Tajik Persian Readings in History, Culture and Society

Tajik Persian: Readings in
History, Culture and Society
Razi Ahmad
University of Kansas Libraries
i
Tajik Persian: Readings in
History, Culture and Society
Razi Ahmad
University of Kansas Libraries

Lawrence, KS
ii
2016 Razi Ahmad
ISBN: 978-1-936153-10-7
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iii
Acknowledgement
Tajik Persian: Readings in History, Culture and Society grew out of the
materials developed for the purpose of teaching Language Across the Cur-
riculum (LAC) courses in Tajik offered through the Center for Russian, East
European & Eurasian Studies (CREES) at the University of Kansas. I extend
my thanks to the former director of the center Professor Edith Clowes for ac-
cepting my LAC proposal and encouraging me in developing such courses. I
would also like to thank Professor Marc Greenberg (Director, KU School of
Languages, Literatures, and Cultures) for his encouragement in preparing the
textbook.
I must express my gratitude to Dildora Toshmatova for her invaluable con-
tributions in collecting and developing the materials for this book. I would also
like to thank Shamsullo Mirzoev for sharing his insights and editing and proof-
reading the draft as a native speaker. I am grateful to Marianne Reed (Digital
Initiatives Coordinator, KU Libraries) and Josh Bolick (Scholarly Communi-
cations Librarian, KU Libraries) for their advice and Pam LeRow (CLAS/Dig-
ital Media Service) for technical assistance. Finally, I thank my wife Tasnim
Fatma for her patience and never ending support.
Of course, any shortcomings are mine.
iv
Table of Contents
PREFACE...................................................................................................... vi
CHAPTER 1: SAMANID STATE STRUCTURE

................1
CHAPTER 2: STATUES OF BUDDHA

.............................................................................7
CHAPTER 3: AB ABDULLH RDAKI

..............................................................................12
CHAPTER 4: RUSSIAN OCCUPATION OF CENTRAL ASIA

O ................................................17
CHAPTER 5: MIRZO TURSUNZODA

................................................................................22
CHAPTER 6: TAJIK CIVIL WAR

.......................................................27
CHAPTER 7: MILITARY COLLEGE

...............................................................................32
CHAPTER 8: CHAPTER 9: RELIGIOUS EDUCATION IN

TODAYS TAJIKISTAN
........................................36
CHAPTER 9: ENTREPRENEURSHIP: THE DRIVING FORCE OF

MARKET ECONOMY
Co .........................................41
CHAPTER 10: BLOOD PRESSURE AND HEALTH

..............................................................46
CHAPTER 11: CAN AN OLD MAID BE LUCKY?

?...........................................................51
CHAPTER 12: NAVRUZ FESTIVAL

......................................................................................56
KEY TO EXERCISES ..................................................................................61
TAJIK-ENGLISH GLOSSARY ...................................................................65
v
Preface
Tajik Persian belongs to the Indo-European language family, usesunlike

its other two variants Iranian and Dari Persian written in the Arabic-based
scriptmodified version of the Cyrillic alphabet, and serves as the official
language of Tajikistan. The primary purpose of Tajik Persian: Readings in
History, Culture and Society is to help students develop reading proficiency in
Tajik at advanced level.
The book can be adopted by instructors as a supplementary or the main
textbook for advanced-level courses. Since it is not a basic language textbook
or workbook, it expects students to be familiar with the intermediate-level
vocabulary and modern Tajik grammar, provides explanation of only a
select number of difficult grammatical points, and, if necessary, directs to the
grammar books available in the market. It is recommended to use John R.
Perry, A Tajik Persian Reference Grammar (Leiden, Boston: Brill
Academic Pub-lishers: 2005), hitherto the most comprehensive grammar for
the language in English, as a companion reference book. The reading texts
are followed by a list of difficult words and exercises for comprehension
check. The answer keys for all the exercises are provided at the end of the
book.
The book aims at improving general reading comprehension and provides
students glimpses into the history, culture and society of Tajikistan in
chronological order, but the majority of readings have been carefully
selected and arranged to keep the focus on cultural aspects of the country
an aspect that constitutes a core component in the second language
acquisition. It can be used to create opportunities for students to engage in
debate and discussion on various topics in their historical and sociocultural
contexts. For example, the first chapter is on the Samanids, one of the
earliest non-Arab Muslim rulers in the region, followed by a reading on
statues of Buddha, indicative of a practice strictly prohibited in Islam. The
two chapters together provide an interesting historical and sociocultural
context to discuss Tajik arts and aesthetics and their production. The
book, however, does not aspire to be a substitute for scholarly books on
history and culture. One may like to consult original sources from which
readings have been extracted or follow the suggested books and articles, given
in footnotes, for a better understanding of the topics.
All the readings in Tajik Persian: Readings in History, Culture and
Society are authentic and written for native speakers. It is hoped that it will
help students prepare for carrying out research using primary sources in the
target language.
vi
CHAPTER 1: THE SAMANID STATE STRUCTURE
,

,
1.
.

. (
) ( -)
.
2: -
, . e
, II (914-
943)
.3 10 ,
:

, 4 .
.
, ,
: , .
.
,
.
-- ,
.
--
, , .
-- ( )
. -
1
Here, . . . (. . . is possible only when) makes the
sentence . . . ,
. a possible conditional sentence. Hence, the main
compound verb is in present subjunctive form. See, discussion of Tajik
verbs in John R. Perry, A Tajik Persian Reference Grammar (Leiden, Boston: Brill Academic
Publishers: 2005).
2
. . . is in passive [Past participle + the appropriate form of ].
3
. . . . literally translates into . . . they had built
ten large buildings for diwans. Nonetheless, an appropriate translation would be . . . ten large
buildings were/had been built for diwans.
4
The letter in changed to in because it is written only in
a word final-position.
1
,

5, -
.
, ,
. ,

.
, ,
.

. ,
.6 ,
.
,
. ,
.7
(Text taken from . . , (: , 2008), 335-37)
(Mausoleum of Ismail Samani, Bukhara, Uzbekistan)8
5
means used to send. It could also be written . For
more see John R. Perry, A Tajik Persian Reference Grammar, 226-27.
6
means began to supervise. The functions as non-wit-
nessed durative. For more see Perry, A Tajik Persian Reference Grammar, 276.
7
For more information on Samanids in English, see Richard N. Frye The Samanids in Richard
N. Frye (ed.) The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4. Cambridge University Press: 1975.
8
Mausoleum of Ismail Samani, Bukhara. Image source: Wikimedia Commons https://com-
mons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AUZ_Bukhara_Samanid-mausoleum.jpg
2
(Somoni Monument, Dushanbe, Tajikistan)9
VOCABULARY
(prep.) according to, on (n.) apparatus
account of
(n.) government department,
-- (n.) chief of the chancery
department of official documents
[Lit. chief, great man; (n.) office, institution
country] (v.) to manage
(n.) founder (n.) ffort
(n.) farmer (adj.) economic
(n.) endowment (n.) will,
(adj.) civil (a Russian (adj.) counterfeit, fraud
loanword for )
(n.) judge
() at (someones)
disposal (n.) rank, position
(n.) (royal) court (n.) center
9
Somoni Monument, Dushanbe, Tajikistan. Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/
wiki/File:Somoni_Monument,_Dushanbe,_Tajikistan.JPG (Attribution: By Rjruiziii (Own
work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Com-
mons)
3
(n.) black room (n.) field, area, domain
(adj.) administrative -- (n.) chief of the
postal department, postmaster
(n.) institution, foundation
-- (n.) captain of the
(v.) to interfere guard [ (pl. ) police)]
(n.) property; country, state (n.) division
(pl. of ) (n.) scale
correspondence
(v.) to be appointed
(n.) treasurer
(n.) method
(adj.) appropriate
(n.) treasury
(n.) police officer, chief of
police delivering mail
(n.) inspector (n.) caliphate
(n.) control (n.) war, battle [adj. ]
(adj.) shoddy, of poor - military-civil
quality
(n.) chamberlain
(n.) craftsman
e (adv.) as
(n.) mail, post office
(v.) to implement
public square near citadel
in Samarqand and Bukhara (n.) condition, environment
(v.) reign (n.) city
(adj.) political (n.) judge
EXERCISES
1: . (Choose the correct answer.)
1.
?
)
b)
)
2. ?
)
b)
)
4
3. ?
a) --
b)
c)
4. -- ?
a)
b)
c)
5.
?
a)
b)
c)
2: . (Match the
synonyms in the following table.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
3: [], -
[] ? (Choose [] for the true state-
ments and [] for the false.)
1. X .
[/]
2.
. [/]
3.
. [/]
4. ,
. [/]
5. -- , ,
. [/]
5
4: /
. (Complete the
following sentences with the appropriate word/form of the verbs in
parenthesis.)
1. -- ,
____________
. (/)
2.
__________( /).
3. --
__________. (/ )
4.
__________, .
( / )
5. ,
__________ . (
/ )
6

.
. , 1
. ,
.
, .
, ,
.

. ,
, .
, , .
,
.
, 1,71,9 .
12 . ,
. ,
.
.
.
,
,
,
. , 13

. ,
. ,
1,5 .2
(Text taken from . . , (: , 2008) 242)
1
The prefix - is added to a noun to make adjective. Here (wooden) is derived from
the word .
2
For modern Tajik art and architecture see, Larisa Dodkhudoeva, Rustam Mukimov, and Kath-
erine Hughes, Tajik Art: A Century of New Traditions in The Shaping of Persian Art Collec-
tions and Interpretations of the Art of Islamic Iran and Central Asia, ed. Yuka Kadoi and Ivn
Sznt (Newcastle upon Tyne, England: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013).
7
VOCABULARY
(n.) size, measurement, / (n.) mold, cast

degree
(n.) cloth
(n.) |, | work of art,
monument, composition (of writers) (n.) clay
(v.) to remain, to be left (adj.) bare, naked
(n.) cushion, pillow (adj.) wavy, wave like
sleeping/reclining (n.) collection, series

Buddha (n.) hair (of head)
(v.) to come across, to (n.) nirvana
be met with
(n.) side
(adj.) blue; green (as in
green tea) (v.) to stand straight
(n.) engraving, carving (adj.) light
(n.) curve, crease, fold (n.) art
(n.) part (adj.) black

(n.) series
8
(n.) platform statues of Buddha
(v.) to imagine (v.) to aspire
(n.) strap, belt (n.) wood
(n.) niche well-fitting [
well fitting dress]
(n.) statue
(n.) art of sculpture,
sculpting
EXERCISE
1. ?
a)
b)
c)
2. ?
a)
b)
c)
3. ?
a)
b)
c)
4. ?
a)
b)
c)
5. ?
a)
b)
c)
9
2: . (Match the
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
3: [],
[] ? (Choose [] for the true
statements and [] for the false.)
1. ,
. [/]
2.
. [/]
3.
. [/]
4. ,
. [/]
5. .
[/]
4: /
. (Complete the fol-
lowing sentences with the appropriate word/form of the verbs in paren-
thesis.)
1. ___________.
( / ).
2.
_____________ . ( / )
3. ___________
, .
(/)
10
4.
____( / ).
5. ___________,
. ( /-
)
11

(858-941)
,
,
.
, ,
, .

. ,
.
858 , ,
, .

.
:
.1 ,
. .
,
.2
, .
,
.3
(Text taken from , (Grade 8 History

Textbook, Tajikistan) Pleiades Publishing Inc. 2001)
1
One of the traditional practices in Muslim societies, now mostly confined to the Arab world,
is to call a person the father of so-and-so or mother of so-and-so by using the words Abu
(father of) or Umm (mother of) respectively. Such names are called kunya. For example, Abu
Hanifa means father of Hanifa and Umm Kulthum mother of Kulsum. A person can also be
called by his/her nasab (pedigree, genealogy) as ibn X son of so-and-so or bint X daughter of
so-and-so. Arabic words ibn and bint means son and daughter respectively. The full name
may comprise the kunya, the name given by parents at birth, and nasab. So, in Rudakis full
name as given in the text, is his kunya, his original name at birth, and
nasab (consisting of four generations).
For a scholarly discussion of naming practices in Muslim societies, see Annemarie Schimmel,
Islamic Names (Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press, 1995) and for a brief discussion see
https://cmes.uchicago.edu/sites/cmes.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/Traditional%20Muslim%20
Names.pdf
2
Passive: past participle of the main verb + the appropriate tense of to be/become.
3
For more information on Rudaki in English, see https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ru-
daki ; for Classical Persian literature see http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-viii2-clas-
sical-persian-literature.
12
:
,4
.
,
.
,
.
, ,
.
,
.
,
.
Rudaki Tomb in Panjkent, Tajikistan5
4
In Classical Persian, it was common to use in place of - for the habitual/continuous
tense. So, is the same as comes/is coming.
5
Rudaki Tomb in Panjkent. Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ARuda-
ki_Tomb_in_Panjkent-after_restored.jpg (Attribution: By MyName (Jamal Nazareth (talk)) (Own
work) [CC BY 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons)
13
VOCABULARY
(n.) father of Adam of poets

(n.) tradition (adj.) universal, spread
throughout the world
(n.) founder
(n.) the river Oxus
(adj.) direct
(n.) silk
(v.) to depend on, to
be connected with (adj.) complete
(n.) valley (n.) sand, gravel,
with the passage of (n.) cypress-tree
days
(n.) leader
continuation, endurance,
persistence (adj.) fortunate, lucky,
invincible hero (a title usually given to
(adj.) Rough, coarse mighty sultans and kings)
son of (n.) a pen name, a nom de
plume
honorary
(n.) title
(n.) caravan
(n.) a gray horse
(n.) leader (literal:
leader of a caravan) (n.) the river Oxus (or river
Bactrus)
(n.) name of a river in
Bokhara (adj.) everlasting, perpetual
with the passage of
time
EXERCISES
1. ?
)
b)
)
2. ?
)
b)
)
14
3. - ?
)
b)
)
4.
?
)
b)
)
5. ?
)
b)
)
2: . (Match the
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
3: [],
1.
. [/]
2.
. [/]
3.
. [/]
4. .
[/]
15
5. ,
. [/]
4: /
thesis.)
1. , 858
, __________
. (/)
2.
__________ . (/)
3.
_________ . (/
)
4.
__________. (/)
5. __________. (/)
16
CHAPTER 4: RUSSIAN OCCUPATION OF
CENTRAL ASIA
3
(, ) . , ,

.
188587 -
. 1861

.1

.
2. -
, -
. 20 XIX
.
,
.

. 5060 XIX
3 4,
. XIX
,
. ,

. ,
.
18621863 , -
1864

,
. 17 1865
. ,
25 1866 2
. ,
1
The grammatical construction + past imperfect denotes obligation in the past. For exam-
ple, he had to buy/he should have bought.
2
(contested/used to contest) is in habitual past tense.
3
The word loses its glottal stop before in ezafeh construction.
4
means having strengthened (their) position.
17
. 18 1866
. 1868
,
.5
(Text taken from .., , :

, 2005, 6164)
(Russian War of Occupation: They Attack Unaware)6
VOCABULARY
(n.) activities , operation (v.) to intervene
(n.) eve, period before an (also written as
event; ninth day of the Arabic month ) (n.) trade, trading
zul hijja relations, barter
(n.) captivity (n.) conquer
raw materials (n.) Occupy of
Central Asia
(v.) to take out
fortification, defensive
(n.) system of slave work
owning
(v.) to occupy
selling of slaves,
slave trade (adv.) long ago, since long
on the eve of very long ago, already
long ago
5
For more on this topic, read Peter Hopkirk, The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Cen-
tral Asia (New York: Kodansha, 1994)
6
They Attack Unaware Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wassilij_
Wassiljewitsch_Wereschtschagin_002.jpg (Attribution: Vasily Vereshchagin [Public domain or
Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons)
18
industrial (n.) leader
enterprises, factories
(n.) capitalism
(n.) serf
(n.) policy, politics
(n.) army, troops
to sign a peace treaty
(n.) position; place, location
(n.) commander
(n.) interest, profit, gain
(adv.) actively
(v.) to fight, to
struggle front
(adj.) independent (n.) Khanate
(n.) colony, settlement serious attack
(v.) to strengthen (n.) espionage
mineral (v.) revolt

resources
EXERCISES
1.
?
)
b)
)
2.
?
)
b)
)
3.
?
) 5
b) 3
) 8
4.
?
) 1862
b) 1864
) 1866
19
5. ,

?
)
b)
)
2: . (Match the
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
3: [],
1. ,

. [/]
2.
, .
[/]
3. 50-60-
, .
[/]
4. 1865,
. [/]
5. 1868
,
. [/]
20
4: /
. (Complete the
parenthesis.)
1. _____
, 1887
. (\)
2. ,
____________ . (\
)
3.
____________. ( /
).
4.
____________.
( \ )
5. 1868
____________. ( \ )
21

(1911-1977)

.
1911

.

.
1920
.
.
,
:
, , ,
, , .
1,
, ,
.

.
(1924) .
1925
. 1926
, .
1927
.

. C 1930

.
1933 .
2
, . . 1934-35
1
When is attached to a word ending in vowel sound , the letter is dropped. So, + is
written as .
2
The word in this sentence refers to Tursunzoda.
22

. 1934

, .
. 1936 1946
.
1946
. 1946
.
3
.
(Text taken from and ,

(Grade 11 literature textbook), 2007. 161-163)

, ,
.
,
.
, o ,
,
,
.
,
.
, ,
, .
,
,
,
, .
3
The word in this sentence refers to Tursunzoda.
23
VOCABULARY
(v.) to die, to (n.) Epistemology

expire
(adj.) kind
(n.) sea
(n.) area, region
(n.) cholera
(v.) to promote,
(v.) to pass, to taking initiative
transmit
(adj.) newborn
(n.) quarter, ward,
neighborhood (n.) pampering, coddling,
caress, kindness
tanners quarter
(n.) appearance, view
(n.) door
(n., Russian loanword) play
(n.) teacher
training institute (v.) to improve
(n.) greeting (n.) upbringing, education,

training
(n.) boarding school
theater for
(n.) Union musical comedy
of Writers
(n.) pupil
creative works
(n.) student
(n.) street, quarter
(n.) storm
(adj.) gifted
(n.) ocean
(v.) to work
(n.) wave
(adj.) pleasant, pleasing,
(n.) madrasah, religious genial
school
(n.) boundary, limit, border
(n.) joke; comedy
(n.) artist
(adj.) joyful, delighted
(n.) tanner, a person whose
(adj.) fascinated, charmed, work is tanning hides
enchanted
(n.) world view, outlook
lose, be deprived
(of) (adj.) fascinated, charmed,
infatuated
(n.) administration
(n.) poet
24
EXERCISES
1.
?
a) 1911
b) 1920
c) 1977
2. 9 ?
)
b)
c)
3. 1927
?
a)
b)
c)
4.
?
a)
b)
c)
5. 1933
?
a)
b)
c)
2: . (Match the
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
25
3: [],
1. -
. [/]
2.
. [/]
3.
. [/]
4. 1924
.
. [/]
5. . 1946
.
[/]
4: /
. (Complete the
parenthesis.)
1. 1911
_______________. ( / )
2. 1920- 20 _____________
, .
(/)
3.
______________. ( /)
4.
______________
. (/)
5. 1946
_______________. ( /
)
26
1 90-
.
, ,
, 2.
.
, a
.
, ,
, .
, 90- ,
, , .
,
,
, 3.
.
, 4
, ,
. ,
.
, ,
,
, ,
. ,
,
.
1990
, -
1
is an adjective derived from the noun . When it is used in an izfat construc-
tion, the letter changes into because is used in only a word-final position. For a
detailed discussion of izfat, see John R. Perry, A Tajik Persian Reference Grammar (Leiden,
Boston: Brill Academic Publishers: 2005), 71-83 and for a very brief reference see Shinji Ido,
Tajik (Muenchen : Lincom Europa, 2005), 12. 26-27
2
(has been described) is the passive form of . In order to make pas-
sive of some of the compound verbs with , is replaced by . . For a detailed
discussion of passive, see John R. Perry, A Tajik Persian Reference Grammar, 247-76 and for a
very brief reference see Shinji Ido, Tajik, 12. 67-68.
3
(not much attention used to be/were (being) paid) is a passive
form [Past participle + appropriate tense of ].
4
, also written as (as in Parvona Jamshedov, Tajik-English Dictionary second edition,
Dushanbe, 2008), means bad, ill, evil. It is used as a prefix to supply negative meaning as in
(or ) [prefix + (use)] misuse or [prefix
() + (understanding)] misunderstanding.
27
.
26 17 1992
,
.
, .
1992 ,
,
.
.
Dushanbe riots, February 19905 A house destroyed during civil

war in Khatlon Province.6
(-
) .
7 1992
. ,

, .
, , ,
.
,
.
(Text taken from: T (Grades 9 and 11 History

Textbook, Tajikistan) by P. Ha, .)
5
Dushanbe riots, February 1990. Dushanbe riots, February 10-17, 1990. Image Source: RIA
Novosti archive, http://visualrian.ru/ru/site/gallery/#699865
6
A house destroyed during the 1992 civil war in Khatlon Province, Tajikistan. Image Source:
UNHCR
7
The modal verb is also used with subjunctive. For example,
can also be written as
.
28
VOCABULARY
stop working / (n.) footwear

() to (n.) reason
fulfill the task of, to be able (to do), to
succeed (in a work) (v.) to abuse
flame (n.) progress,

development
population growth
(n.) supply
(n.) population
(adv.) Steadily, continuously
(n.) unemployed
(n.) run away, escape
(v.) revival, restoration
(adj.) tragic
(v.) to break, to
destroy (n.) people
(n.) event (n.) service
on the scale of democratic party
help, assistance Islamic reviv-

al party
democratization
new political
attention parties
(adj.) economic coalition
government
(adj.) public, social
(n.) society
(n.) children
(n.) war
(n.) press
the Civil War
(n.) area, region
(adj. ) civil
to be in need of
smth (n.) power, force, intensity
(n.) difficulty, challenge (n.) motto, slogan
not enough (n.) light, flame
dissatisfaction,
disagreement
29
EXERCISES
1. ?
)
b)
)
2.
?
)
b)
)
3.
?
)
b)
)
4. ?
)
b)
)
5. , ,
,
?
)
b)
)
2: . (Match the
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
30
3: [], -
[] ? (Choose [] for
the true statements and [] for the false.)
1. 1992
. [/]
2. , ,
,
. [/]
3.
,
. [/]
4.
. [/]
5. ,
,
. [/]
4: /
. (Complete
the following sentences with the appropriate word/form of the verbs
in parenthesis.)
1. _________. ( /
)
2. 90-, ________,
. (/
)
3.
________ . (/ )
4. _____________
. (/)
5. __________
,
. (/)
31

.
. ,
23 1993, -
,
.

.

.
,
.
, ,
, , , , ,
, , ,
, ,
, , ,
, , .

,
.
.
, , ,
.
,
,
. ,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
, . .
(Text taken from the newspaper , 18.02.11)
32
VOCABULARY
(n.) an awardee (n.) defense
of honor in the field of education in
Tajikistan (n.) musicians
(n.) building for (adj.) sports

studies competitions
(adj., adv.) solemn, (n.) show, performance

solemnly (n.) museum
(n.) |Pl. | instrument, (n.) dining room
facility; intermediary
(n.) car park
(n.) adulthood
(n.) - lieutenant colonel
(adj.) humanitarian
[ humanities] (n.) oath
(adj.) exact (n.) soldier
(n.) hospital (n.) computer

classrooms
(n.) Military
college o (v.) to train, to teach
(n.) independence (v.) to be created
(n.) specialty (n.) hall
(n.) library lecture hall
library with (n.) a graduator

computers (n) dormitory
(n.) (n.) body, staff, board
electronic library
(n.) bathroom
(n.) student
(n.) war
(adj.) shortterm
(adj.) social
armed forces
(n.) shooting range

(n.) Armed Forces (adj.) fourstoried
building
(n.) sports ground
(adj.) personal
(n.) the training
ground for tactics
(n.) meeting hall
33
EXERCISES
1.
?
a)
b)
c)
2.
?
a)

b)
c)
3. ?
a)
b)
c)
4. ?
a) , , ,
b) , , ,
c) , , ,
5.
?
a) O
b)
c)
2: . (Match the
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
34
3: [],
1.
. [/]
2.
,
. [/]
3.
. [/]
4.
. [/]
5.
. [/]
4: /
thesis.)
1. , 23
1993, ____________
. (/-
).
2.
__________ . ( /
)
3.
,
__________,
. (/)
4.

__________. ( / )
5.
__________. ( / )
35
CHAPTER 8: RELIGIOUS EDUCATION IN
TODAYS TAJIKISTAN

. ,
,
, ,
, ,
(
, , ) .

,
, ,

. ,
.

.
.

, ,

.
,
, ,
, .
, :
, ,
-
; , ,
.
,
.

.
:
1.
-
,
.
.
. ,
36
, . -

.
2. 90 , -

.
3. ,
.

,
.1
(Text taken from ,

, in p -
, (-2004), 330-332)
VOCABULARY
H (n) - publication (n) financing
(n) - prominent person, notable (n) - madrasa, religious
educational center
(n) - children
(n) - education
(conj) - but, however
(n.) education
(n) nonsense
(n) - mosque
, (n)- teaching
/learning materials (n) - Higher
Education
(adj) - informal
(adj)-material
(n) - school
(n) institute, institution
(n) help, assistance
(n) - cleric
(n)-religion
(adj) - difficulty
(n) - richness, property
(n) - system, structure
(n)-theology, divinity
(n) - clergymen
(adj) - elderly
1
is in causative form. The causative form is formed by adding or
to the present stem of a verb (usually an intransitive). For example, to eat
changes into (present stem + -) to feed in the causative form.
37
(n.) adaptation, agreement, (n.) settlement, disposi-
reconciliation tion
(n) - research (n) - expel, remove
(n) - teaching - Soviet
government
(n) practice, experience
(n) - room
(adv) - only
(n)-citizen
(v) to learn, to
embrace (adj) - faithful
EXERCISES
1.
)
b)
c)
2.
?
)
b)
)
3.
?
)
b)
)
4.
?
)
b)
)
5.
?
)
b)
)
38
2: . (Match the
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
3: [],
1. 7
. [/]
2.
.
[/]
3. 90
. [/]
4. , ,
. [/]
5.
. [/]
4: /
. (Complete the
parenthesis.)
1. ____________.
( /)
2.
____________. (/ )
39
3.
_______________.
(/ )
4.
__________.( /)
5. _______________
. (
/)
40
CHAPTER 9: ENTREPRENEURSHIP:
THE DRIVING FORCE OF MARKET ECONOMY
Co

. ,

.

. ,
, .
,
.
3 2004 ,
.
,
, ,

,
,
,
.
,

.

.

, 2,3
7100 ;

; 50 ;
;

, .
,
,

. ,

.
(Text taken from the newspaper , June 19, 2012)

41
(Alan Duncan, the first UK Government Minister to visit Tajikistan, in a cotton field)
VOCABULARY
(n.) tax (n.) country

(n.) measurement, degree (n.) Supreme
Assembly (parliament)
(adj.) preeminent
(adj.) subsequent,
(prep.) without following, further;
(n.) import further development of the
culture
(n.) state
(n.) goods
(n.) help, assistance
(n.) list, index, directory
(adj.) concerning, relevant
(n.) future
(v.) to mention
(n.) message, speech
(v.) to continue
(n.) payment
(n.) science
(adj., adv.) whole, full; wholly
(v.) to satisfy
42
/ (v.) to give a
economic and social development task, to assign
(adj.) profitable, (n.) measure, decision
efficacious, productive
(n.) equipment
(n.) side
(v.) to provide
(n.) test, examination
(n). space, atmosphere
(n.) leader
(n). activity
(n.) investment
(n.) lever; cartridge
(v.) share
(n.) profit
last year
(n.) retail
(n.) structure;
state structure (n.) attract
(n.) |Pl. | favorable

businessman, proprietor, entrepreneur conditions
(n.) entrepreneurship (adj.) confidence-

giving, assuring
(adj.) useful
EXERCISES
1.
a)
b)
c)
2. ?
a)
b)
c)
3.
?
a)
b)
c)
43
4.
?
a)

b)

c)
5.
?
a)
b)
c)
2: . (Match the
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
3: [],
1.
o
. [/]
2. . [/]
3. ,

. [/]
4. 2004 .
[/]
5. ,
. [/]
44
4: /
thesis.)
1. _______________ ,

. (/)
2.
2004 _____________
. (/ )
3.
,
, ____________
. (/)
4. , ,
____________ ,
.
( / )
5. ____________

. (/
)
45
, , ?
, !
. : ,
, .1
, ,
.
, ,
. , ,

.
,
.
40
,

.

.
, (
) ,
. ,
, .
? , ,
( )
.
? . :
(). ,
. ?

, ,
.
1
it must be emphasized is an impersonal construction. The main verbs in
this type of Tajik impersonal constructions always remain in the past stem form. The common
impersonal constructions in this category are (a) + past stem stem one must/one has to . . .
(b) + past stem stem one can . . . (c) + past stem stem one can/may . . ./it
is possible to . . . (d) + past stem stem one could [have]/it was possible to. . . For more
see, in John R. Perry, A Tajik Persian Reference Grammar (Leiden, Boston: Brill Academic
Publishers: 2005), 330-44.
46
? ,
, ,
. ,
.
(). , ,
,
, ,
.
: .
(Text taken from the newspaper , August 04, 2011)
(Blood pressure measurement)2
VOCABULARY
(n.) artery (n.) disease

(n.) time, period of time (adj.) unaware
(n.) population (adj.) the rest of people
(adj.) high (adj.) swollen
(adj.) excess, surplus (n.) gland
(n.) stress (adj.) thick
(adv.) sometimes, occasionally (n.) hypertension
(adj.) a sick person (n.) kidney
2
Blood pressure measurement. Copyright holder www.volganet.ru; Image source Wikimedia
Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blood_pressure_measurement_(2009).jpg
47
(n.) heart (n.) stroke
(n.) doctor (Russian: ) (n.)
heart attack
(adj.) many
(Russian: )
(n.) case stroke
(n.) brain to dispense
(n.) advice with, to relinquish, to forgo
(n.) issue, problem (n.) cigarette
(n.) level (n.) treatment
(n.) elements, ferment (adj.) changing,

changeable, variable
(adj.) appropriate
(adv.) repeatedly
(adj.) usual, normal
(adj.) narrow
(adj.) regular, systematic,
in order (n.) composition, structure,
synthesis
(v.) to help, to
assist (adj./adv.) stable, firm,
steady, staunch
(n.) supervision, check
(adj.) high blood
(n.) weather pressure
(n.) information, notice, (n.) percent
notification
(n.) interval
(v.) to desist, to
refrain (adj.) dangerous
(n) reason (adj.) danger
(adj.) low (n.) blood
(n.) spirit, psyche, mind, (n.) excitement, agitation

intellect (n.) condition
(n.) vein, artery (adj.) serious
(n.) blood vessels many times
(v.) to respect, to
observe, to keep, to follow
48
EXERCISES
1. ?
a)
b)
c)
2. ?
a) 50 %
b) 40%
c) 20%
3. ?
a) ()
b) ()
c) ()
4. ?
a)
b)
c)
5. ,
?
a)
b)
c)
2: . (Match the
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
49
3: [],
1. , ,
. [/]
2.
. [/]
3.
. [/]
4. . [/]
5. ,
. [/]
4:
thesis.)
1. , ____________
. (/ ).
2. , _______________
( / ).
3.
____________( / ).
4. ,
____________ ,
. (/)
5. ____________. (
/ )
50
, 30
, .
30- ,
?
.
, . 30
. .
30 ,
30 .
.
1,
. ,
. ,
. ,
,
.
,
. ?
.
?
30 , .
2 3 ?
. ,
.
,
.
30 ,
.
,
.
. ,
.
. , ,
1
if you do not work somewhere is a condi-
tional sentence.
51
.
2.
.
35 ,
.3
(Text taken from the newspaper , June, 20, 2012)
(Tajik Wedding Ceremony)4
2
Past subjunctive (must have gotten/received).
3
For wedding rituals in Tajikistan, see Sophie Roche and Sophie Hohmann, Wedding Rituals
and the Struggle over National Identities in Transformation of Tajikistan: The Sources of State-
hood, (ed.) John Heathershaw, Edmund Herzig (New York: Routledge, 2013), 127-42.
4
Tajik wedding ceremony. Image source Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikime-
dia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%
D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B-
D%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B,
_%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80).JPG
52
VOCABULARY
(adv.) already relieved

(n.) bride (n.) old unmarried girl,
spinster
(v.) to get nervous
(n.) search
(n.) surroundings, sides
and what if
relatives and
neighbors (v.) agree
(adj.) wonderful (v.) agree
(v.) to marry (v.) to keep
(adj./adv.) early (n.) age
(n.) superiority (adj.) healthy
(n.) fate, luck (v.) to give a birth
(v.) to compel, to force (n.) according to statistics
(n.) alarm, fear, panic (n.) child
(adv.) presently, immediately, (n.) festival, wedding
at once
a (v.) suppose
(n.) groom
(n.) child
(n.) smart
(adj.) erudite
(n.) difficulty, problem
(n.) literal meaning buyer, but
(n.) difficulty it simply means suitor in this context.
(n.) marriage (n.) relatives
now; Behold!, lo! (v.) to want
(v.) to make a (n.) suitor
choice
(adj.) happy, lucky
(n.) shortcoming, flaw
(n.) family life
(v.) to decide, to make up
ones mind (n.) neighbor
(n.) conflict, discord (n.) side
(adj.) positive (adj.) dejected, disappointed

with life
(v.) to pay attention
(n.) search
to relax, to be
53
EXERCISES
1. , , ?
a)
b)
c)
2. 30
, ?
a)
b)
c)
3. , 30 ?
a)
b)
c)
4. ,
?
a) 35
b) 30
c) 30
5.
, ?
a)
b)
c)
2: . (Match the
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
54
3: [],
1. ,
. [/]
2. . [/]
3. .
[/]
4.
. [/]
5.
. [/]
4: /
thesis.)
1.
30 , _______. (
/ )
2. ,
_______ .
(/)
3. _______ .
( / )
4. , , _______
. ( / )
5. , , _______ ,
.
(/)
55
.
,
. ,
. , 6
,
5 .
,
. , ,
,

,
.

. , ,

, ,
.

, 1978
.
.
1
.
,
,
.
,

.
, .
2 ,
5 ,
2700 .
1
is used as an emphatic, meaning perceptibly, with comparative adjectives and adverbs.
For example, .
.
2

56
, ,
.
10-
( )
.3
(Texts taken from newspaper February 11, 2011)
(Tajik students celebrating Navruz)4
VOCABULARY
(adj.) dear (v.) to oblige, to force
(n.) tradition (adj.) aggressor
thanks to, by virtue of (n.) thought, opinion;
suspicion
(n.) |Pl. | farmer
, it is thought that
(n.) shift; bundle
(n.) in the period of
for, for the sake of, in the
interest of (adj.) love of beauty,
aestheticism
(adj.) || foreign,
alien (n.) life
3
For a detailed discussion of history of Navruz, see Mary Boyce,NOWRUZ i. In the Pre-Is-
lamic Period,Encyclopdia Iranica,online edition, 2016,available at http://www.iranicaon-
line.org/articles/nowruz-i (accessed on 19May 2016)
4
Tajik students ensemble. Image source Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.
org/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B-
B%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%91%D0%B6%D0%B8.jpg
57
(v.) |()| to file away, to (n.) Samanid
wipe, to clean, to remove Sultanate
a (v.) to celebrate (adj.) true
(n.) conquest, ascendency, (adj.) respected,
domination honorable
(n.) |Pl. | (v.) to glorify, to
farmer honor
(v.) to become (adj.) history
forbidden
(adj.) cleanliness, purity,
(n). people tidiness
(adj.) holy, sacred (adj.) long
(adj.) splendid, luxurious, (adj.) general, public
extravagant
(n.) |Pl. | myth, legend
(n.) environment
(n.) happy, prosperous
(n.) Nowruz holiday
(adj.) contrary, opposite
(adj.) elegance, delicateness,
courtesy, refinement (n.) memory
(adj.) good, glorious (adj., adv.) fortunately
(n.) nonexistence (v.) to guide, to

instruct
(n.) ancestors
(v.) to rule
(adj.) ||
envious, hateful (n.) congregation
(n.) world, universal (v.) to celebrate
, (n.) Aryan (n.) spirit, courage
(adj.) former, previous it refers to the

Tajikistan National University campus
(adj.) shining, glittering, and the surrounding area
bright
(adj.) sweet
(n.) life; time, period
(n.) grandeur, splendor
58
EXERCISES
1.
?
a)
b)
c)
2.
?
a)
b)
c)
3.
?
a) 1924
b) 1978
c) 1991
4.
?
a) 5000
b) 2700
c) 2000
5.
?
a)
b)
c)
2: . (Match the
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
59
3: [],
1.
. [/]
2. ,
. [/]
3.
. [/]
4.
. [/]
5.

. [/]
4: /
thesis.)
1. _____________.
(/ )
2. _________
. (/ ).
3.
,
_________ . (/)
4. ,
_________ . ( /
)
5.
, ,
___________
. (/)
60
KEY TO EXERCISES
61
KEY TO EXERCISES
CHAPTER 1: The SAMANID SATE STRUCTURE
Exercise 1: 1. b, 2. , 3. c, 4. b, 5. a
Exercise 2:
1. 3.
2. 1.
3. 5.
4. 2.
5. 4.
Exercise 3: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5.
Exercise 4: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5. -
)
Exercise 1: 1. , 2. b, 3. , 4. , 5.
Exercise 2:
1. 3.
2. 5.
3. 1.
4. 2.
5. 4.
Exercise 3: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5.
Exercise 4: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4.
, 5.
Exercise 1: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. b, 5.
Exercise 2:
1. 5.
2. 4.
3. 1.
4. 3.
5. 2.
Exercise 3: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5.
Exercise 4: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5.
62
CHAPTER 4: RUSSIAN OCCUPATION OF CENTRAL ASIA
Exercise 1: 1. c, 2. , 3. b, 4. a, 5. b
Exercise 2:
1. 3.
2. 4.
3. 5.
4. 2.
5. 1.
Exercise 3: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5.
Exercise 4: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. ,
5.
Exercise 1: 1. a, 2. b, 3. c, 4. b, 5. c
Exercise 2:
1. 3.
2. 1.
3. 5.
4. 2.
5. 4.
Exercise 3: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5.
Exercise 4: 1. , 2. , 3. /, 4.
, 5. /
Exercise 1: 1. b, 2. , 3. , 4. b, 5.
Exercise 2:
1. 5.
2. 4.
3. 1.
4. 3.
5. 2.
Exercise 3: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5.
Exercise: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5.
63
Exercise 1: 1. , 2. b, 3. b, 4. a, 5. b
Exercise 2:
1. 5.
2. 3.
3. 4.
4. 1.
5. 2.

Exercise 3: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5.
Exercise 4: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4.
, 5.
CHAPTER 8: RELIGIOUS EDUCATION IN TODAYS TAJIKISTAN
Exercise 1: 1. a, 2. b, 3. b, 4. c, 5. b.
Exercise 2:
1. 1.
2. 3.
3. 4.
4. 1.
5. 2.
Exercise 3: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5.
Exercise 4: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4.
, 5.
CHAPTER 9: ENTREPRENEURSHIP:
THE DRIVING FORCE OF MARKET ECONOMY
Exercise 1: 1. c, 2. b, 3. a, 4. b, 5. a
Exercise 2:
1. 4.
2. 1.
3. 5.
4. 2.
5. 3.
Exercise 3: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5.
Exercise 4: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4.
, 5.
64
Exercise 1: 1. c, 2. b, 3. b, 4. , 5.
Exercise 2:
1. 4 .
2. 3.
3. 1.
4. 5.
5. 2.
Exercise 3: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5.
Exercise 4: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5.

Exercise 1: 1. b, 2. c, 3. b, 4. a, 5.
Exercise 2:
1. 2.
2. 1.
3. 4.
4. 3.
5. 5.
Exercise 3: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5.
Exercise 4: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4.
, 5.
Exercise 1: 1. , 2. , 3. b, 4. a, 5.
Exercise 2:
1. 2.
2. 3.
3. 5.
4. 1.
5. 4.
Exercise 3: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5.
Exercise 4: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. ,
5.
65
TAJIK-ENGLISH GLOSSARY
66
(n.) father of relatives and
neighbors
to stop working
(n) - children
(prep.) according to, on account
of (adj.) preeminent
() to fulfill population growth

the task of, to be able (to do), to succeed
(in a work) (n.) population
(adj.) dear (adj.) wonderful
flame raw materials
(adv.) already (n.) an awardee

of honor in the field of education in
(n.) activities , operation tajikistan
-- (n.) chief of the (v.) to die, to

department of official documents expire
[lit. chief, great man;
country] (v.) to marry
(n.) tax thanks to, by virtue of
(n.) size, measurement, degree (adj.) high
(n.) tradition (conj) - but, however
(n.) eve, period before an event; (adj./adv.) early

ninth day of the arabic month zul hijja
(n.) |pl. | farmer
(n) prominent person, notable
(adj.) excess, surplus
(n.) artery
(v.) to take out
(n.) bride
(n.) superiority
(v.) to get nervous
(n.) shift; bundle
(n.) |, | work of art,
monument, composition (of writers) (n.) fate, luck
(n.) time, period of time (n.) stress
(n.) captivity (n.) sea
(n.) founder for, for the sake of, in the

interest of
(n.) surroundings, sides
67
(adv.) sometimes, occasionally (n.) valley
(prep.) without (v.) to compel, to force
(adj.) direct (v.) to oblige, to force
(adj.) || foreign, alien (n.) event
(n.) unemployed (n.) import
(n) nonsense (n.) |pl. | instrument,

facility; intermediary
(adj.) a sick person
(n.) alarm, fear, panic
(n.) disease
(n.) adulthood
(adj.) unaware
(n.) gland
(n.) building for
studies (adj) - informal
(v.) revival, restoration (adj.) thick
(v.) to remain, to be left (n.) hypertension
(adj.) the rest of (adj.) aggressor
(n.) cushion, pillow (adj.) civil (a Russian

loanword for )
(adj., adv.) solemn,
solemnly (n.) quarter, ward, neighborhood
sleeping/reclining tanners quarter

buddha
with the passage of
(n.) cholera days
(v.) to destroy, to (n.) slavery, system of

break, to ruin slave owning
(n.) endowment selling of slaves, slave

trade
(adj.) swollen
(adj.) humanitarian
(n)- teaching /learning [ humanities]
materials
(n.) thought, opinion; suspicion
(v.) to depend on, to be
connected with , it is thought that
(v.) to pass, to transmit (n.) kidney
68
(n) - school (n.) military
college
(n.) state
(n.) smart
continuation, endurance,
persistence (n) - richness, property
(adj.) exact (n.) teacher

training institute
() at (someones)
disposal (n.) greeting
(n.) door (adj.) rough, coarse
on the eve of (n.) doctor
(n.) in the period of (v.) to come across, to

be met with
on the scale of
(n.) difficulty, problem
(n.) (royal) court
(n.) difficulty
(n.) hospital
(n.) conquer
(adv.) presently, immediately,
at once (n.) occupy of
central asia
(n.) help, assistance
(adj.) love of beauty,
(n.) apparatus aestheticism
(adj.) concerning, relevant (adj.) many
(v.) to intervene (v.) to mention
(n.) government department, (n.) life

chancery
(v.) |()| to file away, to
democratization wipe, to clean, to remove
attention son of
(n.) heart a (v.) to celebrate
(n)-religion (v.) to continue
(also written as (n.) office, institution

) (n.) trade, trading
relations, barter (v.) to manage
(n.) groom (n.) marriage
69
(n.) ffort (n.) library
(adj.) economic library with

computers
(adj.) economic
(n.) electronic
(n.) science library
(n)-theology, divinity (n.) |pl. | farmer
now; behold!, lo! industrial

enterprises, factories
(n.) boarding school
creative works
(v.) to make a
choice (n.) serf
fortification, defensive work (n.) children
(n.) independence (n.) street, quarter
(n.) conquest, ascendency, (n.) student

domination
(adj.) shortterm
(n.) union of
writers (adj.) counterfeit, fraud
honorary (v.) to decide, to make up

ones mind
(n.) will,
(n.) curve, crease, fold
(n.) specialty
(n.) part
(adj.) public, social
(n.) judge
(v.) to occupy
/ (n.) mold, cast
(adj.) blue; green (as in
green tea) (v.) to satisfy
(adv.) long ago, since long (n.) caravan
very long ago, already long (n.) leader (literal:

ago leader of a caravan)
(adj) - elderly armed forces
(n.) shortcoming, flaw

(n.) armed forces
(n.) engraving, carving
(n.) army, troops
70
(adj.) gifted (n.) press
(n.) cloth (adj.) fascinated, charmed,

enchanted
(n.) clay
(n.) black room
(adj.) bare, naked
lose, be deprived (of)
(n) financing
(n.) meeting hall
(n.) supreme assembly
(n.) case (parliament)
(n.) wave (n.) collection, series
(adj.) wavy, wave like (n) - higher education
(n.) madrasah, religious (adj.) administrative

school
(n.) administration
(n.) joke; comedy
(n.) Epistemology
(n.) sports ground
(adj.) kind
(n.) the training
ground (for tactics) (n.) level
(n.) brain (adj.) subsequent,

following, further;
(n.) country further development of the culture
(n.) rank, position (n.) area, region
(n.) interest, profit, gain (n.) elements, ferment
(v.) to become forbidden (adj)-material
(n.) education (n.) goods
(n). people (n) institute, foundation,

institution
(n.) center
(v.) to fight, to
(n.) advice struggle
(adj.) joyful, delighted (adj.) appropriate
(n) - mosque (n.) defense
(n.) issue, problem (v.) to interfere
71
(n.) hair (of head) (n.) police officer, chief of
police
(adj.) usual, normal
to be in need of
(adj.) holy, sacred smth
(n.) name of a river in bokhara (adj) - difficulty
(n.) property; country, state (n.) difficulty, challenge
(n) cleric (n.) inspector
(n.) conflict, discord (adj.) newborn
(adj.) regular, systematic, in (n.) pampering, coddling,

order caress, kindness
(pl. of ) (n.) nowruz holiday

correspondence
(adj.) elegance, delicateness,
with the passage of courtesy, refinement
time
(n.) supervision, control
(adj.) positive
(n.) show, performance
(n.) musicians
(n.) appearance, view
(adj.) sports
competitions to relax, to be
relieved
(v.) to promote,
taking initiative (n) - publication
(v.) to help, to assist not enough
(n.) treasurer (adj.) good, glorious
(adj.) independent (n.) non-existence
(n.) colony, settlement (n.) ancestors
(v.) to pay (n) - system, structure

attention
(n.) nirvana
(adj.) appropriate
(adj.) shoddy, of poor
(adj.) splendid, luxurious, quality
extravagant
(n.) list, index, directory
(n.) environment
dissatisfaction, disagreement
72
(adj.) || (n.) mail, post office
envious, hateful
(v.) to strengthen
(n.) weather
(adj.) complete
(n.) information, notice,
notification (adj., adv.) whole, full; wholly
adam of poets (n.) search
(n.) world, universal (adj.) shining, glittering,

bright
(adj.) universal, spread
throughout the world (n.) spirit, psyche, mind,
intellect
(n) reason
(n.) vein, artery
(n.) the river oxus
(n.) blood vessels
, (n.) aryan
and what if
(n.) museum
(n.) sand, gravel,
(n.) dining room
public square near citadel in
(n.) future samarqand and bukhara
(n.) message, speech (v.) to respect, to observe,

to keep, to follow
(n.) payment
(v.) agree
(n.) car park
(v.) agree
(n.) silk
(v.) to stand straight
(adj.) low
(n.) life; time, period
(n.) side
(n) - clergymen
(n., russian loanword) play

(n.) craftsman economic and social development
(adj.) former, previous (n.) reason
(n.) old unmarried girl, (adj.) light

spinster
(n.) oath
(n.) - lieutenant colonel
(n.) stroke
/ (n.) footwear
73
(russian: ) (n.) (n.) series
heart attack
(n.) age
(russian: ) stroke
(n.) computer
(v.) reign classrooms
(n.) samanid (n.) adaptation, agreement,

sultanate reconciliation
(adj.) profitable, last year

efficacious, productive
(adj.) healthy
(n.) side
(n.) leader
(n.) test, examination
(n.) structure;
(n.) art state structure
(n.) soldier (n.) field, area, domain
(n.) cypress-tree (n.) |pl. |

businessman, proprietor, entrepreneur
(n.) leader
(n.) entrepreneurship
mineral
resources (adj.) fortunate, lucky,
invincible hero (a title usually given to
(n.) leader mighty sultans and kings)
(n.) investment -- (n.) chief of the postal

department, postmaster
(n.) capitalism
-- (n.) captain of the
to dispense with, guard [ (pl. ) police)]
to relinquish, to forgo
(adj.) respected,
(v.) to keep honorable
(adj.) true (adj.) useful
(v.) share to sign a peace treaty
(n.) cigarette / (v.) to give a
task, to assign
(n.) policy, politics
(n.) platform
(adj.) political
(v.) to abuse
(adj.) black
(n.) treatment
74
(v.) to give a birth (adj.) history
(adj.) changing, (v.) to be created

changeable, variable
theater for
(n.) measure, decision musical comedy
(n) - research (n.) according to statistics
(n) - teaching (n.) child
(v.) to improve (adj.) cleanliness, purity,

tidiness
(adv.) repeatedly
(n.) niche
(n.) division
(n.) pupil, student
(adj.) narrow
(n.) hall
(n.) progress, development
lecture hall
(n.) upbringing, education,
training (adv.) steadily, continuously
(n.) composition, structure, (n.) festival, wedding

synthesis
(adj.) long
(n.) scale
(n.) storm
(v.) to imagine
(n.) ocean
(n.) strap, belt
(adj.) general, public
(n.) a pen name, a nom de
plume (n.) title
(v.) to glorify, to (adj./adv.) stable, firm, steady,

honor staunch
(n) practice, experience (n.) |pl. | myth, legend
(n.) equipment (n.) method
(v.) to be appointed (n). space, atmosphere
o (v.) to train, to teach (adv) - only
(v.) to provide a (v.) suppose
(n.) supply (n.) child
(n.) commander
75
(v) to learn, to (n.) caliphate
embrace
(n.) a gray horse
(n.) happy, prosperous
(n) dormitory
(v.) to work
(n.) khanate
(n). activity
(v.) to want
(adv.) actively
(n.) suitor
(n.) run away, escape
(n.) memory
(n.) lever; cartridge
(v.) to desist, to
(adj.) high blood refrain
pressure
(n.) blood
(adj.) erudite
(adj.) happy, lucky
(n.) profit
(adj., adv.) fortunately
(n.) percent
(n.) family life
(adj.) pleasant, pleasing, genial
(n.) body, staff, board
(n.) interval
(n.) statue
(adj.) tragic
(n.) art of sculpture,
front sculpting
(adj.) dangerous statues of buddha
(n.) treasury (n.) settlement, disposition
(n.) people (n.) bathroom
(n.) literal meaning buyer, but (n.) neighbor

it simply means suitor in this context.
(v.) to aspire
(adj.) danger
(n.) war, battle [adj. ]
delivering mail
- military-civil
(n.) a graduator
(n.) excitement, agitation
(n.) relatives
(v.) to guide, to
(n.) service instruct
(adj.) contrary, opposite democratic party
76
islamic revival (adj.) serious
party
(n.) side
new political
parties (adj.) everlasting, perpetual
(n.) condition (n.) shooting range
(n) - expel, remove (adj.) dejected, disappointed

with life
(n.) chamberlain
(v.) to implement
(n.) boundary, limit, border
(adj.) fourstoried building
(v.) to rule
(n.) espionage
- soviet government
(n.) wood
coalition
government (n.) search
(n.) artist (adj.) fascinated, charmed,

infatuated
(n) - room
(n.) conditions, environment
serious attack
favorable conditions
(n.) the river Oxus (or river
Bactrus) (adj.) personal
(n.) retail (n.) spirit, courage
(n.) attract (n.) city
(n.) society it refers to the

Tajikistan national university campus
(adj.) social and the surrounding area
(n.) congregation (adj. ) civil
(n.) war (n) citizen
(n.) tanner, a person whose (n.) power, force, intensity

work is tanning hides
well-fitting [
(n.) world view, outlook well fitting dress]
(v.) to celebrate (n.) motto, slogan
e (adv.) as (adj.) sweet
77
(n.) poet (adj) faithful
(n.) grandeur, splendor (adj.) confidence-

giving, assuring
(v.) revolt
many times
(n.) light, flame
78
Tajik Persian: Readings in History, Culture and Society
seeks to help students develop reading proficiency in
Tajik at advanced level through authentic texts written
for native speakers and provides them glimpses into
the history, culture and society of Tajikistan without
losing its focus on cultural aspects of the countryan
aspect that constitutes a core component in the second
language acquisition. The book can be adopted by
instructors as a supplementary or the main textbook
for advanced-level courses.
Razi Ahmad, PhD, is a lecturer at the University of

Kansas, Lawrence, where he currently teaches Persian
language and lectures on Middle Eastern literatures
and cultures.
2016 Razi Ahmad

ISBN: 978-1-936153-10-7
The University of Kansas Libraries
Lawrence, KS 66045
79

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CHAPTER 1: SAMANID STATE STRUCTURE

CHAPTER 2: STATUES OF BUDDHA

CHAPTER 3: AB ABDULLH RDAKI

CHAPTER 4: RUSSIAN OCCUPATION OF CENTRAL ASIA

CHAPTER 5: MIRZO TURSUNZODA

CHAPTER 6: TAJIK CIVIL WAR

CHAPTER 7: MILITARY COLLEGE

CHAPTER 8: CHAPTER 9: RELIGIOUS EDUCATION IN

CHAPTER 9: ENTREPRENEURSHIP: THE DRIVING FORCE OF

CHAPTER 10: BLOOD PRESSURE AND HEALTH

CHAPTER 11: CAN AN OLD MAID BE LUCKY?

CHAPTER 12: NAVRUZ FESTIVAL

KEY TO EXERCISES ..................................................................................61

TAJIK-ENGLISH GLOSSARY ...................................................................65

Tajik Persian belongs to the Indo-European language family, usesunlike

(Text taken from . . , (: , 2008), 335-37)

(Mausoleum of Ismail Samani, Bukhara, Uzbekistan)8

(v.) reign (n.) city

(adj.) political (n.) judge

1: . (Choose the correct answer.)

(Text taken from . . , (: , 2008) 242)

(n.) size, measurement, / (n.) mold, cast

(v.) to remain, to be left (adj.) bare, naked

(n.) cushion, pillow (adj.) wavy, wave like

sleeping/reclining (n.) collection, series

(n.) engraving, carving (adj.) light

(n.) curve, crease, fold (n.) art

(n.) part (adj.) black

1: . (Choose the correct answer.)

(Text taken from , (Grade 8 History

Rudaki Tomb in Panjkent, Tajikistan5

(n.) father of Adam of poets

1: . (Choose the correct answer.)

(Text taken from .., , :

(Russian War of Occupation: They Attack Unaware)6

(adj.) independent (n.) Khanate

(n.) colony, settlement serious attack

(v.) to strengthen (n.) espionage

mineral (v.) revolt

1: . (Choose the correct answer.)

(Text taken from and ,

(v.) to die, to (n.) Epistemology

(n.) greeting (n.) upbringing, education,

1: . (Choose the correct answer.)

Dushanbe riots, February 19905 A house destroyed during civil