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Beginner Vocabulary - Social Language
Beginner Vocabulary - Social Language
a. When you meet someone the first time, it is common to greet the person with "How do you
do?" the correct response is "How do you do."
In informal situations, especially in North America, introductions are also made simply
saying: "This is (name)." It is also common to just say "Hi" or "Hello" as a response in this
informal setting.
It is also quite common to shake hands when you are introduced. After the initial introduction,
hand shaking generally takes place in more formal, business situations. Otherwise, people just
say "Hi."
b. There are a number of phrases that are commonly used to introduce strangers.
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2. Greetings- Social Language
Formal Greetings: Arriving
Hi / Hello
How are you?
What's up? (very informal)
How are you doing? (very informal)
It's important to note that the question "How are you?" or "What's up?" doesn't necessary need
a response. If you do respond, these phrases are generally expected:
Goodbye / Bye.
See you (later).
Later (very informal)
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3. Special Days - Social Language
It is common to use a special greeting used just for that occasion on special days, holidays and
other special occasions. Here are some of the most common:
Birthdays
Happy birthday!
Best wishes / Good luck on your thirtieth (age - use an ordinal number) birthday!
Many happy returns!
Wedding / Anniversary
Congratulations!
Best wishes / good luck on your tenth (number - use an ordinal number) anniversary!
Here's to many more happy years together (used when making a toast)
Special Holidays
Merry Christmas!
Happy New Year / Easter / Hanukkah / Ramadan etc.
All the best for a happy New Year / Easter / Hanukkah / Ramadan etc.
When making special greetings to children on their birthday and at Christmas, it is also
common to ask them what they received:
Special Occasions
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4. Speaking to Strangers - Social Language
Here are a number of polite phrases used when trying to get the attention or help from people.
The use of more formal language is common when speaking to someone you do not know:
Interrupting
It is common to first apologize before interrupting another person, or asking for help if you do
not know the person.
When asking for information you may have a hard time understanding in public places which
can be very noisy (train stations, restaurants, stores, etc.). Here are phrases commonly used to
ask someone to repeat what he has said:
Excuse me, I'm afraid I didn't understand. Could you repeat that? (formal)
I'm sorry, I didn't catch that. (informal)
What? (very informal!)
I beg your pardon.
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5. Travel Greetings - Social Language
Here are a number of phrases used when saying goodbye to friends or family as the depart on
trips, both short and long.
Short Outings
When your friends or family return home it is common to use one of the following phrases:
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6. Asking for Information
There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English. Here are some
of the most common:
Do you know...?
These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:
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Construction
I'd like to know what you think about the new project.
I'm calling to find out... if flight AZ098 will leave on time today.
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7. Giving Advice
There are a number of formulas used when Giving Advice in English. Here are some of the
most common:
Construction
I don't think you should Use 'I don't think you should' the base form of the verb in a statement.
work so hard.
You ought to work less. Use 'You ought to' the base form of the verb in a statement.
You ought not to work so Use 'You ought not to' the base form of the verb in a statement.
hard.
If I were you, Use 'If I were' 'you' OR 'in your position' OR 'your shoes' 'I wouldn't' OR
If I were in your position, 'I would' base form of the verb in a statement (A form of the conditional
If I were in your shoes, I 2).
wouldn't work so hard.
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You had better work less. Use 'You had better' (you'd better) the base form of the verb in a
statement.
You shouldn't OR You Use 'You should' OR 'You shouldn't' the base form of the verb in a
should work less. statement.
Whatever you do, don't Use 'Whatever you do' the imperative.
work so hard.
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8. Offering Help
There are a number of formulas used when offering help in English. Here are some of the
most common:
Construction
May I help you? Use 'May I' or 'Can I' the base form of the verb in a statement.
Are you looking for Use 'Are you looking for' something OR anything in particular OR
something? specific object
Would you like some help? Use 'Would you like' some help OR some advice OR a recommendation
Do you need some help? Use 'Do you need' some help OR some advice OR a recommendation
What can I do for you Use 'What can I do for' you, her, him, etc. today OR this morning, this
today? afternoon, this evening
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9. Making Suggestions
There are a number of formulas used when making suggestions in English. Here are some of
the most common:
I suggest you / we take all the factors into consideration before we decide
Construction
Why don't you / we go to a movie? Use the base form of the verb in a question
We / You could go to a movie. Use the base form of the verb in a statement
Let's go to a movie. Use the base form of the verb with 'let's'
What about going to a movie? Use the '-ing' form of the verb in a question
How about going to a movie? Use the '-ing' form of the verb in a question
I suggest you / we go to a movie. Use suggest object verb in the base form in a statement.
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10. Giving Warnings
There are a number of formulas used when Giving Warnings in English. Here are some of the
most common:
Don't push so hard on that toy, or you might / will break it!
Watch out! Be careful!
Work hard otherwise you'll fail your exam.
Construction
Formula Verb Form
Don't..., or you might / Use the imperative followed by might or will in a statement
will...
Watch out! Be Careful Use the imperative
Work hard, otherwise Use the imperative otherwise you will / might plus the base form of
you'll... the verb to show consequenses
There are a number of formulas used when demanding explanations in English. Here are some
of the most common:
Construction
Can you tell me why it has taken you Use 'Can you tell me why' a full clause. An indirect question
so long to respond? requires '?'.
I don't understand why it has taken Use 'I don't understand why' + a full clause. This is a
you so long to respond. statement and does NOT require a question mark (?)
Can you explain why it has taken you Use 'Can you explain why' + a full clause. An indirect
so long to respond? question requires a '?'.
Why is it that it has taken you so long Use 'Why is it that' + a full clause. An indirect question
to respond? requires a '?'.
How come it has taken you so long to Use 'How come' + a full clause. An indirect question requires
respond? a '?'.
Does this mean (that) it has taken you Use 'Does this mean (that)' + a full clause. An indirect
so long to respond? question requires a '?'.
Do you expect me to belive you Use 'Do you (really) expect me to belive (that)' + a full clause.
weren't able to finish on time? An indirect question requires a '?'.
12. Stating a Preference
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Sometimes you need to state a preference when someone makes a suggestion, offers
something or asks your opinion about what to do.
Construction
Formula Verb Form
I'd rather... Use the base form the verb without 'to' with 'rather'
I'd prefer... Use the '-ing' form following the verb 'prefer'
If it were up to me, Use the second conditional form followed by the base form of the
I'd... verb without 'to'
I think we should... Use the base form the verb without 'to' following the modal form
'should'
Why don't we...? Use the base form of the verb in a question
Let's go ... Use the base form of the verb with 'let's'
How about...? Use the '-ing' form of the verb after a preposition - here 'about'
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Sometimes you need to say no when someone makes a suggestion, offers something or asks
you to do something for them. Of course, saying just 'no' can be rather rude. Here are some of
the most common ways to say 'no' nicely - or at least not rudely.
Would you like to see a film tonight?
I'm afraid I can't go out tonight. I've got a test tomorrow.
Why don't we have some chinese food?
Sorry, but I don't particularly like chinese food.
How about taking a nice walk?
I'd really rather not take a walk this afternoon.
Would you like to come to the museum with us?
Thank you, but it's not my idea of a fun afternoon out.
Let's go for a drive
Sorry, I'm not really fond of driving for the fun of it.
Why don't you stay the night?
That's very kind of you, but I really have to get back to the city.
NOTE: Notice how we often say 'thank you' in some way before refusing the offer. When
someone makes an offer it is polite to first thank that person and then say no, often offering an
excuse for not wanting or being able to do something. Just saying 'no' is considered very rude
behavior indeed!
Construction
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There are a number of ways to give imprecise information in English. Here are some of the
most common:
Construction
Formula Form
There are about 600 people working in this Use 'about' + a numbered expression.
company.
There are approximately 600 people Use 'approximately' + a numbered expression.
working in this company.
There are a large number of students Use 'a large number of' + a noun.
interested in taking his course.
Management predicts up to 50% growth for Use 'up to' + a noun.
the coming year.
It's kind of a bottle opener which can also be Use 'kind of' + a noun.
used to peel vegetables.
It's the type of place you can go to relax for Use 'type of' + a noun. Use 'or so' at the end of a sentence
a week or so. to express the meaning 'approximately'.
They're the sort of people that like going Use 'sort of' + a noun.
bowling on Saturday evenings.
It's difficult to say, but I'd guess that it's Use the phrase + 'It's difficult to say, but I'd guess' an
used for cleaning house. independent clause.
15. Guessing
There are a number of ways to guess in English. Here are some of the most common:
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I'd say he's about ready to quite his job.
It might need some oil.
He could be in the garden.
It looks like a miniature motor.
Perhaps he needs some time off work.
Maybe they want to come and visit this summer.
It's difficult to say, but I'd guess that it's used for cleaning house.
I'm not really sure, but I think they enjoy hiking in the mountains
Construction
Formula Form
I'd say he's about ready to quite his job. Use 'I'd say' an independent clause.
It might need some oil. Use 'might' the base form of the verb.
He could be in the garden. Use 'could' the base form of the verb.
It looks like a miniature motor. Use the verb 'look like' a noun.
Perhaps he needs some time off work. Begin the sentence with 'perhaps'.
Maybe they want to come and visit this summer. Begin the sentence with 'maybe'.
It's difficult to say, but I'd guess that it's used Use the phrase 'It's difficult to say, but I'd guess' an
for cleaning house. independent clause.
I'm not really sure, but I think they enjoy Use the phrase 'I'm not really sure, but I think' an
hiking in the mountains. independent clause.
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There are a number of formulas used when complaining in English. It's important to
remember that a direct complaint or criticism in English can sound rude or aggressive. It's
best to mention a problem in an indirect manner. Here are some of the most common:
Construction
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There are a number of formulas used when contrasting ideas in English. Here are some of the
most common:
We'd love to stay for dinner, but we have got to get going.
They decided to stay in the area, in spite of their problems with the local residents.
Despite the difficulties of a long journey, Peter decided to visit India.
Getting a good job is hard work, however, most people eventually find one with
patience.
There were a number of people who came, although the hotels were not equipped to
handle them all.
Construction
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