RockSocketed PileFoundations

SideFrictionandEndBearingofPileFoundation
Rocksocketed
Rock socketed pilesaresupportbyendbearing
piles are support by end bearing
and/orsidefriction.
SideFriction:needtoestimaterockconcreteshear
resistance.
EndBearing:userockmassstrengthtoestimate.
Settlement:needtoconsiderdisplacementsof
bothrockmassandconcrete.

RockSocketed PileFoundations

SideFrictionofPileFoundation
Allowable side resistance
Allowablesideresistance
Qs =s DL/FS
s issidewallshearresistance,Dpilediameter,L
socketlength
a =s/FS
/FS R
R m(s)
()

m(s) isrockmassuniaxial compressivestrength,R

issocketwallroughnesscoefficient,0.3for
undulating>10mm,0.25forundulating<10mm

21
 RockSocketed PileFoundations

EndBearingofPileFoundation
Allowable end bearing for rock mass
Allowableendbearingforrockmass
Qb = D2 1m(b) /FS
1m(b) triaxial compressivestrengthofrockmass
belowpile,Dpilediameter.
Rockmasstriaxial
Rock mass triaxial strengthcanbeestimatedbythe
strength can be estimated by the
HoekBrowncriterion.

RockSocketed PileFoundations
Q
SettlementofFrictionPile
Ec
=QI/DE
= Q I / D Em(s) Em(s)
L

R=Ec/Em(s)
Qappliedload,Dpile D
diameter,Em(s) surrounding
rockmassmodulus.
ChartP1
Iisthesettlementinfluence
factor given in Chart P1
factor,giveninChartP1.

(Pell&Turner1979)

22
SettlementofEndBearingPile
= (4Q/D2)(L/E

23
 RockSocketed PileFoundations

ChartP3 I I
I ChartP3
ChartP3

Q b

Q (%)
Q b Q b
Q (%) Q (%)
/BL

/BL (Rowe&Armitage 1987) /BL

Influencefactorandendbearingratiosforsocketpilefoundations.

DamFoundations

FoundationforGravityDams
Damaremostlybuiltoncompetent
Dam are mostly built on competent
rock.Thefoundationmustbestrong
enoughtocarrytheweightofthe
dam,andthewaterpressuresacting
onthedam.
Footingbearingisusuallynota
g g y
commonproblem.Themostcommon
damfoundationfailureisthesliding
movementunderhighwater
pressure.

24
 DamFoundations

SlidingResistancealongtheSurface
(i) On horizontal surface
(i)Onhorizontalsurface H water
H, V weight
V, i ht
pressure
FS=totalresistance/slidingload
FS=[cA +(V u)tan]/H u, water uplift
A, base area
c=cohesion, =frictionangle
((ii)Oninclinedsurface
)
Toresultresistanceandslidingforcesalong
theslidingplane.
FS=totalresistance/slidingload

25
 TensionFoundations

AnchorBonding
Typically,steelgroutbondingistwicegroutrock
Typically steelgrout bonding is twice groutrock
bonding(bytests).Theanchorbondingisgoverned
bygroutrockbonding.Allowableloadcapacityof
anchorduetobondingisdefinedas:
Qa =DLbult =DLbc/20
Distheeffectivediameteroftheborehole,L
D is the effective diameter of the borehole Lb lengthofthe
length of the
groutedanchorbond.ult istheultimategroutbond
strength(failuretestsorgroutproductsspecifications),or
1/10c(ofrockorgrout,lowerone).

TensionFoundations

LocationofRockMass
Failure
Forcompetentrockmass,
thepotentialfailureis
initiatedatthebaseof
theanchor.
Forpoor/weakrockmass,
p / ,
thepotentialfailureis
initiatedatthemidpoint
ofthebondedsection.

28
 TensionFoundations

UpliftCapacityofRockAnchor
Upliftloadistakenbytwoparts:
Uplift load is taken by two parts:
theweightofthecone(Wc)and Q
therockstrengthalongthecone
surface(Fr). r
tm
Wc =r L3tan2 L

30forpoorrock,
fr =tm / 2
L2/cos 45forgoodrock

Q
Upliftcapacity

Q=(fr +Wccos)/FS

TensionFoundations

LoadBearingCapacityofRock
Masses
Theloadbearingcapacityofthe
anchortensionfoundation
dependsonrockfracture
systems.Thesizeanddimension
oftheconeisinfluencedbythe
fracture pattern Tensile
fracturepattern.Tensile
strengthoftherockmassgreatly
reducedbytheexistenceofthe
fractures.

29
 TensionFoundations

SteeplyInclinedUpliftofAnchor
When
When exceeding(90
exceeding (90 ),some
) some
lowerpartoftheconeisunder
shearresistance,whileother
partistensilefailure. tm

Fromcompetentrockmass

ggenerally
y >>tm.

TensionFoundations

OtherConditionsofAnchor
tm
Withdownwardanchor,the
With downward anchor the
directionoftheconeweight

needtobeanalysed,andthe
lowerhalfoftheconeisunder Q
shearresistance.
Withgroundwater,thebuoyant
g , y Q

effectsneedtobeconsidered.
Theconeshouldtakethe r

effectiveweight. GW

30


RockMechanicsand
TunnelEngineering

Introduction
Slopeengineeringinvolvesthedesignandanalysis
ofslopeexcavation,supportandconstruction.

1
 Introduction
Slopescanbedividedintonaturalslopesand
excavatedslopes.

Introduction

FailureofRockSlopes

((a)CircularFailure
)
Usuallyoccursinwasterock,
heavilyfracturedrock
andweakrockwithno
identifiablestructuralpattern.

(b)PlaneFailure
Occursinrockswithplane
discontinuities,e.g.,bedding
planes.

2
 Introduction

FailureofRockSlopes

((c)WedgeFailure
)
Occursinrockswith
intersectingdiscontinuities
formingwedges.

(d)Topplingfailure
(d) Toppling failure
Occursinrockswithcolumnar
orblockstructuresseparated
bysteeplydippingjoints.

AnalysisofCircularFailure

CircularFailure
Therockmassissohighly
The rock mass is so highly
fracturedorcrushedthatno
structuralpatternexists.The
failuresurfaceisfreetofindaline
ofleastresistancethroughthe
slope.Theslideiscontrolledby
shear strength i e cohesion (c)
shearstrength,i.e.,cohesion(c)
andfriction().

3
 AnalysisofCircularFailure

Nowadays,analysisaregenerallydonebynumerical
modellingwithcommercialsoftware.Chartsexist
butrelyonmanyassumptions:
a) Rockmassishomogenous;
b) Rockmassshearstrengthischaracterizedby
cohesionandfrictionangle;
c) Failureoccursoncircularslidesurface;
d) Averticaltensioncrackoccursintheupper
surfaceorinthefaceoftheslope;
e) Fullysaturatedordryrockmass.

Circularfailure,fully
drained,rockmass
unitweight18.9
kN/m3.
(Wyllie et al 2001)
(Wyllieetal2001)

Chartsexistfor
othergroundwater
conditions.

5
 AnalysisofPlaneFailure
Whenjointdipangleis N
greaterthanslope,joint
plane is not daylighting
planeisnotdaylighting, Slope
nopotentialsliding
planeexist.

Joint

AnalysisofPlaneFailure
N
Whenjointdip<slopedip,
jointplaneisdaylighting,
potential sliding plane exists

7
 AnalysisofPlaneFailure

AnalyticalMethod
FOSiscalculatedby
FOS is calculated by
resolvingallforces
actingontheslope
intocomponents
parallelandnormal
totheslidingplane.

AnalysisofPlaneFailure
Tensioncrackfilledwithwater,rockmassimpermeable

H =slopeheight; z =tensioncrackdepth;b=distancebetweencrackand
slopecrest;U=waterforcesactingontheslidingplane;W=slidingblock
weight;V=waterforcesintensioncrack.

8
 AnalysisofWedgeFailure

WedgeFailureAnalysisbyProjectionMethod
Forrockslopeconcerningwedgefailure,stability
For rock slope concerning wedge failure stability
analysiscanbecarriedoutusingprojection
method.Thefailureofwedge/blockisalongthe
existingjointsandiscontrolledbytheorientation
ofthosejointsandfriction
angle.Orientationsand
friction can be expressed
frictioncanbeexpressed
byprojectionandanalysis
canbeperformed.

AnalysisofWedgeFailure
N
Wedgefailureby
slidingalongboth
g g
plane(lineof
intersection Friction

10
 AnalysisofWedgeFailure
N
Lineofintersection
andbothplanesare
p
notdaylighted,no
failurebysliding. Lineofintersection

Friction

AnalysisofWedgeFailure

WedgeFailureAnalysisbyAnalyticalMethod
Rockslopestabilityconcerningwedgefailure,
Rock slope stability concerning wedge failure
analysiscanbecarriedoutusinganalyticalmethod
similartotheplanefailure,butwithmore
complicatedforceequations.Suchanalysisisonly
carriedoutwhenaspecificwedgeisidentified.
Numericalmethodsareoftenemployedtoanalyse
p y y
wedgestability.

12
 AnalysisofWedgeFailure

Assumptions:(i)slidingisresistedonlybyfriction;
(ii)frictionanglesforbothplanesarethesame

AnalysisofWedgeFailure
WedgefactorKmaybeestimatedwiththechart
below.

13
 AnalysisofWedgeFailure

Twodifferentfrictionanglesshouldbeusedfor
eachslidingplane.

ThedimensionlessfactorsAandBarefoundto
dependuponthedipsanddipdirectionsofthetwo
planes.Theymaybefoundinaseriesofcharts.

AnalysisofWedgeFailure
Thefollowingchartisforadifferenceindipsof10 .

14
 AnalysisofWedgeFailure

ThisFOSformulationisoversimplistic,includingthe
frictiononly.Cohesionsandshouldbeincorporated
intheFOSformulationandthuswillbemore
complex.
Theformulationissocomplexthatitwillnotbe
presentedhereinthislecture.

AnalysisofTopplingFailure

TopplingFailure
Rockmassofblockstructuresseparatedbysteeply
Rock mass of block structures separated by steeply
dippingdiscontinuities.Rockblockwidth/height<
gradientofthetopplingplane.
Whenthedipangleofthetopplingplane<the
angleoffrictionofthisplane,topplingonly.When
thedipangleofthetoppling
p g pp g
plane>theangleoffriction
ofthisplane,mixedtoppling Toppling
planes
withsliding.

15
 AnalysisofTopplingFailure
Determiningrockslope 4

topplingorsliding
f il
failure

Width/Height Ratio, b/h

h
3 Stable block
<
b/h > tan

Sliding only
>
b/h > tan

=
2

Toppling only
W sin 1 <
b/h < tan
Sliding & Toppling
W >
b/h < tan

W cos
W 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Base plane angle , degree

AnalysisofTopplingFailure
<,frictionangle>slideplaneangle,noslide;
b/h>tan,gravitycentrallineinside,notoppling;
Stable
>,slideplaneangle>frictionangle,slide;
b/h>tan,gravitycentrallineinside,notoppling;
SlidingOnly
<,frictionangle>slideplaneangle,noslide;
b/h<tan,gravitycentrallineoutside,toppling;
TopplingOnly
>,slideplaneangle>frictionangle,slide;
b/h<tan,gravitycentrallineoutside,toppling;
Sliding&Toppling

16
 AnalysisofTopplingFailure

ConditionstoToppling
(a) Competent rock mass.
(a)Competentrockmass.
(b)Aprimarysetofjointsdipsteeplyintotheface
creatingcolumns.
(c)Asecondarysetofjointswidelyspreadand
orthogonaltotheprimaryset.
(d)Theblockmaytopplebecauseofalossof
(d) Th bl k t l b f l f
equilibriumofarockblockorbyflexuralfailureofa
column.

AnalysisofTopplingFailure

Theprimejointsetdipssteeplyandinopposite
directiontotheslope

Joint
poles

17
 AnalysisofTopplingFailure

TopplingFailureAnalysisbyAnalyticalMethod
(1) Block shape test
(1)Blockshapetest
Theblockcannotslideif <
Butwilltoppleifb/h<tan W sin

W cos
(2) Block alignment test
(2)Blockalignmenttest W

Thesecondaryjointsetmustbeneartoparallelto
theslopedip.

AnalysisofTopplingFailure

(3)Intercolumnsliptest
Thecolumnsmustbeabletoslipandnotbe
The columns must be able to slip and not be
blockedneighbouringcolumns.

18
 AnalysisofTopplingFailure

LimitEquilibriumAnalysis

Forcesonbase:normalandshear(Rn ,Sn)
Interfaceforces:(Pn ,Qn,Pn1,Qn1)

AnalysisofTopplingFailure

LimitEquilibriumAnalysis

Pointsofapplication:(Mn ,Ln)

19
 Analysisby

EstimatingSlopeFailurebyRockMassRating
Rock slope stability is a function of rock mass

21
 AnalysisbyRockMassRating
RockMassRating(RMR)rockmassclassificationsystem
(a)BasicRMRrating
Basic RMRratingisthesumofratingsoffiverockparameters:(i)rockmaterialstrength,(ii)RQD,
(iii)jointspacing,(iv)jointconditionand,(v)groundwatercondition.

RMRratings >81 61 80 41 60 21 40 <20

Rockmassquality Verygood Good Fair Poor Verypoor

(b)Ratingadjustmentforjointorientations
Condition and project
Conditionandproject Very
Very Favourable
bl Fair
i Unfavourable
f Very
Very
bl unfavourable
forrating favourable
Rating Tunnels 0 2 5 10 12

Foundations 0 2 7 15 25

Slopes 0 5 25 50 60

AnalysisbyRockMassRating

AdjustmentforRMRforSlope
Adjustmentforslopeistocounterforthestability
Adjustment for slope is to counter for the stability
relatedtoplaneandwedgesliding,andtoppling,as
influencedbyjointorientationsinrelationtothe
slopeorientation.
RMRadjustmentforslope=(A*B*C)+D
RMR( l
RMR(slope)=RMR+[(A*B*C)+D]
) RMR + [(A*B*C) + D]
A,B,Careorientationrelatedadjustments,andD
isadjustmentforslopeexcavationquality.

22
 AnalysisbyRockMassRating

Adjustment Very Favourable Fair Unfavourable Very

favourable unfavourable
Jointdipdirection <30or 30~20 20~10 10~5
slopedip >30 30~20 20~10 10~5 5~5
direction

A 0.15 0.40 0.70 0.85 1.00

Joint dipangle <20 20~30 30~35 35~45 >45

B 0.15 0.40 0.70 0.85 1.00

Jointdipangle
d l >10 10~0 0 0~10 <10
slopedipangle

C 0 6 25 50 60

Slopeformation Naturalslope Presplitting Smooth Blasting/ Deficient

blasting ripping blasting

D +15 +10 +8 0 8

AnalysisbyRockMassRating
Jointdipdirection Slopedipdirection
Jointplaneparalleltotheslopeface(0)leadsto
hi h
highpotentialofplaneandblocksliding.
i l f l d bl k lidi
Jointdip
Slidingfailureoccurswhenjointhassteep
dipangle(>frictionangle).
Jointdip
Joint dip Slopedip
Slope dip
Jointdip<slopedipmeansdaylighting.
Slopeformation
Wellconditionedslopehaslowfailurepotential.

23
 RockSlopeExcavationandSupport

SmoothBlasting
Arowofparallelholes
A row of parallel holes
drilledalongthefinal
slopeface,withhole
spacing60~100cm.
Chargesarelight.
Rowisfiredafterthe
Row is fired after the
mainblast.

RockSlopeExcavationandSupport

PreSplittingBlasting
Arowofparallelholesdrilledalongthefinalslope
A row of parallel holes drilled along the final slope
face,withhole/TT53.98205.26261.81970TD0TcD0Tc<0003>s5003>T26261.8197

25
 RockSlopeExcavationandSupport

SlopeSupportandProtection
NoSupport:
No Support:
Nonesupport/reinforcement
Scaling
Protection:
Toeditching
Fences(attoeoronslope)
Nets(overtheslopeface)
Reinforcement:
Bolts
Anchors

RockSlopeExcavationandSupport

SlopeSupportandProtection
Concreting:
Shotcrete
Dentalconcrete
Ribsand/orbeams
Toewalls
Drainage:
Surface
Deep
Reexcavation:
Method
Orientation

26