng th ng m ht c van hi chnh cp hi i . Vic
m van phi t t, khi m ht c th xoay ngc na vng van hi li.
64

4. Cp nc:
Trong thi gian vn hnh l phi gi mc nc trung bnh trong l, khng nn
cho l hot ng lu mc thp nht hoc cao nht ca ng thu .
L hi c cp nc bng h thng t ng ( c quy trnh vn hnh km theo
h thng lp t).
Cht lng nc cp cho l phi m bo yu cu sau:
+ cng ton phn [0,5 mgl/lt
+ PH = 710.
+ Hn lng oxy [ 0,1 mgl/lt
5. X bn :
Vic x bn nh k cho l hi c thc hin nh van x thn ni.
Tu theo ch nc cp cho l m xc nh s ln x bn trong 1 ca . Nc
cp cng cng , kim cng cao th s ln x cng nhiu t nht 1 ca phi x
bn 2 ln mi ln 2,3 hi mi hi t 10 15 giy. Trc khi x bn nn nng
mc nc trong l ln trn mc nc trung bnh ca ng thu sng khong
2550mm.
ng thu phi c thng ra t nht 2 ln trong 1 ca,ng xi phng ca p k
phi thng ra 2 ln trong 1 ca.Van an ton c kim tra 1 ln trong 1 ca
III. NGNG L
1. Ngng l bnh thng: Thc hin theo trnh t sau:
Ngng hot ng ca vi t
ng van cp hi v x hi ra ngoi kh quyn bng cch m van x le hoc
knh van an ton gim p nng mc nc trong l ln mc cao nht ca ng
thu
l ngui t sut ca l xung.
Cp nc vo l t c s gim st thng xuyn ca ngi vn hnh l hi
Vic tho nc ra khi l v sinh phi c s cho php ca ngi ph trch
l hi v ch c tho nc l khi p sut trong l l 0KG/cm2 v nhit
nc l [700C.
Vic tho nc phi thc hin t t v khi m van x le hoc knh van an ton
65

2. Ngng l s c:
Chm dt ngay s hot ng ca h thng t nhin liu bng nt STOP, ng
van cp hi, knh van an ton,m van x le.
Cp y nc vo l( nu l hi s c cn nc th nghim cm vic cp nc
vo l)
l ngui t t di s gim st ca ngi vn hnh l hi.
IV. BO DNG L
Nu l hi ngng vn hnh t 1 thng tr ln th dng phng php bo
dng kh.
Nu l hi ngng vn hnh di 1 thng th dng phng php bo dng
t
1. Phng php bo dng kh: Sau khi ngng vn hnh th tho ht nc trong
l hi ra m cc van v dng nc ra sch v t l sy kh( ch khng t la
to)
2. Phng php bo dng t: Sau khi ngng vn hnh l hi th tho ht nc
trong l ra cp y nc vo l v t l tng dn nhit nc l n 1000C.
Khi t l phi m van x le hoc knh van an ton thot kh ,l khng tng p
sut. Ngng t l ng van x le v van an ton li
V. V SINH V DUY TU L
1. V sinh
Tu theo cht lng nc cp m quyt nh chu k v sinh cu cn trong
l hi thng thng t 3 n 6 thng /1 ln
V sinh bn trong l c thc hin bng phng php ho cht.
Ho cht c s dng x l cu cn thch hp cho ni hi l dung dch
NaOH 2%. y dung dch NaOH vo ni hi v un n p sut t 1 3
KG/cm2
duy tr t 1214 h hoc lu hn na tu dy ca lp cu cn. Sau khi tho dung
dch NaOH ra khi l th cp nc ra l.
Vic x l bng ho cht phi do cn b am hiu v ho cht ch tr
2. Duy tu:
C 1 thng vn hnh phi kim tra li ton b l hi 1 ln. Ch cc loi
66

van, ng thu,p k, h thng cp nc ,h thng t nhin liu,vv,vv

Tho vi du kim tra cc phn chu p lc v phn va SAMT xem c h
hng khng. Nu b h hng cn khc phc, thay th
T 3 6 thng vn hnh phi ngng l kim tra sa cha ton din,kt hp v sinh
cu cn cho l
L phi ngng vn hnh ngay nu c hin tng h hng cc b phn chu p
lc ca l hi c nguy c gy tai nn nghim trng.
Ht hn s dng vn hnh l hi( theo giy php ca thanh tra k thut an
ton v l hi). Ngng vn hnh l tin hnh kim tra, sa cha, v ng
kim s dng tip .
67

Ph Lc
Chng I. TNH TON V THIT K 2

I. Th tch khng kh v sn phm chy 2
II. Entanpi ca khng kh v sn phm chy (khi) 3
III. Cc loi tn tht nhit trong l hi 4
IV. Chn bc t cho l hi 8
V. Tnh ton trao i nhit trong bung la 13
VI. Tnh ton cc b mt i lu 16
VII. Tnh ton kh ng l hi 34
Chng II. TNH BN CHO CC CHI TIT 38
I. Tnh bn cho thn l chu p lc bn trong 38
II. Tnh cho bung la 39
III. Tnh gia cng l ngi chui 40
IV. Tnh bn cho my sn 41
V.Tnh cho ng la chu p lc bn ngoi 42
VI.Tnh bn cho ng dn hi chu p lc bn trong 42
VII. Tnh cho bass cu 43
Chng III. X L NC CP CHO L HI 45

I.Cht lng nc cp cho l 45
II.X l nc cho l 46
III.Tnh ton 48
CHNG IV. CHN THIT B PH V
TNH TON LP BO N 52
I. Van an ton 52
68

II. ng thy 52
III.p k 53
IV.ng dn hi v van hi chnh 53
V.Tnh ton lp bo n 54
CHNG V : VN HNH V BO DNG L HI 56
I.Kim tra h thng l hi 56
II.Cc bc vn hnh l 56
III.Ngng l 58
IV.Bo dng l hi 59
V.V sinh v duy tu l
59
69

Ti liu tham kho

[1] Trn Thanh K
Thit k l hi
Nh xut bn
[2] Nhm bin son : L Quang Lim Hu Hong
Gio trnh l hi
[3] TS. Trnh Xun Lai
X l nc cp cho sinh hot v cng nghip
Nh xut bn xy dng
70

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n mn hc: L Hi Trng H Cng Nghip TPHCM

Gio vin hng dn: TS.Nguyn Thanh Ho

Chng 1. TNH TON V THIT K

I. Th tch khng kh v sn phm chy

Wlv Alv Slv Clv Hlv Nlv Olv

1,8% 0,3% 0,5% 86,3% 10,5% 0,3% 0,3%

Lng khng kh va t chy hon ton 1 kg nhin liu

Chn h s khng kh tha

Th tch sn phm chy :

Gio vin hng dn: TS.Nguyn Thanh Ho

II. Entanpi ca khng kh v ca sn phm chy (khi)

t I k0 (kcal/kg) I 0 (kcal/kg) I k (kcal/kg)

100 377,4 333,4 427,4

200 755 671 855,6

300 1147 1015 1299,2

400 1551 1365,2 1755,8

500 1966 1723,9 2224,6

600 2387,9 2091 2701,6

700 2822,1 2468,7 3192,4

800 3269 2848,5 3696,3

900 3726 3228,3 4210,2

1000 4188,5 3618,7 4731,3

1100 4652,7 4019,6 5255,6

Gio vin hng dn: TS.Nguyn Thanh Ho

1200 5120 4420,5 5783,1

1300 5598,2 4821,4 6321,4

1400 5989,4 5232,8 6774,3

1500 6569 5623,2 7412,5

1600 7060 6055,7 7968,4

1700 7554 6467,2 8524

1800 8049,2 6878,6 9081

1900 8553 7300,6 9648,1

2000 9052,6 7722,6 10211

III. Cc loi tn tht nhit trong l hi

Gio vin hng dn: TS.Nguyn Thanh Ho

Hiu sut nhit ca l hi :

2. Tn tht nng lng

I kkl - entanpi ca khng kh nhit khi thi ng vi 1

I0kkl = V0kk (Cp.tth)kk = 1365,2kcal/kg

Ikkl entanpi ca khng kh nhit mi trng

th - h s khng kh tha v tr khi thi, ta chn th = 1,2

Gio vin hng dn: TS.Nguyn Thanh Ho

Tn tht nhit do chy ho hc Q3

Tn tht do chy khng hon ton v c hc Q4 = 0

Ph ti nhit ca l hi c xc nh theo cng thc :

Gio vin hng dn: TS.Nguyn Thanh Ho

Tiu hao nhin liu cho l hi

KW 890 / 2670 5340

Nhit lm vic oCmin/max 0 / 40

Nhit lng Kcal/kg 10200

Gio vin hng dn: TS.Nguyn Thanh Ho

Lu lng du Kg/h 75 / 225 450

p sut phun Bar 12

Qut ly tm cnh cong v

Cng sut in tiu

Dng in khi ng A 151/261

Dng in chy A 26/45 8

Gio vin hng dn: TS.Nguyn Thanh Ho

Gio vin hng dn: TS.Nguyn Thanh Ho

Gio vin hng dn: TS.Nguyn Thanh Ho

TL- Ti gii hn iu chnh h thng: tt bc t khi nhit v p sut ni hi

Chn ng ng cp nhin liu: 18mm, chnh gia thng cha du v bt t

Chn phng php tn sng du bng p lc, p sut 20 30at