Professional Documents
Culture Documents
الإله مونتو
الإله مونتو
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The God Montu:
School
of
by
Dynasty XII# Montu was assigned the role of war god based on
North and Medamud? but it was not possible to see Tod and
Armant in person.
6
VI
Egyptology.
chapters as they were written? Dr. Dora- lynn Pines? Mr. John
List of Figures ix
Bibliography 321
Figures 345
LIST OP FIGURES
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig*
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
1. Hap of the Theban Region.
2. Dynasty II ink inscription [Lacau and Lauer? La Bytamifle 1
degLSs v? fig. 133].
3. Cylinder seal from the Piers collection [Newberry? Ancient
Egyptian Scarabs# p. 55? fig. 311.
4. Relief from the mortuary temple of Pepi II at Saqqara
[JSquier? Monument funferaire de Pepi II II? pi. 471.
5. Relief fragment from the pyramid causeway of Pepi
II at Saqqara [Jfequier? Monument III? pi. 27].
6. Plan of the Old Kingdom temple at Medamud.
7. Sed-festival lintel of Senwosret III from Hedamud [HSdaS!2ild
(1931) ? pi. I].
8. Interior left wall of the "porche" of Senwosret
III at Hedamud [Mfedamoud (1931)? pi. II].
9. Plan of the Temple of Senwosret I at Tod.
10. Fragmentary relief of Montu from Tod? Dynasty XI (Louvre
no. E 15110) [photo courtesy of the Musfee du Louvre]
11. Fragmentary relief from Tod? Dynasty XI (inv. 1542)
[Bisson de la Roque? T6d (1934 a 1936) ? pi.
XIX.2].
12. Jientuhotep II offers to Montu at Tod (JE 66329) [TOd
(1934 1 1936). pi. XX].
13. Mentuhotep II crowned by Montu and Tjenenet at Tod (JE
66330) [3$ (1934 A 1936)? pi. XVIII].
14. Montu in a relief from Tod? reign of Mentuhotep III
(Louvre no. E 15114) [photc courtesy of the Muse du Louvre].
15. Triumphal stela of Senwosret I from Wadi Haifa [Florence
no. 2540? photo courtesy of the Soprin- tendenza archeologica
della Toscana].
16. Montu gives life to Mentuhotep III at Tod (inv. 1523)
[T6d (1934 a 1936)? pi. XXIII.1].
Fig. 17. Lintel of Senwosret III from Hedamud in the
Louvre (no. E 13983) [photo courtesy of the Muse du Louvre].
Fig. 18. Detail of Hontu from Louvre no. E 13983 [photo
courtesy of the Husfie du Louvre].
Fig. 19. Lintel from the facade of Sobekhotep Il's porehe"
at Hedamud [Mfedamoud (1931) ? pi. V].
Fig. 20. Another lintel of Sobekhotep II at Hedamud
[MSflflfflP.ua 112211/ pl. VIII].
Fig. 21. Interior left wall of the porch of Sobekhotep II at
Hedamud [Hfedamoud (1931)? pl. VI].
Fig. 22. Damaged figures of Hontu and Shu? middle colonnade?
Temple of Hatshepsut? Deir el-Bahri.
Fig. 23. Karnak talatat with Akhenaten and fully armed rays
of the Aten [courtesy of Claude Traunecker].
Fig. 24. Thutmose III censing damaged figures of Hontu and
Atum? temple sanctuary? Deir el-Bahri [HHA photo no. T.
2234? courtesy of the Dept, of Egyptian Art? Metropolitan
Museum of Art].
Fig. 25. British Museum no. 12; Montu-Re (right)
accompanying Thutmose III [photo courtesy of the British
Museum].
Fig. 26. British Museum no. 12: Montu-Re (left)
accompanying Thutmose III [photo courtesy of the British
Museum].
Fig. 27. Exterior right side of the war chariot of
Thutmose IV [Carter and Newberry? Tomb of Thoutmftsis 12? pl.
X],
Fig. 28. Left interior of the war chariot of Thutmose IV
[Carter and Newberry? Tomb ThoutmSsis J2? pl. XII].
Fig. 29. MHA scarab no. 04.2.745: Head of Hontu-Re.
Fig. 30. HHA scarab no. 10.130.766: Head of Hontu.
Fig. 31. Warship depicted in the tomb of Huy [Davies and
Gardiner? Tomb of Huy? pl. XI] .
Fig. 32. Detail of the stern of Huy's warship [Davies and
Gardiner? Tomb of Huv? pl. XII].
Fig. 33. Hontu representations on the stern of model boat
CG 4944 from the tomb of Amenhotep II [Daressy# Fouilles & la
Vallfee Rois# pl. XLIX].
Fig. 34. MMA scarabs nos. 05.3.367 and 05.3.368.
Fig. 35. MMA scarab no. 30.8.535.
Fig. 36. Griffin on the ax of Ahmose I [Bissingr Ein
thsfeanissher Grabfund# pl. I].
Fig. 37. Representation of the Armant pylon of Thutmose
III in the tomb of Khonsu called Ta [Mond and Myers#
Teppl.es Arssntf pi. ix.3].
Fig. 38. Stela of Khepriemhat# Louvre E 15123 [photo courtesy
of the Musfee du Louvre].
Fig. 39. Montus of Thebes and Armant on the north face of
Hedinet Habu temple.
Fig. 40. Montu in the Court of Herihor in the Temple of
Khonsu at Karnak [Temple of Khonsu I# pl. 32; courtesy of The
Oriental Institute of The University of Chicago].
Fig. 41. Montu in the Theban tomb of Paser (no. 106) [MMA
photo no. T. 2954# courtesy of the Dept, of Egyptian Art#
Metropolitan Museum of Art].
Fig, 42= Khonsu in a relief from the mortuary temple of Pepi
II at Saqqara [JSquier# Monument III# pl. 211.
Fig. 43. Khonsu as a "mummiforin" prince [Medir.et Habu
VIII# pl. 596; courtesy of The Oriental Institute of The
University of Chicago].
Fig. 44. Hieracocephalic Khonsu with lunar disk and
crescent [Temple af Khonsu I# pl. 43; courtesy of The
Oriental Institute of The University of Chicago].
Fig. 45. Anthropomorphic Khonsu with lunar disk and
crescent [Temple Khonsu I# pl. 60; courtesy of The Oriental
Institute of The University of Chicago].
Fig. 46. Khonsu-in-Thebes Neferhotep on the doorway of Pylon
VIII at Karnak.
Fig. 47. Khonsu-in-Thebes Neferhotep# Horus Lord of Joy# in
the Temple of Khonsu at Karnak [Temple of Khonsu I# pl. 7;
courtesy of The Oriental Institute of The University of
Chicago].
Fig. 48. Khonsu-in-Thebes Neferhotep in the Temple of
Xll
Amun-Re-Horakhty at Karnak.
Fig. 49. Ramesses IV and Isis before Khonsu-in-Thebes
Neferhotep in the Temple of Khonsu at Karnak.
Fig. 50. Khonsu-in-Thebes Neferhotep in the Court of Heri-
hor in the Temple of Khonsu at Karnak [Temple of Khonsu I?
pl. 49; courtesy of The Oriental Institute of The
University of Chicago].
Fig. 51. Hontu between Amun and Khonsu on the south tower of
Pylon III at Karnak.
Fig. 52. Relief from the pyramid complex of Amenemhat I at
Lisht with Hontu and Atum [Gautier? Fouilles de Licht? p.
97? fig* 1081.
Fig. 53. Hontu and Atum on the bark shrine of Senwosret I at
Karnak [Lacau and Chevrier? Chapelle de SSsostris lI? pl.
28].
'3
:<3
Fig. 54. Bs-nvswt scene from the Great Eypostyie Hall -at
Karnak with Hontu and Atum [Nelson? Great Hvpostvle flail
at Karnak I~? pl. 78; courtesy of The Oriental Institute
of The University of Chicago].
Fig. 55. Second court of the Ramesseum.
Fig. 56. Second court in the Hedinet Habu temple [Hedinet
Habu v? pl. 290; courtesy of The Oriental Institute of
The University of Chicago].
Fig. 57. Lintel of the First Pylon at Hedinet Habu
[Hedinet flaba. V? pl. 251; courtesy of The Oriental
Institute of The University of Chicago].
Fig. 58. Seated Ennead of Karnak in the Great Hypostyle Hall
[Nelson? Great Hvpostvle flail I1? pl. 201; courtesy of
The Oriental Institute of The University of Chicago].
Fig. 59. Great Karnak Ennead in the Temple of Khonsu
[Temple & Khonsu It pl. 71; courtesy of The Oriental
Institute of The University of Chicago].
Fig. 60. Tjenenet and Iunyt behind Sobek in the Hypostyle
Hall at Karnak [Nelson? Great Hvpostvle Hall I1? pl. 140;
courtesy of The Oriental Institute of The University of
Chicago].
Fig. 61. Satet with Khnum and Thutmose III in her temple at
Elephantine.
Fig. 62. Iunyt at Armant (Brooklyn Museum no. 37.16E) [photo
courtesy of The Brooklyn Museum].
LIST OP ABBREVIATIONS
MQ Aisbiz lfi Orientforschung
MIA American Journal Archaeology
MSIi American Journal of Semitic Languages and
Lit.eiflt.ures
MS J. H. Breasted# Ancient Records of Egypt
i
Xll
fl Cfeioniqae. d'Egypte
i
VI
region.
which
out at Tod and Hedamud between 1925 and 1936 and published
in .extensc in the FQUillfiS. 1!Institut francais
Aavptologie.7
3000 and 2600 B.C.? and is thus from the earliest stage of
Dynasty
Step
Chapter
19
Pyramid complex at Saqqara and dated to the Archaic Period
(Gardiner
^t
does
this/ the age of the copies which have come down to us.
and Pepi II. In the Pepi I version the third person singu-
la Roque notes that this sign is common for all gods*24 but
(Ppyl mry Mnw? "King of Upper and Lower Egypt Pepi <U?
chapter.
di.n. [ii n.k cnft fld w3s nb Mnfcw? "I give to you all
[Fig. 51.39
era.
remarked that "the fact that Ihy ... bears the title
well: the full form Mnfcw/5 and the shorter Mn/51 both
by most scholars to
Armant."
[Fig. 61. Aside from the entry courts on the north/ the
principal features were two shrines approached from those
the cult center where the priesthood was located# but un-
Cairo 1926-1936).
5
Bisson de la Roque,- "Notes/" p. 1.
6
(Berlin 1952)/ pp. 475-479.
7
LslA IV/ cols. 200-204.
8
P. Kaplony/ Hie. InschElften agyptischen FrOhzeit
1935)/ p. 81 (7).
12
P. Lacau and J.-p. Lauer/ La pyramide & degrfes/ t. V:
Inscriptions A lencre six lS vases (Cairo 1965)/ n 184
5.
21
K. Sethe/ fibersetzung und Kommentar zu den Alt-
"Notes/" p. 5.
24
Bisson de la Roque/ "Notes/" p. 5.
25
Sethef flbersetzunaz V/ p. 313.
I
S
26
Bisson de la Roque* "Notes*" pp. 4-6.
27
H. Keesr Cat GStterqlaube im alten Agypten (Leipzig
1941)* p. 340# n. 1.
28
Bonnet* BSfllle&iJign* P. 476.
29
W. C. Hayes# "The Middle Kingdom in Egypt: Internal
1971)# p. 519.
30
LdA IV* col. 200.
31
Bisson de la Roque* "Notes*" p. 4. For the hieroglyphic
92.
34
Faulkner# 1# p. 135.
35
P. E. Newberry# Ancient Egyptian Scarabs (London 1905)#
24.
42
See note 40.
43
W. S. Smith# A EisLQIY & Egyptian Sculpture and Painting
and New York 19691# p. 265): "A sondage by Myers in the west
seal from the reign of Pepi I said to come from Armant/ but
VI).
5o
No reference to finds dating to the Old Kingdom or
p. 115.
n.4).
67
Arnold/ Tempel 1/ pp. 76-78.
68
F. Bisson de la Roque/ ifid (1934 4 1936) (Cairo 1937)/ pp.
The fall of the Old Kingdom is not easy to assess from the
vantage point of the Theban nome* the seat of the god Montu. A
Dynasty XII.
The Old Kingdom does not appear to end with Dynasty VI* but
the Fourth Nome of Upper Egypt# ... one of the seats of the
local falcon-god Mont ..."4 H. Stock and F. GcmaS also opt for
vigorous line which governed Thebes between the Sixth and the
2
3
Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II over the kings of Dynasty X (ca. 2040
state god. This was not the first time that a dynastic change
occurred during the Old Kingdom at the end of Dynasty IV* and
makes the first three kings of the Fifth Dynasty the offspring
of a folk
refer only to Montu and Re. Two of these tablets are in the
bity (Nb- hpt-Rcl cnh jjt mry Mnfcw-Rc nb W3st# "King of Upper
Chapter 6.
The Rise of Amun
Montu's supremacy lasted only through the reigns of
Posener also notes that at the same time that the kings of
Dynasty XII advanced their own patron deity# they also showed
2
5
Lands.19 As late as Year 20 of Senwosret I# Montu was named
b3k n.f di.n n.f jftswt imyt.sn w Mnw hry-ib Iwnly] Imn nb
mnn fit# "All lands work for him [Senwosret I] # the deserts
prosperity for Egypt under the aegis of the god Amun.21 For the
Armant."25
Armant Who Comes Forth from Tod";28 nb t3wy# "Lord of the Two
chapel. Drower noted that the excavators had raised only one
Senwosret III and consecrated to the local Montu had ever been
2
7
discovered at Medamud.34 However# F. Bisson de la Rogue
pp. 10-12).
Medamud."42
works for Montu: ir.n.f mnw n Mnfcw# "he made monuments for
2
9
Karnak* but there is as yet no proof of its existence.52 Three
bread from the Montu temple ,.."55 The formula is also present
Cairo (CG 20005) does not include the formula but refers to
3
1
was Thebes/ with probable connections with a Hontu temple
there.
poorly preserved/ but toward the end traces remain of what may
comes from El-Tarif. Inyotef again bears the titles: rpc hty-c
jra irt hp5.(i) ds.(i) m irr n.i Nb- hpt-Rc n-c3t-n mrr.f w(i)/
concluded: "Es kann nur der Name des K5nigs sein# unter dem
present.
Transliterated text:
(1) did mdw] i[n] wcb-^c76 S3-lM]n[w] ink wcb n nb Iwny ibhw
smcr bnw /// sbkr //// m r3-cwy.fy swn (4) hr n imyw-hnt c.f nh
wsr hrw swcb wflhw n Mnfcw (6) nb W3st sdf3 h3yw(t) psdt.f ms
3
3
ifchw n Mnw Hr W3sty80 (8)
(9) the bark on the starboard side. It was my son who brought
favored. I entered into /// when I was a child and the nobles
stelae from the "Terrace of the Great God" (ANOC 29.1).86 Among
and Munich (no. 27). It is not clear just what role Montu and
Sethi I.8
cults in Egypt.90
Bukhis* but during the Middle Kingdom he had no name and was
Thebes* the Bull of Armant Who Comes Forth from Tod.s91 Otto
3
5
Armant as a possible link with the solar cult of Heliopolis
als seine Heimat bezeichnen* um ihn mit den Worten 'der aus el
Tud gekommen ist' denselben Weg wie Re von Osten nach Westen
wirkliche Heimatsangabe."92
divine falcon who escorts the deceased into the heavens were
edited out.
to his mother Ipi and another woman named Hetepet* and in the
nt Mnfcw nb W3st ...* "How are you? Are you alive* prosperous
sp-sn (i)n c.w.s.k iw hrt.k Imi cnh hhw n spw irly n.k Mnfcw nb
are you? How are you? Are you alive* prosperous and healthy?
Lord of Thebes* and all the gods help you!16 May they make for
as I wish."17
3
7
A third example is found on a wooden writing-board in the
Sbk J3r Hwt-Hr nfcrw nb(w)* "In the favor of Montu* Lord of
greeting:110 iry nJc Mnfcw nb W3s[t mi mrr b3k im]r "Hay Hontur
a hawk.
Iconography
The earliest representations of Hontu in the form of a
3
9
is present to identify the godr but the figure is attributed
His torso is naked except for the broad collar about his neck.
In the left hand an ankh is held while the right arm is raised
with Double Crowns inv. 393 in the Cairo Museum (JE 65441)121
la Rogue.
broad collar/ tripartite wig and White Crown [Fig. 111.123 The
attestation for his wearing the White Crown. Context alone can
are clearly visible where they enter the wig inasmuch as they
4
1
instead of the belted tunic and appears to lack the broad
block (inv. 2122) only the head and shoulders of Hontu remain
[Fig. 141 #129 The hieraco- cephalic deity still wears the
tripartite wig with disk/ two plumes and double uraeusr but
the body of the double uraeus.13 The falcon plumes have been
behind the disk with only a small portion of the lower rear
with stripes and the plumes shown with guill and feather
2123).131 Again only his head remains* but the altered version
III wearing the Red Crown offers a conical loaf to the god who
front half of the disk with double uraeus* and one small
that the disk was carved with the encircling serpent body and
work to
be considered.134
according to H. S.
Drower.137
Hedamud depicting Hontu* Lacau and Chevrier note that "il est
4
3
presque toujours vfitu du pagne et du corselet soutenu aux
with belt as the term ^unic" would imply. In fact* there may
straps. The Hontu on block 2114 from Tod (Cairo JE 66329) was
portion
Srtman has suggested that rather than feathers* the tunic was
feathers were "en cuir/" and the fabric of the garment cannot
the thigh and is held in place by a belt round the waist. One
end of the cloth is carried over the shoulder from the back/
and is fastened to the other end on the left breast with what
length of cloth belted around the waist and the two ends
fragment preserving the body above the waist from his mortuary
4
5
Karnak/ although the quality is much inferior [Fig. 151. The
as Montu (on the left) and Khnum (on the right) are placed at
both deities wear the tunic with shoulder straps. The presumed
in the Cairo Museum [Pig. 71.155 Montu* Lord of the Theban Nome
Who Dwells in Medamud* is paired symmetrically with Amun* Lord
of the Thrones of the Two Lands* each offering "all life and
(wearing the White Crown) and Lower Egypt (wearing the Red
offers to the King of Lower Egypt. Amun stands before the pr-
plain kilt with bull's tail and the tripartite wig topped by
presence of the serpent body encircling the disk from the line
bull's tail. Atop the tripartite wig stands the disk with
Cairo lintel.
81157 In the lower register only the disk* double uraeus and
4
7
twin plumes remain of Hontu/ Lord of Hedamud.
to the Upper Egyptian deities like Minr and the solar disk
falcon.159
Montu as War God
The iconographic study of Montu during the Middle Kingdom
a martial deity !bef >re the the New Kingdom.159 This view*
and a wish for the new King Senwosret Is hsw Mntw nb W3st
4
9
(Blackman B 206)* "whom Montu* Lord of the Theban Nome*
favors; and mrrw Mntw nb W3st cnh.f flt (Blackman B 237- 238)*
light on Hontu's status as war god? the other one does. Bisson
and practicing for the battle? Sinuhe faces the "Strong Han"
(139) neck. He cried out? fell on his nose? andI slew him with
stability and dominion with his right hand. In his left hand
localities/ the first being Kush (K3s). Hontu tells the King:
tHirgissa]" and yet another stela from the New Kingdom (IH.
from Dynasty XII indicates a martial role for Hontu after his
5
1
civilization for his supreme achievement of reunification of
(1946):23,
3
Temples ftiPfrDfa. a. Preliminary Survey (London
1940) * p. 2.
5
3
18
Ibid./ p. 2.
19
0n Itj-tawy/ see W. K. Simpson/ "Studies in the Twelfth
(1963):53-59.
20
A. I. Sadekr IM Amethvst Mining Inscriptions Wadi el-Hudi
p. 34.
21
Studies of Amun include: E. Ottor "Amun/" in Ld& 1/ cols.
Period/" p. 149.
23
"Discovery of an Xlth Dynasty Temple at Deir el- Bahari/
pl. I.
38
Ibid.r pl. II.
39
F. Bisson de la Roque and J. J. Clferer MSdamoud (1927)r
pp. 70-103.
45
T0dr p. 104. For the architectural history of the Middle
5
5
BIFAO 74 (1974):171-181; "Fouilles de Karnak Nord: septifeme
XXXIV; and Hayesr Scepter Ir p. 153 and fig. 91r who dates the
he did not find this title "on dated stelae earlier than
no n-sign is mentioned*
61
Barta* Aufbaii und Bedeutung* p. 45* c) "Die G5tter der
GBtterformei."
62
ClSre and Vandier* Textes* pp. 44-45 31; and H. 0. Lange*
5
7
fliejLoqlyphic isxfcs. i* pi. 55.
69
"Zur Datierung der Grabinschriften des Gaufflrsten Intf
son. She has the titles hmt.f nbt pr* "his wife* lady of the
that "the motif of smelling the lotus does not appear on dated
stela had become the fixed form under Amenemhat II* the
horizontal version
having disappeared.
76
Wb. It p. 283: "Pr. der Zutritt hat."
1/ p. 205: 4/ 6/ 8/ 9.
8
This is based on Fischer's reading ("Sb3.n/" p. 70/ n.
5
9
"bewundern."
83
This appears to be the name of a building.
84
Literally "those who are within his hand." Another
of the study deals with the cult as attested in the Late and
Ptolemaic Periods.
91
Temples & Armant/ p. 169 and pl. XCIX.2.
92
Stierkultez pp. 40-41.
93
1S/ p. 72.
94
"Notes/" p. 7.
95
Ibid.; also Ottor Stierkulte# p. 41.
96
0tto# Stierkulte# p. 41# and Bisson de la Roque# "Notes#"
p. 11.
97
"Notes#" p. 11.
^Publication of the hieroglyphic text: A. de Buck#
79 (Spell 939).
Osiris was lifted skyward# while in the Coffin Texts and the
(1948):1-10.
101
The Hdcanakhte papers and Other Early Middle Kingdom
32.
103
James (ibid./ p. 124) takes the prepositional phrase
6
1
iw.fcn or iw.k in cases where m hst stand alone."
Kmyt.
113
ClSre and Vandier/ Textes/ p. 44/ 31.2.
114
Ibid./ p. 47/ 33.4.
115
Ibid./ p. 2/ 3.1
116
James/ Hekanakhte papers/ pl. 24/ col. 2. For the perched
falcon in hieratic see G. MSller/ Hieratische Pal3oqraphie I
238.
118
F. Bisson de la Roque/ Tfid.
119
Ibid./ p. 72 and pl. XIX.1.
120
Ibid./ p. 72.
121
Ibid./ pp. 140-141 (fig. 87) and pl. XXXI.2.
122
Ibid./ p. 141 (fig. 87).
123
Ibid./ p. 75 (fig. 27) and pl. XIX.2 (detail).
124
Ibid./ p. 75.
125
Winlock/ Rise and Fall/ p. 62 and pl. 12.
126
TOd> pp. 71-72r 74 (fig. 25) and pi. XX (details).
127
See also M. S. Drower* in Temples flf Armant/ p. 158.
128
Ifidr pp. 72-74 (fig. 26) and pi. XVIII (details).
129
Ibid./ pp. 87-88/ fig. 40 and pi. XVII.1 (detail).
l'Ecole du Caire (IFAQ) (Paris 1980)/ cat. no. 211/ pp. 161-
163.
6
3
preserved in full color in the tomb (no. 66) of Queen
^34Ibid.z p. 24.
135
IgffiPlSS Ql Armant/ pi. XCIX.2-3.
136
Ibid./ pi. XCVIII.2.
137
Ibid.r p. 158 and pi. LXXXVIII.7. R. Cottevieille-
30).
138
HQ gjaggsiie 3s Sfesostris isi. h Kacnak (Cairo 1956-
1969)/ p. 174.
139
T6d# p. 90/ fig. 43 and p. 91* fig. 44; Temples of Armant#
pi. LXXXVIII.7.
figure.
07.230.2).
146
Lacau and Chevrier/ Chaoelle/ scSne 10 (pi. 16) and scfene
unusual rather than his more common tunic (or kilt with
vStements diffrents."
149
Published fully by J. H. Breasted? "The Wadi Haifa Stela
6
5
151
"lnventaire des stales gyptiens du Moyen empire
(1968/69):63-64.
153
Ibid./ p. 64.
154See note 149.
155
R. Cottevieille-Giraudet/ Mfedamoud (1931)# pp. 3-5 and
pi. I.
156
F. Bisson de la Rogue and J. J. Clre/ Mfedamoud (1927) #
p. 96 and pis. V-VI/ block no. 29/ inv. 3074; Charles Boreux/
"A propos d'un linteau reprsentant Ssos- tris III trouv6 &
519.
160,1
Notes/" p. 13.
m
AH3, v. 1, pt. 2r p. 519.
162
Reiiqion ftgyptisnns* p. 148.
163
M. Lichtheim states that Papyrus Berlin 3022 "dates from
transcription "from Berlin Papyri 10499 (R) and 3022 (B) and
Literature gjL Ancient Egypt/ new ed. (New Haven 1973)/ pp.
of Retenu."
1 67
AO/
The entire passage has recently been analyzed by G. Fecht/
Egypt and reached Florence some sixty years after the upper
6
7
172
flga&, haiafihf p. 134.
173
Mirgissa I (Mission arch&ologique fran^aise au Soudan sous
XIII and XIV within the scope of his study of the Second
Egypt with Dynasty XVI.4 "Like the native rulers/ the Hyksos
have been accepted by the intruders/ notably the sun god Her
6
9
whom they honoured in their throne names."5 No definite
evidence has yet been established for any link between the
ir.n.f m mnw.f n it.f Mntw nb W3st m M3dw irt n.f sk3 m m3t
ir.f n.f di cnl) mi Rc/ "May the Horus 'Chief of the Two
his
hr.f? "in order to please the place of his sight. The King
wearing the short garment and the crowns of Upper and Lower
and Amun-Re Lord of the Thrones of the Two Lands/ offer "all
life and dominion" to the King of Upper and the King of Lower
King.
being led by Horus the Behdite and Thoth into the presence of
7
1
Montu [Fig. 211.12 The iconography of the scene will be
tells the King that he gives to him "every good thing* all
life and dominion/ all health# and all joy." The lintel from
Medamud."
Dwells at Medamud."
Medamud."20
I. 21
Block no. 143 features the King presenting cyt-cakes to
n.[i] n.k t3w nb(w) h3swt nb(w)t tm(w) mi irt.[i] tw (2) ink
it.k km3 ki.k rnn tw (3) r nytswt t3wy (4) Mntw (5) nb W3str
"(1) Words spoken: [II give to you all lands and all foreign
7
3
countries completely according as [I] have begotten you. (2)
I am your father who created your form and who nurtured you
(3) for the kingship of the Two Lands? (4) Montu* (5) Lord of
for his father Montu by renewing what his father* the King of
by Helck:2
hbsw n i3btt (3) ///[n it.f] Mntw m M3dw 3c.tw h3t r p3 (4)
nfety (8) [rsy i3bty imnty n n3 n 3hwt] ir nty im m-c s3hw imy
Translation:
(1) [Year] /// under the majesty [of the King of Upper] and
(50?) fields in the ploughlands of the east (3) /// [for his
As for him who belongs to the dependents# have (him) pay (9)
with what is [to be pa] id [for the] fields# plot for plot
44 rods.
7
5
sw3d and RS possible Swadjkarer a name related to several
of Dynasty XIII.43
music performed by four female and two male singers and three
7
7
Montu returned to his temple at Medamud and received more
offerings.47
the god.49 Since a bull iconography for Montu is "so far only
Griffith was correct and that the living sacred bull of Montu
at Medamud visited the court* not merely his image. Less than
participants.51
3bjiwty m swt.f nb(t) Pth rsy inb.f ...* "A boon which the
King gives (to) Montu* Lord of the Theban Nome Who Dwells in
Wall ..."52 The second stela* now in the British Museum and
formulas.54
Iconography
The few representations of Montu preserved from the Second
human form with the solar disk and eclipsed tall plumes atop
(wearing the White Crown) and Lower Egypt (wearing the Red
7
9
Horus the Behdite and Thoth# here referred to simply as Lord
plumes and the serpent body encircling the disk. These scenes
13983) [Fig. 171. In the Dynasty XIII version the King and
Montu wears the tunic with shoulder straps and bull's tail*
shoulder straps and bull's tail. The solar disk and twin
Winkler's photograph.
the lunette Montur Lord of the Theban Nome* presents the King
The King is flanked by the two deities who embrace him each
King defeated his foes far b3w it.f Imnr "through the power of
tail and broad collar. The encircled solar disk with double
uraeus and eclipsed twin plumes rest atop his tripartite wig.
Miscellaneous Inscriptions
A stela (IM. 902) dated to the Second Intermediate Period
extensively revised."
4
Hayes# CAH3# v. 2# pt. 1# p. 818; W. K. Simpson# The
cols. 93-103.
6
Hayesz CAH3 v. 2/ pt. 1/ p. 56.
7
Mond and Myers (Temples Armant; a. Preliminary Survey
Mont) ..."
8
F. Bisson de la Roque and J. J. Clre/ Rapport sur Iss.
1975)/ p. 1/ no. 2.
9
Mfedamoud (1927)/ pp. 115-116/ 129-130; and Helck/ Texte/
p. 1/ no. 2.
pi, V.
12
Mdamoud (1931)/ p. 7 and pi. VI.
13
Ibid./ p. 7 and pi. VIII.
(1931)# pp. 8-9 and figs. 5-6; Helck# Texte# pp. 13-14# no.
21.
LIII.
VF cols. 1031-1034.
pis. X-XI.
22
Ibid.F pp. 96-97f fig. 86 and pl. X; M&damoud 11931) f pl.
IV.
23
M-dafll0.ttd (1929) f p. 98 and fig. 88.
8
5
24
Ibid.F pp. 98-101f figs. 88-91 and pl. XI; M&damoud 1193.1?
F pl. III.
25
Original publication of the text: Mfedamoud (1927)r p.
literal and often adds more than even his emendations allow.
2
'Helck (Materialien I# p. 999) ventures "Karte#" i.e.
"map."
28
The term d3yt is cited in HI*. V 519 as being attested in
translation.
29
A unit of linear measurement equal to 100 cubits (Wb.
128).
3
*J. Vercoutter# "T6d (1946-1949): rapport succinct des
Stelae*" p. 129).
37
Lange and Schafer# Denksteine II# p. 293. This is a round-
(1887):36.
(papyrus Boulaq Nr. 18) #" ZAS 57 (1922) :51-68; and Bertrand
(no. VIII).
40
"Rechnungsbuch#" p. 63.
41
"Account Papyrus#" p. 104.
42
.flpyms st. Lata Middle Kingdom in ite Brooklyn Museum
"Rechnungsbuch#" p. 63.
45
Griffith# "Account Papyrus#" pp. 109# 115; Scharff#
references.
62
Macadam* "Royal Family?" p. 23# n. 4. He refers
Thebes. His son# Segenenre Tao 11/ may well have died in a
his elder .brother in ca. 1570 B.C./ to drive the last of the
called nfcr nfr mry Mnfcw# "the Good God# beloved of Montu"
nfcrw Imn wfl lui nfrtw# "I am the strong bull appearing in
kni hr pri# "... whose arrow does not miss# the strong- armed#
King: "I give you all life and dominion.- all health# and all
valor and victory" and "I give to you thousands of years# all
prt-c
jn sWf "what the Lord of the Gods# the Lord of Armant/ did
Montu and Seth/ another deity known for forceful and violent
was one who knew17 all the work of Montu; there was none like
Not one among [them] could draw his bow; he could not be
hmtr "His majesty appeared upon the chariot like Montu in his
might. It was while holding four arrows at the same time that
one "whom Amun made strong ... and valorous like Montu" (nrk.
IV 1281:2-7) ,19
9
5
The Great Sphinx Stela also informs us that even when
Kmt dhn n.f t3/ "Though not yet of the age to do the work
this instance/ the god who inspires the King is most probably
1321:15-20).
It is indeed fitting that pieces of the King's inscribed bow
ifct m nht m wsrw mi Mnfcw db3 (w) jn hcwt.f ? "one who seizes
with strength and with might like Montu adorned with his
staff from his burial in Tomb KV 35: nfcr nfr 3by sjim
9
7
The royal scribe and overseer of the army? Tjanuny? served
r3-c-ht nnw mi Stfa Nbty? "The Good God went forth like Montu
IV 1568:10).
(CG 46097) which was found in his tomb (KV 43).29 The
interior Montu tells the King: di.n.i n.k knt nht r h3swt nbt
"I give to you valor and victory over all foreign lands
Theban Horus who overthrows all lands and all Fenkhu people"
hwi.k tpw31 lj3st nbtf "Take for yourself the scimitar that
described thus: spr hm.f r.sn roi hwit bik mi Mntw jn hprw.f*
9
9
the battlefield like Montu" (Prk. iv 1698:9). Reminiscent of
Karnak: pdty nht stt r mfld* "mighty bowman who hits the
arm."34
the Aten temple at East Karnak. The tax was modest inasmuch
hypothesis.3
Amarna heresy.
that Montu's solar disk has been left intact and even traces
suffered damage.
hands. How could Montu with his single scimitar ever compete
Amada refers to the King as (p3 nfet i}p mry Itn/ "the
Ruler/ strong of
stela found at Buhen and dated to Year 12/ third month of the
inundation/ day 20 of Akhenaten's reign repeats this phrase
Medamud/ as they have not so far been matched with the Karnak
the blocks at both Armant and Tod were transported there from
1
0
3
the Karnak Aten complex. In factr one of the Tod blocks
Heliopolis remained open for ten years* but the energy of the
has already been noted that Montu was named in the "Temple of
(KV 62) refer to Montu in his role as martial god. On the top
nfcr nfr ptpt h3swt hwi wrw n h3swt nbt nb phty mi s3 Nwt pr
who crushes the foreign lands* who smites the chiefs of all
(i.e. Seth)* who goes forth like Montu Who Dwells in Thebes*
the King of Upper and Lower Egypt* Lord of the Two Lands*
lions and bears the inscription: ntr nfr nht hpg wsr ib mi
hearted like Montu Who Dwells in Thebes/ who fights lions and
XXJ.C v ui.r>. xv 0/
foreign land/ his bow in his grasp like the Lord of the
(Hill. IV 2139:14-17).
XIX.67
Iconography
Throughout Dynasty XVIII/ Montu's iconographic stability
XVIII date would seem most likely/ but some publications have
The heads are missing from both figures of the King/ but
tall twin plumes? solar disk and double uraeus. The marking
details carved into the plumes are those commonly used with
1
0
7
is twice called "beloved of Amun-Re."
chariot (CG 46097) which was found in his tomb (KV 43).80 On
stands behind him and supports his arms as he draws his bow.
half of the godr so only Montu's arms# back and head are
and he holds a scimitar with a combined dd# cnh and w3s in the
right hand.
has been carved out some of the detail might have been
1
0
9
single uraeus# and Atum lead Amenhotep III before Amun in the
disk/ twin plumes/ and a uraeus whose tail hangs down froi
long edge.
Montu and the "Falcon Ships"
One of the most unusual ornamental uses of hieraco-
his Nubian campaign "with all foreign lands in his grasp and
report that after having slain seven enemy princes/ they were
human form who pierce Egypt's enemies with spears and one as
uraei.
stern cabin* but with four Montus on both sides [Figs. 31-
325. The port Montus are named "Montu Who Dwells in Thebes*"
the same# but the subdued enemies vary and the gods are
Heaven."
1
1
3
The second model (CG 4945)104 is similar to the first#
The third example (CG 4946)105 resembles the first two# but
flower which curves back toward the middle of the ship. The
stern panel# but he notes that they are all called simply
green tunics and white kilts. Two rudder-posts (CG 5053) from
his cultic sites. Huy no doubt awed his Nubian subjects when
depicts a king who wears the blue war crown and holds a Hc3-
with all his regalia on the barque of the god Montu* readily
and stern posts.** The third scarab (no. 30.8.535) [Fig. 35]
Montu."113 Indeed* not only are the falcon heads topped with
1
1
5
symbolically miniaturized falcon ship* the vessel is clearly
It has been demonstrated that the role of war god was not
beyond the Aten's repertoire. Whereas Hontu figures added
Kingdom at Beni Hasan and Bersha which more or less fit the
1
1
7
1
^7
absolute.
1
3
Leibovitch notes that the earliest Egyptian griffins were
8
given the descriptive names tt# "He Who Crushes#" and ptptr
Tod" (CG 4945)# and simply "Montu" (CG 4946); one is not
deity.
Seth has been linked to the hh-griffin which took the form of
a winged Seth-animal.135
Temples
The renewed prosperity resulting from the military and
enlargement# but all the temples did not benefit from the
Mond and Myers concluded that the New Kingdom temple was
outer hall and is labeled sb3 tpy n Mnfc nb lwn[y] nfr hc.f/
were found south of the pylon one of which was inscribed: "Son
west end.151 Some idea of the temple's design has been revealed
XVIII* and this explains why the early remains were so readily
Thutmose IV.154
were recovered (inv. 211 and 227) which bear the incomplete
clearly the work of Amenhotep III and was given the name (Nb-
point that the ramp and obelisks were added.173 At the south
was closed.174
417:6).
and Thutmose III was the "noble (rpc) / mayor ty-c) and steward
temple listed is that "of Montu/ Lord of Thebes/ the Bull Who
Thebes# will favor you# and you will pass on your offices to
under Amenhotep II and bore among his many titles that of imy-
inside the festival hall# so that it may smell the myrrh and
incense upon the fire# so ifhat it may take up the water from
that it may eat what is upon the hands of the wab-priests from
(Prk. iv
of his father/ the Lector Priest Qhu- ty/" and more than a
the figure reveals only the name Mntw with no clear priestly
(dJL. IV 1631:18-19).
pr.194
the back pillar preserved with the head and upper torso of a
eclipses all but the back edge of the tall twin plumes. The
(inv. 1933) and was inscribed for a man whose name has been
the left in the upper register while the owner kneels in the
lower right with his hands raised in adoration. The god holds
nyswt nfcrw ity hk3 idbwy nb hp ifci m sljm.f nb fyt m-m wrw
(3) /// psflt nSnty shm jn Nik di.t(w)201 shm mcb3y.f im.f wr
snd.f wrw r^f fft.f bdg.ti m hcw.sn hcc. [sn] (7) m hsf.f
nry.f hryw nc hr.sn m33 [sw] (8) hft wfl.n.f sm3 t3 _m shwt.f
3bd nb /// (9) ifrmw-wrd hnc imy-sk [sic]204 hrw n.k bnty ipw
dw3 tw sflrw hnw /// (10) sw32 tv hmw.sn dw3.sn tv hft psd.k
cc
wy.sn h3m ji b3w.k imy-r3 niwt t3ty ffsr-Mnfcw [m3c- hrw
fld.f infl-hr.k Rc imy] (11) 3ht.f hc.ti s3t.f m-ht.f di.s hh.s
1
sflt jm hfty.k wn.s n.k w3t nfrt diw n.k /// (12) m_ 13w ji5
1
c c
wbn.k di.k s3.k mr.k nb t3vy (Dsr-hprv-R stp-n-R I hr nst.k n_
Translation:
strength who seizes with his power/ lord of majesty among the
great ones/ (3) /// the Ennead/ the raging one who prevails
(4) /// his [strength] is high and wide/ he who saves the Two
(5) /// provided with his spear/ who causes Re to sail in his
bark and who overthrows his serpent enemy for him/ his crew
power/ the bowman who prevails over his opponents/ fear of him
being given to those greater than he/ awe of him being at rest
throne. The gods and goddesses make way for him* he overawing
those who are above# the faces of those who see [him] being
with the imperishable stars; those two baboons are quiet for
you; the sleepers praise you; family /// (10) their majesties
1
pay honor to you and they worship you when you shine# their5
2
arms bent to your power. The mayor of the City and vizier
accompanying him that she may kindle her fiery blast in your
serpent enemy. She opens for you the good way and to you is
given /// (12) in praise of your rising. You place your son
horizon ///.
crossest the sky in life and dominion# making the sky festal
Apophis from the bark of Re.213 This would again emphasize the
Montu subdue the enemies of Re's earthly son who sails in his
warship.
htp di nyswt Mntw nb Iwny nirw 3fcm W3st di.sn c.w.s. jn rpc
the king gives (to) Montu# Lord of Armant# and the gods and
justified]."
and Eia Struggle against ths. Hyksos Ruler and lia Capital
(GlQckstadt 1972).
3
Jamesr CAH3/ v. 2/ pt. 1/ pp. 293-296.
4
0n the inner face of the Ramesseum's Second Pylon (EH2 II
Karnak I-II (Cairo 1977-1979)# p. 66/ 101/ and pl. 2B/ assise
8/ no. 245.
8
Ibid.# p. 66# SlOlr and pi. 2B# assise 8# no. 73; and p.
read westward along the north wall# and southward along the
wall."
12
ABE 411-413.
13
R. Mond and 0. H. Myers# Temples of Armant: a Preliminary
is one-knowing."
ls
The word htr could also be interpreted as "horses" in the
in the text the more precise term for horse/ ssm(t) # is used
"chariotry."
of the Solar Disk with Human Hands and Arms ^and the Form of
(1982):72.
36
His letter dated Karnak/ Dec. 26/ 1982. In the preliminary
Amarna Period/" JARCE 3 (1964) :55 and n. 26; and his "The
reign of Akhenaten.
3
"Rapport sur les travaux de Karnak# 1952-1953/" ASAE 53
appropriate here.
40
Her letter dated Berlin/ Nov. 9 1984/ for which I wish to
Karnak/" NARCE no. 127 [Fall 1984]/ p. 63 [pl. VIII]: 31, 79).
41
0. Schaden/ "The Temple of Nebkheperure in Thebes," in
August 1977/ pp. 153-191/ and his "Report/" pp. 44-64; see
AO I
*^Schaden/ "Temple of Nebkheperure/" p. 156/ and presumably
Aten.
50
R. Cottevieille-Giraudet/ Rapport les fouilles (1932): is&
49.
52
"Jubilee Scenes on Talatat/" in ATP 1/ p. 67.
53
Akhenaten/ the Heretic King. (Princeton 1984) / p. 71.
54
A. Farid/ "A Preliminary Report on the Clearance of the
25 (1939):8-15.
65
See also K. El Mallakh and A. C. Brackman# The Gold of
84.
67
R. O. Faulkner# "Egypt: from the Inception of the
2Br assise 8/ nos. 73 and 245); p. 221/ 343 (pi. 10/ no.
193).
72
Ibid./ p. 339r 591 (pi. 19/ no. 276).
73
Temples af Aisant/ pi. cm.
74
Hieroglyphic l2LfcS. fJLgffi Egyptian SJtelafif etc.
VIII (London 1939)/ pp. 5-6 and pi. VI. See also British
K?)."
296
.
77
British Museum/ Guide (Sculpture)/ p. 105 and M2 II
78
EM2 II 103; M. Pilletf IhSfafig.; KainaR Louxor (Paris
19/ 21/ 23-24/ 28 and 50; Mallakh and Brackman/ Gold/ pis.
110.
89
CQrPU5 &L scarabfee fegyptien II (Beirut 1977)/ nos. 177-
165
and pi. XV (= Matouk no. 184)# and no. 578# p. 139 and pi. XV
1913)* no. 1110* p. 109 (= Matouk no. 180)# and no. 1638* p.
pi. IV.
95
Previously unpublished; of unknown provenance* it was a
296
.
"*falcon'-ship" (cf. Hfe. I 445: "Schiff des KBnigs").
seems quite clear inasmuch as they made use of the word for
LXVIII.B.
OO O 1
I-1- 75-78.
10
Ibid.* 75 (1) I; N. de Garis Davies and A. H. Gardiner*
warships."
167
102
H2 I2 556.
103
Daressy* Fouilles* pp. 239-241 and pis. XLVIII-XLIX (pi.
Models/ p. 114.
107
Daressy/ Fouilles/ p. 249 and pl. LI; Reisner/
JS2SS1S/ P. 116.
108
Daressy/ Fouilles/ p. 250 and pl. LI; Reisner/ Models/
p* 117.
109
Reisner/ Models/ pp. 117-118.
110
Both scarabs came from Luxor and were the gift of J.
296
.
1712/ p. 169. Hall read the cartouche as (Mn-hprw-R ), the
c
57.
lls
Cooney# Amarna Reliefs# pp. 80-81# no. 50/ and Aldred/
Sgyptischen Religionsgeschichte
pp. 68-72.
122
The griffin is commonly defined as "a fabulous beast
with the head and wings of an eagle and the body of a lion
pi. XIII.
129
"Griffon I," pp. 186-189.
296
.
130
Davies/ Tomb of Ken-Amun/ pl LXVIII.B.
131
Daressy/ Fouilles/ pp. 239-243 and pis. XLVIII-XLIX.
132
Ibid.z p. 73 and pi. XXI.
133
fi. Vernier/ Biioux orffevreries (Catalogue gfenferal
1900)/ pi. I; and Eggebrecht/ Axt als waffe, pp. 92-95 and
pis. XXX-XXXI.
134
Leibovitchz "Griffon I," p. 192/ and Frankfort/ "Notes/"
138
Ibid./ p. 3/ 187 and pis. XXIII.1/ XL.1-8.
139
Ibid./ p. 3.
140
Ibid./ p. 15.
141
H2 I1 47-49.
171
142
N. de G. Davies and A. H. Gardiner/ Seven Private Tombs
XLI.1-5.
146
Ibid./ p. 174 and pl. C.5.
147
Ibid./ p. 174 and pl. Cl.2.
148
Ibid.z p. 174 and pl. Cl.5 (not C.5).
149
EM V 141; G. Legrainz "Notes sur le dieu Montouz"
107-108.
153
M V 149; Mfedamoud (1927) (FIFAO 51; Cairo 1928)# inv.
296
.
154
udas2iad (1928) # p. 6.
155
r&d (1934 a 1936) (FIFAO 17; Cairo 1937)# p. 130.
V 169.
168
Karnak I* p. 16.
170
Ibid.* p. 281.
Tod/ no. 34/ pp. 158-159; Armant/ no. 36/ pp. 160-161; and
296
.
ennes du Musfee du Caire; Berlin 1925)/ pp. 127-130 and pl.
("Ubiquitous/" ms. p. 12/ line 10/ fig. 16). On the left side
certainly "Amun."
p. 42 (no. 16).
296
.
flagellum (Gardiner G 15) r i.e. "Mut*" and the sign which he
IV 1441-1445.
186
Mdamoud (1926)* pp. 49-51 and fig. 23; and Prk. IV
1482-1484.
187
For the restoration ijft-hr n nb.s* see Helck* fiber-
setzung* p. 119* n. 4.
188
Sceoter II* p. 170. Citing Hayes* Helck (Materi- alien*
Armant.
189
Ibid.* p. 229.
190
Materialien I, p. 161.
191
P Lacau, Stales dli Nouvel Empire I2 (Catalogue
192
S. R. K. Glanville, "Records of a Royal Dockyard of the
(1932) :39-41 and pl. II; Hieroglyphic Texts VIII, pp. 38-40
142.
193
"La tombe d'un officier de la XVIIIe dynastie d Saqqara,"
119-120.
196
Lacau, Stfeles du Nouvel Empire I1 (Catalogue gfenferal
thesis.
199
Louvre computer printout.
200
Temples Armant, pp. 184-185 and pl. CI.3; and Urk. IV
296
.
assume a missing M The verb with as subject is preferable.
setzunq/ p. 390).
206
Literally/ "their faces being repelled/ they who see
grammar.
207
Helck's restoration of infl-hr.k Rc can be justified by
daughter.
208
Awkward though it may be/ the old perfective form
109.
296
.
Chapter 5 THE NEW KINGDOM: RAMESSIDE PERIOD
Asiatic named Irsu.5 The chronicle states that the gods chose
shared with the high priest of Amun at Thebes and the Viceroy
18
1
rest of Upper Egypt. Upon the death of Ramesses XI in ca. 1085
"one who acts with his armsr an archer like Montu." The
repetition of such stock phrases with minimal variation in
named in his honor. Aside from sharing the same material and
18
3
finds from the Delta site of Qantir.11
dealer for the Cairo Museum and was convinced that they were
Rulers" (Hildesheim nos. 374 and 1085). The other two show the
on the stelae.15
18
5
extended to the naming of six of his sons: Mentuberkhopshef#
mentu.24
Montu and Other Martial Deities
The Ramesside obsession with military activities and the
gods were paired with him in the texts to add some variety and
Nwt* "he who subdues his opponent like the Son of Nut" (KRI VI
Stb (var. Swty) m 3t.f m-hr.sn/ "I was like Seth in his moment
before them" (K^/ L2). Montu and Baal are substituted for Seth
but the names of the other two have not survived. The figure
the god looks more Asiatic than Egyptian/ but the epithet c3
18
7
only one indirect pairing was found in the survey of Kitchen's
that the Egyptians enlisted the aid of the Asiatic war gods to
supplement their own in the belief that only with their help
was greatest.37
Book of the Dead
Montu is referred to twice in the Theban recension of the
differing composition.
Winter? Last Day? When Completing the Sacred Eye (wd3t) in the
includes: Re? Atum? the Sacred Eye? Shu? Geb? Osiris? Seth and
the Lord of Thebes? and Amun the Lord of the thrones of the
and the Lesser Ennead? the gods and goddesses who are in Nun?"
18
9
Montu in the New Kingdom is found in the Theban tomb (no. 31)
represented are two more high priests/ three wab and lector
river bark. On the south side of the east wallr the bark is
with the falcon head of the god topped by a solar disk and
prenomen.
are more clearly visible and feature Thutmose III and Ramesses
behind them and are ornamented with the king's titulary [Fig.
"Welcome! You are returned from Tod and are at rest in Armant.
19
1
All of your people stand cheering since you entered Armant;
most joyful are they that you are inside her." And finally* in
may have had his own bark chapel within the Armant complex
father" Montu.
331) and Hatiay (no. 324)/ as well as graffiti from Aswan# all
the Dynasty XIX family of Khonsu# called Ta.34- Hatiay and his
Sethi I and Ramesses II# Montu# Lord of Thebes# the Bull who
preserved from the Ramesside Period which omit the name of the
19
3
First Pylon at Medinet Habu Ramesses III is represented
V 301:16).
contemporary data.
the 20th Dynasty; more than half of the number of names can be
attributed to that period. We may see here the beginning of
dated to the New Kingdom.62 One fine example is Turin no. 50032
19
5
be involved in the marital sphere? Borghouts' conclusion
Medamud* Karnak North and Tod are all omitted from the list of
Harris.72
19
7
2C
0
by Thutmose III probably "remained much the same from the time
usurpation."74
Ramesses III# and probably Sethi I.80 One granite and two
other temples.81
Lower Egypt who does what is beneficial for his father Montu#
V 232:6).
and VII.86 Statues of Ramesses IV8^ and Ramesses IX88 were also
recovered.
Lord of the Two Lands and the Temple of Montu?" and "Deputy of
Hontu could very well "have bad a temple here although it was
Theban tomb (no. 106) of the vizier Paser which dates to the
the seated god has only a single uraeus and the scimitar has
but a finely carved figure of Montu stands before the King who
Neferhotep.
including Sobek? Tutu? Sokar and Hathor [Fig. 42] .104 Only the
broad collar? and divine beard with the chin- strap clearly
him.
his head a royal fillet with uraeus topped by a lunar disk and
crescent.
The goddess precedes the King offering life to his nose with
one hand while holding his hand in the other. Khonsu does the
Bonnet notes that Khonsu alters his form to suit his various
solar disk and tall twin plumes for a headdress.121 Bonnet does
uraei: the two lower with sundisks on their heads# and the two
upper wearing either the Red Crown or the White Crown. The god
Ramesses II# Hut before the King# Khonsu following. Both hold
one of his hands and offer life. In this instance they bring
Sethi II's Karnak shrine#126 with Ramesses III before Amun and
491 #128 and with Ramesses XI on the south wall of the first
the same form flank the gateway at Medinet Habu formed by the
west faces of the so- called North and South Porters' Lodges.
explained.
and 93)/ three times with a single uraeus &K Ir pis. 47/ 62
and 106)/ twice with the uraei not preserved (TK I/ pis. 37
known forms: the "mummiformn prince (IK 1/ pis. 28/ 34/ 36/ 70/
I pis. 15/ 43/ 51 [left] / 54 [right]/ 57/ 58/ 81/ 92/ and
and single uraeus (IK 11 pis. 8/ 42/ 50/ 54 [left]/ 69/ 74/ 78/
Table 1.
Amunet 14 Montu 8
Maat 5 Re-Horakhty 5
Horus 4 Ptah 4
Thoth 3 Isis 3
Rettawy 3 Iusaas 3
Atum 2 Onuris-Shu 2
Min 2 . Sekhmet 2
Sobek 2 Behdety 1
Shu 1 Mehyet 1
Seth 1 Tjenenet 1
Henutme 1 Taweret 1
s
Table 2.
Iconography of Montu (Nb W3st and Nb W3st Hry-ib Iwny)
I **
and Montu-Re in the Court of Herihor
Double Uraeus 2 Single Uraeus 3
Uraeus 2 Completely 1
Undetermined Anthropomorphic
Table 3.
Total 8
Like Montu with 0 11
double uraeus
Like Montu with uraeus 2 2 4
undetermined
Hieracoceph. with 0 11
elaborate crown
Human with beard? disk 0 11
and crescent
I
Total 5 30 35
and 102); like Hontu with double uraeus (IK 1/ pl. 49); like
ram's horns and four uraei (IK 1/ pl. 7); and completely
Neferhotep.
floral bouquets to Hontu (IK Ir pl. 32) [Fig. 401. Both gods
Table 1.
attends Hontu.
Total 8
how "having ousted Montu/ Amon ... wished to adopt him as
Table 1.
Ahmose 0
Amenhotep I 0
Thutmose I 1
Thutmose II 0
Hatshepsut 6
Thutmose III 17
Amenhotep II 29
Thutmose IV 13
Amenhotep III 7
Akhenaten 0
Tutankhamun 5
Ay 0
Horemheb 1?
Total 8
those with the highest rate of Montu attestations in
Min of Coptos
Table 1.
and a fourth god who wears the lunar disk and crescent.
in
between the Triad and the god they had long ago ousted
Total 8
contemporary texts do not provide specific evidence for
this phenomenon.
Table 1.
445.
5
Published in hieroglyphic transcription by W. Erichsen#
Total 8
seventh volume destined to include indexes and addenda is
still in preparation.
III-IV.
11
"Khat&cna-Qantlr: Importance#" asae 52 (1954) :514-559
146.
14
Habachi# "Khatacna-Qantir#" pp. 548-550. A fifth cult
Table 1.
Museum.
16
Habachi# Deification# p. 32 and fig. 20.
17
Hildesheim no. 1102 (KRI II 906:6) arid Leipzig no.
I
3618 (ESI III 225:11). Also ji iiE n k3.k (Hildesheim no. 377;
KRI III 258:14)# and simply n k3.k (Hildesheim no. 405; KBI
III 228:13).
Golden
B.C. (Boston 1982)/ cat. no. 408/ pp. 298 and 300. L. H.
Total 8
II 451:13; Cl&re/ "Nouveaux documents/" p. 33. It is
225:4/ 7/ 11/ 13/ 226:16/ 227:6/ 10/ 228:4/ 10/ 13/ 16/
Table 1.
23
j2sljStiLfiIlr p. 28.
24
KBI II 859, nos. 5, 23-24, 28-30.
25
m I 7:12, 17:13-14; II 45:131, 53:158, 120:S87,
respectively.
28
"Les fouilles de Tanis en 1933 et 1934," KSmi 5 (1935-
Total 8
34
Ibid., p. 31. See also Chapter 4, p. 112.
35
Sgrlsch-PalSstinensische Gottheiten in &gypten
4-5.
39
See Chapter 2# p. 40 and pp. 68-69# n. 98.
40
Or as an epithet of the preceding goddess: "Hathor the
p. 184; and R.
Table 1.
III 399-410.
45
Sev_en Private I.pmfes# p. 29.
46
Ibid.# pp. 13-14 and pi. XI.
47
Ibid.# pp. 14-15 and pi. XII.
48
Ibid.r pp. 16-17 and pl. XIII.
49
Ibid., p. 17.
in
/
Total 8
Iwny* "Mighty Bull Who Dwells in Armant" (KRI I 301:2)*
liminary Survey (London 1940)* p. 189 and pl. CV* no. 6C.
54
P. Barguet* "Tdd: rapport de fouilles de la saison
V 339:12.
55
Wb. I* p. 565: "Kampfplatz."
204.
61
Ibid., pp. 194-195.
62
Ibid., pp. 195-198.
S3
M. Tosi and A. Roccati, Stele altre epjqrafi di J2ic
273.
64
J. P. Borghouts, "Monthu and Matrimonial Squabbles,"
MR 33 (1981): 11-22.
/'
65
Ibid., p. 19.
66
Ibid., pp. 19-21 and n. 68.
67
Ibid., p. 22.
68
EM2 II 508 (137) Room 15; Medinet Habu VI, pi. 441; KRI
V 32613-14.
69
2fl2 II 508 (138) Room 16 (h) 3 and (i) 3; Medinet
75
Ibid., p. 25.
74
2gmEl Armant, p. 15.
76
See also ibid.* p. 4 and for the dedication# pi.
LXXXVII.2.
77
Ibid.# p. 4.
78
For the Osiride statues see ibid.# pp. 188-189 and pis.
93; Cairo 1933)# p. 55# with the finds described on pp. 55-
227.
82
m V# pp. 167-169.
83
iad (1934 1 1936) (FIFAO 17; Cairo 1937)# pp. 132-
134.
84
"T6d: rapport de fouilles de la saison ffevrier-avril
war god linked with the army at this period* and it will be
75
Ibid., p. 25.
demonstrated ... that one of the major purposes if not the
T2954.
9S
Karnak-Nord IV, pp. 144-145 and pi. CXXII.
ancien (MIFAO 66? Cairo 1961)/ pp. 73-98 and pis. I-VIII.
100
A preliminary version of this section was presented as
September 1982.
101
At present there is no monographic study of Khonsu. The
notes: "Auch fdr das MR sind die Belege spSrlich ... Die
Sargtexte kennen ihn noch als grausamen Gott/ der sich von
Menschen n&hrt."
10
Brunner/ ibid.? and H. Bonnet? Reallexikon/ p. 141.
lO^Brunnerr ibid.
108
Bonnet/ Reallexikon/ p. 141.
109
"Ptah" in LdA IV col. 1178. M. S. Holmberg observes
jubilees ... But the garment was not a mummy's dress from
75
Ibid., p. 25.
pp. 17-18/ 21-22.) that Ptah/ Theban Khonsu/ Min and
menschengestaltigen Idols."
110
Medinet Habu VIII/ pi. 596.
m
lgppl,e s Khfinsu i/ pi. 43.
112
H. Chevrier/ Lg. temple reposoir de Sfeti II 1 Karnak
unique."
12
Copenhagen. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek/ Lfl collection
nb/ "I give to you all valor and victory/" something Montu
pointing south.
126
Chevrier, Lfi temple reposoir, pi. II; M2 II 25 (26).
127
PM2 II 172 (504) 6.
128
M2 II 236 (41) I.
129
Ih Temple Khan.SJl* vol. 2: Scenes and Insciiptions in
pi. 160.
130
Medinet Habu VIII/ pis. 596-597.
131See note 119.
132
J. Cern, CAH3# v. 2, pt. 2, pp. 637-641. "Judging from
75
Ibid., p. 25.
lary consisting of the traditional five names. ... He ruled
Ramesses XI, who, however slight might have been his power
638)
133
Temple & Khonsu I.
134
F. Laroche and C. Traunecker, "La chapelle adoss&e au
19; Cairo 19431/ pp. 12-13 and pis. XX-XXIX). The French
ence to Hontu.
139
"Chapelle adossfee/" p. 191.
140
H. Jacobsohn* "Kamutef/" in LdA III/ cols. 308-309;
dem bereits erwahnten Gotte Min gleicht und ganz wie dieser
75
Ibid., p. 25.
145
See "Montu and the Theban Ennead" in Chapter 6/ pp.
252-255.
Chapter 6 MONTU AND ATUM
in various forms and guises. In the Pyramid Texts of the Old Kingdom
revealed.
in reliefs of the early Middle Kingdom "with the disk and plumes of a
went on to add that "his principal cult centre was the town of Iuny/
head of that ancient city's Ennead/ and ultimately linked with the
little attention.6 Kees viewed Horus and Seth as but one example of a
pair of deities juxtaposed as representatives of Upper and Lower
Egypt. "Zu [dieser] Art geh5rt zweifellos die Gegenfiber- stellung von
Month von Theben und Atum von Heliopolis? also der Herren des
die Sltere Zusam- menstellung zu sein, sie ist bereits aus dem Anfang
Atum* on the right, offer the cnfe and dd signs (life and stability)
located near the outer edges of the relief bearing the king's Horus
name, whm mswt, "Repeating-of-Births." Both gods wear a plain kilt and
Montur the solar disk with double plumes and uraei/ and Atum# the
of the king: nfcr nfr nb t3wy s3 Rc (Imn-m-h3tl/ "The Good God/ Lord
of the Two Lands/ the son of Re/ Amenemhat (I)." Hontu is identified
by a title more commonly belonging to Atum: ufc t3wyz "Lord of the Two
"Words spoken: I give to you ali life/ stability and dominion/ living
like Re forever."
/
This relief is still the earliest preserved example of the
the assumption that the scene faced east with Montu on the south half
and Atum on the north half. Here the king is present with the gods in
name only. However/ the next example from the reign of Senwosret I
later iconography.
offers life to the nose of the king and leads him by the hand before
Amun-Re who greets him with arms outstretched in nyny. Montu addresses
jubilee as all the gods love him." The king wears the double crown.
On the north thickness (sc&ne 4'), Atum wears the ndvt-kilt with
bull's tail and double crown. He, too, offers life to the king's nose
and leads him by the hand into the presence of the god Amun-Kamutef
statue. Atum addresses the kings jfld mdw in Tm nb Iwnw ii.w(y) m htp
(S-n-wsrtl m3.k it.k Imn-Rc mrr fcw di.f n.k nyt-swt t3wy, "Words
that you may see your father Amun-Re who loves you, and that he may
give to you the kingship of the Two Lands." In this scene the king
wears the Red Crown of Lower Egypt as is appropriate to the north side
presence of Amun would appear to have only minor importance. But the
"Dans les deux scenes parall&lles 3' et 4'? nous avons Atoum et Montou
main. Comme on ne pouvait loger quatre personnages dans une seule face
Montu and Atum escorting the king while each holds one of his hands.
Montu always precedes the king whom he faces looking back over his
recitation
standards which separate the approaching tfio from the god or gods to
tableau has been selected from the Great Hypostyle Hall at Karnak?
antecedent/ both wear the plain kilt and bull's tail as well as their
typical headgear. Note that Montu has a single uraeus here. The king
wears a long kilt with bull's tail and sporan; atop his head is the
blue war crown/ or hpr. Montu precedes the king walking forward/ but
his nostrils. Atum follows the king and holds an ankh in his free
grant youthful vigor." The specific structure into which the king is
omitted.
3) Each god addresses the king: j|d mdw in Mntw nb W3st mi ir.k r hwt c3t
nt it.k Imn hw.f hm.k m hhw m rnpwt hfnw m hbw-sd/ "Words spoken by
Proceed in peace to the temple that you may see your august father,
the lord of the gods, whose arms nurture with life and dominion
forever and with the years of eternity, 0 Lord of the Two Lands,
Usermaatre."
The content of the divine speeches varies with each example, and
Atum: Our beloved son, Lord of the Two Lands, Menmaatre, enter with us
into the great mansion that you may be seated upon the throne of your
Imn in /////,
B
Wepwawet of Upper Egypt, the power of the Two Lands, he leads upon
the good way before his son, Usermaatre, to rest in the temple of his
a combination of the Theban triad, may appear within the same scene
just beyond
the standards? or the king's meeting with the god may be rendered in
repeated in the divine presence. The standards may be omitted from the
scene entirely? and the text may or may not be present and varies with
each example.
extant from periods before the New Kingdom? but this certainly does
not rule out the possibility that they once existed and may still
await
XIII in which Horus the Behdite and Thoth lead King Sekhemre Khutawy
all elements are present in this representation save the fourth? the
with Montu and Atum are to be found among the blocks from the
re-used by Thutmose Illr and it is his image and/or name which remain
in these scenes.
From the west facade have been preserved two symmetrically reversed
scenes in which Montu and Atum lead Thutmose III to be crowned by Amun
elements; the divine addresses (3) and the Wepwawet and placenta
the King wears the Red Crown and on the south the J}pr.
transcribe it for both scenes as: iwt 5mt bs- nyswt m hwt-nfcr nt Imn
ir.f di cnfc/23 "Coming and going/ introduction of the King into the
From the east facade only the south side remains from what was
and Atum lead the King to Hathor who makes the gesture of nyny.24
Again* only the first two elements are present. Montu is called "he
that the first two elements are present. Montu precedes the king
follows the king and is called simply "Lord of Heliopolis." The bs-
nyswt formula forms the right-hand border of the scene: iwt Smt bs-
"Coming and going* introduction of the king into the great mansion of
present in the third person singular inscribed before the name and
title of Atum: di.f cnh nb snb nb 3wt-ib nb mi Rf* "He grants all
life* all health* and all joy like Re." There appears to be no
on one face of the two pillars.28 The feeling of the scene is very
led by Montu and Atum before the enthroned god Amun.29 The only
elements are missing: the bs-nyswt formula (2) and the standards (4).
trusted, Montu's headdress has a single uraeus. Atum wears the Double
Crown, but the inscriptions are missing above his head. Montu
i
ruler of Thebes, enter that you may see your father." The speech of
Hc3 W3st] di cn& w3s nb33 Haw n mpwt cafe.ti ////, "Words spoken: 0
Amenhotep (III), ruler of Thebes, given all life and dominion and
In the "Birth Room" of the Luxor Temple? Montu and Atum are
notes/ "als Parallele zu Horus und Seth bzw. Horus und Thoth in den
faces Montu who wears an unusual horned sun-disk with plumes and
single uraeus. Atum wears the Double Crown. Both gods pour water from
hs-vases.
scene with Montu and Atum in which all four elements appear
Both gods address the King: dd mdw in Mnfcw nb W3st /// mrwty.i nb hcw
of diadems?
Sethi beloved of Amun? come to the temple that [you] may see your
august father? the lord of the gods? Amun-Re? that [he] may
grant ///." dd mdw in Tmw nb t3wy Iwnwy s3.i mrwty.i nb t3wy (Mn-m3ct-
Rc] wd3 rk hnc.[i] r hwt c3t m3.[k] it.k nb nfcrw di.f n.k nth m nyswt
t3wy flt m hk3 3wt- ib nst Gb i3t Hpri /// m pt? "Words spoken by
Atum? Lord of
the Two Lands* the Heliopolitam My son? my beloved* Lord of the Two
Lands* Menmaatre* proceed with [me] to the great mansion that [you]
may see your father* the lord of the gods* that he may give to you
the throne of Geb and the office of Khepri /// in heaven." The
approaching trio from the receiving goddess. On the same wall* another
reign since the early form of Ramesses' prenomen is used* the simple
the Hypostyle Hall at Farnak with all four elements has already been
complete scene from later in the reign41 also occurs on the south
interior wall of the Hypostyle Hall.42 A scene missing only the bs-
nvswt formula is featured on the rear wall of the second court of the
Several examples of the bs-nyswt tableau with Montu and Atum occur
in the Dynasty XX temple of Ramesses Illat
the most interesting variation is found on the west wall of the second
56], the accompanying texts are remarkably different from the basic
Montu, and Late Egyptianisms appear for the first time in the address
only the single uraeus. The Wepwawet and placenta standards are
and holds the King's Horus name.46 Ramesses III kneels before the
Theban triad from whom he receives the hb-sd. This is nearly identical
Mnfc nb W3st bs.i tw whm.i tw r 3ht m3.k nb nfcrw smn.f n.k shmty hr
introduce you and I take you again4 to the horizon49 that you may see
the lord of the gods so that he may set in place for you the Double
Crown upon your head and that be may cause you to arise as lord of the
k3r ps scr.i tw r hwt c3t m3.k it.k hrw hr mnw.k wnf50 hr n3yw.k51 3hwt
di.f n.k hfnw n rnpwt dt sp- sn* "Words spoken by Atum* Lord of the
Two Lands* the Heliopolitanr the Great God: Beholdr I precede52 you to
the august shrine that I may cause you to ascend to the great mansion
so that you may see your father who is content with your monuments and
pleased with your beneficial acts that he may give to you myriads of
and ever."
/
The standard tableau is also attested at the very end of the
Montu and Atum lead Herihor into the presence of Amun-Re. The bs-nyswt
formula is missing* and Montu-Re speaks for both gods as was the case
mdw in Mnfc nb W3st mi rk [hnc1 .n55 r hwt c3t m3.k it.k nb nfcrw di.f
n.k nyt-swt c3t? "Words spoken by Montu* Lord of Thebes: Come with us
to the great mansion that you may see your father* the lord of the
the entrance of the First Pylon in the Medinet Habu temple [Fig. 573 .
56
On the northern halfr Atum receives Ramesses III who wears the
hprS-crown: dd mdw in Tmw mi rj; m3.k it.k Imn- Rc nyswt nfcrw> "Words
spoken by Atum: Come that you may see your father; Amun-Rer king of
the gods." The King is then depicted running before the enthroned god
wearing appropriately the Red Crown and carrying two hs-vases. On the
southern halfr Montu receives the King who once again wears the blue
"Words spoken by Montur Lord of Thebes: Life and dominion for your
noser 0 Lord of the Two Landsr beloved of Re." The King then runs
before Amun-Re wearing the White Crown of Upper Egypt and carrying an
oar and the hap. On the northr the goddess Wad jet is invoked; on the
and Atum are the divine representatives of Upper and Lower Egypt
regions of Egypt.
Hontu and the Theban Ennead
Montu's role as Upper Egyptian counterpart of Atum is most clearly
hry-ib W3st nfcr c3 bc3 pst/ "Montu who dwells in Thebes/ the great
god/ ruler of the Ennead."57 H. Brunner has analyzed this Ennead: "Die
emgreift sie doch diese und erweitert sie urn einige im thebanischen
Gau verehrte G&tter: Month/ Horus und Hathor sowie Sobek, Tjenenet und
Iunit/ so dafi sie 15 Glieder umfafit."5 Lacau and Chevrier note that
Montu/ Atum/ Shu/ Tefnut/ Geb/ Nut/ Osiris/ Isis/ Seth/ Nephthys/
(Iwnw 5mcw), i.e. Thebes/ Montu enjoyed the honor accorded to Atum in
What then was the relationship of the Theban Ennead to the "King of
neuvaine qu'ils ont accueillie dans leur domaine & Karnak."60 Indeed/
the
premier et qui a re$u# & lui seul# plus d'offrandes que toutes les
Theban Ennead# he# like the other assembled deities# appears in fully
human form with divine beard. In this guise he recalls his earliest
Saqqara [Fig. 41.63 In the "Birth Room" of the Luxor Temple Thothis
Geb# Nut# Osiris# Isis and one whose name is lost but who# based on
Hypostyle Hall at Karnak from the reign of Sethi I [Fig. 581.65 Here
uppermost register Montu is seated with Atum* Shu and Tefnut. In the
second register/ the paired deities sit beside one another: Geb with
Nut/ Osiris with Isis/ Seth with Nephthys/ and Horus with Hathor. The
from his name can be read. Only the hands remain from the last two
figures who must be the goddesses Tjenenet and Iunyt. Montu is called
Lord of Thebes/ Lord of Heaven. Atum is Lord of the Two Lands/ the
Heliopolitan.
[Fig. 591.66 It is specifically named psflt c3t imy Ipt-swt/ "The Great
anthropomorphic Montu precedes Atum and the deities Shu and Tefnut/
and Geb and Nut/ who are seated in pairs. In the lower register the
seated pairs Osiris and Isis/ Seth and Nephthys/ Horus and Hathor/ and
Tjenenet and Iunyt appear. Only Sobek is missing. The names of Montu
When the Theban Ennead is shown standing, Montu and Sobek resume
but from the order and composition it can be safely assumed. Montu is
in the lead with his hawk head crowned by his usual disk with plumes
who dwells in Armant." Atum follows wearing the Double Crown and
bearing his stock titles "Lord of the Two Lands, the Heliopolitan,
the Great God." Behind him are Shu, Tefnut, Geb, Nut,
/
Osiris, and Isis. In subsequent scenes,68 Sethi I offers bread to Seth
and Nephthys, Ramesses I offers wine to Horus and Hathor, and finally
the nmst-vase to Sobek, Tjenenet, and Iunyt [Fig. 60].'69 Sobek has
into four scenes. Again from the reign of Sethi I the entire fifteen-
inasmuch as the two gods often appear in the syncretized form Onuris-
Shu.71
Conclusions
This survey of Hontu and his relationship with Atum
suggests several conclusions. Aside from his post-Dynasty XI role as
war god# Montu was essentially# and undoubtedly began his divine
career as# a local sun god for the Theban region. His ubiquitous red
lord of Lower Egypt and its center of solar worship# Heliopolis. Both
gods served to represent his half of the Two Lands vis-a-vis the King
before Amun and in the ritual purification. In the Theban region Montu
Heliopolitan
domain# Montu retained his exalted status among the gods of upper
Egypt# much as Atum did in Heliopolis despite the primacy of Re. It is
evident from the monuments that the Egyptians of the Theban region
established and fostered this parallel between Montu and Atum# and
that between Heliopolis (Iwnw) and the cult cities of their own
region# Armant (Iwny)# Thebes (Iwnw Smcw)# Dendera (Iwnt) and Esna
(Iwnyt).
Internal
he also notes:
"Obwohl die solare Seite des A. immer roehr in den Vordergrund tritt/
ist sein Kult selbst in Heliopolis nicht vollkommen mit dem des Re
stellt ihm gegenfiber ein bodenst&ndigeres Element dar und berOht sich
Mjsliwiec# Studien zum Gott Atum# Bd. I-II (H& 5# 8; Hildesheim 1978-
1979); and most recently W. Barta# "Zur Verb indung des Atum mit dem
and Atum usually appear together leading the king before a deity
("Honth" in LdX I, col. 201 and col. 203r n. 37), but he makes no
interpretation.
7
Horus und Seth, p. 30.
8
Hmoire sur les fouilles de Licht (HIFAO 6; Cairo 1902), p. 97 and
fig. 108.
9
For the titles and epithets of Atum see H^sliwiec, Studien II, pp.
^3Ibid., p. 172.
14
H2 IIr 48 (159) 111,3; reproduced in line drawing as pl. 78 in
(Cairo 1977-1979).
21
Lacau and Chevrier# Chapelle d'HatshePSout II# pi. 2# assise 9#
structure: iwt 5mt nyswt htp m hwt-nfcr M3ct-k3-Rc st-ib Imn# ^The
King's coming and going and resting in the temple of Maatkare#
adjoining relief to its right (P. 33510). Amun and the king embrace
with Nekhebet standing behind the king. Farther to the right a goddess
is seated who wears the Red Crown of Lower Egypt. The texts are poorly
identify her as Amunet. The signs are legible above her head.
28
Ibid./ 115 (365) Pillar 1(c). Illustrated in L. fi. Abth. Ill, Bi.
35f.
29
EH2 Ilr 322 (129) II.
30
(Mmoires de la Mission archfeologique frangaise au
/
require O'.
34pjj2 327 (154) ii. The scene is reproduced in Gayetr Tempie, pi.
Bl. 151.
40
For analysis of the forms of the names used by Ramesses II as a
Reign of Ramesses II and His Coregency with Sethy Ir" JNES 34 (1975) :
(1979):271-286.
41
The incomplete prenomen appears to read Wsr-m3ct-Rc stp-n-Rc.
42
U2 Ilf 47 (158) II.5; Ihs Great Hvpostvle Hall I1,
/
pl. 50.
43
PM2 Ilr 437 (13) Il.lr which forms part of a larger scene.
*4EM2 Ilf 490 (54e) Ilr and reproduced in Medinet Habu IVr pl. 246.
45
EM2 Ilf 501 (105) II.3r and reproduced in Medinet Habu Vr pl. 290.
46
usdijiet jaabu. vr pi. 291. ;
*'See note 43.
4
For whn translated as "to take anewr" see Dictionary Late
taking the King again before the Theban triad for crowning is most
appropriate.
49
It would seem plausible that here 3htr "horizonr"
refers to Karnak where a coronation could well take place in Amun's
states: iw.i rfe.kwi ntt 3&t pw Ipt-swt tp t3* "I know that Karnak is
3.2r p. 43). Gardiner* who uses the term "possessive adjective*" does
state that the form does occur in popular writing before Late Egyptian
indicate that the preposition hnc has most likely been omitted. The
awkward in context.
56
M2 II 491 (54 i-j); Medinet Habu V* pi. 251.
57
m2 lit (153) II.1; Great Hypostyle Hall I1* pi. 171.
58
Helmut Brunner* "Neunheit*" in LdX IV* col. 475.
59
Lacau and Chevrier* Chapelle de Sfesostris* p. 177.
60
Ibid.* pp. 177-178.
Kees/ GStterqlaube* p. 357? K. Sethe/ Amun und die Acfat UrgStter von
Montu or Montu-Re (nos. 14/ 16-17/ 25-26/ 38/ 41/ 47-48/ 50-52/ 62-63/
67-71/ 74-75/ 77-79)/ others including Montu but led by Amun or Amun-
Re (nos. 21-24/ 43-44/ 76)/ by Amunet (no. 15)/ by Atum (nos. 10/ 82)/
or by Atum-Re (no. 8) .
62
Lacau and Chevrier/ Chapelle d'Hatshepsout 1/ p. 220. 63
G. J&guier/
71 56; H.
p. 546.
Chapter 7 THE CONSORTS OF MONTU
26
5
tripartite wig surmounted by a solar disk with horns and
uraeus [Fig. 111.2 The second sunk relief (JE 66330) depicts
her head and shoulders remain# revealing her broad collar and
111 relief fragments: inv. nos. 2119#8 2123#9 and 1523 [Fig.
112 and 939)# she is named in the phrase "I am one who is in
divine activity.
New Kingdom.
Medamud: Tjenenet
Virtually nothing remains to indicate who Montu's consort
There are two blocks from the site decorated with relief on
without the space supplied by the excavators for the t3- sign
26
7
with a female torso is that the goddess Tjenenet was
with Montu in the top register. "Possibly Ptah and Montu here
tawy.24
were co-consorts.
wig. Tjenenet and Iunyt are invoked with Montu in two Dynasty
Hathor* Sobek* Tjenenet and Iunyt.32 The fact that the two
platform.
the great god who lives [onl maat and dwells in Karnak."51
2
7
4
Rettawy Who Dwells in Thebes is the companion of "Montu-
Theban Hontu.
I
Other Associated Goddesses
Aside from the three consorts* Hontu was also associated to
time.61
that the two cobras were "usually Nekhbet and Wadjet* the
beneficial.
excavator.
y
Montur Lord of Thebes# the Bull Who Dwells in Armant# is
41] .v' Behind the seated god stands Maat# "daughter of Re#
also noteworthy that both Maat and Iunyt of Armant shared the
Sethi I,H The tomb owner* tv?o other priests and three
closely linked with the realm of the dead*72 not the usual
understood.
tomb of Woserhat.
XXII.
9
Ibid./ pp. 86-87 (fig. 38) and pi. XXIV.
10
Ibid./ pp. 92-93 (fig. 45) and pi. XXIII.
^Ibid./ inv. nos. 1160 (one side/ pp. 91-92/ fig. 44)
12
ibid.z inv. nos. 1160 (other sidez p. 90/ fig. 43 and detail
pi. XXVIII.2) and 1522 (pp. 96-97z fig. 50 and detail pi.
XXVIII.1).
1946)/ p. 31.
14
Per Gott Tatenen: nach Texten und Bildern des Neuen
108-109.
1
Conceptions of God in Ancient Egypt; the One and the Many
col. 212.
20
3Lemples af Armant/ p. 167 and pi. XCV.
21
Ibid./ p. 159.
22
Holmberg/ The God Ptah/ p. 29. The obelisk is published in
Haat.
41
2EEl Q Armant/ pp. 158-159.
42
N. de G. Davies and A. H. Gardiner/ Seven Private Tombs at
in V cols. 151-155.
44
"Rat-taui/" col. 151 and col. 152/ n.; 1: Lacau and
1946, 1968, etc.) states that the statue (cat no. 664) was
"found at Armant."
49
See Chapter 4r pp. 143-145.
50
In the Cairo Museum, CG 42185: KRI IV 130:12.
51
lB12l OL Ktonsu I, pi. 37.
52
Ibid., pi. 88.
53
Ibid., pi. 93.
54
Ibid., pi. 32.
55
Medinet fiabll VII, pi. 583 B-C.
56
Ibid., pi. 581 C.
57
E. Bogoslovsky, "Pamiatnikh i dokumenty iz Der-el'-
2
8
4
Medina, khraniashchiesia v muzeiakh SSSR, vypusk 2 [Monuments
VI 196:3-8.
59
A. H. Gardiner, Egypt ifcs Pharaohs: an IntfidJar tion
Maspero* Is Orient ancien (MIFAO 664; Cairo 1961)* pp, 76- 79.
63
The goddess has been the subject of a monographs J.
Montu." All four are discussed in Chapter 4* pp. 145- 146 and
19671:63).
66
Jean Jacquet, "Fouilles de Karnak Nord: neuvifeme et
71^2 Il/ gg (gj II; de G> Davies, Two Ramesside Tombs a Thebes
2
8
6
(Publications of the Metropolitan Museum of Art Egyptian
Appendix A
BftMESfilDE INSCRIPTIONS
The following 24 categories of Hontu references have been
184-192.
(2) ir m cc
wy.fy pdty mi Mntw, "who acts with his arms, an
variant replaces pdty with pdty pdty, "he who draws the bow
grabbed the arrow of Montu and the bow of Bastet ..." (KBI I
77:1).
given the epithet: tit Imn ghty Mnfc Jjn.ti hr.f, "image of
II 151:13). 1
(4) pr-c kni mi Mnfcw, "active and brave like Montu" (mi
2
8
8
12:1, 17:12-13; II 157:3, 159:7, 179:4, 180:12, 221:9,
III.
(ii) c
hc.n hm.f ljcw mi it.f Mnfcw Ssp.n.f bkrw ch3w* "Then his
201:12).
it.f Mntw, "his heart is renowned (?) like his father Montu"
"brave and strong- armed like his father Montu" (KRI V 58:4).
it.k '
318:13-14).
Mnfcw, "in the form of Montu" (KRI V 16:7); ki.f mitt Mnti,
(KRI VI 328:16).
(12) Mnfc hwi Pdt 9, "the Montu who smites the Nine Bows."
311:11).
"the sun of Egypt* the moon of all lands* the Montu upon the
(KRI I 14:2-3).
(18) nb fep mi Mnfcw, "lord of the scimitar (strong arm)
29
2
(SB! I 231:9).
408:13).
520:11).
British Museum (no. 1665) :3 di.f ck.sn hr k3t Mntw/ "He (the
29:9, 70:10, 80:14). The king was also ready to make the
V 34:10).
552.
3
Alan W. Shorter* "A Stela of Seti I in the British
RAMESSIDE PERIOD
dynasty and reign in which the staff member served# (b) the
tpy).
of Tod.
Lord of Thebes.
W3st).
29
5
A9. Ramose (Rc-ms)# High Priest of Montu.
Thebes.
Mnfc).
Thebes.
a. Dynasty XX.
Thebes.
Gods.
Thebes.
Thebes.
Montu.
Montu.
Montu.
Lord of Armant.
Chantresses (mcyt).
Armant.
(mcyt n Mnfc).
Armant.
H. Scribes (s).
Lord of Armant.
Mntiw nb Iwny).
also 111.
L. Tenant-Farmers (chwty).
(n pr Mntiv).
Mntiw nb Iwny).
M. Coppersmiths (hmty).
W3st).
3
0
II. List of Staff Attested for Specific Temples. 4
A. Armant: A2/ A4/ A5, A8/ B2, B3/ El/ F4r Fll/ Gl/ G2, 32/
B. Medamud:4 A10.
D. Thebes: Al/ A7/ A10/ All/ A12/ Bl/ Cl/ C2r Ml.
preparation.
2
MteciflUen rn Wirtschaftsqeschichte Neuen Reiches I
Tod/ no. 34/ pp. 158-159; Armant/ no. 36/ pp. 160-161; and
RAMESSIDE PERIOD
87).
Name.Old Kingdom.
30
5
3
a .....................................................................
0
6
D. New Kingdom: Dynasty XVIII.
149).
147).
(p. 147).
(p. 150).
146-147).
146).
(Beirut 1982)/ nos. 20/ 182/ 320/ 667/ 668/ 872/ 915/ 916/
of each period.
A. Old Kingdom.
Al. nb Iwny* Lord of Armant (p. 7/ 8* 10)
B. Middle Kingdom.
B3. nb W3st/ Lord of Thebes (p. 32, 37/ 41-42/ 55/ 239/ 281)
of the Two Lands/ the Bull Who Dwells in Medamud (p. 39)
B7. nfe W3st/ Lord of the Theban Nome (p. 25/ 29-30/ 36-37/
53/ 55)
B8. nb W3st hry-ib Iwny/ Lord of the Theban Nome Who Dwells
B9. nb W3st hry-ib M3dw/ Lord of the Theban Nome Who Dwells
B15. k3 h3 m Drty/ The Bull Who Descends from Tod (p. 39/
45)
B16. k3 hry-ib M3dw/ The Bull Who Dwells in Medamud (p. 39)
39)
30
8
3
0
25) 9
84-85)
Cl. nb W3st hry-ib Iwny/ Lord of the Theban Nome Who Dwells
in Armant (p. 89)
C8. nb W3st hry-ib M3dw/ Lord of the Theban Nome Who Dwells
131/ 148)
D4. nb Iwnv/ Lord of Armant (p. 106/ 109/ 130-132/ 138/ 141/
D5. nb W3st/ Lord of Thebes (p. 106-107/ 114/ 130/ 132/ 142/
147-148/ 246)
D8. nb W3st k3 hry-ib Iwny/ Lord of the Thebes/ the Bull Who
D14. hry-ib W3st* Who Dwells in Thebes (p. 107* 121- 122,
128)
El. c3 nb W3st ity nfcrw hry-ib mc nfcr c3 cnh [m] m3ct hry-ib
Who Dwells in the Army* the Great God Who Lives [on] Maat
31
0
3
1
E2. n Iwny* Of Armant (p. 200) 1
E5. nb Iwny nfcr c3 nb nhh hk3 dt# Lord of Armant# the Great
274)
E6. nb W3st# Lord of Thebes (p. 189# 191# 198-199# 203# 212-
(p. 201)
King of the Godsr the Mighty Bull Who Dwells in Armant (p.
196)
273)
Berlin Museum.
15086 (p. 146* 285) 21685 (p. 114* 126-127) 23719 (p. 171)
12 (p. 124-125)
Brooklyn Museum.
31
2
Egyptian Museum of Turin. 107 (p. 38)
Louvre* Paris.
C 2 (p. 37)
C 15 (p. 38)
Bals.
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3
4
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3
4
2
II at Saqqara.
iitiHiirfi-
3
7
7
1
3
8
0
3
8
1
1 NRM
Fig. 25. British Museum no. 12: Montu-Re (right)
accompanying Thutmose III.
1 NRM
Fig. 27. Exterior right side of the war chariot
of Thutmose IV.
THE CHARIOT
I P C X c i n e nc t w p n m p i n r i i N T i n s
Fig. 28. Left interior of the war chariot of
Thutmose IV.
Fig. 29. MMA scarab no. 04.2.745: Head of Montu-
Re.
3
9
9
towingbyLotgUy
Fig. 45. Anthropomorphic Khonsu with lunar disk and
crescent.
4
0
1
Fig. 51. Hontu between Amun and Khonsu on the south tower of
Pylon III at Karnak.
I KK Saif.
SCtSZ y SCfeNE 4*
Pig. 53. Montu and Atum on the bark shrine of Senwosret I at
Karnak.
4
0
8
Fig. 54. Bs-nvswt scene from the Great Hypostyle Hall at Karnak
with Hontu and Atum.
4
Fig. 55. Second court of the Ramesseum. 0
9
s
I
I
4
1
1
Fig. 60. Tjenenet and Iunyt behind Sobek in the Hypostyle Hall at
Karnak.
4
1
4
4
1
5
st.f pw ronh mr.n.f wn.i m M3dw hr irt (11) ht //t
Translation:
I of] /// who decorates //// with his (own) hands/ who (4)
who
him."167