ERA NACIENTE

'RFXPHQWDOHV,OXVWUDGRV
 Cuba, David frente a Goliat
(VSRVLEOHUHVLVWLUDOSRGHUPiVWHUULEOHGHOD7LHUUD"3XHGHQXQSDtVSHTXH
xR \XQSXHEORSRFRQXPHURVRSDUDUVHGLJQDPHQWHIUHQWHDXQDSRWHQFLD
QXFOHDU"&RPRD\HUORGHPRVWUy9 LHWQDP\KR\ORVLJXHGHPRVWUDQGR&XED
UHVLVWLUDOSRGHUHVSRVLEOHOHJtWLPR\YLDEOH/DUHEHOGtDWLHQHIXWXUR

Fidel para Principiantes

GHORVWH[WRV1pVWRU.RKDQ
GHODVLOXVWUDFLRQHV1DKXHO6NHUPD
GHODSUHVHQWHHGLFLyQ(UD1DFLHQWH65/

'LUHFWRUGHODVHULH-XDQ&DUORV.UHLPHU

3DUD3ULQFLSLDQWHV
HVXQDFROHFFLyQGHOLEURVGH
(UD1DFLHQWH65/
)D[
%XHQRV$LUHV$UJHQWLQD
(PDLONUHLPHU#FLXGDGFRPDU
ZZZSDUDSULQFLSLDQWHVFRP

,6%1
,6%1

.RKDQ1pVWRU%RULV
)LGHOSDUDSULQFLSLDQWHV1pVWRU%RULV.RKDQLOXVWUDGRSRU1DKXHO
6NHUPDDHG%XHQRV$LUHV(UD1DFLHQWH
S[FP3DUDSULQFLSLDQWHV

,6%1

&DVWUR)LGHO%LRJUDItD,6NHUPD1DKXHOLOXV,, 7tWXOR
&''

4XHGDKHFKRHOGHSyVLWRTXHSUHYpOD/H\  $XQTXHHQODDFWXDOLGDG>@(VWDGRV8QLGRVFXHQWDFRQXQSRGHUPXQGLDO

1LQJXQDSDUWHGHHVWHOLEURSXHGHVHUUHSURGXFLGD
DOPDFHQDGDRWUDQVPLWLGDGHPDQHUDDOJXQD
SRUQLQJ~QPHGLR\DVHDHOHFWUyQLFRTXtPLFR
RGHIRWRFRSLDVLQSHUPLVRSUHYLRHVFULWRGHOHGLWRU 
/DSUHVHQWHHGLFLyQVHWHUPLQyGHLPSULPLU
LQFOXVRPD\RUTXHHOGHO,PSHULRURPDQRHQVXDSRJHRRTXHHOGHORVQD]LV
HQWLHPSRVGH+LWOHUODUHVLVWHQFLDGHORVSXHEORVQRKDGHVDSDUHFLGR'HVGH
VXLQLFLRKDVWDKR\HQGtDODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDFRQWLQ~DHQIUHQWDQGRORVDWUR
SHOORVTXHHVHGHVSLDGDGRJLJDQWHGHOQRUWH\VXHOLWHPLOLWDUHPSUHVDULDOHMHU
FHQVREUHWRGRHOSODQHWD3RUHVRORV\DQTXLV\VXVJUDQGHVPRQRSROLRVGH
HQORVWDOOHUHV6HYDJUDI6$%XHQRV$LUHV ODLQFRPXQLFDFLyQYLYHQLQVXOWDQGRD)LGHO&DVWUR3HURTXLpQHV)LGHO"
5HS~EOLFD$UJHQWLQDHQQRYLHPEUHGH 3RUTXpVHKDEODWDQWRGHpO"

3
Fidel Castro en su infancia Las primeras escuelas de Fidel
)LGHO$OHMDQGUR&DVWUR5X]QDFHHQ&XEDHODODVGRVGHODPDGUX (OMRYHQ)LGHOVHHGXFDHQ
JDGD6XPDGUHVHOODPD/LQD5X]*RQ]iOH]6XSDGUHFDPSHVLQRGH*DOLFLD YDULDVHVFXHODV/RLQVFUL
(VSDxDHVQJHO0DUtD%DXWLVWD&DVWUR$UJL]$XQTXHGHRUtJHQHVKXPLOGHV EHQSRUSULPHUDYH]HO
KDEtD SDUWLFLSDGRFRPRVROGDGRFRQVFULSWRHQODJXHUUDGHHOSDSi HQOD(VFXHOD
ORJUDDFXPXODUGLQHUR\FRPSUDUFLQFRILQFDV6XSURSLHGDGDEDUFDFDED 5XUDO0L[WD1URGH
OOHUtDVKHFWiUHDVDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHHQODORFDOLGDGGH%LUiQRULHQWHGH %LUiQ7HQtDWHFKRGHFKD
&XED6HGHGLFDDODFDxDGHD]~FDU\DODJDQDGHUtD$GHPiVDUULHQGDRWUDV SD\SDUHGHVGHPDGHUD
KHFWiUHDVGHPHQRUFDOLGDG(VWDVWLHUUDVHVWiQURGHDGDVGHJUDQGHV /XHJRYDD6DQWLDJRGH
ODWLIXQGLRVQRUWHDPHULFDQRV &XEDGRQGHYLYHHQFDVD
GHXQDIDPLOLD&RQFLQFR
DxRVGHHGDGSDVDKDPEUH
\EDMDGHSHVR'HVGHLQL
FLRVGHHVWXGLDHQHO
&ROHJLRGHORV+HUPDQRV
GH/D6DOOHHVSXSLORFDVL
FXDWURDxRV0iVWDUGH
DVLVWHDO&ROHJLR'RORUHVGHOD&RPSDxtDGH-HV~V)LQDOPHQWHYDDO&ROH
JLRGH%HOpQGHORVMHVXLWDVHQ/D+DEDQDXQDGHODVPHMRUHVHVFXHODV
GRQGHDVLVWtDQORVKLMRVGHOD
EXUJXHVtD\ODDULVWRFUDFLD
FXEDQDV

(Q HO&ROHJLRGH%HOpQDGRQGHOOHJDFRQ
DxRVHOMRYHQ)LGHOVHGHVWDFDHQORVGHSRUWHV
\ HVQRPEUDGRMHIHGHORVH[SORUDGRUHVGH/D
(QHVHPXQGRUXUDOURGHDGRGHDQLPDOHV\YHJHWDFLyQHOMRYHQ)LGHO&DVWUR +DEDQD (QFXDQGRWHUPLQDODVHJXQGD
WHUFHUKLMRGHXQVHJXQGRPDWULPRQLRYLYHVXSULPHUDLQIDQFLDMXQWRFRQ JXHUUD PXQGLDO)LGHOFRPSOHWDVXEDFKLOOHUDWR
VXV KHUPDQRV $QJHOD 0DUtD5DPyQ(XVHELR5D~O0RGHVWR-XDQDGHOD ,QJUHVD HQWRQFHVDOD8QLYHUVLGDGDSHQDVXQ
&DULGDG(PPD&RQFHSFLyQ\XQDVH[WDKHUPDQD%LUiQQRHVQLVLTXLHUDXQ DxRGHVSXpVGHOWULXQIRGHOJRELHUQRFXEDQRGHO
SXHEORVLQRXQSHTXHxRJUXSRGHFDVDV SUHVLGHQWH*UDX

4 5
Fidel como estudiante rebelde El antiimperialismo cultural
(OMRYHQ)LGHOYLYHVXVSULPHUDVH[SHULHQFLDVSROtWLFDVFRPRSDUWHGHOHVWX  $ GLIHUHQFLDGHODH[SHULHQFLDHXURSHDHQ$PpULFD/DWLQDHOPRGHUQLVPRDPDO
GLDQWDGRUHEHOGH6XLQLFLDODSUR[LPDFLyQDODVLGHDVUHYROXFLRQDULDVVHQXWUH JDPDXQDSURWHVWDHVWpWLFDIUHQWHDOPHUFDQWLOLVPRGHODYLGDFRWLGLDQDFRQXQ
GHODUHEHOGtDHVWXGLDQWLO\GHODVLGHDVOLEHUWDULDVGHMXVWLFLDDVtFRPRGHYDOR GLVFXUVRSROtWLFRFXOWXUDOLVWDUHQRYDGRU\DQWLLPSHULDOLVWD5HFKD]DHOLPSHULDOLV
UHV KXPDQLVWDVODGLJQLGDGHOKRQRU  ODOLEHUWDGHOGHFRURODLJXDOGDGOD PR SRUPRWLYRVHFRQyPLFRVSHURWDPELpQSRUUD]RQHVpWLFDV\FXOWXUDOHV(O
DXWRHVWLPDODRSRVLFLyQFRQWUDWRGDKXPLOODFLyQDEXVR\GRPLQDFLyQHWF SRHWD\UHYROXFLRQDULR-RVp0DUWt>@HVXQRGHORVSULQFLSDOHVLQLFLD
&RPRDWDQWRVRWURVOtGHUHVODWLQRDPHULFDQRVORVLGHDOHVDQWLLPSHULDOLVWDV\ GRUHV GHHVWHPRYLPLHQWRSHURQRHO~QLFR 7DQWR pOFRPRHOSRHWDQLFDUD
ODUHEHOGtDGHOD5HIRUPD JHQVH5XEpQ'DUtR>@SUHGLFDQODGHIHQVDGHODFXOWXUDODWLQRDPH
8QLYHUVLWDULDFRQWUDOD ULFDQDIUHQWHDODSUHSRWHQFLDHVWDGRXQLGHQVH
VRFLHGDGRILFLDOORPDUFDQ $GHPiVGH0DUWt\'DUtR
DIXHJRGHVGHHOLQLFLR -RVp,QJHQLHURV>
6XSULPHUDIRUPD @HQ$UJHQWLQDHO
FLyQLGHROyJLFDHVWi MRYHQ-RVp9DVFRQFH
LPSUHJQDGDGHOD ORV>@HQ
UHYXHOWDMXYHQLO 0p[LFR\-RVp(QUL
EDVDGDHQXQD TXH5RGy>
HVFDODGHYDORUHV @HQ8UXJXD\VH
pWLFRVFXDOLWDWLYRV HVIXHU]DQSRUGHIHQ
RSXHVWRVDODV GHUODFXOWXUDODWLQRD
MHUDUTXtDVGHXQD PHULFDQDIUHQWHDOD
VRFLHGDGFODVLVWD FLYLOL]DFLyQPHUFDQWLO
UDFLVWD\PHU \DQTXLVXGLSORPDFLDGHO
FDQWLOL]DGDFRPR JDUURWH\VXHFRQRPtDGHO
OD&XEDQHRORFR GyODU/DJHQHUDFLyQGH
ORQLDO(OMRYHQ )LGHO&DVWURUHFLEHOD
)LGHODGTXLHUH LQIOXHQFLDGHOPRGHUQLVPRD
FRQFLHQFLD WUDYpVGHOD5HIRUPD8QLYHU
LQVXPLVD\UHYROXFLR VLWDULDTXHGLIXQGHODVHQVL
QDULDQRSRUSURYH ELOLGDGPRGHUQLVWDSRUWRGRHO
QLUGHXQDFODVH FRQWLQHQWHFRQVXVPDQLILHV
SUROHWDULDRFDP WRV\GLVFXUVRV(OLGHDO
SHVLQDSREUH\ DQWLLPSHULDOLVWDGHOMRYHQ
H[SORWDGDVLQR )LGHOHVKLMRGHWRGDHVWD
DSDUWLUGHOD FRQVWHODFLyQFXOWXUDOGHOD
UHEHOGtDpWLFD FXDO0DUWtFRQVWLWX\HXQDGH
FRQWUDODVRFLH VXVPi[LPDVHVWUHOODV1RHV
GDGFDSLWDOLVWDQHR FDVXDOTXHHQ/DKLVWRULDPH
FRORQLDO\VXV DEVROYHUi)LGHOFLWHMXQWRD
LQMXVWLFLDV 0DUWtD-RVp,QJHQLHURV

6 7
La presencia de Mart en la Mart: Lucha Nacional y Social, juntas!
generacin de Fidel /DOXFKDSRUODLQGH
SHQGHQFLDGH&XED
&RPR SDUWHGHHVDFRQVWHODFLyQFXOWXUDODQWLLPSHULDOLVWD0DUWtFRQWUDSRQH TXH0DUWtHQFDEH]D
1XHVWUD$PpULFDHVGHFLU$PpULFDODWLQD FRQWUDHO QRUWHUHYXHOWR\EUXWDO DILQHVGHOVLJOR;,;
TXHQRVGHVSUHFLD$ (VWDGRV8QLGRVSDtVGRQGHYLYLy0DUWtORGHILQHFRPR FRPELQDWDUHDVGH
HOPRQVWUXR OLEHUDFLyQQDFLRQDO
FRQPHGLGDVGH
WUDQVIRUPDFLyQVRFLDO
UDGLFDOHVSDUDVX
pSRFD/DUHS~EOLFD
VRxDGDSRUHOSRHWD
FXEDQRHVLQFOXVLYD
SRSXODU\GHPRFUiWL
FD/RVQHJURV\ORV
SXHEORVVRPHWLGRV
VRQLQWHJUDGRV\D
HPDQFLSDGRVHQSLH
GHLJXDOGDG
6LDOJXQDQRYHGDG
WHyULFD\SROtWLFD
DSRUWDHOSURFHVR
OLGHUDGRSRU)LGHO&DVWURDOFDPSRGHODVLGHDVUHYROXFLRQDULDVHVSUHFLVD
PHQWHODVLPELRVLVHQWUHHPDQFLSDFLyQQDFLRQDO\OLEHUDFLyQVRFLDO(VDDPDO
JDPDGRQGHODOXFKDSRULQGHSHQGL]DUD&XEDGHODVUHGHVGHOLPSHULDOLV
PRHOQHRFRORQLDOLVPR\ODGHSHQGHQFLDVHHQWUHWHMHFRQODHPDQFLSDFLyQGH
ORVWUDEDMDGRUHVHQFXHQWUDHODQWHFHGHQWHREOLJDGRHQODVWUDGLFLRQHVPDU
WLDQDV(QODVVRFLHGDGHVSHULIpULFDVVHPLFRORQLDOHV\GHSHQGLHQWHVODOLEHUD
FLyQQDFLRQDO\ODVRFLDOQRVRQHWDSDVVHSDUDGDVHQHOWLHPSR6HFRQGLFLR
QDQ\GHWHUPLQDQUHFtSURFDPHQWH/DUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDVHUiSRUHVRXQD
UHYROXFLyQVRFLDOLVWDGHOLEHUDFLyQQDFLRQDO

8 9
Mart y la Independencia de Cuba Mart contra Espaa y EE.UU.
&XEDVXIUHODGRPLQDFLyQFRORQLDO
\QHRFRORQLDOSULPHUREDMR(VSD
xD\OXHJREDMR(VWDGRV8QLGRV
6XODUJRSURFHVRGHLQGHSHQGHQ
FLD HVWiPDUFDGRDIXHJRSRUOD
JXHUUD/DSULPHUDJXHUUDPDPEL
VD QRPEUHGHODVWURSDVLQVX
UUHFWDVHVHQWUH\/D
VHJXQGDUHQDFHHQFXDQGR
XQ VHFWRULQGHSHQGHQWLVWDQR
DFHSWD ODUHQGLFLyQQLODWUHJXD
/DWHUFHUDHVHQWUH\
$ SDUWLUGHDOOtODJXHUUDGHLQGH
SHQGHQFLDVHWUDQVIRUPDHQXQD
JXHUUDGHUDSLxDLPSHULDOLVWDGRQ
GHLQWHUYLHQH((88

(QWUHORVSULQFLSDOHVOtGHUHVGHODLQGHSHQGHQFLDFXEDQDVHHQFXHQWUDQD
&DUORV0DQXHOGH&pVSHGHV>@(OLQLFLDODOXFKDDUPD
GDHQVXLQJHQLRD]XFDUHUR/D'HPDMDJXD FRQHOJULWRGH<DUDSURFODPDOD
LQGHSHQGHQFLD\OLEHUDDVXVHVFOD
YRVE$QWRQLR0DFHR>
@&RODERUDGRUGH0i[LPR
*yPH](QUHFKD]DEDMR
ORV0DQJRVGH%DUDJXiODFODX
GLFDFLyQGHOD3D]GH=DQMyQ
IUHQWHDORVFRORQLDOLVWDVF0i[LPR
*yPH]\%iH]>@,QWHUQDFLRQDOLVWDGH
RULJHQGRPLQLFDQR5HDOL]DODSULPHUDFDUJDDO
PDFKHWHFRQWUDORVHVSDxROHV(QVHLQFRU (ODQiOLVLVGH0DUWtVREUHHOGREOHSHOLJURTXHDFHFKDEDD&XEDHOFROR 
SRUDDOPRYLPLHQWRFXEDQR(QVHXQHD QLDOLVPR HVSDxROHOLPSHULDOLVPRHVWDGRXQLGHQVH\HOPRGRHQTXH
0DUWt(QDEULOGHGHVHPEDUFDFRQpOHQ LQWHQWDUHVROYHUORWHQGUiDPSOLDVFRQVHFXHQFLDVGXUDQWHWRGRHOVLJOR;;
3OD\LWDVGH&DMREDER&XEDSDUDUHLQLFLDUOD
OXFKDDUPDGD/DLGHRORJtDGH)LGHO\ODUHYROX
FLyQFXEDQDVRQLQFRPSUHQVLEOHVVLQHVDODUJD
KLVWRULD3RUHMHPSOR)LGHOUHSLWHVLHPSUH HOIXWX
URGH&XEDVHUiXQHWHUQR%DUDJXi UHILULpQGRVHDOD
SURWHVWDKLVWyULFDGH0DFHR
10
(QODVOXFKDVGHOLEHUDFLyQGHO 7HUFHU0XQGRQRVHWUDWDGHHOHJLUHOPDO
PHQRU QLGHRSWDUHQWUHXQDXRWUDGRPLQDFLyQ 7DPSRFR WLHQHVHQWLGR
FRPEDWLUDXQHQHPLJRH[WHUQRGHMDQGRLQWDFWRRLQFOXVRIRUWDOHFLHQGR
DO HQHPLJRLQWHUQR/DVUHYROXFLRQHVVRFLDOHVFRQWHPSRUiQHDVFRPELQDQ
WDUHDV\FRPEDWHQWDQWRDORVPRQRSROLRVWUDQVQDFLRQDOHVFRPRDORVFDSL
WDOLVWDVQDWLYRV
11
Cuba: La primera guerra moderna del
Imperialismo
0DUWt PXHUHHQFRPEDWHHQ6XPXHUWH\ODGHOJHQHUDO $QWRQLR
0DFHRGHVFDEH]DQHOSURFHVRLQGHSHQGHQWLVWD3RFRGHVSXpVHO
H[SORWDHQHOSXHUWRGH/D+DEDQDHODFRUD]DGR0DLQH0XHUHQWULSXODQ
WHV9DULRVEDUFRVHVWDGRXQLGHQVHVDJXDUGDEDQFHUFDGHODFRVWDHOSUHVL
La Cuba de la Enmienda Platt
(Q /HRQDUGR: RRG MHIH\DQTXLODQ]DXQXOWLPiWXP&XEDDFHSWDOD
HQPLHQGDFRQVWLWXFLRQDOGHOVHQDGRU2UYLOOH+LWFKFRFN3ODWWRVXVWURSDVSHU
PDQHFHUiQHQODLVOD&RQYRWRVDIDYRU\HQFRQWUDOD$VDPEOHD&RQV
WLWX\HQWHDSUXHEDOD(QPLHQGD3ODWWIyUPXODMXUtGLFDLQWHUYHQFLRQLVWD\DQH
[LRQLVWD$GHPiVGHDSURSLDUVHLOHJDOPHQWHGHNP GHWHUULWRULRFXEDQR
FRQYHUWLGRVHQODEDVHPLOLWDUGH*XDQWiQDPRKR\>@FHQWUR\DQTXLGH
GHQWHQRUWHDPHULFDQRKDEtD WRUWXUDGHSULVLRQHURVFRQHVWDHQPLHQGD((88VHDXWRDWULEX\HHOGHUHFKR
GHFLGLGR LQYROXFUDUDOD D LQWHUYHQLUFXDQGRVHOHDQWRMH1DFHODUHS~EOLFDEXUJXHVDQHRFRORQLDO
SRWHQFLDGHOQRUWHHQODJXH
PHGLDWL]DGD\FRQWURODGDSRU((88*RELHUQDXQDEXUJXHVtDORFDOTXHFRP
UUDGH&XEDFRQWUD(VSDxD ELQDFLHUWDPRGHUQL]DFLyQHFRQyPLFD\FLHUWRGHVDUUROORFDSLWDOLVWDFRQUDFLV
6X REMHWLYRHUDODDQH[LyQ PR \GHSHQGHQFLD,PSRWHQWH\VXERUGLQDGDDOLPSHULDOLVPRHVVXVRFLD
FRPRHQ3XHUWR5LFR\)LOL
PHQRUHVWDEXUJXHVtDQDWLYDFDUHFHGHDVSLUDFLRQHVSURSLDVDODUJRSOD]R\
SLQDVHLPSHGLUXQDYLFWRULD
SUR\HFWRVDXWyQRPRV6XSROtWLFDHVELSDUWLGLVWDFRQVHUYDGRUHV\OLEHUDOHV
WRWDO GHORVLQGHSHQGHQWLV
&RQYRFDGDVSRU7RPiV(VWUDGD
WDVVREUHORVHVSDxROHV/D
3DOPDSULPHUSUHVLGHQWHGH
JXHUUD FRORQLDOVHWUDQVIRU
&XED>@ODVWURSDV
PD HQXQFRQIOLFWRHQWUH
QRUWHDPHULFDQDVUHJUHVDQ
SRWHQFLDV SRUHOUHSDUWR
DODLVODHQ
LPSHULDOLVWDGHXQDFRORQLD 3HUPDQHFHQKDVWD
(QVXIDPRVROLEUR(OLPSH SURWHJLHQGRDXQJRELHUQR
ULDOLVPR IDVHVXSHULRUGHO
SURYLVLRQDOHQFDEH]DGRSRU
FDSLWDOLVPR /HQLQ >Pi[LPR
XQQRUWHDPHULFDQR
OtGHUGHORVEROFKHYLTXHV\
(VODVHJXQGDLQWHUYHQFLyQ
GHODUHYROXFLyQUXVD@FDOLIL
DELHUWDGH((88'HDOOtHQ
FD HVWDFRQWLHQGDGH
DGHODQWHORVGLYHUVRV
FRPR ODSULPHUDJXHUUD
SUHVLGHQWHVFXEDQRVTXH
LPSHULDOLVWD MXQWRFRQOD
OHVXFHGHQJHQHUDO-RVp
JXHUUD DQJORERHU>
0LJXHO*yPH]>@
@ &RQODLQWHUYHQFLyQ
JHQHUDO0DULR*DUFtD0HQRFDO
QRUWHDPHULFDQD HQODJXH >@$OIUHGR=D\DV
UUD HVGLVXHOWRHO3DUWLGR >@*HUDUGR
5HYROXFLRQDULR &XEDQR\ 0DFKDGR>@D~Q
OLFHQFLDGR HOHMpUFLWRPDP FRPSOHWDPHQWHVXERUGLQDGRV
Et LQGHSHQGHQWLVWD(O
LQWHQWDQPDQLREUDU
DUPLVWLFLR HQWUH(VSDxD\ KDFLHQGRFRQFHVLRQHV
((88 VHILUPDHQ3DUtV LQLQWHUUXPSLGDVDODPRGHO
&XED HVH[FOXLGDGHODV QRUWHSDUDHOXGLUXQDWHUFHUD
QHJRFLDFLRQHV LQWHUYHQFLyQDELHUWD

12 13
Las intervenciones de EE.UU. Mella y el herico
en Amrica Latina Primer Partido Comunista
/D LQWHUYHQFLyQ\DQTXLHQ&XEDFXOPLQDGXUDQWHODSULPHUD (O\HOQDFHHOSULPHU3DUWLGR&RPXQLVWDGH&XEDDQWHFHGHQWH
PLWDGGHOVLJOR;;KDVWDFRQXQDUHS~EOLFDGHSHQGLHQWH GHODVRUJDQL]DFLRQHVIXQGDGDVSRU)LGHO&DVWURHQORV0RYLPLHQWRGH
PHGLDWL]DGD \VHPLFRORQL]DGD&RQGLVWLQWRVJUDGRVGHPDWLFHV MXOLR\3DUWLGR&RPXQLVWDGH&XED-XOLR $QWRQLR0HOOD>@VX
VHJ~QHOFDVRHVHSURFHVRGHSUHSRWHQFLDLPSHULDOVHUHSLWHSRU ILJXUDPiVEULOODQWH\GHVWDFDGDSDUWLFLSDFRPRGHOHJDGRSRUOD $JUXSDFLyQ
GRTXLHUHQ$PpULFD/DWLQDKDVWDQXHVWURVGtDV>@ &RPXQLVWDGH/D+DEDQDVHFUHWDULRGHSURSDJDQGD\PLHPEURGHVX&RPL
Wp&HQWUDO)XQGDGRUGHOD/LJD$QWLFOHULFDOHQGHOD)HGHUDFLyQGH(VWX
GLDQWHV 8QLYHUVLWDULRV)8&HQ\GHOD/LJD $QWLLPSHULDOLVWD HQ
/DV LQWHUYHQFLRQHV\DQTXLVLQFOX\HQGRLQYDVLRQHVDWHQWDGRVDVHVLQDWRV 0HOOD HVXQRGHORVLQLFLDGRUHVGHOPDU[LVPRODWLQRDPHULFDQRMXQWRFRQHO
SUHSDUDFLyQ \ILQDQFLDPLHQWRGHJROSHVGHHVWDGRLQVWDODFLyQGHEDVHV SHUXDQR-RVp&DUORV0DULiWHJXL>@
PLOLWDUHVHWFHQQXHVWUD$PpULFDVRQWDQWDVTXHUHVXOWDLPSRVLEOHUHVXPLUODV
HQ XQOLEUR $OJXQDV GHODVPiVLPSRUWDQWHVKDQVLGR1LFDUDJXD>
 @(O6DOYDGRU>@&XED> 3RURSRQHUVHDODWLUDQtD
 @3XHUWR GH0DFKDGR0HOODVH
5LFR>@3DQDPi>@&RORPELD H[LOLDHQ0p[LFR'HVGHDOOt
>@ SODQHDLJXDOTXH)LGHO
5HS~EOLFD'RPLQLFDQD DxRVGHVSXpVXQD
> H[SHGLFLyQDUPDGDDODLVOD
@*XDWHPDOD> SDUDGHUURFDUDOD
@0p[LFR GLFWDGXUD$ GLIHUHQFLDGH
> )LGHO0HOODQRSXHGH
@+DLWt> FRQFUHWDUOD0DFKDGRHQYtD
@ D0p[LFRGRVPDWRQHV/R
+RQGXUDV> DVHVLQDQFRQGRVWLURVSRU
@%UDVLO> ODHVSDOGDODQRFKHGHO
@3DUDJXD\> 'HVSXpVGH
@(FXDGRU 0HOODODFRQGXFFLyQGHO
>@%ROLYLD>@ SULPHU3&FXEDQRSDVDD
&KLOH>@8UXJXD\ PDQRVGH5XEpQ0DUWtQH]
>@$UJHQWLQD> 9LOOHQD>@
 EULOODQWHSRHWDPLOLWDQWH
@ 7DQWRHOKHURtVPRSHUVRQDO
*UDQDGD>@ GH0HOODFRPROD
9HQH]XHOD>@/D FRPEDWLYLGDGGHDTXHO
GRPLQDFLyQ\ODUHVLVWHQFLD OHJHQGDULR3&GHORVDxRV
FRQWLQ~DQHQODDFWXDOLGDGHQ VHUiQDQWHFHGHQWHV
WRGRHOFRQWLQHQWH REOLJDGRVGHORVTXHVH
QXWULUiHOMRYHQ)LGHO

14 15
La dictadura de Machado y Ral Roa y el Ala Izquierda Estudiantil
la Revolucin de 1933 %DMRODGLFWDGXUDODMXYHQWXGFXEDQDVHUDGLFDOL]D(OHVDVHVLQDGR
HOHVWXGLDQWH5DIDHO 7UHMR(QHQHURGHQDFHHO $OD,]TXLHUGD(VWXGLDQWLO
*HUDUGR0DFKDGR\0RUDOHV>@FRPLHQ]DDJREHUQDUHQ\HQ $,(/DIRUPDQPXFKRVLQWHJUDQWHVGHO'(8'LUHFWRULR(VWXGLDQWLO5HYROXFLR
GHFODUDODSUyUURJDGHSRGHUHV $XQTXHTXHUtDTXHGDUVHKDVWD QDULRGHO/D $,(DJUXSDDORVPiVUDGLFDOHVVLJXHODSROtWLFDGHOFRPX
VXGLFWDGXUDFDHHQ'XUDQWHOD9,&RQIHUHQFLD3DQDPHULFDQDHOSUHVL
GHQWHGH((88YLVLWD/D+DEDQD8QVHQDGRUPDFKDGLVWDOHGHFODUD/DSDOD
EUDLQWHUYHQFLyQHQPLSDtVKDVLGRSDODEUDGHJORULDGHKRQRU GHWULXQIR
GH OLEHUWDGKDVLGRODLQGHSHQGHQFLD  +DUWRGHVHPHMDQWHJHQXIOH[LyQHO
SXHEORFXEDQRVHUHEHOD\KDFHHQWUDUHQFULVLVDOVLVWHPD(QVHLQLFLD
ODLQVXUUHFFLyQTXHKR\VHFRQRFHFRPRODUHYROXFLyQGHO$EDUFDXQFRQ
MXQWRGHUHEHOGtDVFROHFWLYDVHQWUH\/DSURWHVWDLQWHQWDUiVHUQHX
QLVPRFXEDQR\OD,QWHUQDFLRQDO&RPXQLVWD $OJXQRVGHVXVLQWHJUDQWHVVRQ
$XUHOLDQR6iQFKH]$UDQJR5D~O5RD*DUFtD*DEULHO%DUFHOy*RPLOD/HRQDU
GR)HUQiQGH]6iQFKH] \3DEORGHOD7RUULHQWH%UDXWRGRVKHUHGHURVGH0HOOD
(O UHPROLQRUHYROXFLRQDULRUH~QHGLYLGH\JHQHUDGLYHUVDVRUJDQL]DFLRQHVGH
L]TXLHUGDDOJXQDVSURYHQLHQWHVGHOQDFLHQWH3&(QWUHRWUDV25&$ 2UJDQL]D
FLyQ5HYROXFLRQDULD&XEDQD$QWLLPSHULDOLVWDFODQGHVWLQDXQLWDULDHLQVXUUHFFLR
QDOLVWDFX\RVHFUHWDULRJHQHUDOHV3DEORGHOD 7RUULHQWH%UDX\GRQGHWDPELpQ
WUDOL]DGDSRUODPHGLDFLyQQRUWHDPHULFDQD PLOLWDQ HOMRYHQ5RD\*XVWDYR $OGHUHJXtD HO3DUWLGR%ROFKHYLTXH/HQLQLVWD
HVFLVLyQ WURWVNLVWDGHO3&\  SURFHGHQWHGHOQDFLRQDOLVPRUDGLFDO/D-RYHQ
&XEDQ~FOHRGHL]TXLHUGDDQWLLPSHULDOLVWDOLGHUDGDSRU*XLWHUDV

&RPRUHVXOWDGRGH
ODUHYROXFLyQGH
DXQTXHIUXVWUDGD
SUHFHGHQWHGLUHFWRGH
ODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQD
GH0DFKDGR
KX\HD/DV%DKDPDV
(OHQYLDGR\DQTXLFRORFDFRPRSUHVLGHQWHDXQPLQLVWURPDFKDGLVWD1RORJUD 6L*DEULHO%DUFHOyHVHOSULQFLSDOOtGHUHVWXGLDQWLOFRPXQLVWDGHODpSRFDSRV
HVWDELOLGDG 6HOHYDQWDQVDUJHQWRVDSR\DGRVSRUHVWXGLDQWHV $SDUHFH HQ WHULRUDODVHVLQDWRGH0HOOD/HRQDUGR)HUQiQGH]6iQFKH]XQRGHORVPHMR
HVFHQDXQSHUVRQDMHVLQLHVWURGHODKLVWRULDGH&XED)XOJHQFLR%DWLVWD=DOGt UHV RUDGRUHV5XEpQ0DUWtQH]9 LOOHQD HOJUDQRUJDQL]DGRU  $QWRQLR *XLWHUDV
YDU>@$VXPHHOJRELHUQRXQDKHWHURJpQHDSHQWDUTXtD 7DPSRFR >@HOJUDQFRQVSLUDGRU3DEORGHOD7RUULHQWH%UDXHOPiVKHURLFRLQWHU
ORJUDHVWDELOL]DUVH)LQDOPHQWH5DPyQ*UDX6DQ0DUWtQ>@HVQRP QDFLRQDOLVWDHOMRYHQ5D~O5RDFRQVWLWX\HXQRGHORVHVFULWRUHVPiVEULOODQWHV
EUDGRSUHVLGHQWHHQFDEH]DQGRXQJRELHUQRGRQGHFRH[LVWHQWUHVWHQGHQFLDV GHDTXHOODJHQHUDFLyQ&RPR0HOODDQWHV\FRPR)LGHOGHVSXpVWRGRVLQWHQ
OD GHUHFKLVWD)XOJHQFLR%DWLVWDHOFHQWURHOPLVPR*UDX\ODL]TXLHUGD WDQFRQMXJDUHODQWLLPSHULDOLVPRUDGLFDOHOHVStULWXLQVXPLVRGHODKHUHQFLDGH
$QWRQLR*XLWHUDV*XLWHUDVMXQWRFRQ0HOODFRQVWLWX\HQGRVGHORVSULQFLSD 0DUWt\HOIXHJRUHEHOGHGHODVLGHDVGH0DU[HQHO&DULEH8QRGHORVSULPHURV
OHVDQWHFHGHQWHVGHODREUD\ODDFFLyQGH)LGHO&DVWUR OLEURVPDU[LVWDVTXHOHHHOMRYHQ)LGHO&DVWURSHUWHQHFHD5D~O5RD

16 17
Antonio Guiteras y la Joven Cuba
'XUDQWH ODGLFWDGXUDGH0DFKDGR*XLWHUDVRUJDQL]DODOXFKDDUPDGDHQHO
RULHQWHGH&XEDFRQOD8QLyQ5HYROXFLRQDULD'LULJHXQPRYLPLHQWRLQVXUUHF
FLRQDOTXHHVWDOODHO*XLWHUDVFRQWLQ~DLQVXUUHFWRKDVWDODFDtGDGH
0DFKDGR>@PLHQWUDVSUHSDUDHODVDOWRDOFXDUWHOPLOLWDUGH%D\DPR
/XHJR \DFRPRPLQLVWURGHOJRELHUQRGHORVGtDV>GXUDHQWUHHO
\HO@GHOSUHVLGHQWH*UDX *XLWHUDVSUHVHQWDSUR\HFWRV
FRPRODLQWHUYHQFLyQGHOD&RPSDxtDQRUWHDPHULFDQDGHHOHFWULFLGDG'XUDQ
WH VXDFWXDFLyQHOSXHEORVHPRYLOL]DFRQWUDODHQPLHQGD3ODWW)UDQNOLQ'
El Marxismo de Fidel y sus precursores
/DUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDGHQRHVSURGXFWRGHFXDWURMyYHQHVHVWXGLDQWHV
EDUEXGRV\ORFRVHQEXVFDGHDGUHQDOLQDFRPRODGHVFULEHQODVSHOtFXODVGH
+ROO\ZRRG6HQXWUHGHWRGDODUHEHOGtDDFXPXODGDSRUHOSXHEORFXEDQRDOR
ODUJRGHGpFDGDVGHOXFKDFRQWUDHOLPSHULDOLVPRQRUWHDPHULFDQR\ODVGLFWD
GXUDVPLOLWDUHVGHORVFDSLWDOLVWDVORFDOHV$XQTXHORVELyJUDIRVFRPHUFLDOHVGH
)LGHO&DVWUR\ORVJXLRQLVWDVGH+ROO\ZRRGORGHVFRQR]FDQHQHVDODUJDDFX
PXODFLyQ GHH[SHULHQFLDV\SHQVDPLHQWRUDGLFDOWDQWRODKHUHQFLDGH0DUWt
FRPRODGHORVUHYROXFLRQDULRVPDU[LVWDVGHO\0HOOD0DUWtQH]9 LOOHQD
5RRVHYHOW>@GHURJDODHQPLHQGD1RREVWDQWHODVREHUDQtDFXED 5RD*XLWHUDVHWFKDQVLGRIXQGDPHQWDOHVHQODIRUPDFLyQGH)LGHO'HDOOt
QDFRQWLQ~DOLPLWDGD\VH GHULYDVXSHQVDPLHQ
DPSOtD HOWHUULWRULR WR PDU[LVWDPX\
GH ODEDVHGH DQWHULRU DVXDOLDQ]D
*XDQWiQDPR GH ORVFRQOD
0LHQWUDV %DWLVWD 8QLyQ6RYLpWLFD
FRQVSLUD \HQFD
EH]D XQJROSHGH $GHPiV GH (O 0DQL
HVWDGRHQHQHURGH ILHVWR GHO3DUWLGR&R
LPSRQLHQGRSUHVL PXQLVWD GH 0DU[\
GHQWHVHOHJLGRVSRUpO(OLPSXOVRGHOVHGHVLQIOD\ODUHYR (QJHOV )LGHOOROHH
OXFLyQHVGHUURWDGD/XHJRGHSDVDUDODFODQGHVWLQLGDG\IXQGDU GXUDQWH HOWHUFHUDxR
OD-RYHQ&XED*XLWHUDVFDHHQFRPEDWHHQ(O0RUULOOR0DWDQ GHODFDUUHUDGHGHUH
]DVHOMXQWRFRQ&DUORV$SRQWHFRPEDWLHQWHLQWHUQDFLR FKRGHOD+LVWRULDGH
QDOLVWDTXHKDEtDSHOHDGRMXQWRFRQ6DQGLQR ODOHJLVODFLyQREUHUD \
*XLWHUDVH[SUHVDHQORVXQDYHUWLHQWHUDGLFDOGHOQDFLRQDOLV GH GLYHUVRVHQVD\RV
PRFXEDQR$ GLIHUHQFLDGHRWURVQDFLRQDOLVPRVODWLQR VREUH KLVWRULRJUDItD
DPHULFDQRV YiOYXODVGHHVFDSHSDUDHQFDX]DU GHODVLGHDVSROtWLFDV
ODUHEHOGtDSRSXODUUHWyULFRVHQFHQGLGRVTXHWHU ODV SULPHUDVOHFWXUDV
PLQDQ GHIHQGLHQGRODGRPLQDFLyQEXUJXHVD\ UDGLFDOHVGHOMRYHQ)L
IHURFHV DQWLFRPXQLVWDVHOVX\RHQIUHQWDUHDO GHO &DVWURHVWiQLQ
PHQWH DOLPSHULDOLVPR\DODVFODVHVGRPLQDQWHV IOXLGDVSRUODREUDGHO
DXWyFWRQDV(O*XLWHUDVVLQWHWL]DVXLGHDULR MRYHQ5D~O5RDDGHPiVGHPLHPEURGHO$OD,]TXLHUGD(VWXGLDQWLO5RDIXHDxRV
DVt/XFKDUpSRUHOUHHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRGHXQ*RELHUQR
GRQGH ORVGHUHFKRVGHORV2EUHURV\ORV&DPSHVLQRV
HVWpQSRUHQFLPDGHORVGHVHRVGHOXFURGHORV&DSLWD
OLVWDV1DFLRQDOHV\H[WUDQMHURV6XSHQVDPLHQWRUDGLFDO\
VX DQWLLPSHULDOLVPRLQWUDQVLJHQWHORFRQGXFHQDDEUD]DU
PiVWDUGHFDQFLOOHUGHODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQD\DPLJRGH)LGHO3RUHMHPSORXQR
GHORVOLEURVPDU[LVWDVTXHOHHHOHVWXGLDQWH)LGHOHVHOSULPHUWRPRGH +LVWRULD
GHODVGRFWULQDVVRFLDOHV >@GH5D~O5RD(QHVRVDxRVGHVGHHQ
DGHODQWHHOMRYHQ)LGHOYDDGTXLULHQGRWRGDXQDVHULHGHWtWXORVPDU[LVWDVHQ
ODFDOOH&DUORV,,,GRQGHVHHQFRQWUDEDODELEOLRWHFDGHO3DUWLGR6RFLDOLVWD3RSX
ODV LGHDVVRFLDOLVWDV\ODOXFKDDUPDGD)LGHO ODU 363)LGHOORVDGTXLHUHHQIRUPDGHSUpVWDPRV3RUHQWRQFHVQRWHQtD
&DVWURDGRSWDVXHMHPSOR PHGLRVSDUDSDJDUORV

18 19
La Reforma Universitaria Los ideales contra el Hombre Mediocre
en tiempos de Fidel (OQH[RHQWUHORVLGHy
ORJRV GHOD5HIRUPD
$FRPSDxDGRSRUHOHMHPSORGHORVSUHFXUVRUHVGHO 8QLYHUVLWDULDDUJHQWL
\HOMRYHQHVWXGLDQWH)LGHO&DVWURVHKDFH QD \ORVSUHFXUVRUHV
UHYROXFLRQDULRHQOD8QLYHUVLGDG $OOtVHHPSDSD FXEDQRV GHORVTXH
GHWRGRHOXQLYHUVRFXOWXUDODQWLLPSHULDOLVWDGHOD VHQXWUH)LGHOHVGLUHF
5HIRUPD8QLYHUVLWDULD&XDQGR)LGHOIUHFXHQWDOD WR (Q,QJHQLHURVVH
&ROLQD GHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH/D+DEDQDHO HQFXHQWUDHQ/D+DEDQDDVX
UHFKD]RYLVFHUDOGHODLQMHUHQFLD\DQTXLJDQD UHJUHVR GH0p[LFRFRQ0HOOD
WHUUHQRHQWUHORVHVWXGLDQWHV\HQODVFiWH 0DUWtQH]9LOOHQD\*XVWDYR$OGH
GUDV GHDOJXQRVSURIHVRUHVFRQWHVWDWDULRV UHJXtD 0iVWDUGHDOIDOOHFHUHO
TXHHOORVDGPLUDQ PDHVWURGHMXYHQWXGHV0DUWtQH]
9LOOHQD HVFULEHXQDUWtFXORWLWXOD
GR&RQPRWLYRGHODPXHUWHGH
-RVp ,QJHQLHURVSROHPL]DQGR
FRQ-RUJH0DxDFK,QFOXVR5D~O
5RD VHxDODD,QJHQLHURVMXQWR
FRQ0DULiWHJXLFRPRXQRGHVXV
SULQFLSDOHVPDHVWURV
$ GLIHUHQFLD GHODVLQWHUSUHWDFLR
QHV RILFLDOHVGHOD8566\
RWURVSDtVHVDILQHVGRQGHLGH
ROyJLFDPHQWH SUHGRPLQDEDHO
HFRQRPLFLVPR \ODVXEHVWLPD
FLyQ GHODOXFKDKHJHPyQLFD
OD UHYROXFLyQFXEDQDSURPXHYH
GHVGHVXLQLFLRXQDFRQFHSFLyQHWLFLVWD\FXOWXUDOLVWDGHOVRFLDOLVPR 7DQWRHO
pQIDVLVGH)LGHOHQODpWLFDUHYROXFLRQDULD\HQODFRKHUHQFLDFRQORVLGHDOHV
FRPRODSUpGLFDGHO&KH*XHYDUDDIDYRUGHOKRPEUHQXHYR\ORVHVWtPXORV
PRUDOHVWLHQHQXQDPDWUL]FRP~Q
/D5HIRUPD8QLYHUVLWDULDKDEtDQDFLGRHQ /DLQIOXHQFLDGH(OKRPEUHPHGLR
&yUGRED>$UJHQWLQD@HQEDMRLQVSLUDFLyQ FUH R/DVIXHU]DVPRUDOHVDPERV
GH'HRGRUR5RFD>@\VXPDHVWUR OLEURV GH ,QJHQLHURV FRPRRWURV
-RVp,QJHQLHURV'LIXQGLGDOXHJRSRUWRGRHO Q~FOHRV LGHROyJLFRVYLQFXODGRVD
FRQWLQHQWHHQ&XEDHVDGRSWDGDGHVGHXQ OD 5HIRUPD8QLYHUVLWDULDVRQ
iQJXORTXHSULYLOHJLDHOODWLQRDPHULFDQLVPR\ LQVRVOD\DEOHV SDUDFRPSUHQGHU
HOSDSHOUHEHOGHGHODMXYHQWXGFRQWUDOD HVWD QXHYDOHFWXUDODWLQRDPHULFD
GRPLQDFLyQQRUWHDPHULFDQD QDGHOPDU[LVPR

20 21
La tica en el ideario del joven Fidel Fidel en la Universidad
$XQTXHHOXQLYHUVRFXOWXUDOGHOD5HIRUPD8QLYHUVLWDULDSURPXHYHHODQWLLP 
SHULDOLVPROD8QLYHUVLGDGHQODTXHHVWXGLDHOMRYHQ)LGHOHVWiGRPLQDGDSRU
WRGD XQDPDILDJDQVWHULO\RILFLDOLVWDDOVHUYLFLRGHORVJRELHUQRVGHWXUQR
(VWRVJUXSRVPDQHMDQDUPDV\HMHUFHQHOFRQWUROVREUHHOHVSDFLRXQLYHUVLWD
ULR$ SHVDUGHTXHHQHVHPRPHQWR)LGHOJR]DGHJUDQSUHGLFDPHQWRMXYHQLO
\ HVWXGLDQWLOFDUHFHD~QGHXQDRUJDQL]DFLyQSURSLD/DPDILDOHSURKtEH
LQJUHVDUDOD8QLYHUVLGDGeOORVHQIUHQWDSULPHURGHVDUPDGROXHJRDUPD
GR GHVGHXQDSRVLFLyQSROtWLFDSURJUHVLVWD\DQWLLPSHULDOLVWDUDGLFDOSHUR
WRGDYtDLQGHSHQGLHQWH

$TXHOORV LGHDOHVpWLFRVTXHPDUFDURQDIXHJRDOMRYHQ)LGHOSHUPDQHFHQ
LQYDULDEOHVDORODUJRGHWRGDVXWUD\HFWRULDSROtWLFD0HGLRVLJORGHVSXpVGH
DTXHO SULPHUDSUHQGL]DMHDLQLFLRVGHOVLJOR;;,HQYDULRVGLVFXUVRV)LGHO
YXHOYHDLQVLVWLUFRQTXHHOVXIULPLHQWRGHOSXHEOREDMRHOFDSLWDOLVPRQRVyOR
GHEH PHGLUVHHQWpUPLQRVPDWHULDOHVSRUODVSRFDVFDORUtDVTXHLQJLHUH
GLDULDPHQWHXQDSHUVRQDGHORVVHFWRUHVKXPLOGHVVLQRWDPELpQHQWpUPL
QRV PRUDOHVSRUODKXPLOODFLyQHOGHVSUHFLRODEDMDDXWRHVWLPDODLQGLIH
UHQFLDODPDUJLQDFLyQHWF/RPLVPRVXFHGHFXDQGRHQHVWRVGLVFXUVRVSRU
HMHPSORHO)LGHOFXHVWLRQDODFRUUXSFLyQHOHQULTXHFLPLHQWROD
GLIHUHQFLDGHFODVHVHOTXLHEUHPRUDO\HOHJRtVPRTXHJHQHUDHOPHUFDGR
GHQWURGHOVRFLDOLVPR
5HDFWXDOL]DQGR ODWUDGLFLyQDQWLLPSHULDOLVWDGHOD5HIRUPD8QLYHUVLWDULDHO
HVWXGLDQWH)LGHOSUHVLGHGXUDQWHHO&RPLWp3UR'HPRFUDFLD'RPLQLFDQD
\ HO&RPLWp3UR/LEHUDFLyQGH3XHUWR5LFRPDQWLHQHUHODFLRQHVFRQHOGLUL
JHQWHLQGHSHQGHQWLVWD3HGUR$OEL]X&DPSRV>@&RPRSDUWHGHHVH
LPSXOVRDQWLLPSHULDOLVWDVHDOLVWDFRPRFRPEDWLHQWHHQODH[SHGLFLyQILQDO
PHQWHIUXVWUDGDGLULJLGDDGHUURFDUPLOLWDUPHQWHDOGLFWDGRUGRPLQLFDQR7UX
MLOOR(VWHFRQWLQJHQWHVHHQWUHQDHQ&D\R&RQILWHVDOQRUWHGH&XED$OOt)LGHO
SULPHURHVQRPEUDGRWHQLHQWHGHXQSHORWyQ\OXHJRMHIHGHXQDGHODVFRP
SDxtDVGHXQEDWDOOyQ <DHQHVHPRPHQWRWLHQHHQPHQWHHOSUR
\HFWRGHLQLFLDUODJXHUUDGHJXHUULOODVHQODVPRQWDxDVGH6DQWR'RPLQJR

22 23
Fidel y el Bogotazo Dos dcadas de humillaciones
$Vt FRPRHOMRYHQ(UQHVWR*XHYDUD>@FRQRFHGHSULPHUDPDQR 'HUURWDGDHQ&XED
DQWHVGH&XEDODUHYROXFLyQEROLYLDQDGH\HOSURFHVRJXDWHPDOWHFRGH ODUHYROXFLyQGHO
DERUWDGRSRUODLQWHUYHQFLyQ\DQTXLHOHVWXGLDQWH)LGHO&DVWURWDPELpQ \GHVYLDGRHO
YLYHGRVH[SHULHQFLDVSROtWLFDVODWLQRDPHULFDQDVSUHYLDVDODUHYROXFLyQFXED LPSXOVRSRSXODU
QD/DSULPHUDHVODH[SHGLFLyQUHYROXFLRQDULDD5HS~EOLFD'RPLQLFDQDHQOD TXHODJHVWyODV
TXH VHHQURODYROXQWDULDPHQWHFRPRFRPEDWLHQWHLQWHUQDFLRQDOLVWDGXUDQWH GRVGpFDGDV
/DVHJXQGDHVVXSDUWLFLSDFLyQDFWLYDHQHOERJRWD]RGH 7LHQH VLJXLHQWHVVRQ
HQWRQFHVDxRV DWUDYHVDGDVSRUOD
9LDMDQGRSRU9HQH]XHOD3DQDPi\&RORPELD)LGHOLQWHQWDRUJDQL]DUXQFRQ FRUUXSFLyQHO
JUHVRODWLQRDPHULFDQRGHHVWXGLDQWHVSDUDLPSXJQDUODVUHXQLRQHVGHOD2($ JDQVWHULVPR\OD
VXERUGLQDGD D((88
(Q&RORPELDFRQRFHSHU
VRQDOPHQWH D-RUJH(OLH
FHU*DLWiQ>@HO
SRSXODUOtGHUTXHVHRSX
VRDODSROtWLFDWUDGLFLRQDO
GH FDFLTXHVeVWHFDH
DVHVLQDGR HQ%RJRWiHO
 PLQXWRVDQWHV
GH TXHYROYLHUDDHQWUH
YLVWDUVH SRUVHJXQGDYH]
FRQ )LGHO&DVWUR/DH[
SORVLyQ HVSRQWiQHDGH
PDVDVTXHSURYRFDDTXHO
DVHVLQDWR HOERJRWD]R
FXOPLQD FRQXQDUUHJOR
HQWUH ODVGLULJHQFLDVEXU
JXHVDV \XQDWUDLFLyQD
ODV H[SHFWDWLYDVSRSXOD
UHV(QPHGLRGHODVEDWD
OODVFDOOHMHUDV)LGHOSDUWL
GHSHQGHQFLDGHOD
UHS~EOLFDEXUJXHVD
IUHQWHD((88
&RQYDLYHQHV\
WLURQHRVOD
EXUJXHVtDFXEDQD
VLQFDSDFLGDGSDUD
HPDQFLSDUHOSDtV
LQWHQWDPDQWHQHU
VXKHJHPRQtD\VXGRPLQDFLyQGXUDQWHFDVLDxRV%DMRXQHVTXHPDQHRFR
ORQLDOVHVXFHGHQGLYHUVRVJRELHUQRV&DUORV0DQXHOGH&pVSHGHV\4XHVDGD
>@ 5DPyQ*UDX6DQ0DUWtQ>@&DUORV0HQGLHWD>@
0LJXHO 0DULDQR*yPH]>@)HGHULFR/DUHGR%UX>@)XOJHQFLR
%DWLVWD>@5DPyQ*UDX6DQ0DUWtQ>@&DUORV3UtR6RFDUUiV
>@\QXHYDPHQWHPHGLDQWHXQJROSHGHHVWDGR%DWLVWD>@
&RPRHQWRGDVRFLHGDGFRORQLDOODVWURSDVGHOLPSHULDOLVPRKXPLOODQ\GHJUD
GDQDOSXHEORVRPHWLGR'XUDQWHHVDVGpFDGDVHQ&XEDVXFHGHORPLVPROOH
JDQGRDOH[WUHPRHO FXDQGRYDULRVVROGDGRVHVWDGRXQLGHQVHVSUR
IDQDQ \XOWUDMDQXQDHVWDWXDGH-RVp0DUWt6RQDxRVGHXQDQWLFRPXQLVPR
IHUR]FXDQGRODEXUJXHVtDFXEDQDHQFDUFHOD\UHSULPHDDEQHJDGRVOtGHUHV
REUHURVFRPRORVGLULJHQWHVVLQGLFDOHVFRPXQLVWDV-HV~V0HQpQGH]DVHVLQD
FLSD LQWHJUDQGRFRPR GR HO\ $UDFHOLR ,JOHVLDV'tD]DVHVLQDGRHO(QHVH
HVWXGLDQWH FXEDQRXQD FRQWH[WRVHSURIXQGL]DHOUHFKD]RDQWLLPSHULDOLVWDGHOSXHEORKDFLDODGRPLQD
HVFXDGUD LQVXUUHFWDGH FLyQQRUWHDPHULFDQD(VHDxRHQODVSURWHVWDVHVWXGLDQWLOHVFRQWUDORVPDULQHV
FRPEDWH ,QFOXVROOHJDD XQHVWXGLDQWHHVVDOYDMHPHQWHJROSHDGR(OMRYHQ)LGHO&DVWURHQWRQFHVGLUL
VHU D\XGDQWHGHOMHIHGH JHQWHGHOD)(8)HGHUDFLyQGH(VWXGLDQWHV8QLYHUVLWDULRVHVWHVWLJRGHOD
OD SROLFtDVXEOHYDGDFRQ JROSL]D\GHQXQFLDORVKHFKRV/DSUHSRWHQFLD\ODKXPLOODFLyQVHUHSLWHFDGD
WUDHOHMpUFLWR ILQGHVHPDQDFXDQGRORVPDULQHVIUHFXHQWDQ&XEDFRPRVLWLRGHGLYHUVLyQ

24 25
El Partido Ortodoxo y Chibas El joven Fidel y la lucha poltica
(GXDUGR5HQp&KLEiV5LYDV>@KDEtDVLGRHQORVGLULJHQWHGHO $QWHVGHODQ]DUVHDODOXFKDDUPDGDHOMRYHQ)LGHO&DVWURWUDWDGHGHVDUUROODU
'LUHFWRULR(VWXGLDQWLO5HYROXFLRQDULR/XFKDFRQWUDHOGLFWDGRU0DFKDGR\VX XQDSROtWLFDGHPDVDVSRUYtDOHJDO3RUHVRVHSRVWXODFRPRFDQGLGDWRDOD
SUyUURJDGHSRGHUHV0iVWDUGHHVPLHPEURGHO3DUWLGR5HYROXFLRQDULR&XED FiPDUDGHUHSUHVHQWDQWHV1RHVFDVXDOTXHKD\DSXEOLFDGRVXVGHQXQFLDV
QR$XWpQWLFR'LVFRQIRUPHFRQODIUXVWUDFLyQGHOJRELHUQRGH*UDXVXOLGH FRQWUD ODFRUUXSFLyQJXEHUQDPHQWDOHQHOSHULyGLFR $OHUWD \ KD\DUHFRUULGR
UD]JR LPSXOVDHQXQDQXHYDRUJDQL]DFLyQSROtWLFD3DUWLGRGHO3XHEOR HQWUH\NLOyPHWURVHQXQDXWRPyYLO&KHYUROHWFRPSUD
&XEDQR 2UWRGR[RV6yORHQ/D+DEDQDHOQDFLHQWHSDUWLGRFXHQWDFRQ
DILOLDGRV&KLEiVHVHOHJLGRVHQDGRUHQ'HQXQFLDODFRUUXSFLyQ
GHOJRELHUQRXWLOL]DQGRODUDGLRFRPRLQVWUXPHQWRGHSURSDJDQGD8QDGHVXV
FRQVLJQDVPiVIDPRVDHV9HUJHQ]DFRQWUDGLQHUR
GRDFUpGLWRKDFLHQGRFDPSDxDSROtWLFD
)LGHO KDEtDHVWXGLDGRGHVGHMRYHQKLVWRULDPLOLWDUHKLVWRULDGHODVJXHUUDV
3URIXQGL]DHQODKLVWRULDGHODVEDWDOODVGHODUHYROXFLyQIUDQFHVD\HQODVJXH
UUDVGHLQGHSHQGHQFLDGH&XEDSHURVLHPSUHWHQLHQGRHQPHQWHTXHODSROt
WLFDPDQGDVREUHODJXHUUD\TXHWRGDJXHUUDLQFOX\HQGRODJXHUUDUHYROX
FLRQDULDHVSROtWLFD

3RU KDEHUDFXVDGRD $XUHOLDQR 6iQFKH]$UDQJR PLQLVWURGHHGXFDFLyQGHO

SUHVLGHQWH3UtRGHSRVHHUSURSLHGDGHVHQ*XDWHPDOD\QRKDEHUSRGLGRSUR
EDUOR&KLEiVVHVLHQWHDFRUUDODGRVHGHVHVSHUD\VHVXLFLGDHO6H
SHJDXQWLURHQHODEGRPHQGXUDQWHVXWUDQVPLVLyQUDGLDOGHORVGRPLQJRVD
ODQRFKH&XOPLQDVXGLVFXUVRGLFLHQGR3XHEORGH&XEDGHVSLHUWD(VWHHV
PL~OWLPRDOGDERQD]R (O)LGHOVHOOHYDJUDEDGRHVWHGLVFXUVR
FRPR HOHPHQWRGHDJLWDFLyQFXDQGRDVDOWDHOFXDUWHO0RQFDGD  7UDV VX
PXHUWHHOSDUWLGRRUWRGR[RGHWHQGHQFLDSRSXOLVWDFRQWLQ~DLQWHQWDQGRDOFDQ
]DUHOSRGHUSRUYtDHOHFWRUDO6XSURJUDPDVHVLQWHWL]DHQODVFRQVLJQDVLQGH
SHQGHQFLDHFRQyPLFDOLEHUWDGSROtWLFD\MXVWLFLDVRFLDO3RUHQWRQFHVHQ
HOMRYHQ)LGHODFW~DGHVGHODL]TXLHUGDGHOSDUWLGRRUWRGR[R

26 27
El golpe de Estado de Batista
(OJROSHGH(VWDGRGHOTXHGHUULEDD&DUORV3UtR6RFDUUiV>
@HLPSRQHODGLFWDGXUDGH)XOJHQFLR%DWLVWDHVHOWHUUHQRVREUHHOTXH
JHUPLQDODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQD
/DHPHUJHQFLDFRQ%DWLVWDGHXQDQXHYDGLFWDGXUDHQ&XEDSRQHHQHYL
GHQFLDODFULVLVGHOHJLWLPDFLyQTXHSDGHFHHOVLVWHPDSROtWLFRGHODUHS~EOLFD
EXUJXHVDQHRFRORQLDO\ODLQFDSDFLGDGGHODEXUJXHVtDFXEDQDSDUDPDQWHQHU
PtQLPDV OLEHUWDGHVS~EOLFDV/RVFDSLWDOLVPRVODWLQRDPHULFDQRVUHDOPHQWH
Batista, un dictador populista
'HRULJHQKXPLOGH%DWLVWDQDFHHQ%DQHV,QJUHVDDO(MpUFLWRHQ\HQ
\DGLULJHXQJROSHGH(VWDGR&RQ*UDX6DQ0DUWtQVHFRQYLHUWHHQMHIHGHO
(MpUFLWR$VtPDQWLHQHHOFRQWUROGHOSDtVDWUDYpVGHYDULRVJRELHUQRV(OHJLGR
SUHVLGHQWHHQDPSOtDVXPDUFRSRSXOLVWDGHDOLDQ]DVDUUDVWUDQGRLQFOXVR
DO363 \UHDOL]DQGRDOJXQDVUHIRUPDVVRFLDOHVFRPRODFRQVWLWXFLyQGH
EDVWDQWHPRGHUQD(QHOFDQGLGDWRTXH%DWLVWDKDEtDHOHJLGRHVGHUURWD
GR %DWLVWDSHUPDQHFHKDVWDHQXQVHJXQGRSODQRYLYHHQOD)ORULGD
H[LVWHQWHVFRQVWLWX\HQHOYHUGDGHURURVWURGHXQVLVWHPDTXHEDMRODEDQGHUD ((88KDVWD(QHQFDEH]DXQQXHYRJROSHGHHVWDGRFRQWUD3UtR
GHO PXQGROLEUHODVRFLHGDGDELHUWDODGHPRFUDFLD\HOSOXUDOLVPR 6RFDUUiV 6XGLFWDGXUDFUXHO\VDQJXLQDULDFRQDSR\RGH((88GXUDVLHWH
LPSRQHDORODUJRGHOVLJOR;;\HQWRGRHOFRQWLQHQWHUHSUHVLRQHVSHUVHFX DxRVKDVWDTXHWULXQIDODUHYROXFLyQ(OKX\HDOD5HS~EOLFD'RPLQL
FLRQHVFHQVXUDWRUWXUD\YLRODFLRQHVVLVWHPiWLFDVGHORVGHUHFKRVKXPDQRV FDQDGHOGLFWDGRU7UXMLOOR\OXHJRPXHUHHQOD(VSDxDGHOGLFWDGRU))UDQFR

7UDVODPXHUWHGH0HOOD\0DUWtQH]
9LOOHQDODRULHQWDFLyQGHOSULPHU3&
FXEDQRFODVLVWDKHURLFR\DQWLLP
SHULDOLVWDUDGLFDOHVDEDQGRQDGD
6LJXLHQGRDOD,QWHUQDFLRQDO&RPX
QLVWD\DO3&VRYLpWLFRHQWLHPSRVGH
6WDOLQ>@DSDUWLUGHHO
3&FXEDQRSDVDDODSROtWLFDGHOIUHQWH
SRSXODUSULPHUR\OXHJRGLUHFWDPHQWHD
ODXQLGDGQDFLRQDO6HUHEDXWL]DFRPR
3DUWLGR6RFLDOLVWD3RSXODU363(Q
HO363 WHUPLQDKDFLHQGRDOLDQ]DV
HQQRPEUHGHHVDVXSXHVWDXQLGDG
QDFLRQDOKDVWDFRQ%DWLVWD(QVD
\DQGRXQEDODQFHPDGXURGHOFRPXQLV
PRFXEDQR)LGHOSODQWHDTXH(Q&XED
OHFRUUHVSRQGLyDXQSDUWLGRPDU[LVWD
OHQLQLVWD>HO363@HVWDUDOLDGRDXQ
JRELHUQRVDQJULHQWRUHSUHVLYR\FRUUXSWR
FRPRHOGH%DWLVWD >@(VWDFRQWUDGLFFLyQ
OOHYyOyJLFDPHQWHDTXHPXFKRVMyYH
QHVJHQWHFRQLQFOLQDFLyQUHYROXFLRQDULD
\JHQWHGHL]TXLHUGDGHMDUDQGHPLUDU
FRQVLPSDWtDVDOSDUWLGRPDU[LVWDOHQLQLVWD
FXEDQR(VDHVODUHDOLGDGKLVWyULFDREMH
WLYDGLVFXUVRGHO

28 29
Prostitucin, mafia y juego Miami, una colonia prspera
3DUDFRQWUDUUHVWDUHOHMHPSORGHODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDGHORVFtUFXORV
JREHUQDQWHVGH((88KDQSXHVWRD0LDPLWLHUUDGHLQPLJUDQWHVODWLQRDPH
ULFDQRVFRPRHMHPSORDLPLWDUSDUDWRGRHOFRQWLQHQWH$ WUDYpVGH+ROO\ZR
RG\GHODPDTXLQDULDPRQRSyOLFDGHODLQFRPXQLFDFLyQPXQGLDOVLJXHQSUH
VHQWDQGR KDVWDODDFWXDOLGDGDOD)ORULGDFRPRODXWRStDGHXQDFRORQLD
LQPLJUDQWHSUyVSHUD8QVLUYLHQWHVXPLVR\REHGLHQWHTXHKDELHQGRROYLGDGR
VXSURSLDLGHQWLGDG\VXSURSLDFXOWXUDDVFLHQGHHQWpUPLQRVGLQHUDULRV\PHU
FDQWLOHVSRUKDEHUDFHSWDGRDODPRLPSHULDOLPLWDQGRVX DPHULFDQZD\RIOLIH

(QWLHPSRVGH%DWLVWD&XEDVHWUDQVIRUPDHQXQJLJDQWHVFRFDVLQR/DPDILD
QRWLHQHOtPLWHVYLYHVXpSRFDGHRUR\JORULD3UROLIHUDQORVSURVWtEXORV\OD
GHJUDGDFLyQ FXOWXUDO$ GLIHUHQFLD GHODVSHOtFXODVGH)UDQFLV)RUG&ySSROD
FRPRODWULORJtD(O3DGULQRODPDILDGH&XEDHVWiELHQOHMRVGHFXDOTXLHU
HSRSH\D\FXDOTXLHUFyGLJRGHKRQRU
(VDHVOD&XEDGRUDGDTXHWRGDYtDKR\DxRUDQORVH[WUHPLVWDVGHGHUHFKD
GH0LDPL

30 31
Miami y la Mafia
/DPDILDFRQVXUHGGHFODQHVQDFHHQODV]RQDVUXUDOHVGHOVXUGH,WDOLD
$OJXQRVGHVXVLQWHJUDQWHVHPLJUDQD((88HQHOVLJOR;,;\GXUDQWHHOVLJOR
;;VHDUWLFXODQFRQFtUFXORVGHSRGHUQRUWHDPHULFDQR6LHQORVVHGHGL
FDQDODVEHELGDVDOFRKyOLFDVGXUDQWHVXSURKLELFLyQPiVWDUGHH[WLHQGHQVX
SRGHUDOMXHJRODSURVWLWXFLyQ\ODVGURJDV8QVHFWRULPSRUWDQWHGHODPDILD
QRUWHDPHULFDQDWHQtDHQOD&XEDQHRFRORQLDOVXEDVHGHRSHUDFLRQHV,QFOX
VRGXUDQWHORVDxRVFRQVWUX\HQHQ/D+DEDQDJUDQGHVKRWHOHVGHOXMR
$QWHHOWULXQIRGHODUHYROXFLyQHQODPDILDGH&XEDHOLWHGHVXEXUJXH
VtDHPLJUDD0LDPL$OOtVHDPDOJDPD\HQWUHPH]FODFRQODH[WUHPDGHUHFKD
Las protestas juveniles
3DUDHQIUHQWDUHOJROSHGH%DWLVWDGHTXHIRUWDOHFHHOSRGHUGHODPDILD
ORVHVWXGLDQWHV\ODMXYHQWXGYXHOYHQDODVFDOOHV8QDGHODVSULPHUDVPDQL
IHVWDFLRQHVGHSRVLWDHOFDGiYHUGHODFRQVWLWXFLyQSLVRWHDGDSRUORVPLOLWD
UHVDQWHHOEXVWRGH0DUWt2WUDVHSURGXFHHOFXDQGRODPXOWLWXG
JULWD 5HYROXFLyQ (VHDxRVHFRQPHPRUDHOFHQWHQDULRGHOQDFLPLHQWRGH
0DUWt)LGHO&DVWURHGLWDFODQGHVWLQDPHQWHHOSHULyGLFR (O$FXVDGRU5HILULpQ
GRVH DO3DUWLGR2UWRGR[RDOOtHVFULEH $ XQ SDUWLGRUHYROXFLRQDULRGHEH
FRUUHVSRQGHUXQDGLULJHQFLDUHYROXFLRQDULDMRYHQ\GHRULJHQSRSXODUTXHVDO
YH D&XED  &RQODD\XGDGHOD)HGHUDFLyQGH(VWXGLDQWHV8QLYHUVLWDULRV
GHODHPLJUDFLyQFXEDQD )(8 )LGHOLQLFLDHOHQWUHQDPLHQWRFODQGHVWLQRGHMyYHQHVHQ
FpOXODV GHFRPEDWHFRPRDSDUDWRUHYROXFLRQDULRGHOFKLEDVLVPR/RV
PHMRUHVSDUWLFLSDUiQOXHJRGHODVDOWRDOFXDUWHO0RQFDGD

/RVMyYHQHVTXHHQDVDOWDQHOFXDUWHO0RQFDGDPDUFDQXQDLQIOH[LyQHQ
HOSHQVDPLHQWR\ODSROtWLFDODWLQRDPHULFDQDGHOVLJOR;;&RQHVHJHVWRTXH
/DPDILDFXEDQDGH0LDPLQRVyORSDUWLFLSDGHODVHVLQDWRGHOSUHVLGHQWH-RKQ QR SHUVHJXtDXQWULXQIRIiFLOVLQPDVDVVLQRPRYLOL]DUDODRSLQLyQS~EOLFD
) .HQQHG\ 7DPELpQ SUHWHQGHDVHVLQDULQQXPHUDEOHVYHFHVD
)LGHO &DVWUR&RPRSDUWHGHHVDSROtWLFDGHH[WUHPDGHUHFKDDSR\DFRQ
DJHQWHVGHLQWHOLJHQFLD\GLQHURHOWHUURULVPRGHHVWDGRHQ$PpULFD/DWLQDSHU
SHWUDGRSRUGLYHUVDVGLFWDGXUDVPLOLWDUHVDWUDYpVGHOWHQHEURVR3ODQ&yQGRU 
$GHPiVPDQLSXODHOHFFLRQHVLQWHUQDVHQ((88\SHUSHWUDIUDXGHVHVFDQGD
ORVRVFRPRHOTXHXELFyD*HRUJH: %XVKHQODSUHVLGHQFLDGHPDQHUDLOH
JDO\FRQWUDODYROXQWDGPD\RULWDULDGHOSXHEORHVWDGRXQLGHQVH
32
GHVOHJLWLPDUORVSDFWRVFRQODGLFWDGXUDJROSHDUDOHQHPLJRFRQVHJXLUDUPDV
HLQLFLDUMXQWRDOSXHEORHOSURFHVRUHYROXFLRQDULRVHxDODQDODOXFKDDUPD
GDFRPRFDPLQRHVWUDWpJLFR1RVHODQ]DQDODLQVXUJHQFLDDSDUWLUGHXQDLUUD
FLRQDOE~VTXHGDGHDGUHQDOLQD3RUHOFRQWUDULRFRPLHQ]DQFRQXQDFRQIURQ
WDFLyQSROtWLFDTXHVHSURORQJDHQXQDOXFKDSROtWLFRPLOLWDU (QWUHHOJROSHGH
%DWLVWDGHO\HODWDTXHDOFXDUWHO0RQFDGDGHOWUDQVFXUUH
XQDxR\FXDWURPHVHVGHLQWHQVRDSUHQGL]DMHSROtWLFR
33
El liderazgo de Fidel y los jvenes El asalto al Cuartel Moncada
del Moncada (QIRUPDFODQGHVWL
QDMyYHQHV
$QWHVGHSDUWLUKDFLD6DQWLDJRGH&XEDHVWRVMyYHQHVVHYLHQHQUHXQLHQGRHQ ORVPHMRUHVGHO
HOGHSDUWDPHQWRTXHFRPSDUWHQ+D\GHp6DQWDPDUtD\VXKHUPDQR$EHO6DQ HQWUHQDPLHQWR
WDPDUtDDPERVFRPSDxHURVGH)LGHO&DVWUR $OOtFRQVSLUDQ\KDFHQORVSUH LPSDUWLGRSRU
SDUDWLYRV0HQRVGHGLH]FRQRFHQGHDQWHPDQRTXHHOREMHWLYRHVHO0RQFD )LGHOOOHJDQHQ
GD(QVXPD\RUtDORVMyYHQHVTXHDVDOWDQHOFXDUWHOSURYLHQHQGHODL]TXLHUGD YDULRVJUXSRVD
GHOSDUWLGRRUWRGR[RDXQTXHHQSURFHVRGHYHUWLJLQRVDUDGLFDOL]DFLyQSROtWLFD 6DQWLDJRGH&XED
$GHPiVGHORVKHUPDQRV6DQWDPDUtDHVWiQ-RVp/XLV7DVHQGHGHODV0XxH HQWUHORVFRPED
FDV 3HGUR0LUHW5HQDWR*XLWDUW5RVHOO\5D~O*yPH]*DUFtDWRGRVHOORV WLHQWHVSDUWLFLSDQ
FDHQHQHODWDTXH-HV~V0RQWDQp5DPLUR9 DOGpV-RVp6XiUH]5D~O&DV GRVPXMHUHV
WUR 2VFDU $OFDOGH 3HGUR0DUUHUR*XVWDYR $UFRV -RVp3RQFH $EHODUGR +D\GHp6DQWDPDUtD
&UHVSR)LGHR/DEUDGRU\)HUQDQGR&KHQDUGHQWUHPXFKRVRWURV &XDGUDGR>
(QVXPDGXUH])LGHO&DVWURUHFXHUGDTXHVLHQHQWLHPSRVGHOERJR @\0HOED
WD]R WHQtDXQDFRQFLHQFLDDQWLLPSHULDOLVWDHQDxRGHODWDTXHDO +HUQiQGH]5RGUt
0RQFDGD\DSRVHtDIXHUWHVFRQYLFFLRQHVEDVDGDVHQODVLGHDVGH0DU[\GH JXH]GHO5H\
/HQLQ6HJ~QVXEDODQFHPDGXUR)LGHOUHFRQRFHTXHVHSXHGHGHFLUTXHWDU
Gp VHLVDxRVHQDGTXLULUXQDFRQFLHQFLDUHYROXFLRQDULD\HQHODERUDUXQD
HVWUDWHJLDUHYROXFLRQDULD
>@(ODWDTXH
VHLQLFLDDODV
$0GHO
,QWHQWDQFRSDUOD
IRUWDOH]DPLOLWDUPiV
LPSRUWDQWHGH6DQWLDJRGH&XEDODVHJXQGDGHOSDtVSDUDUHXQLUDOSXHEOR
\FRQYRFDUDODKXHOJDJHQHUDOFRQWUDODGLFWDGXUD6HGLYLGHQODWDUHD$EHO
6DQWDPDUtD HQFDEH]DDFRPEDWLHQWHVTXHLQWHQWDQWRPDUSRUDVDOWRHO
KRVSLWDOFLYLO\5D~O&DVWUR>@FRQRWURVVHSURSRQHDVDOWDUHOSDOD
FLRGH-XVWLFLD$PERVVHHQFXHQWUDQSHJDGRVDOFXDUWHO0RQFDGDDWDFDGR
SRU)LGHOFRQKRPEUHV(ODWDTXHVHIUXVWUDDOIDOODUHOIDFWRUVRUSUHVD
/RVPXHUWRVVRQVHJ~QDOJXQRVGLDULRVPiVGHVHJ~QRWURVLQFOX
\HQGRORVGHO0RQFDGD\ORVGHOFXDUWHOGH%D\DPR
7UDVXQFXDUWRGHVLJORGHKHJHPRQtDFRQWLQHQWDOVWDOLQLVWDGRQGHSUHGRPL
QDEDQODFRQFHSFLyQGHODUHYROXFLyQSRUHWDSDVODVHSDUDFLyQHQWUHDQWLLP
SHULDOLVPR \VRFLDOLVPR\KDVWDODLOXVLyQGHOVXSXHVWRWUiQVLWRSDFtILFRDO
VRFLDOLVPRHODVDOWRDOFXDUWHO0RQFDGDLQLFLDHQWRGD$PpULFDXQDRIHQVL
YDSRSXODUVLQSUHFHGHQWHV6HPRGLILFDHOPDSDSROtWLFR\FDPELDODFRUUHOD
FLyQGHIXHU]DVFRQHOHQHPLJRGHORVSXHEORV $ SDUWLUGHHVDRIHQVLYDVH
UHWRPDQODVWUDGLFLRQHVKHURLFDVGHOSULPHUPDU[LVPRODWLQRDPHULFDQRGHORV
DxRV(O0RQFDGDFRQWULEX\HDOIORUHFLPLHQWRUHYROXFLRQDULRTXHYLYH$Pp
ULFD/DWLQDGXUDQWHODGpFDGDGHO
35
Las torturas y los asesinatos
(QHOUHSOLHJXHGHOIUXVWUDGRDWDTXHDO0RQFDGDPXFKRVMyYHQHVVRQFDSWX 
UDGRVWRUWXUDGRV\DVHVLQDGRV(OFXDUWHOVHFRQYLHUWHHQXQDIiEULFDGHWRU
WXUD\PXHUWH/DGHVSURSRUFLyQGHPXHUWRVHQWUHGHIHQVRUHV\DWDFDQWHVHYL
GHQFLDQ XQDPDVDFUHEUXWDOXQDSUiFWLFDKDELWXDOHQODVGLFWDGXUDV
ODWLQRDPHULFDQDVHQODVTXHMDPiVVHUHVSHWDODYLGDQLORVGHUHFKRVGHOSUL
VLRQHURFDSWXUDGR/DVGRVPXMHUHVFRPEDWLHQWHVVDOYDQVXYLGDDXQTXHVH
ODVTXHPDFRQFLJDUULOORVHQORVEUD]RVDOVHUIRWRJUDILDGDV
$EHO6DQWDPDUtD&XDGUDGR>@DFRPSDxDD)LGHOHQVXVFDPSDxDV
SROtWLFDV -HV~V0RQWDQp2URSHVD>@RWURPRQFDGLVWDORVKDEtD
SUHVHQWDGRHO(QHODWDTXH$EHOVHJXQGRGH)LGHOFDHSULVLRQHUR
0LQXWRVDQWHV$EHOOHVGLFHDVXVFRPSDxHURV6DOYRODVGRVPXMHUHVWRGRV
VHUHPRVDVHVLQDGRV&RPSUHQGDPRVTXHFDGDJHVWRQXHVWURVHUiXQDFWRGH
FDUiFWHUKLVWyULFR<RTXLVLHUDVHJXLUYLYLHQGRSHURHOGHVWLQRPHREOLJDDPRULU
SRU&XED6HSDPRVWRGRVHVWDUDODDOWXUDGHQXHVWUDPLVLyQFDLJDPRVFRQ
ODFRQFLHQFLDGHTXHDVtOHHVWDPRVVLHQGR~WLOHVDODKLVWRULD
,QGHIHQVR\GHVDUPDGRHV
WRUWXUDGR(OVDUJHQWR
(XODOLR*RQ]iOH]OHDUUDQ
FDORVRMRV\FRPRDVXV
FRPSDxHURVOHWULWXUDORV
WHVWtFXORV\ORDVHVLQD$O
OOHJDUDODFiUFHOGH
PXMHUHVGH*XDQDMD\VX
KHUPDQD+D\GpH6DQWD
PDUtDOHHVFULEHDVXV
SDGUHV0DPiDKtWLHQHV
D$EHO@1RWHGDVFXHQWD0DPi"$EHO
QRQRVIDOWDUiMDPiV0DPiSLHQVD
TXH&XEDH[LVWH\)LGHOHVWiYLYR
SDUDKDFHUOD&XEDTXH$EHOTXH
UtD0DPiSLHQVDTXH)LGHOWDP
ELpQWHTXLHUH\TXHSDUD$EHO
&XED\)LGHOHUDQODPLVPD
FRVD\)LGHOWHQHFHVLWDPXFKR
1RSHUPLWDVDQLQJXQDPDGUH
WHKDEOHPDOGH)LGHOSLHQ
VDTXHHVRVt$EHOQRWHOR
SHUGRQDUtD
36
El Che Guevara sobre el Moncada
0XFKRVDxRVGHVSXpVGHWULXQIDUODUHYROX 
FLyQFXEDQDFRPEDWLHQGRHQ%ROLYLDSRUOD
OLEHUWDG GHWRGD $PpULFD HOHO
&KH *XHYDUDHVFULEHHQVX 'LDULR XQ
DSUHWDGR SHURSURIXQGRDQiOLVLVGHOR
TXHVLJQLILFyHODVDOWRDOFXDUWHO0RQFDGD
SDUDORVSXHEORVGHWRGRHOFRQWLQHQWH
(ODVDOWRDOFXDUWHO
0RQFDGDQR
FRQVWLWX\HVyORXQ
KHFKRSROtWLFR
$OPLVPRWLHPSR
FRPRDSXQWDHO
&KH*XHYDUDHQVX
'LDULRGH%ROLYLD
WLHQHFRQVHFXHQFLDV
WHyULFDV'HKHFKR
SRQHHQGLVFXVLyQOD
SDVLYLGDGGHODV
GLYHUVDVFRUULHQWHVGH
ODL]TXLHUGDWUDGLFLRQDO
TXHHQQRPEUHGH
ODIDOWDGHFRQGLFLRQHV
REMHWLYDVKDQWHUPLQDGR
VLHPSUHDGDSWiQGRVHDO
RUGHQHVWDEOHFLGR
DFHSWiQGRORFRPRDOJR
IDWDOHLQPRGLILFDEOH
37
La Guerra Fra en tiempos del ataque
&XDQGRVHSURGXFHHODWDTXHDOFXDUWHO0RQFDGDHOPXQGRHVWiHQSOHQDJXH
UUDIUtD7HUPLQDGDODVHJXQGDJXHUUDPXQGLDOFRQODYLFWRULDGHORVDOLDGRV
VREUH$OHPDQLDQD]L((88\OD8566VHHQIUHQWDQGHIHQGLHQGRVXVUHVSHF
WLYDViUHDVGHLQIOXHQFLD(QWULXQIDODUHYROXFLyQFKLQD\HQVH
SURGXFHODJXHUUDGH&RUHDTXHSRUODLQWHUYHQFLyQ\DQTXLGLYLGHHVHSDtVHQ
La Izquierda Tradicional frente
al Moncada
(Q ODGpFDGDGHOHQWLHPSRVGHO0RQFDGDODVRUJDQL]DFLRQHVGHOD
L]TXLHUGDWUDGLFLRQDOVLJXHQODGRFWULQDVRYLpWLFDGHOWUDQVLWRSDFtILFRDOVRFLD
OLVPR TXHFRLQFLGHFRQHOUHSDUWRGHiUHDVGHLQIOXHQFLDHQWUHOD8566\
GRV(VWDGRV8QLGRVYHDPHQD]DGRVXSRGHUPXQGLDOSRUORFXDOVHHQGX
UHFHLQWHUQDPHQWH6RQORVDxRVGHOPiVIHUR]DQWLFRPXQLVPR(OVHQDGRU
-RVHSK5D\PRQG0F&DUWK\>@HQFDEH]DXQFOLPDGHGHODFLyQSHU
VRQDOSHUVHFXFLyQFXOWXUDO\YLRODFLyQGHODVOLEHUWDGHVGHPRFUiWLFDV
((88 3RUHQWRQFHVHVWDVFRUULHQWHVSURVRYLpWLFDVVRVWLHQHQTXHQRKD\
FRQGLFLRQHVSDUDODOXFKDDUPDGDQLSDUDHOVRFLDOLVPRHQ $PpULFD/DWLQD(O
DVDOWRDOFXDUWHO0RQFDGD\ODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDHQVXFRQMXQWRKDFHQDxLFRV
HVWRVGRJPDVUHYROXFLRQDULRVFRPRORVFDUDFWHUL]yHO&KH*XHYDUD
(Q&XEDHO3DUWLGR6RFLDOLVWD3RSXODUSURVRYLpWLFRFRQGHQDHO0RQFDGD
(QXQD&DUWDDORVPLOLWDQWHVODFRPLVLyQHMHFXWLYDGHO363GHQXQFLDHODVDO
WRFRPRXQDLQLFLDWLYD SXWVFKLVWDDYHQWXUHULVWDGHVHVSHUDGDFDUDFWHUtVWLFD
GHXQDSHTXHxREXUJXHVtDVLQSULQFLSLRV\FRPSURPHWLGDFRQHOJDQVWHULVPR
(QVX&DUWD6HPDQDOGHOHO363 LQVLVWHFRQTXHHO
0RQFDGDHVXQSXWVFK\XQDDFFLyQDUPDGDGHVHVSHUDGDFRQFDWHJRUtDGH
DYHQWXUD(VWDVDFFLRQHV QRFRQGXFHQDRWUDFRVDTXHDOIUDFDVRDOGHV 
SHUGLFLRGHIXHU]DVDODPXHUWHVLQREMHWLYRV (QMXQLRGHVHLVPHVHV
GHVSXpVGHOGHVHPEDUFRGHO*UDQPDODUHYLVWD)XQGDPHQWRV1GHO363
VHHPSHFLQDHQFRQGHQDUD)LGHOHVLPSRUWDQWHYROYHUDDILUPDU>@ TXHKR\
FRPRD\HUUHFKD]D
PRV\FRQGHQDPRV
\VHJXLUHPRV
FRQGHQDQGRORV
PpWRGRVWHUURULVWDV\
SXWVFKLVWDVFRPR
LQHILFDFHVQRFLYRV\
FRQWUDULRVDOLQWHUpV
GHOSXHEOR
6LQROYLGDUHVRV
KHFKRVHQVX
PDGXUH])LGHO&DV
WURSULYLOHJLDQGROD
(QOD8566HOIDOOHFH6WDOLQ6HLQLFLDXQSHUtRGRGHGHVKLHOR\GH XQLGDGKDVHxDODGR
FRQQLYHQFLDFRQHOLPSHULDOLVPRQRUWHDPHULFDQR+DFtDWLHPSRTXH\D6WDOLQ FRQJHQHURVLGDGTXH$ SHVDU
KDEtD PRGHUDGRODSROtWLFDH[WHULRUVRYLpWLFD3RUHMHPSORDEDQGRQDQGROD GHHVRHQPLMXYHQWXG
WUDGLFLyQGH/HQLQ6WDOLQGLVXHOYHOD,QWHUQDFLRQDO&RPXQLVWDHQ(QORV \ROHtDOLEURVGHOD
DxRVORVVRYLpWLFRVQRDSR\DQQLDOLHQWDQODVUHEHOLRQHVODWLQRDPHULFDQDV ELEOLRWHFDGHO
0XFKRPHQRVODOXFKDDUPDGDSRUFDPELRVUDGLFDOHV6XVFRUULHQWHVSROtWLFDV 363
HQ$PpULFD/DWLQDQRYHQFRQVLPSDWtDHODVDOWRDOFXDUWHO0RQFDGD

38 39
El Juicio
/DSULPHUDYLVWDGHOMXLFLRRUDOHVHO $OVHUMX]JDGRVHQODGHQRPL
QDGD&DXVDORVMyYHQHVDWDFDQWHVH[SOLFDQHODVDOWR\GHQXQFLDQHODVH
VLQDWR\ODWRUWXUDGHVXVFRPSDxHURV(QVXDOHJDWRFRQRFLGRFRPR/DKLVWR
ULDPHDEVROYHUi)LGHO&DVWURVRVWLHQH 6yOR-RVp0DUWtGHEHVHUYLQFXODGR
La historia me absolver
&RQ/DKLVWRULDPHDEVROYHUi )LGHOVHFRQYLHUWHGHDFXVDGRHQDFXVDGRU 
6XGLVFXUVR\VXSURVDVHLQVFULEHQHQXQDDQWLJXDWUDGLFLyQGHOSHQVDPLHQ
WRFUtWLFRODGHQXQFLDGHOSRGHU\GHOVWDWXTXR(OJHVWRGH)LGHOUHFXSHUD
HO DGHPiQGHQXQFLDOLVWDGHOFpOHEUH <R DFXVR GH ePLOH=ROD>@
FRQODDFFLyQSXHVHVVXDXWRULQWHOHFWXDO DOHJDWRGHO&XDQGRHO SDUDGLJPD PRGHUQRGHOHQIUHQWDPLHQWRGHOLQWHOHFWXDOFRQWUDORVSRGHUHV
ILVFDOPXHVWUDXQOLEURGH/HQLQSDUDLQFXOSDUOR)LGHOUHVSRQGH 6tQRVRWURV HVWDEOHFLGRV3HURDGLIHUHQFLDGHOLQWHOHFWXDOIUDQFpVTXHDUUHPHWLyFRQWUD
OHHPRVD/HQLQ\TXLHQQROHDD/HQLQHVXQLJQRUDQWHUHFXHUGRGH)LGHOGLV ORVPLOLWDUHV\JREHUQDQWHVGHVXpSRFDHOWUDEDMRGH)LGHOQRHVVyORXQD
FXUVRGHO)LGHO&DVWUR\FRPEDWLHQWHVPiVHQWUHHOORVVXKHU GHQXQFLD$OPLVPRWLHPSRPLHQWUDVFULWLFDORVFUtPHQHV\OHJLWLPDHOGHUH 
PDQR5D~O\-XDQ$OPHLGDUHFLEHQFRQGHQDVGHKDVWDDxRVGHSULVLyQ FKRDODUHEHOLyQYDH[SRQLHQGRWRGRHOSURJUDPDGHO0RQFDGDFRQGHQVD
GRHQIXWXUDVOH\HVUHYROXFLRQDULDV%DViQGRVHHQXQDQiOLVLVVRFLROyJLFR
GH ODVRFLHGDGFXEDQDSURSRQHFDPELRVUDGLFDOHVVLQKDEODUWRGDYtDGH
VRFLDOLVPR

(QHVHHVFULWRGH)LGHOVREUH
VDOH VXDQiOLVLVVRFLROyJLFRGH
OD FDWHJRUtDSXHEOR $O DQDOL
]DUODGHVFRPSRQHVXVGLYHUVDV
FODVHVVRFLDOHV6XUHIOH[LyQQR
HVODIUtDGHVFULSFLyQGHXQFHQ
VRVLQRXQDFRQFHSFLyQGLQiPL
FDGHSXHEORHQOXFKDSRUHVR
UHSLWH XQD\RWUDYH]ODH[SUH
VLyQ VL GHOXFKDVHWUDWD  (QVX
ySWLFD HOSXHEORGH&XEDHVWiFRQIRUPDGR>HQ
@SRUDREUHURVLQGXVWULDOHV\EUD
FHURVEREUHURVGHOFDPSRF
GHVHPSOHDGRV GSHTXHxRVDJULFXOWR
UHV HPDHVWURV\SURIHVRUHVI
SHTXHxRV FRPHUFLDQWHVDEUXPDGRVSRUGHX
/XHJRGHOMXLFLR)LGHOYDUHFRQVWUX\HQGRHQVXFHOGDVXDOHJDWRRUDOSDOPRD GDV\JSURIHVLRQDOHVMyYHQHV
SDOPR$LVODGR\YLJLODGRUHHVFULEHGHDSRTXLWRKRMDSRUKRMDHOWH[WRGHOD )LGHOQRLQFOX\HGHQWURGHOSXHEORDOD
DXWRGHIHQVD8WLOL]DKRMDVGHOJDGtVLPDVGHSDSHOGHFDOFDUWDPELpQOODPDGDV EXUJXHVtDQDFLRQDOHVWRHVIXQGD
GHSDSHOFHEROODTXHORVIDPLOLDUHVGHVXVFRPSDxHURVSUHVRVYDQVDFDQGR PHQWDO $Vt PDUFDVXVGLVWDQFLDV
FODQGHVWLQDPHQWHGHODFiUFHOHQHOIRQGRGHFDMLWDVGHIyVIRURV(VFULEHFRQ IUHQWHDORVHVTXHPDVGHODL]TXLHU
OHWUDFDVLPLFURVFySLFD\FRQMXJRGHOLPyQODHVFULWXUDVyORVHYXHOYHYLVLEOH GD WUDGLFLRQDO\GHOQDFLRQDOLVPR
FXDQGR VHFDOLHQWDHOSDSHO(QHVDVGLItFLOHVFRQGLFLRQHVWRPDQGRD-RVp SRSXOLVWD SXHVDPEDVFRUULHQWHV
0DUWt FRPRLQVSLUDGRU QDFH /D KLVWRULDPHDEVROYHUi  WH[WRSURJUDPiWLFR\ WHUPLQDEDQ OHJLWLPDQGRODVDOLDQ
SURSDJDQGtVWLFRGHOIXWXUR0RYLPLHQWRGHMXOLR0 ]DVFRQHVDEXUJXHVtDQDWLYD

40 41
La crcel de Fidel La salida de la crcel
7UDVODVHQWHQFLD)LGHO\VXVFRPSDxHURVVRQUHFOXLGRVHQHOSDEHOOyQTXH ,QPHGLDWDPHQWH GHVSXpVGH
VHUYtDGHKRVSLWDOHQODSULVLyQGHODLVODGH3LQRV VDOLU)LGHO&DVWURUHRUJDQL]DVXV
IXHU]DV \IXQGDHO0RYLPLHQWR
 GHMXOLR0(Q
DQWHVGHSDUWLUDOH[LOLRGHFODUD
(QVHUHPRVOLEUHVRVHUH 
PRV PiUWLUHV 7RGDV ODVPLUD
GDV GHODGLFWDGXUDVHSRVDQ
VREUH ORVLQVXUUHFWRVDPQLVWLD
GRV eVWRVSDUDUHRUJDQL]DUVH
QHFHVLWDQ VDOLUGH&XED(OLJHQ
0p[LFR$OOtGHVGHDIXHUDGHOD
LVOD RUJDQL]DQXQPRYLPLHQWR
SROtWLFRPLOLWDUSDUDFRQWLQXDUVX
OXFKD 6XSULPHUPDQLILHVWRVH
SXEOLFDHO

$XQTXH)LGHO\VXVFRPSDxHURV
VHLQVWDODQHQ0p[LFRXQRGHORV
SULPHURVSDtVHVTXHYLVLWDHO
MRYHQSROtWLFRFXEDQRHV(VWDGRV
8QLGRV/RKDFHHQRFWXEUHGH
$OOtDILUPD(Q&XEDHVWi
'RVDxRVGHVSXpVODGLFWDGXUDQHFHVLWDJDQDUFRQVHQVR RFXUULHQGRH[DFWDPHQWHLJXDO
$QWHODVSUHVLRQHVSRSXODUHVTXHFODPDQSRUODOLEHUWDGGH TXHHQ\+D\TXH
)LGHO\VXVFRPSDxHURV%DWLVWDGHFUHWDODDPQLVWtDSDUDHVWRV HVWDUFLHJRSDUDQRYHUOR
SULVLRQHURV/RVSUHVRVVRQH[FDUFHODGRVHO GLVFXUVRGHO

42 43
El Movimiento 26 de Julio y
el problema del Partido
$OJXQRVLQWHOHFWXDOHVHXURSHRVDILUPDQTXHODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDVHKL]RVLQ
SDUWLGRSROtWLFR&XULRVDPHQWHVHROYLGDQGHO06XPLOLWDQFLDVHQXWUH
GHORVMyYHQHVL]TXLHUGLVWDVGHOSDUWLGRRUWRGR[RGLULJLGRSRU(GXDUGR&KL
El exilio en Mxico
(Q0p[LFR)LGHO\VXVFRPSDxHURVFRPLHQ]DQDIRUPDUFXDGURVPLOLWDQWHVSUH 
SDUDGRVSDUDODOXFKDLQVXUUHFFLRQDO\FODQGHVWLQD$OOtUHFROHFWDQGLQHURDUPDV
VHHQWUHQDQ\VHSUHSDUDQSDUDHOUHJUHVRDODLVOD(QXQPRPHQWRVRQGHODWD
GRVDODVDXWRULGDGHVPLJUDWRULDV\WRGRHOJUXSRFDHGHWHQLGR6XVDUPDVVRQ
UHTXLVDGDV/XHJRVRQH[FDUFHODGRVUiSLGDPHQWHHQHVDRFDVLyQHOTXHPiV
EiV \GHOPRYLPLHQWRQDFLRQDOUHYROXFLRQDULR015FRQGXFLGRSRU GHPRUDHQVDOLUHV*XHYDUDSXHVDQWHODSROLFtDVHGHFODUDFRPXQLVWD
5DIDHO*DUFtD%iUFHQD>@&KLEiVVHVXLFLGD%iUFHQDHVDUUHVWD
GR\WRUWXUDGR&XDQGR)LGHOIRUPDVXSURSLDRUJDQL]DFLyQXELFDDO0
FRPRHODSDUDWRUHYROXFLRQDULRGHOFKLEDVLVPRFDUWDGH)LGHODO&RQJUHVR
GH 0LOLWDQWHV2UWRGR[RVSHUROXHJRURPSHFRQODRUWRGR[LD
$VtHO0DGTXLHUHDXWRQRPtDLGHROyJLFD\VHWUDQVIRUPDHQ
XQDRUJDQL]DFLyQUHYROXFLRQDULDGHYDQJXDUGLD$XQFXDQGRDOJXQRVVHFWRUHV
DJLWDQ HODQWLFRPXQLVPRVXVSULQFLSDOHVGLULJHQWHV)LGHO&DVWUR\(UQHVWR
&KH*XHYDUDVLJXHQODVLGHDVGH0DU[\/HQLQ
(Q)LGHOUHDOL]DXQEDODQFHVREUHHOSUREOHPDGHOSDUWLGRHQODUHYROX
FLyQFXEDQD1RVRWURVQRQHJDPRVODLPSRUWDQFLDGHO3DUWLGROD2UJDQL]D 
FLyQHO0RYLPLHQWRRFRPRVHOODPH3HURXQSDUWLGRQRHVWDOSRUOODPDUVH
3DUWLGR 8QSDUWLGRQRHVPDU[LVWDOHQLQLVWDSRUTXHKD\DLQVFULSWRHQHO
UHJLVWUR GHSURSLHGDGHOQRPEUHGH0DU[LVWD/HQLQLVWD3DUDKDFHUXQD
UHYROXFLyQKDFHIDOWDXQSDUWLGRRXQDRUJDQL]DFLyQPDU[LVWDOHQLQLVWD
XQDRUJDQL]DFLyQUHYROXFLRQDULD6HxRUHVVLKD\XQ
3DUWLGR0DU[LVWD/HQLQLVWDTXHVHVDEHGHPHPRULD
WRGRVORVSDVDMHVGH(O&DSLWDO\WRGRORTXH
KDQHVFULWR0DU[
(QJHOV\/HQLQ\
QRGLVSDUDXQ
FKtFKDURFRPR
VHGLFHHQHOOHQ
JXDMHYXOJDU\FULROOR
ORVRWURVHVWiQREOLJDGRV (QODKLVWRULDFXEDQDH[LVWLHURQQXPHURVRVSODQHVLQVXUUHFFLRQDOHVTXHSOD
DQRKDFHUODUHYROXFLyQ" QHDEDQXQDLQYDVLyQDUPDGDDODLVODSDUDGHUURFDUGLYHUVDVWLUDQtDV(ODQWH
ORVTXHTXLHUHQKDFHU FHGHQWHPiVUHPRWRHVHOGH-RVp0DUWtTXLHQHQDEULOGHORJUDFRQ
ODUHYROXFLyQQRVH FUHWDUVXSODQGHVHPEDUFDQGRHQ3OD\LWDVGH&DMREDERSDUDUHLQLFLDUODOXFKD
SXHGHQFRQVWLWXLUHQ DUPDGDFRQWUDORVHVSDxROHV1RWLHQHp[LWRSRUTXHFDHHQFRPEDWH0iVWDU
RUJDQL]DFLyQ GH DILQHVGHORVDxRV-XOLR $QWRQLR 0HOODH[LOLDGRHQ0p[LFRSODQHD
HQSDUWLGR" LGpQWLFDLQYDVLyQDVSLUDQGRDGHUURFDUODGLFWDGXUDGH0DFKDGR1RORORJUD
GLVFXUVRGHO HVDVHVLQDGRDQWHV)LQDOPHQWH)LGHO\HO0YXHOYHQDODFDUJDFRQHO
 PLVPRSODQLQYDGLUSRUPDU&XED\GHUURFDUODGLFWDGXUDPLOLWDUGH%DWLVWD
(VWDWHUFHUDDUUHPHWLGDHVODTXHILQDOPHQWHWULXQID

44 45
La mirada Primer encuentro con Ernesto Guevara
latinoamericana )LGHO&DVWUR\(UQHVWR*XHYDUDVHFRQRFHQSRUSULPHUDYH]0p[LFRDWUDYpV
(QMXQLRGHHQ*XDWHPDOD(VWDGRV8QLGRVUHDOL]DORTXHPHMRUFRQR 
FH&RQVSLUDFRQWUDXQJRELHUQRGHPRFUiWLFR\SUHSDUDXQDLQYDVLyQPHUFH
QDULDDOPDQGRGHOFRURQHO&DUORV&DVWLOOR $UPDVSDUDGHIHQGHUORVLQWH
UHVHVGHODVJUDQGHVFRUSRUDFLRQHVFRPRODWULVWHPHQWHFpOHEUH8QLWHG)UXLW
HVSHFLDOL]DGDHQEDQDQDV$VtGHUURFDDOJRELHUQROHJtWLPRGH-DFRERUEHQ]
/DLQFDSDFLGDGGHUEHQ]SDUDGHIHQGHUVHFRQODVDUPDVHQODPDQRGHOD
&,$ \VXVPHUFHQDULRVLPSUHVLRQDDWRGDXQDJHQHUDFLyQGHMyYHQHVDQWLLP
SHULDOLVWDVHQ$PpULFD/DWLQD(QWUHHOORV)LGHO&DVWUR
*XDWHPDODQRHVXQDH[FHSFLyQ$GHPiVGHHVHFDVRODLQIOXHQFLDGH $Pp
ULFD/DWLQDHQHOSHQVDPLHQWRSROtWLFRGH)LGHOUHVXOWDLQVRVOD\DEOH3RUHMHP
SORHQ/DKLVWRULDPHDEVROYHUiWDPELpQVHHQFXHQWUDQUHIHUHQFLDVDODUHYR
OXFLyQEROLYLDQDGHDEULOGH$OOt)LGHOVHxDOD(VWiELHQUHFLHQWHHOFDVR
GH%ROLYLDGRQGHORVPLQHURVFRQFDUWXFKRVGHGLQDPLWDGHUURWDURQ\DSODV
WDURQDORVUHJLPLHQWRVGHOHMpUFLWRUHJXODU
46
GHfLFR/ySH]PLOLWDQWHFXEDQRTXH*XHYDUDKDEtDFRQRFLGRHQ*XDWHPDOD
)XHHQFDVDGH0DUtD$QWRQLD*RQ]iOH]XQDFXEDQDFDVDGDFRQXQPH[LFD
QRHQFX\RGHSDUWDPHQWRFRQVSLUDQORVH[LOLDGRV*XHYDUDSULPHURFRQRFHD
5D~O&DVWURTXLHQSRUHQWRQFHV\DVHGHFODUDDELHUWDPHQWHPDU[LVWDOXHJRD
VXKHUPDQR)LGHO)LGHO\HO&KHFHQDQDVRODVGXUDQWHKRUDV\DOWHUPLQDUOD
UHXQLyQ)LGHOKDJDQDGRXQPpGLFRSDUDHO0
(QXQDGHVXVFDUWDVHVFULEHHOMRYHQ(UQHVWRXQDFRQWHFLPLHQWRSROtWLFRHV
KDEHUFRQRFLGRD)LGHO&DVWURHOUHYROXFLRQDULRFXEDQRHOPXFKDFKRMRYHQ
PX\ LQWHOLJHQWHPX\VHJXURGHVtPLVPR\GHH[WUDRUGLQDULDDXGDFLDFUHR
TXHVLPSDWL]DPRVPXWXDPHQWH/RVFXEDQRVUiSLGDPHQWHEDXWL]DQD*XH 
YDUD FRPR&KHKDFLHQGRUHIHUHQFLDDVXH[SUHVLyQDUJHQWLQD/DPLVPD
QRFKHHQTXHVHLQFRUSRUDDO0*XHYDUDREOLJDD)LGHODSURPHWHUOHTXH
VLWULXQIDQOHSHUPLWLUiVDOLUGH&XED\UHJUHVDUDOXFKDUDOD $UJHQWLQD)LGHO
DFHSWD
47
Fidel y el Che: El binomio Fidel-Che
Una amistad inquebrantable /DUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDWLHQHODVXHUWHGHFRQWDUQRVyORFRQXQDVLQRFRQGRV
JUDQGHVSHUVRQDOLGDGHVKLVWyULFDV $XQTXHDPERVFRPSDxHURVKD\DQFRP
SDUWLGRGLYHUVDVSHULSHFLDVGHODYLGDUHYROXFLRQDULDGHVGHFRPEDWLUMXQWRVHQ
OD 6LHUUD0DHVWUDKDVWDHVWXGLDUMXQWRV (O &DSLWDO GH 0DU[HQORVSULPHURV
DxRVGHOWULXQIRFDGDXQRWLHQHXQPDWL]SURSLRTXHVHFRPSOHPHQWDFRQHO
GHORWUR

6L)LGHOFRQVWLWX\HHOSULQFLSDOOtGHU\HVWUDWHJDSROtWLFRGHODUHYROXFLyQ\XQ
RUDGRUFDULVPiWLFRLQFRPSDUDEOHHO&KHDGHPiVGHJXHUULOOHURKHURLFR
HV VLQGXGDVXSULQFLSDOHVFULWRUWHyULFRPDU[LVWD(QDPERVVHXQLILFDQ\
DPDOJDPDQ HOSHQVDPLHQWRDQWLLPSHULDOLVWDUDGLFDOGHQXHVWUD $PpULFD \HO
PDU[LVPRUHYROXFLRQDULRGRVWUDGLFLRQHVTXHQRVLHPSUHKDQHVWDGRXQLGDV
HQRWURVSURFHVRVVRFLDOHVGHOFRQWLQHQWH

48 49
La tradicin internacionalista de Cuba La expedicin del Granma
4XHHODUJHQWLQR(UQHVWR&KH*XHYDUDXQH[WUDQMHUROOHJDUDDVHUPi[LPR )LGHOHQFDEH]DODH[SHGLFLyQLQVXUJHQWHTXHHOVDOHGHOSXHUWRGH
GLULJHQWH GHODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDMXQWRD)LGHOQRFRQVWLWX\HDOJRUDUR(Q
&XED H[LVWHQPXFKRVDQWHFHGHQWHV(QWLHPSRVGH0DUWt\ODOXFKDFRQWUD
(VSDxDXQRGHORVOtGHUHVFXEDQRVHV0i[LPR*yPH]\%iH]LQWHUQDFLRQD
OLVWDGRPLQLFDQR0iVWDUGHHQ0p[LFRFXDQGRHO0VHSUHSDUDSDUDOD
H[SHGLFLyQ GHO*UDQPDXQRGHVXVSULQFLSDOHVLQVWUXFWRUHVHV$QJHOLWR
7X[SDQ0p[LFRFRQGHVWLQRD&XEDFRQHOREMHWLYRGHFRQWLQXDUODOXFKDLQL
FLDGDHQHODVDOWRDOFXDUWHO0RQFDGD\GHUURFDUDODGLFWDGXUDPLOLWDU 9LDMDQ
VLHWHGtDVHQXQSHTXHxR\DWHHO*UDQPDTXHQRHVWDEDSUHSDUDGRSDUD
WUDVODGDUKRPEUHVSRUHOPDU/RVH[SHGLFLRQDULRVVXIUHQPDUHRVYyPLWRV
\PLOSHULSHFLDV&XDQGROOHJDQDODLVODHO&KH*XHYDUD\5D~O&DVWURVRQ
$OEHUWR%D\RH[FRURQHOUHSXEOLFDQRHVSDxROH[LOLDGRHQ0p[LFRPDHVWURGH
)LGHO5D~O\HO&KH*XHYDUDHQFXHVWLRQHVGHHVWUDWHJLD\JXHUUD
(VDWUDGLFLyQLQWHUQDFLRQDOLVWDQRTXHGDUHGXFLGDQLDODJHQHUDFLyQGH0DUWt
QLDODGH)LGHO(QWUHDPERVVHHQFXHQWUDODJHQHUDFLyQGHORV\8QR
GHVXVSULQFLSDOHVH[SRQHQWHVHV3DEORGHOD 7RUULHQWH%UDXTXLHQPXHUHHQ
(VSDxD FRPEDWLHQGRHQHOFpOHEUH95HJLPLHQWRFRQWUDORVIUDQTXLVWDV $
3DEORGHOD7RUULHQWHODPXHUWHORHQFXHQWUDHQWUH0DMDGDKRQGD\5RPDQL
OORVODIUtDPDxDQDGHO8QDEDODIDVFLVWDOHSHUIRUDHOSHFKR\
VDOHSRUVXHVSDOGD(QWUHJDVXYLGDSRUOD5HS~EOLFDHVSDxROD\ODUHYROXFLyQ
PXQGLDOHQODVILODVGHXQEDWDOOyQGLULJLGRSRURWURFXEDQRLQWHUQDFLRQDOLVWD
3ROLFDUSR&DQGyQ(VHQWHUUDGRHQ%DUFHORQD $xRVPiVWDUGHFRQWLQXDQGR
ORVGRV~OWLPRVHQGHVFHQGHUGHOEDUFR
(O  HQFDEH]DGRVSRU)UDQN3DtVORVMyYHQHVGHO0GHODV
]RQDV XUEDQDVFRQRFLGDVFRPRHOOODQRSRURSRVLFLyQDO0GHODV
]RQDVUXUDOHVTXHDGRSWDQHOQRPEUHGHODVLHUUDVHODQ]DQDODWRPDGH
ODFLXGDGGH6DQWLDJRGH&XED(ODO]DPLHQWRGHO0XUEDQRDVSLUDDVHU
VLQFUyQLFRFRQHOGHVHPEDUFRGHO*UDQPDSHURpVWHOOHJDFDVLWUHVGtDVGHV
SXpVHOFXDQGRHOHMpUFLWR\DHVWiDOHUWD\VHPRYLOL]DDOD]RQD
GRQGHVHKDQGLVSHUVDGRORVFRPEDWLHQWHVTXHGHVHPEDUFDQHQODSOD\D
GHODV&RORUDGDVHQODHQVHQDGDGHOSLFR7XUTXLQRH[WUHPRVXURFFLGHQWDOGH
HVWDODUJDWUDGLFLyQ&XEDHQYtDPLOHV\PLOHVGHLQWHUQDFLRQDOLVWDVDFRPED &XED4XLHQHVORJUDQOOHJDUVHDGHQWUDQHQOD6LHUUD0DHVWUDOD]RQDPRQ
WLUHQRWURVSDtVHVGH$VLDIULFD\$PpULFD/DWLQD WDxRVDPiVFHUFDQD

50 51
Fidel, maestro del entusiasmo
$OOOHJDUDWLHUUDODVWURSDVGLULJLGDVSRU)LGHOVHGLVSHUVDQ(OHMpUFLWRGH%DWLV
WDHVWiDOHUWD/RVSHUVLJXHSRUORVFDxDYHUDOHV(OSULPHUFRPEDWHVHFRQR
FHFRPR$OHJUtDGH3tR$OOtPXHUHQWUHVH[SHGLFLRQDULRVGRVHQFRPEDWH\
XQKHULGRDVHVLQDGRRWURTXHGDJUDYHPHQWHKHULGR'XUDQWHODSHUVHFXFLyQ
HOHMpUFLWRDVHVLQDDSULVLRQHURV'HELGRDODVSURWHVWDVSRSXODUHVGHUHSX
GLRSRUWDOHVFUtPHQHVVDOYDQODYLGDRWURVUHYROXFLRQDULRVTXHVRQHQYLD
GRVDODFiUFHO9HLQWHORJUDQHVFDSDUKDFLDODFLXGDG'HHOORVVLHWHVHUHLQ
La lucha poltica y la lucha armada
'HVGH MRYHQ)LGHOOHHFOiVLFRVGHOSHQVDPLHQWRPLOLWDU  WDQWRGHODKLVWRULD
QDFLRQDOFRPRGHODKLVWRULDPXQGLDO(QODJXHUUDUHYROXFLRQDULDGH&XEDWUD
WDGHDSOLFDUHVRVFRQRFLPLHQWRVDGTXLULGRVHQVXMXYHQWXG $ SDUWLUGHHOORV
KDFH VX\DODJUDQFRQFOXVLyQGHOWHyULFR.DUOYRQ&ODXVHZLW]>@
TXLHQDILUPD/DJXHUUDQRHVPiVTXHODFRQWLQXDFLyQGHODSROtWLFDSRURWURV
PHGLRV/DOXFKDDUPDGDVHGHEHJXLDU\GLULJLUDSDUWLUGHXQDHVWUDWHJLDSROt
WLFDUHYROXFLRQDULD/RVSUREOHPDVWpFQLFRVPLOLWDUHVVHGHEHQDERUGDUGHVGH
FRUSRUDQDODVPRQWDxDV/RVUHVWDQWHVHQFDEH]DGRVSRU)LGHOOOHJDQDOD ODSROtWLFD\QRDOUHYpV
6LHUUD0DHVWUD(QWRWDOGHORVH[SHGLFLRQDULRVTXHGDQYLYRVDXQTXH
HOPLWRSRSXODUGLFHTXHVRQ

)LGHOFRQFLEHOD
OXFKDUHYROXFLRQD
ULDLQFOXVRHQVX
IDVHSROtWLFRPLOLWDU
FRPRXQDOXFKDGH
PDVDV3RUHMHP
SORGHVSXpVGHO
DVDOWRDOFXDUWHO
0RQFDGDHVWDQGR
WRGDYtDHQSULVLyQ
OHKDEtDHVFULWRD
ODVGRVPXMHUHV
PRQFDGLVWDV&RQ
VLGHURTXHHQHVWRV
/XHJRGHHVRVFRPEDWHV\SHUVHFXFLRQHV)LGHO\5D~OMXQWRFRQRWURVUHYROX PRPHQWRVODSURSDJDQGDHVYLWDOVLQSURSDJDQGDQRKD\PRYLPLHQWRGH
FLRQDULRVORJUDQUHXQLUVHQXHYDPHQWH$OYHUOOHJDUD5D~O\VXVFRPSDxHURV PDVDV\VLQPRYLPLHQWRGHPDVDVQRKD\UHYROXFLyQSRVLEOH FDUWDD0HO
)LGHOH[FODPD$KRUDVtJDQDPRVODJXHUUD (VDH[SUHVLyQGH)LGHOHQDTXHO ED+HUQiQGH]\+D\GHp6DQWDPDUtD$OGtDVLJXLHQWHOHVUHLWHUD
PRPHQWRWDQSDUWLFXODUKDFHTXH5D~OFRPHQWHLUyQLFDPHQWHFRQ5HQp5RGUt /DWDUHDQXHVWUDGHLQPHGLDWRHVPRYLOL]DUDQXHVWURIDYRUODRSLQLyQS~EOL 
JXH]0HSDUHFHTXHPLKHUPDQRVHKDYXHOWRORFR (QHVDDQpFGRWDIDPRVD FD>@ WHQHPRVGHUHFKRDJDQDUQRVODIHGHOSXHEORVLQODFXDOORUHSLWRPLO
VHUHVXPHHOHQWXVLDVPRTXH)LGHOVLHPSUHLQWHQWDLQFXOFDUHQORVUHYROXFLRQD YHFHVQRKD\UHYROXFLyQSRVLEOH&DUWDGHO*UDYHLJQRUDQFLD
ULRVD~QHQODVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVPiVGUDPiWLFDV\GHVHVSHUDGDV)LGHOVDEHTXH GHPXHVWUDQTXLHQHVDFXVDQD)LGHO\DO&KHGHVHUPLOLWDULVWDVIRTXLVWDV
ODPRUDOGHFRPEDWHUHVXOWDIXQGDPHQWDOSDUDJDQDUFXDOTXLHUFRQIURQWDFLyQ RGHVXERUGLQDUODSROtWLFDDODJXHUUD

52 53
Revolucin Cubana =
Militarismo Foquista?
$OJXQRVDxRVGHVSXpVGHOWULXQIRGH)LGHODOKDFHUODKLVWRULDGHODUHYROXFLyQ
FXEDQDDOJXQRVLPSURYLVDGRVKDQSUHWHQGLGRUHGXFLUODDXQVHQFLOOR\IDOVR
HVTXHPDGHSL]DUUyQ/DUHYROXFLyQKDEUtDVLGRHOSURGXFWRGHFXDWURMyYHQHV
EDUEXGRVTXHDLVODGRVGHOSXHEORVLQOXFKDSROtWLFD\H[FOXVLYDPHQWHDORV
WLURVKDEUtDQLPSXHVWRGHVGHODVPRQWDxDVVXVLGHDVVREUHXQSXHEORLJQR
UDQWH\SDVLYR(VWHHVTXHPDVLPSOLVWDGHIRUPDGR\XQLODWHUDOQRUHVSRQGHD
ORTXHHIHFWLYDPHQWHVXFHGLyHQODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQD
1LQJXQDUHYROXFLyQSXHGHKDFHUVHDOPDUJHQGHODOXFKDSROtWLFDGHODVJUDQGHV
PDVDVLQFOXVRFXDQGRODYtDHVWUDWpJLFDFRQVLVWHHQWRPDUHOSRGHUSRUODOXFKD
DUPDGD(Q&XEDDGHPiVGHIRUPDUHO(MpUFLWR5HEHOGHFX\RFRPDQGDQWH
HQMHIHHV)LGHO&DVWURORVUHYROXFLRQDULRVGHVSOLHJDQWRGDXQDEDWDOODSROtWL
FD(QHOFDPSR\HQODVFLXGDGHVHQODVLHUUD\HQHOOODQRHQODJXHUULOOD
HQVLQGLFDWRV\FHQWURVGHHVWXGLDQWHV(QWUH\VHFUHDHQ6DQWLDJR
GH&XEDHOPRYLPLHQWRGHUHVLVWHQFLDFtYLFDGHFDUiFWHUSULQFLSDOPHQWHXUEDQR
$GHPiVODDFFLyQFODQGHVWLQDHQFDEH]DGDSRU)UDQN3DtV*DUFtDMHIHGHODV
PLOLFLDVXUEDQDVGHO0ODGHVXVXFHVRU5HQp5DPRV/DWRXUDOLDV'DQLHO
La Guerra Revolucionaria
/XHJRGHTXHODVWURSDVGH)LGHOORJUDQDWUDYHVDUDILQHVGH\GXUDQ 
WHWRGRODSULPHUDHWDSDGHODOXFKDIDVHGHVXSHUYLYHQFLDIUHQWHD
XQ HQHPLJRSRGHURVRHO(MpUFLWR5HEHOGHVHFRQVROLGD\H[SDQGHHQ
YDULDVFROXPQDV&RQVROLGDGRHOSULPHUIUHQWHJXHUULOOHURHOTXH
GDLQVWDODGRHOVHJXQGR)UHQWHDOPDQGRGH5D~O&DVWURPLHQWUDVHO&KH
*XHYDUDFRPDQGDOD&ROXPQD&LUR5HGRQGR/DLQYDVLyQGHWRGRHOSDtV
TXH)LGHOOHVRUGHQDDO&KH\D&DPLORVHLQLFLDFRQDSUR[LPDGDPHQWH
 UHEHOGHVXQDYH]TXHHO(MpUFLWRLQVXUUHFWRORJUDFDSWXUDUDUPDV\
PXQLFLRQHVDO(MpUFLWRRILFLDOGHODGLFWDGXUD(QORVPHVHVTXHGXUDOD
JXHUUDUHYROXFLRQDULDODVOXFKDVUXUDOHVVRQDFRPSDxDGDVSRUOXFKDVXUED
QDVHQXQDHVWUDWHJLDGRQGH)LGHOHQFDEH]DQGRXQPDQGRSROtWLFRPLOLWDU
XQLILFDGR FRPELQDODVOXFKDVFDPSHVLQDVODVOXFKDVREUHUDVODVOXFKDV
FtYLFDVGHODVFDSDVPHGLDV\ODVOXFKDVHVWXGLDQWLOHV
$VHQWDGRHQODPD\RUSDUWHGHOSDtVHQDEULOGHHO0FRQYRFDXQD
KXHOJDJHQHUDOTXHIUDFDVD$QWHHVWHIUDFDVRODGLFWDGXUDGH
%DWLVWDODQ]DXQDRIHQVLYDFRQWUDORVUHYROXFLRQDULRVGHV
SOLHJDFLQFREDWDOORQHVSDUDGDUHOJROSHGHILQLWLYRHQOD
]RQD GH3LFR 7XUTXLQR VHGHGHODFRPDQGDQFLD
>@HQ2ULHQWHODGH)DXVWLQR3pUH]>@HQ/D+DEDQD\OD UHEHOGH (OHMpUFLWRRILFLDOUH~QHDSUR[LPDGD
SDUWLFLSDFLyQGH-RVp$QWRQLR(FKHYHUUtDOtGHUHVWXGLDQWLOGHO'LUHFWRULR5HYROX PHQWHKRPEUHV'HUURWDGDHVWDRIHQ
FLRQDULRH[SUHVDQFXDWURHMHPSORVVLJQLILFDWLYRVGHODDFWLYDOXFKDXUEDQDTXH VLYD GH%DWLVWDFRQWUDOD6LHUUD0DHVWUD
DFRPSDxDODLQVXUJHQFLDUXUDOHQOD6LHUUD0DHVWUD VHLV PHVHVGHVSXpVORVUHEHOGHV\D
FXHQWDQ FRQRFKRIUHQWHVJXHUULOOH
URV\FROXPQDV(VWDIXHU]DLQL
FLD HOVLWLRGHORVFXDUWHOHVPiV
LPSRUWDQWHVGHOSDtV(O&KH*XHYD
UD FRPLHQ]DSRUHMHPSORODFpOH
EUHEDWDOODGH6DQWD&ODUDFRQ
UHEHOGHV PLHQWUDVHO(MpUFLWRFRQ
FHQWUD HQHVDFLXGDGDVRO
GDGRV \DGHPiVUHFLEHUHIXHU]RV
HQXQWUHQEOLQGDGR$ ORODUJRGHOD
JXHUUD ORVDYLRQHVGHODIXHU]D
DpUHDGH%DWLVWDFDUJDQPXFKDV
YHFHV ERPEDV\PXQLFLRQHVHQOD
EDVHQDYDOQRUWHDPHULFDQDGH&DL
PDQHUD*XDQWiQDPR

54 55
El mundo en tiempos de la lucha
armada cubana
0LHQWUDVHQ&XEDORVUHEHOGHVGH)LGHOGHVDUUROODQODOXFKDDUPDGDHOPXQ 
GRYLYHODJXHUUDIUtD'HUURWDGRVQD]LV\IDVFLVWDVHQODVGRVSRWHQ
FLDVTXHGLYLGHQiUHDVGHLQIOXHQFLDVRQ((88\OD8QLyQ6RYLpWLFD'XUDQWH
HVRVDxRVVHFRQVROLGDDQLYHOPXQGLDOODGLVFLSOLQDVRFLDOGHSRVJXHUUD(Q
RFFLGHQWH GHVDUUROODGRKHJHPRQL]DGRSRU((88HOFDSLWDOLVPRIRUGLVWD
QHXWUDOL]D ODUHEHOGtDREUHUDPHGLDQWHVLQGLFDWRVEXURFUDWL]DGRV\VDODULRV
UHODWLYDPHQWHDOWRV/RVPRQRSROLRVSXHGHQSDJDUORVJUDFLDVDODH[SORWD
FLyQGHO7HUFHU0XQGRGRQGHSUROLIHUDHOQHRFRORQLDOLVPRTXHDUWLFXODODLQGH
SHQGHQFLDIRUPDOGHODVH[FRORQLDVFRQXQUHQRYDGR\VXWLOVDTXHRHFRQyPL
La Revolucin Cubana de hizo
gracias a la U.R.S.S.?
$XQTXH DFWXDOPHQWH>@HVWDQVyORXQUHFXHUGRGHOSDVDGRGXUDQWH
PXFKRWLHPSRORVSDUWLGDULRVGHOD8QLyQ6RYLpWLFDGHFtDQTXHODUHYROXFLyQ
FXEDQDVHKL]RJUDFLDVDOD8566'HVFRQRFtDQTXHHQHVDpSRFDOD8566
QRDOHQWDEDODVUHYROXFLRQHVHQRFFLGHQWH\VHRSRQtDDWRGDOXFKDDUPDGD
GHIHQGLHQGR ODWHVLVGHXQVXSXHVWRHLQH[LVWHQWHFDPELRSDFtILFRDO
VRFLDOLVPR
FR ,QWHUQDPHQWH((88DSOLFDHOPDFFDUWLVPRFRPELQDQGRUHSUHVLyQGH
WRGDGLVLGHQFLDYLJLODQFLDFHQVXUD\RSUHVLyQGHVXVSURSLRVFLXGDGDQRV
(VWDGLVFLSOLQDVRFLDOGHOFDSLWDOLVPRGHSRVJXHUUDWLHQHVXFRQWUDSDUWLGDHQOD
8QLyQ 6RYLpWLFDSDtVGHVDQJUDGRTXHSHUGLyPLOORQHVGHPXHUWRVOD
PD\RUFDQWLGDGSDUDGHUURWDUODFULPLQDOLQYDVLyQQD]L'XUDQWHHVDSRV
JXHUUDHQOD8566VHFRQVROLGDXQSHTXHxRVHFWRUSULYLOHJLDGRODEXURFUD
FLDVWDOLQLVWDTXHDOHMDGRGHOSXHEORWUDEDMDGRUHMHUFHLQWHUQDPHQWHODSHU
VHFXFLyQ \UHSUHVLyQFRQWUDORVSURSLRVUHYROXFLRQDULRV0XHUWR6WDOLQHQ
 RWURVHFWRUGHODEXURFUDFLDVRYLpWLFDWRPDHOPDQGR\SURPXHYHOD
FRH[LVWHQFLDSDFtILFDFRQHOLPSHULDOLVPR(Q$PpULFD/DWLQDOD8566\VXV
SDUWLGDULRVVHRSRQHQDWRGDOXFKDDUPDGD

(O(MpUFLWR5HEHOGH\HO0QRFXHQWDQQLFRQDUPDVQLFRQGLQHURQLFRQ
DVHVRUHVVRYLpWLFRV7ULXQIDQVREUHODGLFWDGXUDPLOLWDUGH%DWLVWD\VXVDPRV
QRUWHDPHULFDQRVSRUVXSURSLDFXHQWD\FRQVXVSURSLDVIXHU]DV

56 57
Revolucin o Razn de Estado?
1RFRQYLHQHFRQIXQGLUHOLQWHUQDFLRQDOLVPRFRQODUD]yQGH(VWDGR /RVUHYR
OXFLRQDULRVGHFDGDSDtVSXHGHQPX\ELHQVROLGDUL]DUVHDFWLYDPHQWHFRQRWURV
(VWDGRVGRQGHORVWUDEDMDGRUHVKD\DQWULXQIDGRVLQWHQHUTXHVHJXLUDO
SLHGHODOHWUDVXVFRQVHMRVQLVXERUGLQDUVHDORVLQWHUHVHVFLUFXQVWDQFLDOHV
RDODVQHFHVLGDGHVSROtWLFDVTXHSXHGDQWHQHUHVRV(VWDGRV
Las enseanzas de
la Revolucin Cubana
0iVDOOiGHODVQXPHURVDVDQpFGRWDVKLVWyULFDVVLQJXODUHVHLUUHSHWLEOHVOD
UHYROXFLyQFXEDQDDSRUWDHQVHxDQ]DVGHODUJRDOLHQWR\DOFDQFHJHQHUDOSDUD
HOPRYLPLHQWRVRFLDOODWLQRDPHULFDQR\PXQGLDOGHQXHVWURVGtDV

$OJXQDVGHVXVHQVHxDQ]DVVRQDODGRPLQDFLyQGHORVSRGHURVRVLQFOXVR
HQHOWHUUHQRPLOLWDUQXQFDHVDEVROXWD6HSXHGHYHQFHUESDUDWULXQIDUHV
LPSUHVFLQGLEOHODXQLGDGGHORVUHYROXFLRQDULRVUHVSHWDUVXVGLIHUHQFLDVSHUR
SULYLOHJLDUORTXHXQHFHQORVSDtVHVSHULIpULFRV\GHSHQGLHQWHVVHFRQMXJDQ
ODOXFKDSRUODOLEHUDFLyQQDFLRQDO\HOVRFLDOLVPR1RKD\GRVUHYROXFLRQHV
VHSDUDGDVHQHOWLHPSRVLQRXQDVRODTXHFRPELQDDPEDVWDUHDVGHQ$Pp
ULFD/DWLQDVHGHEHOXFKDUDOPLVPRWLHPSRFRQWUDHOLPSHULDOLVPR\VXVVRFLRV
ORFDOHVODVEXUJXHVtDVDXWyFWRQDVRQDWLYDVHWRGRDQWLFRPXQLVPRHVUHDF
FLRQDULRIKD\TXHSHQVDUFRQFDEH]DSURSLDSULRUL]DQGRORVSUREOHPDVLUUH
VXHOWRVGHOSURSLRSDtVJHVQHFHVDULRSODQWHDUXQDSURSXHVWDSROtWLFDFRPR
XQSUR\HFWRpWLFR\PRUDO6LQPRUDOQRVHSXHGHJDQDUQLQJXQDOXFKDQLQJX
QDJXHUUD\QLQJXQDUHYROXFLyQ

58 59
El Che, combatiente de Fidel
<DGHVGHHOSULPHUFRPEDWHDOGHVFHQGHUGHO*UDQPD(UQHVWR*XHYDUDVH
YHREOLJDGRDHOHJLUHQWUHXQDFDMDGHEDODV\XQDPRFKLODFRQPHGLFDPHQ
WRV6HOHSUHVHQWDODGLV\XQWLYDGHVHUPpGLFRRJXHUULOOHURGHO(MpUFLWR5HEHO
GH(OLJHHVWD~OWLPDRSFLyQ'HDOOtHQPiVVHGHVWDFDFRPRFRPEDWLHQWH\
GLULJHQWHOOHJDQGRDVHUXQRGHORVFRPDQGDQWHVSULQFLSDOHVGHODUHYROXFLyQ
\VXILJXUDHPEOHPiWLFDDQLYHOPXQGLDO
/DDFFLyQHOHMHPSORPRUDO\HOSHQVDPLHQWRGHO&KH*XHYDUDWLHQHQSHVR
HVSHFtILFR\XQDLPSRUWDQFLDDQiORJDDODGH)LGHO&DVWUR(O&KHFRQXQD
UHIOH[LyQSURSLDGHVDUUROODXQDYLVLyQ\XQDLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHOPDU[LVPRRULJL
QDODQLYHOPXQGLDO1RREVWDQWHVLHPSUHVHSUHVHQWDFRPRXQFRPEDWLHQWH
Camilo Cienfuegos
$XQTXH )LGHOHVHOSULQFLSDOGLULJHQWHGHODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDQRFRPEDWH
VROR/DVUHYROXFLRQHVGHYHUGDGQRWLHQHQQDGDTXHYHUFRQODVSHOtFXODVGH
+ROO\ZRRG GRQGHHOSURWDJRQLVWDVLHPSUHHVXQVXSHUKpURHVROLWDULRTXH
SHOHDHQIRUPDLQGLYLGXDO$GHPiVGHFRQWDUFRQHO&KH)LGHOHVDFRPSDxD
GRSRUJUDQGHVOXFKDGRUHVGHOSXHEOR(QWUHPXFKRVRWURVVREUHVDOHODSHU
VRQDOLGDG GH&DPLOR&LHQIXHJRV>@H[SHGLFLRQDULRGHO*UDQPD
LQWHJUDQWHGHODFROXPQDGHO&KH*XHYDUDOXHJRFRPDQGDQWHGHOD&ROXPQD
$QWRQLR0DFHR\XQRGHORVSULQFLSDOHVOtGHUHVGHODUHYROXFLyQ
'HVSXpVGHOWULXQIRUHYROXFLRQDULRHOODDYLRQHWDTXHOOHYDD&DPLOR
GHVGH&DPDJH\D/D+DEDQDVHSLHUGHHQHOPDU &DPLORKDEtDLGRD&DPD
GH)LGHO,QFOXVRHQVXVPHMRUHVWH[WRVVHUHILHUHD)LGHOFRPRHOPi[LPROtGHU JH\DVRIRFDUXQLQWHQWRFRQWUDUUHYROXFLRQDULR\DQWLFRPXQLVWDGH+XEHU0DWRV
GHODUHYROXFLyQ(Q(OVRFLDOLVPR\HOKRPEUHHQ&XEDVLQGXGDHOWH[WR 3RUHQWRQFHV&DPLORHUDMHIHGHOHVWDGRPD\RUGHO(MpUFLWR5HEHOGH/RVDSDUD
PiV DFDEDGRGH*XHYDUDGHVFULEHVXOLGHUD]JR\VXFDULVPDFRPRXQD WRV GHLQWHOLJHQFLDGH((88GLIXQGLHURQPLOYHUVLRQHV\FDOXPQLDVVREUHVX
IXHU]DWHO~ULFD/RPLVPRHQVXFDUWDGHGHVSHGLGDGRQGHOHFRQILHVDTXH PXHUWH&DPLORIXHDVHVLQDGRGHVDSDUHFLySRUULYDOLGDGHVHWF/D&,$ UHSLWLy
VLFDHOXFKDQGREDMRRWURFLHORVXV~OWLPRVSHQVDPLHQWRVVHUiQSDUDpO HVDHVWUDWHJLDFXDQGRHO&KHIXHDFRPEDWLUFODQGHVWLQRDO&RQJRIULFD

60 61
Ral Castro y Barbarroja
'HVGHPX\MRYHQpSRFDHQTXH\DVHQXWUHGHOHFWXUDVPDU[LVWDV5D~O
&DVWUR >@FRPSDUWHPLOLWDQFLDFRQVXKHUPDQRPD\RU)LGHO3URPXHYH
SURWHVWDVHVWXGLDQWLOHVSDUWLFLSDHQHODVDOWRDOSDODFLRGH-XVWLFLD\HOFXDUWHO
0RQFDGDFDHHQSULVLyQVHH[LOLDHQ0p[LFRHVFRIXQGDGRUGHO0YLD
MD HQODH[SHGLFLyQGHO*UDQPD\  DVFHQGLGRDFRPDQGDQWHHQIHEUHURGH
 OOHJDDGLULJLUHQPDU]RGHHVHDxRHOVHJXQGRIUHQWHRULHQWDO)UDQN
3DtVGHO(MpUFLWR5HEHOGH/XHJRGHOWULXQIR5D~OHVXQRGHORVSULQFLSDOHV
Jos Antonio Echevarra
$XQTXHHQDOJXQRVXQLYHUVLWDULRVPLUDQFRQUHFHORRGHVFRQILDQ]DORV
LPSXOVRV FODQGHVWLQRV\UHEHOGHVGHOMRYHQ)LGHO&DVWURFRQWUDODGLFWDGXUD
PLOLWDU -RVp $QWRQLR (FKHYHUUtD>@PDQWLHQHVLHPSUHXQDDFWLWXG
IUDQFD\WUDQVSDUHQWH'HMDQGRDOPDUJHQPH]TXLQGDGHVSHUVRQDOHVQRVLHQ
WHFHORVVHFRPSRUWDFRPRXQFRPSDxHUROHDO\IUDWHUQR\VHVXPDDODOXFKD
6LHQGRSUHVLGHQWHGHOD)(8GHILHQGHODDPQLVWtDSDUDORVSUHVRVGHO0RQFD
GD$ ILQHV GHIRUPDHO'LUHFWRULR5HYROXFLRQDULR\HQVHSWLHPEUHGH
MHIHVGHODV)XHU]DV$UPDGDV5HYROXFLRQDULDV)$5TXHGHILHQGHQODUHYR ILUPDMXQWRD)LGHOHO3DFWRGH0p[LFRSULPHUJUDQSDVRGHODXQLGDG
OXFLyQ IUHQWHDODVDPHQD]DVKRVWLOLGDGHVVDERWDMHV\DWDTXHVGHOLPSHULR GHORVUHYROXFLRQDULRVFRQWUD%DWLVWD
PiVSRGHURVRGHODWLHUUDORV(VWDGRV8QLGRVGH $PpULFD

(OXQJUXSRGHMyYHQHVGHO'LUHFWRULR
5HYROXFLRQDULRHQFDEH]DGRVSRU-RVp$QWRQLR
(FKHYHUUtDDWDFDQHOSDODFLRSUHVLGHQFLDOORJUDQGR
SHQHWUDUHQpO(OREMHWLYR
HVDMXVWLFLDUDOGLFWDGRU
2WURFRPDQGRGHOPLVPR
JUXSRWRPDODHPLVRUD
(Q ODFROXPQDTXHGLULJH5D~OVHGHVWDFDXQMRYHQSHOLUURMR0DQXHO3LxHLUR 5DGLR5HORM\GLIXQGHOD
/RVDGD>@DOLDVHOJDOOHJRTXLHQPiVWDUGHVHUiHOFRPDQGDQWH%DU QRWLFLDGHORVFRPEDWHV
EDUURMD (VWHMRYHQFXEDQRKDEtDHVWXGLDGRHQOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH&ROXPELD %DWLVWDDOFDQ]DDHVFDSDU
1XHYD<RUN((88'HVGHDQWHVGHODWRPDGHOSRGHU%DUEDUURMDHVHQFDUJD /DDFFLyQIUDFDVDDOQR
GRGHODLQWHOLJHQFLDUHYROXFLRQDULD/XHJRGHOWULXQIRWLHQHDVXFDUJRODVHJXUL UHFLELUHODSR\RGHXQVHJXQGR
GDGGHOQXHYRHVWDGRUHYROXFLRQDULRHQHO0LQLVWHULRGHO,QWHULRU0,1,17\HQ JUXSR(OMRYHQ(FKHYHUUtDFDHHQOD
HO9LFH0LQLVWHULR7pFQLFR907DVtFRPRWDPELpQHQOD'LUHFFLyQ*HQHUDOGH DFFLyQTXHVLQHPEDUJRORJUDJHQHUDU
/LEHUDFLyQ1DFLRQDO'*/1\HQHO'HSDUWDPHQWR $PpULFDGHO3DUWLGR&RPX FRQFLHQFLDDQWLGLFWDWRULDOHQWRGDOD
QLVWD WRGRVHOORVHQFDUJDGRVGHFRRUGLQDU\DSR\DUODOXFKDLQVXUUHFFLRQDO\ SREODFLyQ\IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHHQODMXYHQWXG
FODQGHVWLQDHQGLYHUVRVSDtVHVGH$PpULFD/DWLQD\HOPXQGR6XILJXUDOHJHQ 'HVGHHQWRQFHVVXRUJDQL]DFLyQSDVDD
GDULDIHUR]PHQWHRGLDGDSRUOD&,$HVHPEOHPiWLFD\UHSUHVHQWDHODSR\R OODPDUVH'LUHFWRULR5HYROXFLRQDULR
LQWHUQDFLRQDOLVWDGH&XEDDWRGRVORVUHYROXFLRQDULRV\UHEHOGHVGHOPXQGR GHPDU]R'5

62 63
Frank Pas y la lucha urbana Mujeres revolucionarias
3RFRWLHPSRGHVSXpVGHODPXHUWHGH-RVp $QWRQLR(FKHYHUUtDHO /D SDUWLFLSDFLyQGHODVPXMH 
PXHUHDVHVLQDGRSRUODGLFWDGXUDRWURFXDGURMRYHQGHODUHYROXFLyQ)UDQN UHV HQODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQD
3DtV*DUFtDDOLDV'DYLGR&DUORV>@&DHMXQWRDVXDPLJR5D~O FRQVWLWX\H XQFDStWXORIXQGD
3XMROV>@/DPXHUWHGH(FKHYHUUtD\3DtVFRQGHQVDQHOFRPSURPL PHQWDO QRVLHPSUHFRQRFLGR
VRGHXQDJHQHUDFLyQMRYHQTXHGDWRGRDEVROXWDPHQWHWRGRSRUHPDQFLSDU D ODKRUDGHUHIOH[LRQDUVREUH
D&XEDGHOGRPLQLRQRUWHDPHULFDQR\GHVXVVRFLRVORFDOHVODSURVWLWXLGDEXU OD DFWXDFLyQGH)LGHO3RU
JXHVtDQDFLRQDOFXEDQD HMHPSORXQDYH]HQ6DQWLDJR
&RPR PXFKRVLQWHJUDQWHVGHODOXFKDXUEDQDGHO0$UPDQGR+DUW GH&XEDHOHPEDMDGRUQRUWHD
'iYDORV>@)DXVWLQR3pUH]5HQp5DPRV/DWRXUHWF)UDQN3DtVSUR PHULFDQR 6PLWKHVVRUSUHQGL
YLHQHGHO0RYLPLHQWR1DFLRQDOLVWD5HYROXFLRQDULR015\GH $FFLyQ1DFLR GRHQVXYLVLWDDOD\XQWDPLHQ
QDO5HYROXFLRQDULD$15$OOtPLOLWDDQWHVGHLQJUHVDUDO0GRQGHOOHJD
DVHUMHIHQDFLRQDOGHDFFLyQ\VDERWDMH(VWHMRYHQHVWXGLDQWHKDEtDFXU
VDGROD(VFXHOD1RUPDOOOHJDQGRDSUHVLGLUVXFHQWURGHHVWXGLDQWHVFRQV
WLWX\HXQDGHODVPi[LPDVH[SUHVLRQHVGHXQDVSHFWRPXFKDVYHFHVVXEHVWL
PDGR GHODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDODOXFKDFODQGHVWLQDXUEDQDHQODVJUDQGHV
FLXGDGHVGHVDUUROODGDSRUODJHQWHGHOOODQR
WR SRUODVPXMHUHVGHORV
FRPEDWLHQWHV (OODVFRPR
PiVWDUGHKDUiQHQ $UJHQWLQD
ODVPDGUHVGHOD3OD]DGH0D\R\PXFKDVRWUDVGH $PpULFD/DWLQDOHH[L
JHQTXH((88GHMHGHD\XGDUDODGLFWDGXUDTXHORVDVHVLQRVVHPDUFKHQGH
ODFLXGDG\WHUPLQHODPDWDQ]DGHVXVKLMRV(OSDSHODFWLYR\PLOLWDQWHGHODV
PXMHUHVHQODJXHUUDUHYROXFLRQDULDQRTXHGDUHGXFLGRDODVROLGDULGDGHQWDQ
WRPDGUHVGHRHVSRVDVGH1XPHURVDVPXMHUHVSDUWLFLSDQGLUHFWDPHQWH
FRPRFRPEDWLHQWHV\JXHUULOOHUDV
$GHPiV GHODVIDPRVDV+D\GHp6DQWDPDUtD&XDGUDGR0HOED+HUQiQGH]
5RGUtJXH]GHO5H\DPEDVKHURtQDVGHODVDOWRDOFXDUWHO0RQFDGD\GH9LO
PD /XFLOD(VStQ*XLOORLVGLULJHQWHFRQ)UDQN3DtVGHODO]DPLHQWRGHO
HQ6DQWLDJRGH&XEDHQDSR\RDOGHVHPEDUFRGHO*UDQPD\JXH
UULOOHUDGHOVHJXQGRIUHQWHRULHQWDOGHO(MpUFLWR5HEHOGHPXFKDVUHYROXFLRQD
ULDVFXEDQDVSDUWLFLSDQGHODYLGDFODQGHV
WLQD LQVXUUHFFLRQDO,QFOXVRGHQWURGHOD
JXHUULOODVHRUJDQL]DQHQHOEDWDOOyQIHPH
QLQR 0DULDQD*UDMDOHVIXQGDGRSRU&HOLD
6iQFKH]0DQGXOH\TXLHQWXYRDVXFDUJR
ODGLVWULEXFLyQGHODOHJDWRGH)LGHO /D+LV
WRULD PHDEVROYHUi  DGHPiVGHVHUFRIXQ 
GDGRUDGHO0SDUWLFLSDQWHGHODOXFKD
FODQGHVWLQDXUEDQDHLQFRUSRUDGDDO(MpUFLWR
5HEHOGHHQOD6LHUUD0DHVWUDHO
/XHJRGHOWULXQIRUHYROXFLRQDULRHVWDSDUWLFL
SDFLyQJHQHUDODIRUPDFLyQGHODFRPEDWLYD
)HGHUDFLyQGH0XMHUHV&XEDQDV)0&FX\D
SULPHUDSUHVLGHQWDHV9LOPD(VStQ

64 65
Fidel y los medios de comunicacin La unidad de los
&RQWUDGLFLHQGRODVYHUVLRQHVRILFLDOHVTXHSHULyGLFDPHQWHODQ]DODGLFWDGXUD Revolucionarios
GH%DWLVWDGDQGRSRUPXHUWRD)LGHOSRUHMHPSORHO7KH1HZ<RUN
7LPHV SXEOLFDHQSULPHUDSODQDXQDQRWDFRQIRWRVGHORVUHEHOGHVDO]DGRVHQ )LGHOVDEHTXHODXQLGDGGHORV
OD6LHUUD0DHVWUD\HO3LFR7XUTXLQR/DVIRWRVVRQWRPDGDVSRUXQDSHTXHxD UHYROXFLRQDULRV UHVXOWDVLHP
FiPDUD GH)UDQN3DtV/DHQWUHYLVWDHVUHDOL]DGDSRUHOSHULRGLVWD+HUEHUW SUH LPSUHVFLQGLEOHHQ&XED
0DWKHZV(VDHQWUHYLVWDHYLGHQFLDTXH\DHQDTXHOODpSRFDHQWLHPSRVGH \ HQFXDOTXLHURWUDH[SHULHQ
FODQGHVWLQLGDG\JXHUULOOD)LGHO&DVWURWLHQHHQFODURHOSDSHOIXQGDPHQWDOTXH FLD SDUDDOFDQ]DUODYLFWRULD/RV
ORVPHGLRVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQMXHJDQHQODJXHUUDGHFODVHV\HQODGLVSXWDSRU HQHPLJRVGHODUHYROXFLyQWUDWDQGH
ODRSLQLyQS~EOLFD7UDWDQGRGHKDFHUSURSDJDQGDSDUD VHPEUDUGHVFRQILDQ]DUHFHORVHQH
HOJUDQS~EOLFR PLVWDGHV\FRPSHWHQFLDVHQWUHTXLH
HOHO QHV DVSLUDQDFDPELDUODVRFLHGDG
0VHFXHVWUD 'LYLGH \YHQFHUiV  HVODFRQVLJQD
VLPEyOLFDPHQWH GHOLPSHULDOLVPR\GHODVEXUJXHVtDV
DOFRUUHGRU TXHDJLWDQHOPLHGRDOFRPXQLVPRDO
DUJHQWLQRGH WHUURULVPRDODVXEYHUVLyQ\DORV
DXWRV-XDQ LQILOWUDGRV H[WUHPLVWDVSDUDGLYLGLU
0DQXHO)DQJLR ORVPRYLPLHQWRVSRSXODUHV
ORTXHORJUD
LQPHGLDWD
UHSHUFXVLyQ (Q&XEDHO0ORJUDHODSR\RGHO'LUHFWRULR5HYROXFLRQDULR'5OLGHUDGR
)DQJLRUHFRQRFH SRU (FKHYHUUtDTXHILUPDMXQWRD)LGHOOD&DUWDGH0p[LFRHO
S~EOLFDPHQWHHO FRPSURPHWLpQGRVHDDSR\DUODOXFKDLQVXUUHFFLRQDO3RFRDQWHVGHOWULXQIRHQ
EXHQWUDWRUHFLELGR MXQLRGH&DUORV5DIDHO5RGUtJXH]VHHQWUHYLVWDHQOD6LHUUDFRQ)LGHOHO
0ORJUDVXPDUDO3DUWLGR6RFLDOLVWD3RSXODU3638QDYH]HQHOSRGHU 
ODVWUHVDJUXSDFLRQHVFRQIRUPDQEDMROLGHUD]JRGH)LGHOODV2UJDQL]DFLR
QHV5HYROXFLRQDULDV,QWHJUDGDV25,JHUPHQGHO3DUWLGR8QLGRGHOD5HYR
OXFLyQ 6RFLDOLVWD3856HPEULyQGHOQXHYR3DUWLGR&RPXQLVWDFXEDQR
3&& FUHDGRHQ
(Q WRGDVHVWDVRUJDQL]D
FLRQHV )LGHOSUHGLFDOD
XQLGDG +HPRV KHFKR
3HQVDQGRHQORVPHGLRVHQ)LGHO\HO&KHEULQGDQHQWUHYLVWDVDOSHULR XQDUHYROXFLyQPiVJUDQ
GLVWD DUJHQWLQR-RUJH5LFDUGR0DVHWWLSDUDUDGLR(O0XQGRGH $UJHQWLQD GH TXHQRVRWURV\TXH
6LJXLHQGRHVWHSHQVDPLHQWRHO&KH*XHYDUDFUHDHQOD6LHUUD0DHVWUDyUJD FDGD XQDGHQXHVWUDV
QRV GHGLIXVLyQSURSLRVFRPR5DGLR5HEHOGHTXHLQLFLDVXWUDQVPLVLyQHO RUJDQL]DFLRQHV'HEHPRV
(VHPLVPRDxRFRPLHQ]DDSXEOLFDUVHHOEROHWtQ3DWULDyUJDQRGHO XQLUQRV\HVWDUDODDOWXUD
(MpUFLWR5HEHOGHHQODV9LOODV7DPELpQQDFHQ0LOLFLDQRV GLFLHPEUHGH GH QXHVWUDUHYROXFLyQ
\5HYROXFLyQ0iVWDUGHVHFUHD9HUGH2OLYR GLVFXUVRGHO

66 67
Triunfo y llegada a La Habana
(OHOJHQHUDOGH%DWLVWD(XORJLR&DQWLOORVROLFLWDHQWUHYLVWDUVHFRQ
)LGHOSDUDSRQHUILQDODVKRVWLOLGDGHV/DUHXQLyQVHUHDOL]DHOD
ODV$0/RVPLOLWDUHVGHOUpJLPHQLQWHQWDQXQDUHWLUDGDRUGHQDGDSDUDHO
GLFWDGRU)LGHOQRDFHSWD(O&DQWLOORGDXQJROSHGHHVWDGRTXH
IDFLOLWDODKXLGDGH%DWLVWDHOD6DQWR'RPLQJR 7LHQHHODSR\RGHO
HPEDMDGRUHVWDGRXQLGHQVH(DUO76PLWKTXLHQEXVFDIUXVWUDUHOWULXQIRUHYR
OXFLRQDULR/D&,$ GH$OOHQ'XOOHV\HOJHQHUDO)UDQFLVFR 7DEHUQLOODMHIHGHO
(VWDGR0D\RUGHO(MpUFLWRLQWHQWDQRWUDVPDQLREUDV
0LHQWUDV )LGHOFRQWLQ~DHQODFHQWUDO $PpULFD FRRUGLQDQGRODWRPDILQDOGH
6DQWLDJRGH&XEDGRQGHUHFLEHODQRWLFLDGHODKXLGDGH%DWLVWD'DODRUGHQ
GHDYDQ]DUKDFLD/D+DEDQDKDVWDWRPDUODFDSLWDO)LGHOODQ]DSRUODUDGLROD
Intento frustrado de cooptacin burguesa
&RQHOWULXQIRUHYROXFLRQDULRHOVHGHVLJQDSUHVLGHQWHDOMXH]0DQXHO
8UUXWLD/OHy>@\SULPHUPLQLVWURDOSROtWLFRDQWLEDWLVWLDQR-RVp0LUy
&DUGRQD>@DXQTXHHOSRGHUHIHFWLYRHVWiHQPDQRVGH)LGHO0LUy
&DUGRQDHVVHSDUDGRGHVXFDUJRHO)LGHOVHFRQYLHUWHHQSULPHU
PLQLVWUR6HSURGXFHXQDFULVLVHQHOQDFLHQWHJDELQHWHGRQGHKD\SROtWLFRV
EXUJXHVHV WUDGLFLRQDOHVDQWHHOUXPERUDGLFDOGHOQXHYRJRELHUQR)LGHO
UHQXQFLDDOFDUJRGHSULPHUPLQLVWURSDUDSUHVLRQDUDSHODQGRDODVPDVDV(O
SXHEORVHPRYLOL]DSDUDDSR\DUOR(O8UUXWLDDQWLFRPXQLVWD\GHV
FRQWHQWRFRQODUHIRUPDDJUDULD\ODVPHGLGDVUDGLFDOHVUHQXQFLD\VHPDUFKD
D((88(VVXVWLWXLGRFRPRSUHVLGHQWHSRUHOPLQLVWURGHOH\HV\HODERJDGR
2VYDOGR'RUWLFyV7RUUDGR>@)LGHOUHJUHVDFRPRSULPHUPLQLVWUR
(O HMHGHODVGLVSXWDVTXHSRODUL]DQDODRSRVLFLyQWULXQIDQWHFRQWUD%DWLVWD
HVWiFHQWUDGRHQODVSULPHUDVPHGLGDVUHYROXFLRQDULDVLPSXOVDGDVSRU)LGHO
FRQVLJQD5HYROXFLyQ6JROSHGH(VWDGRFRQ%DWLVWD12(OFXDUWHO0RQFD UHEDMDVGHDOTXLOHUHVDOSURJUDPDGHYLYLHQGDVUHEDMDGHSUHFLRVGH
GDHVWRPDGRVLQXQGLVSDURGHVSXpVGHPHVHVGHJXHUUDUHYROXFLRQDULD PHGLFLQDVLQFDXWDFLyQGHELHQHVPDOYHUVDGRV\MXLFLRVFRQWUDWRUWXUDGRUHV\
)LGHO FRQYRFDDXQDKXHOJDJHQHUDOHQWRGDODLVODSDUDDSR\DUDO(MpUFLWR UHSUHVRUHV$GHPiVHOVHSURPXOJDODSULPHUDOH\GHUHIRUPDDJUD
5HEHOGH6HFXPSOHDUDMDWDEOD/DVFROXPQDVUHEHOGHVWRPDQ6DQWLDJRGH ULDSHUPLWHKDVWDFDEDOOHUtDVDORVSURSLHWDULRVTXHHQWUHJDWtWXORVGHSUR
&XED\FRPEDWHQDVDQJUH\IXHJRHQ6DQWD&ODUD\/D+DEDQDKDVWDTXHHO SLHGDGDFDPSHVLQRV(UDGHPDVLDGRSDUDORVSROtWLFRVWUDGLFLRQDOHVDQWLED
 )LGHOLQJUHVDHQODFDSLWDO'HVREHGHFLHQGRDODJHRSROtWLFDTXH WLVWLDQRV$JLWDQGRHOIDQWDVPDGHOFRPXQLVPRHOORVTXHUtDQUHHPSOD]DUDXQ
GLDJQRVWLFDEDFRPRLPSRVLEOHYHQFHUHVWDQGRWDQFHUFDGH((88WULXQIDOD JRELHUQRSRURWURGHMDQGRWRGRFRPRDQWHVTXHFDPELHDOJRSDUDTXHQDGD
UHYROXFLyQFXEDQD FDPELH/RTXHVLHPSUHKDFHQHQ$PpULFDODWLQD

68 69
Fidel viaja a EE.UU.
$QWHODUDGLFDOL]DFLyQGHOQXHYRJRELHUQRFXEDQRHO'HSDUWDPHQWRGH(VWDGR
QRUWHDPHULFDQRLQLFLDXQDFDPSDxDGHFRQWUDLQIRUPDFLyQ3DUDFRQWUDUUHVWDU
ODHO)LGHOYLDMDD((88(OSUHVLGHQWHQRUWHDPHULFDQR',(LVHQ
KRZHUTXHDQWHVKDEtDGLDORJDGRFRQHOGLFWDGRU)XOJHQFLR%DWLVWDVHQLHJD
D UHFLELUOR/RSULPHURTXHGHFODUD)LGHOHV 1R YHQJRSRUGLQHUR  (O
En Harlem con Malcolm X
&XDQGRODGHOHJDFLyQFXEDQDOOHJDD((88ORVJUDQGHVKRWHOHVGH1XHYD<RUN
OHFLHUUDQODVSXHUWDV(QFDPELRODFRPXQLGDGQHJUDVHODVDEUHFRQDGPLUD
FLyQ )LGHO&DVWURVHDORMDHQWRQFHVGLH]GtDVHQHO+RWHO 7KHUHVD GHOEDUULR
QHJURGH+DUOHP $OOtVHHQFXHQWUDSHUVRQDOPHQWHFRQXQRGHORVSULQFLSDOHV
OtGHUHVGHOSXHEORWUDEDMDGRUQRUWHDPHULFDQR0DOFROP;TXLHQVHKDEtDKHFKR
 )LGHOUHDOL]DXQVHJXQGRYLDMHD((88SDUDSDUWLFLSDUGHOD;9 UHYROXFLRQDULRHQODFiUFHO0DOFROPIRUPDSDUWHGHOFRPLWpGHELHQYHQLGDTXH
DVDPEOHDJHQHUDOGHOD218 UHFLEHD)LGHOHQ+DUOHPJDUDQWL]iQGROHDGHPiVVXVHJXULGDG

/RVJRELHUQRVGH((88TXHKRVWLJDQDODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDHQQRPEUHGHOD
GHPRFUDFLD\ODVRFLHGDGDELHUWDVRQORVTXHSURWHJHQDODVHFWDUDFLVWD.X
.OX[.ODQ\DOSDUWLGRQD]LQRUWHDPHULFDQR(QVXWULVWHKLVWRULDVREUHVDOHHOSUR
FHVR \HMHFXFLyQGHORVREUHURV%6DFFR\19 DQ]HWWL HQ\GHORV
HVSRVRV-XOLXV\(WKHO5RVHPEHUJHQDVtFRPRORVDxRVGHSULVLyQGHO
SHULRGLVWD\PLOLWDQWHQHJUR0XPLD $EX-DPDO8QWRWDOLWDULVPRFX\RFHQLWHVHO )LGHO&DVWUR\ODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDDSR\DQDOPRYLPLHQWRQHJURGHSURWHVWD
PDFFDUWLVPRPRGHORUHSUHVLYRGHODUHYROXFLyQFRQVHUYDGRUDGH5RQDOG5HD HQ((88HQFX\RVHQRH[LVWHQGLYHUVDVWHQGHQFLDVGHVGHHOSDFLILVPRGH
JDQ HQORV\GHODDFWXDO>@JXHUUDFRQWUDHOWHUURULVPRGH*HRUJH 0DUWtQ/XWKHU.LQJKDVWDHOUDGLFDOLVPRGH0DOFRP;TXLHQGHILHQGHODOLEH
:%XVK/DUJDVGpFDGDVGHYLJLODQFLDFRQWUROHVSLRQDMHSHUVHFXFLyQFDFHUtD UDFLyQ GHORVQHJURV SRU FXDOTXLHUPHGLRTXHVHDQHFHVDULR  'XUDQWHXQ
GH EUXMDVHQFDUFHODPLHQWRQHXWUDOL]DFLyQDSODVWDPLHQWR\UHSUHVLyQGHWRGD WLHPSR0DOFROP;DGKLHUHDODVLGHDVGHODQDFLyQGHOLVODPDXQTXHDOILQDO
GLVLGHQFLDUDGLFDOPDQLSXODFLyQGHOFRQVHQVRIUDXGHHQODVHOHFFLRQHVFRPRHQ GHVXYLGDDPSOLDODPLUDGDKDFLDXQDYLVLyQDQWLFDSLWDOLVWDJOREDO1RFDVXDO
HODVFHQVRGH%XVK\SUHGRPLQLRGHXQFRPSOHMRGHJUDQGHVILUPDVDUPDPHQ PHQWHHQHOSDtVGHODOLEHUWDG\HOSOXUDOLVPRWDQWR0DUWtQ/XWKHU.LQJFRPR
WLVWDVTXHSURPXHYHQHQWRGRHOPXQGRODDJUHVLYLGDGODDPHQD]D\ODJXHUUD 0DOFROP;WHUPLQDQDVHVLQDGRV

70 71
Cuba en el Movimiento Negro Fidel lector de El Capital de Marx
Norteamericano (QHQSOHQDUDGLFDOL]DFLyQ)LGHO\ODPi[LPDGLULJHQFLDGHO&RQVHMRGH
PLQLVWURVHVWXGLDQHQXQVHPLQDULR (O&DSLWDOGH.DUO0DU[(OSURIHVRUTXHFRRU
/DUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDPDQWLHQH GLQDHOJUXSRHQHOSDODFLRSUHVLGHQFLDOHVHOKLVSDQRVRYLpWLFR $QDVWDVLR0DQVL
GHVGHHOLQLFLRHVWUHFKDUHODFLyQ OOD3DUWLFLSDQ)LGHOHO&KH&DUORV5DIDHO5RGUtJXH]>@GHODQWLJXR
FRQORVPRYLPLHQWRVUDGLFDOHV 3635HJLQR%RWWLGHOD-XQWD&HQWUDOGH3ODQLILFDFLyQTXLHQKDEtDHVWXGLDGR
QRUWHDPHULFDQRVVXVSULQFLSDOHV
LQWHOHFWXDOHV\GLULJHQWHVSROtWLFRV
HVSHFLDOPHQWHORVTXHDERJDQ
SRUHOSRGHUQHJUR
>EODFNSRZHU@
HQ+DUYDUG\WUHVPLQLVWURVPiV/HHQODWUDGXFFLyQGH (O&DSLWDOGH:HQFHVODR
5RFHVGH)RQGRGH&XOWXUD(FRQyPLFD $XQTXH)LGHO\DKDEtDHVWXGLDGRPDU
[LVPRHQVXMXYHQWXGHVWHVHPLQDULRVLV
WHPiWLFRGH(O&DSLWDOFRQVROLGD\UHILQD
WRGDYtDPiVVXSHQVDPLHQWRWHyULFR

$GHPiVGHOYtQFXORLQLFLDOFRQ0DOFROP;HQWUHRWURVJUXSRV)LGHO&DVWURDSR
\DDODV3DQWHUDV1HJUDV3RUHMHPSORFXDQGR6WRNHO\&DUPLFKDHOXQRGH
VXVSULQFLSDOHVGLULJHQWHVHVHOKRPEUHPiVEXVFDGRSRUHO)%,HQ((88
YLDMDD/D+DEDQDGRQ
GHSDUWLFLSDGHOD&RQIH
UHQFLD GHOD2UJDQL]D 6HJ~QHOWHVWLPRQLRGH2UODQGR%RUUHJR'tD]>@FRPEDWLHQWHGHO(MpU
FLyQ/DWLQRDPHULFDQDGH FLWR 5HEHOGHFRQHO&KH\VXSULQFLSDODVLVWHQWHHQHO0LQLVWHULRGH,QGXV
6ROLGDULGDG2/$67DP WULDVHOVHPLQDULRGH(O&DSLWDO HQHOTXHSDUWLFLSD)LGHOHVPX\DQLPDGR(O
ELpQ GHODPDQRGHORV SURIHVRU0DQVLOODUHFRQRFHTXHVXVGRVDOXPQRVPiVGLVFXWLGRUHVVRQ)LGHO
FXEDQRV HVWHGLULJHQWH \HO&KH&RPRDQpFGRWD0DQVLOODUHFXHUGDTXHXQDYH])LGHOOHGLFH 3UR
GH ODV3DQWHUDV1HJUDV IHVRUKD\XQHUURUHQODWUDGXFFLyQGHOVHJXQGRWRPRGH(O&DSLWDO 0DQVLOOD
YLDMD DOIULFDDKDFHU UHVSRQGH1RFRPDQGDQWHHVWiHTXLYRFDGR/OHYRDxRVHVWXGLDQGR(O&DSL
FRQWDFWRV SROtWLFRV$OOt WDO\OHDVHJXURTXHQRKD\HUURU )LGHOVHYD/XHJRUHJUHVDHLQVLVWH0DQ 
VH GHWLHQHHQ*XLQHD VLOODOHUHSLWHTXHQRSHURHQVXFDVDOHH\HQFXHQWUDHOHUURUVHxDODGR0DQ
&RQDNU\\7DQ]DQLD VLOODUHFXHUGDTXH)LGHOFRPRDOXPQRVX\RHVWDEDGHORPiVVDWLVIHFKR

72 73
La democracia en Cuba La ofensiva de EE.UU. contra Fidel
'HVDILDQGR DWRGRV)LGHO&DVWURGHFODUD $O SXHEOROH y la Revolucin
GLPRV PiVTXHHOYRWROHVGLPRVORVIXVLOHV  GLVFXUVRGHO
 'HODOOD2UJDQL]DFLyQGH(VWDGRV (O SUHVLGHQWH',(LVHQKRZHUGH((88FRPLHQ]DVXDUUHPHWLGDFRQWUDHO
$PHULFDQRV 2($FRQGHQDD&XED((88LQYROXFUDDVtDO
UHVWR GHORVSDtVHVFRQWUDODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQD&RPRUHV
SXHVWDHO)LGHOOHHHQODSOD]DGHODUHYROXFLyQOD
3ULPHUDGHFODUDFLyQGH/D+DEDQD&RQIXHUWHWRQRDQWLLP
SHULDOLVWD)LGHOSURIXQGL]DDOOtTXpHQWLHQGHSRUGHPRFUDFLD
/DUHYROXFLyQQRHVVyORHOGHUURFDPLHQWRGHXQWLUDQRRXQVLPSOH
FDPELRGHJRELHUQR&RQODVDVDPEOHDVSRSXODUHVPDVLYDVTXHFRQ
QXHYRJRELHUQRFXEDQROLPLWDQGRODFXRWDD]XFDUHUDTXHOHYHQGtD&XED(Q
PDU]RGHHO&RQVHMRGH6HJXULGDGGH((88SURIXQGL]DODVPHGLGDV
FRQXQSURJUDPDGHSUHVLRQHVHFRQyPLFDV3RFRGHVSXpVVXVSHQGHGHIL
QLWLYDPHQWHODFXRWDD]XFDUHUDSUyORJRGHOEORTXHRHFRQyPLFRVREUHODLVOD
TXH FRQWLQ~DDJUDYDGR\UHIRU]DGRKDVWDHOSDUR[LVPRKDVWDQXHVWURV
GtDV((88EXVFDSURPRYHUXQDFULVLVHQHUJpWLFDRUGHQDDVXVUHILQHUtDVQR
SURFHVDUHOFUXGRHQYLDGRSRUHOJRELHUQRFXEDQRHQVXPD\RUSDUWHSURYH
WLQ~DQKDVWDHOGtDGHKR\>@VHLQDXJXUDXQQXHYRWLSRGHUHODFLyQPXFKR QLHQWHGHOD8566
PiVGHPRFUiWLFD\IOXLGDHQWUHJREHUQDQWHV\JREHUQDGRV
/RV JUDQGHVPRQRSROLRVGHLQFRPXQLFDFLyQQRUWHDPHULFDQRVGHQXQFLDQ
LQGLJQDGRV ORVMXLFLRVFRQWUDWRUWXUDGRUHVGHODGLFWDGXUD&XULRVDPHQWH
FXDQGRHVRVUHSUHVRUHVTXHGDQLPSXQHPHQWHHQOLEHUWDGFRPRVXFHGHHQ
ODPD\RUtDGHODVGLFWDGXUDVPLOLWDUHVGH$PpULFD/DWLQDHVWRVPHGLRVQLVH
LQGLJQDQQLVHRIHQGHQ

(O Q~FOHRGHOD3ULPHUDGHFODUDFLyQGH/D+DEDQDGHILHQGHODVREHUDQtD
GHPRFUiWLFDGH&XED)LGHOLGHQWLILFDVREHUDQtDGHPRFUiWLFDFRQYROXQWDG
GHOSXHEORH[SUHVDGDHQDVDPEOHD$SHODQGRDIRUPDVGLUHFWDVGHUHSUHVHQ
WDFLyQVRPHWHDYRWDFLyQHQODSOD]DDQWHXQPLOOyQGHSHUVRQDVODUDGLFDOL
]DFLyQDQWLLPSHULDOLVWDGHODUHYROXFLyQ1LQJ~QRWURJRELHUQRGHOFRQWLQHQWHVH
DQLPDDLPLWDUOR$OOtGHILQHODQRFLyQGHSXHEORFRPRHOFRQMXQWRGHREUHURV
FDPSHVLQRV\HVWXGLDQWHVH[FOX\HQGRODOODPDGDEXUJXHVtDQDFLRQDO\ORV
HPSUHVDULRVQDWLYRV3RFRGHVSXpVGHMDVHQWDGRHOQRUWHHVWUDWpJLFRGHORV
WUDEDMDGRUHVHQODOXFKDGHFODVHV /DSULPHUDPHWDGHODFODVHREUHUDGHEH
VHUODFRQTXLVWDGHOSRGHUSROtWLFRGLVFXUVRGHO

74 75
A Miami: Primero el dinero, La Florida como smbolo continental
despus la nacionalidad +DVWDHQOD&XEDSUHUUHYROXFLRQDULDODPD\RUSDUWHGHORVHPLJUDQ
WHVD((88SURYLHQHGH0p[LFR(Q&XEDILJXUDHQVHJXQGROXJDU (Q
)UHQWHDODVFHQVRUHYROXFLRQDULRODEXUJXHVtDGH&XEDSUHILHUHUHQXQFLDUDVX &XEDRFXSDHORFWDYROXJDUHQWUHORVSDtVHVTXHHPLWHQHPLJUDQWHVD
QDFLRQDOLGDGDQWHVTXHSHUGHUVXVULTXH]DV3RUHVRDOLJXDOTXHHQHOUHVWR ((88&XDQGRORVJUDQGHVPRQRSROLRVGHODLQFRPXQLFDFLyQPXHVWUDQOD
GH$PpULFDODWLQDHVWDEXUJXHVtDFXEDQDSXHGHVHUOODPDGDQDWLYDRDXWyF OOHJDGDD0LDPLGHHPLJUDQWHVFXEDQRVROYLGDQPHQFLRQDUODOH\QRUWHDPH
WRQDSHURQXQFDQDFLRQDODXQTXHOHJXVWHMXJDUDOGRPLQyRHVFXFKDUGDQ ULFDQDGHDMXVWHFXEDQR
]yQ\VDOVDFRPRDOUHVWRGHORVFXEDQRV&XDQGRHVWRVEXUJXHVHVFXED (VWDOH\JDUDQWL]DDMXVWDUHOVWDWXVOHJDODWRGRFXEDQRTXHOOHJXHDOOtGHVGH
QRV KX\HQD0LDPLVHOOHYDQLOHJDOPHQWHPiVGHPLOORQHVGHGyODUHV HODODIHFKDVLOOHJDURQDQWHVGHODUHYROXFLyQVLJXHQLOHJDOHV
UREDGRVDODQDFLyQ 3RUFRQWUDSRVLFLyQFRQ
FXDOTXLHURWUDQDFLRQDOL
GDGODWLQRDPHULFDQD
EUDVLOHxDDUJHQWLQD
FKLOHQDHWFLQFOX\HQGR
DODPD\RUtDGHORV
KDVWDKR\LQGRFX
PHQWDGRVPH[LFDQRV\
KDLWLDQRVODLQPLJUDFLyQ
FXEDQDUHFLEHWUDWRGLIH
UHQFLDO\H[FHSFLRQDO
((88EXVFDIRU]DUOD
HPLJUDFLyQGHODLVOD
&RQHVWDOH\FXDOTXLHU
FXEDQRHPLJUDQWHSRU
UD]RQHVHFRQyPLFDV
VHWUDQVIRUPDDUWLILFLDO
PHQWHHQXQUHIXJLDGR
SROtWLFR'HVGH
ODVDGPLQLVWUDFLRQHV
\DQTXLVPDQLSXODQ
HOSUREOHPDGHODHPL
JUDFLyQFXEDQDVLQ
LPSRUWDUOHODJHQWHGH
FDUQHKXHVR7RGRVH
UHGXFHDVHJXULGDG
QDFLRQDOOpDVH
'HHVWDPDQHUDVHVRPHWHQGyFLOPHQWHDODFXOWXUDGHOFUXHODPRGHOQRUWH HVWUDWHJLDGHJXHUUD
TXH QRVGHVSUHFLD\QRVKXPLOOD  (VHEUXWDOVRPHWLPLHQWRFXOWXUDOPDUFD FRQWUDODUHYROXFLyQ
KDVWDKR\HQGtDDODFRPXQLGDGFXEDQDGH0LDPL \HOVRFLDOLVPR

76 77
Tortura y derechos humanos El fin de la impunidad
/DWRUWXUDHVXQDGHODVSHRUHVYHUJHQ]DVGHOPXQGR/HTXLWDDOVHUKXPD 
QRVXKXPDQLGDG\ORKDFHGHVFHQGHUSRUGHEDMRGHORVDQLPDOHVTXHQRWRU
WXUDQDORVXPRPDWDQSDUDFRPHU/DWRUWXUDQRVyORLQWHQWDGHVWUXLUDOWRU
WXUDGR FRPRVXMHWRYLRODQGRVXVGHUHFKRVKXPDQRV $GHPiV HQVXFLDDO
SURSLR WRUWXUDGRUFRQXQDPDQFKDLPERUUDEOH(QOD(GDG0HGLDODLPSOH
PHQWyOD,QTXLVLFLyQGHOD,JOHVLDFDWyOLFD0iVFHUFDQXHVWURORVQD]LVODXVD
URQFRQWUDORVSXHEORVLQIHULRUHV,QJODWHUUDODHMHUFLyHQ,UODQGD\)UDQFLDHQ
$UJHOLD/RVQRUWHDPHULFDQRVKHUHGHURVGHQD]LVLQJOHVHV\IUDQFHVHVOD
GHVDUUROODURQ HQ9 LHWQDP \ PHGLDQWHGLFWDGXUDVPLOLWDUHVHQWRGD $PpULFD
/DWLQD+R\VLJXHQWRUWXUDQGRHQ,UDNHQODEDVH\DQTXLGH*XDQWiQDPR\HQ
RWURVOXJDUHV

1RKD\SHRULQVXOWRSDUDODGLJQLGDGODMXVWLFLD\ORVGHUHFKRVKXPDQRVTXH
ORVWRUWXUDGRUHVJRFHQGHLPSXQLGDG+DVWDKR\>@HQWRGD$PpULFD/DWL
QD ORVWRUWXUDGRUHVPLOLWDUHV\SROLFtDVHQWUHQDGRVSRUORV\DQTXLVHQOD
(VFXHODGHODV$PpULFDVRHQ: HVW3RLQWVHYDQDJORULDQGHVXVKD]DxDV
YLRODFLyQGHPXMHUHVHPEDUD]DGDVWRUWXUDGHSULVLRQHURVLQGHIHQVRV\FLHQ
WRVGHPLOHVGHGHVDSDUHFLGRV(O~QLFRSDtVGHWRGRHOFRQWLQHQWHTXHORJUD
KDFHU MXVWLFLDFRQHVWRVYLRODGRUHVGHORVGHUHFKRVKXPDQRVHV&XED(O
DUWtFXOR GHO5pJLPHQ3HQDOGHO(MpUFLWR5HEHOGHVDQFLRQDGRHQ6LHUUD
0DHVWUDHOHVWDEOHFH 6HUiQFDVWLJDGRVGHSHQDVGHPXHUWHORV
GHOLWRVGHDVHVLQDWRWUDLFLyQHVSLRQDMH\YLRODFLyQ$OWULXQIDUODUHYROXFLyQHQ
ORVWRUWXUDGRUHVVRQHQMXLFLDGRVSRUHOSXHEOR\DMXVWLFLDGRV6XVDSD
UDWRVUHSUHVLYRVVRQGHVPDQWHODGRVHO

78 79
La Contraofensiva de Fidel La Reforma Agraria
$ FDGD SUHVLyQQRUWHDPHULFDQD&XEDUHDFFLRQDSURIXQGL]DQGRVXSURFHVR &XDQGRHO)LGHOSURPXOJDODSULPHUDOH\GHUHIRUPDDJUDULDGHVGH
SROtWLFR\UDGLFDOL]DQGRODWUDQVIRUPDFLyQVRFLDO3RUHMHPSORIUHQWHDODQHJD /D3ODWDXQUHFyQGLWROXJDUGHOD6LHUUD0DHVWUDGRQGHVHKDEtDLPSOHPHQ
WLYDGHSURFHVDUFUXGRODUHVSXHVWDFXEDQDFRQVLVWHHQLQWHUYHQLUODVUHILQH WDGRODSULPHUDPHGLGDGHO(MpUFLWR5HEHOGHHQHVRVDVXQWRVVHFKRFDFRQ
UtDVH[WUDQMHUDV7(;$&2(6626+(//HWF(QWUHODVFRPSDxtDVQRUWHD WRGDODRSRVLFLyQ
PHULFDQDV QDFLRQDOL]DGDVILJXUDQ&RPSDxtD&XEDQDGH(OHFWULFLGDG EXUJXHVD3HURD
&RPSDxtD&XEDQDGH7HOpIRQRV8QLWHG)UXLW&RPSDQ\HQWUHRWUDV GLIHUHQFLDGHORV
SROtWLFRVWUDGLFLRQD
OHVODWLQRDPHULFDQRV
TXHKDELWXDOPHQWH
GDQPDUFKDDWUiV
FXDQGRHQFXHQWUDQ
HVFROORV)LGHO
DFHOHUD\VHDSR\D
HQODVPDVDV
(OFRQOD
OH\GHUHIRUPDDJUD
ULDSURPXOJDGDFRQ
YRFDDPHGLRPLOOyQ
GHFDPSHVLQRVD/D
+DEDQD/D&XED
RFXOWDGHJXDMLURV
>FDPSHVLQRV@DQDO
IDEHWLVPR\PLVHULD
UXUDOLUUXPSHHQOD
FDSLWDO(OHIHFWR
SROtWLFRHVGHPROH
GRU/DOXFKDGHFOD
VHVVHHQFLHQGH\OD
UHYROXFLyQDYDQ]D
GHFODUDQGRHODxR
$xRGHOD
5HIRUPD$JUDULD
&XDQGRHQDJRVWRGHHQODFODXVXUDGHO3ULPHU&RQJUHVR/DWLQRDPH
ULFDQRGH(VWXGLDQWHV)LGHODQXQFLDHVWDVQDFLRQDOL]DFLRQHV\PHQFLRQDHO
QRPEUHHQLQJOpVGHFDGDFRPSDxtDHOSXHEORFRUHDODIUDVH VHOODPDED
&XEDRIUHFHXQDLQGHPQL]DFLyQUD]RQDEOHSRUFDGDXQDSHUR((88QRDFHS
WD)HVWHMDQGRHOSXHEORFXEDQRRUJDQL]DHQWRQFHVHOHQWLHUURLUyQLFRGHODV
FRPSDxtDVQRUWHDPHULFDQDV

80 81
La campaa de alfabetizacin
/DFDPSDxDGHDOIDEHWL]DFLyQVHLQDXJXUDHQDQWHXQPLOOyQGHDQDOID 
EHWRVFDVLODVH[WDSDUWHGHODSREODFLyQ&RQVWLWX\HQODSHVDGDKHUHQFLDGHO
UpJLPHQFDSLWDOLVWDGHSHQGLHQWH\QHRFRORQLDOSUHYLRD/DFDPSDxDHV
GLULJLGDSRU$UPDQGR+DUW'iYDORV>@XQRGHORVIXQGDGRUHVGHO0
\ PLQLVWURGHHGXFDFLyQHQWUH\&RPLHQ]DHQODV]RQDVPiV
SREUHVGRQGHMyYHQHVHVWXGLDQWHVLQWHJUDQODV%ULJDGDVDOIDEHWL]D
GRUDV&RQUDGR%HQtWH]QRPEUHGHOPDHVWURYROXQWDULRDVHVLQDGRHVHDxR
La Revolucin no te dice cree,
te dice lee.
(OOHPDFHQWUDOGHODFDPSDxDGHDOIDEHWL]DFLyQYLQFXODUHYROXFLyQ\OHFWXUD
VtQWHVLVGHWRGDXQDQXHYDFRQFHSFLyQGHOPXQGRFHQWUDGDHQHOSHQVDPLHQ
WRFUtWLFR\HQXQDQXHYDVXEMHWLYLGDGKLVWyULFD
HQHO(VFDPEUD\SRUEDQGDVFRQWUDUUHYROXFLRQDULDV

(Q IRUPDSDUDOHODFRPLHQ]D
OD YDFXQDFLyQPDVLYDGHOD
QLxH]FRQWUDODSROLRPLHOLWLVOD
GLIWHULD HOWpWDQR\RWUDVHQ
IHUPHGDGHVLQIHFFLRVDV
-XQWR FRQHVDVFDPSDxDV
(ODOFRQFOXLUODFDPSDxDGHDOIDEHWL]DFLyQGHVGHODSOD]DGHOD PDVLYDV GHHGXFDFLyQ\VD
UHYROXFLyQ)LGHOSURFODPDD&XEDWHUULWRULROLEUHGHODQDOIDEHWLVPR(VDFDP OXGHQWDPELpQVHFUHD
SDxDVHUiOXHJRWRPDGDFRPRHMHPSORSRUGLYHUVRVSURFHVRVDOIDEHWL]DGRUHV HQ&XEDOD8QLyQGH3LRQHURV
GHOFRQWLQHQWHHLQIOXLUiDSHVDUGHDOJXQDVOLPLWDFLRQHVHQHOSHQVDPLHQWR RUJDQL]DFLyQ GHORVQLxRV
GH3DXOR)UHLUH>@SDGUHGHODSHGDJRJtDGHODOLEHUDFLyQ SUHYLDDODMXYHQWXG

82 83
La CIA: Poltica mundial contra La CIA y los Nazis
los pueblos /D &,$ RUJDQL]D WRGRVORVJROSHVGHHVWDGRGHQXHVWUD $PpULFD 'HVGHOD
LQYDVLyQGH*XDWHPDODHQKDVWDHOJROSHGHHVWDGRFRQWUD $OOHQGHHQ
/D &,$ &HQWUDO ,QWHOOLJHQFH $JHQF\ HQ&KLOHGHVGHHOJROSHGHOJHQHUDO9LGHODHQOD$UJHQWLQDGHKDV
VHIXQGDHQ((88HQHQJXH WDODFRQWUDUUHYROXFLyQHQ1LFDUDJXDGXUDQWHORVGHVGHORVPiVGH
UUD IUtD/D&,$ KHUHGD GHODQWHULRU LQWHQWRVGHDVHVLQDWRFRQWUD)LGHO&DVWURHQ&XEDDWUDYpVGHYHQHQRV/6'
2662IILFHRI6WUDWHJLF6HUYLFHVODV WDEDFRVERPEDV\PLODUWLOXJLRVPiVKDVWDODVWHQWDWLYDVGHGHUURFDUD&Ki
WDUHDV GHHVSLRQDMHGHVHVWDELOL]D YH]HQ9HQH]XHOD/D&,$ HGXFDHQODWRUWXUDDSROLFtDV\PLOLWDUHVODWLQRDPH
FLyQ DFFLyQSVLFROyJLFDRSHUDFLRQHV ULFDQRVTXHVHFXHVWUDQYLRODQ\DVHVLQDQHQQRPEUHGHODVHJXULGDGQDFLR
FODQGHVWLQDV HLQWHUYHQFLyQGHOHVWDGR QDO8VDFRPRLQVWUXFWRUHVDWRUWXUDGRUHVQD]LVGH $OHPDQLDSRUHMHPSORHO
QRUWHDPHULFDQRHQDVXQWRVLQWHUQRVGHRWURVSDtVHV FULPLQDO.ODXV%DUELHDJHQWHGHOD&,$\DVHVRUGHOHMpUFLWREROLYLDQR\DIUDQ
'HVGH VXFHQWURHVWiHQ/DQJOH\  9LUJLQLD FHVHVGH$UJHOLD/RVSHRUHVWRUWXUDGRUHVODWLQRDPHULFDQRVUHFRQRFHQS~EOL
'HVGHKDVWDKR\>@QRKDGHMDGRGHFUH FDPHQWHKDEHUHVWXGLDGRVXVWpFQLFDVHQODVHVFXHODV\DQTXLV
FHU (VWHHMpUFLWRLQFDOFXODEOHGHDJHQWHVDFW~D
FRPRXQJLJDQWHVFRPLQLVWHULRGHSROLFtD\UHSUH
VLyQPXQGLDOTXHJDVWDPLOHVGHPLOORQHVGHGyOD
UHVHQHVSLDUFRQWURODUFRPSUDUFRQFLHQFLDV\SURPRYHUHOWHUURUFRQWUDWRGR
KHUHMHRGLVLGHQWH(QSULPHUOXJDUFRQWUD)LGHO&DVWUR

/D&,$ GH((88GHFtDSURPRYHUODOLEHUWDGGHH[SUHVLyQ3DUDHOORUHFOXWDURQ
QD]LVPDQLSXODURQHOHFFLRQHVGHPRFUiWLFDVSURSRUFLRQDURQ/6'DLQRFHQWHV
DEULHURQHOFRUUHRDPLOHVGHFLXGDGDQRVGHUURFDURQJRELHUQRVDSR\DURQGLF
WDGXUDVWUDPDURQDVHVLQDWRV\FRPSUDURQFRQFLHQFLDV(QQRPEUHGHTXp" 'HVGHHOSHUtRGRLQVXUUHFFLRQDOODUHYR
1RGHODYLUWXGFtYLFDVLQRGHOLPSHULR $VtILQDOL]DXQHVWXGLREULOODQWH /D&,$ OXFLyQFXEDQDGHEHHQIUHQWDUODDJUHVLYL
\ODJXHUUDIUtDFXOWXUDO GH)UDQFLV6WRQRU6RXQGHUV>%DUFHORQD'HEDWH@ GDGODLQJHUHQFLDODDFFLyQSVLFROyJLFD\
(OODGHPXHVWUDTXHOD&,$ REVHVLRQDGDFRQ&XED\)LGHOQRVyORDVHVLQD HO WHUURUGHOD&,$ GLULJLGD SRU $OOHQ
RUJDQL]DJROSHVGHHVWD 'XOOHV \RWUDVRUJDQL]DFLRQHVUHSUHVLYDVGHO
GRLQYDVLRQHV\GLFWDGX LPSHULDOLVPR HQ((88WLHQHDJHQFLDV
UDV PLOLWDUHVHQWRGRHO GHLQWHOLJHQFLD(O'XOOHVSUHVHQWDHO3UR\HFWR&XEDQRDO*UXSR
PXQGR 7DPELpQ HMHUFH (VSHFLDOGHOJRELHUQR\DQTXLTXHFRPLHQ]DDSODQHDUODFDtGD\ODHOLPLQDFLyQ
VX GRPLQDFLyQVREUHOD ItVLFD GH)LGHO((88URPSHUHODFLRQHVGLSORPiWLFDVFRQ&XEDHO
FXOWXUD\ODVFRQFLHQFLDV PiVGHGLSORPiWLFRVQRUWHDPHULFDQRVPXFKRVGHHOORVHVStDVSDUWHQ
GHVGH +2//<:22' GH/D+DEDQD/DREVHVLyQHQIHUPL]DSRUHOFRQWUROPXQGLDO\KHPLVIpULFRGH
KDVWDIXQGDFLRQHVGHHV ODVHOLWHVHPSUHVDULDV\PLOLWDUHVGH((88YHDODUHYROXFLyQVRFLDOLVWDFXEDQD
FULWRUHV XQLYHUVLGDGHV FRPRXQDDIUHQWDHQVXVQDULFHV'XUDQWHPHGLRVLJOROD&,$ QRKDGHMDGRGH
SHULRGLVWDV\21*V RUJDQL]DUDFWRVWHUURULVWDVVREUHODLVOD

84 85
El terrorismo norteamericano La respuesta latinoamericana
contra Cuba frente a la CIA
(Q RFWXEUHGHXQWUDLGRUGHO(MpUFLWR5HEHOGHERPEDUGHD/D+DEDQD 'HVGH DQWHVGHODVIXHU]DVUHYROXFLRQDULDVIXQGDQVXVyUJDQRVGH
GHMDQGRYtFWLPDVFRQXQDYLyQTXHSDUWHGH/D)ORULGD $ ILQHVGH VHJXULGDGHLQWHOLJHQFLD&RQHOWULXQIRpVWRVGLULJHQHO0LQLVWHULRGHO,QWHULRU
DYLRQHWDVSURYHQLHQWHVGH((88TXHPDQFDxDYHUDOHV(OFXDQGR
HUDQH[WUDtGRVH[SORVLYRVGHODERGHJDGHOEDUFRIUDQFpV/D&RXEUHWUDtD
DUPDVSDUDHO(MpUFLWR5HEHOGHGHVGH%pOJLFDVHSURGXFHXQYLROHQWRVDER
WDMH(VHDWHQWDGRWHUURULVWDGHOD&,$GHMDPXHUWRV\PiVGHKHULGRV
$ SDUWLUGHHVHVDERWDMHQRUWHDPHULFDQR&XEDGHFLGHFRPSUDUDUPDVDTXLHQ
0,1,17\HO9LFH0LQLVWHULR7pFQLFR907DFDUJRGH0DQXHO3LxHLUR/RVD
GDDOLDVHOJDOOHJRRPiVSRSXODUPHQWH%DUEDUURMD $OOtQDFHHO%XUyGH
DWHQWDGRV XQLGDGHVSHFLDOHQFDUJDGDGHLQYHVWLJDUFRPSORWVVDERWDMHV\
FRQVSLUDFLRQHVGHOD&,$ SDUDHOLPLQDUItVLFDPHQWHD)LGHO&DVWUR*XHYDUD\
RWURVGLULJHQWHV$OJXQRVPLHPEURVGHO%XUyVRQ0DULR0RUDOHV0HVDDOLDV
VHODVYHQGDVHHVWDEOHFHQUHODFLRQHVFRQOD8566\RWURVSDtVHVGHOHVWH 0LJXHOR0D[LPYHWHUDQRFRPEDWLHQWHLQWHUQDFLRQDOLVWDHQODJXHUUDFLYLO
6HVXFHGHQHQWRQFHVODVERPEDV\DFWRVWHUURULVWDVHQOXJDUHVFLYLOHV\S~EOL HVSDxROD&DUORV(QULTXH'tD]&DPDFKRDOLDV7ULOOR-RVp9HLJD3HxDDOLDV
FRVGH&XEDLQFOXLGDVHVFXHODV6RQSDUWHGHOOODPDGR3URJUDPDGHDFFLyQ &RFRR0RUiQ&DUORV9DOGpV3HGUR3LxHLUR\)DELiQ(VFDODQWH)RQWHQWUH
HQFXELHUWDFRQWUDHOUpJLPHQGH&DVWURDXWpQWLFRWHUURULVPRGH(VWDGR PXFKRVRWURV
LPSOHPHQWDGRGHVGHHO&RQVHMRGH6HJXULGDGGHORV((88

$GHPiVGHHVWRVyUJDQRVGHLQWHOLJHQFLDGHVWLQDGRVDYLJLODU\FRQWUDUUHVWDU
(QHOHQWLHUURGHORVPXHUWRVGHODWHQWDGRD/D&RXEUH)LGHOSURQXQFLDSRU HOWHUURULVPRGHOD&,$ HQ&XED)LGHOFUHDOD'LUHFFLyQ*HQHUDOGH/LEHUDFLyQ
SULPHUDYH]ODFRQVLJQD 3DWULDRPXHUWH 0LHQWUDVHQODVLHUUDGHO(VFDP  1DFLRQDO '*/1TXHDxRVGHVSXpVVHOODPDUi'HSDUWDPHQWR $PpULFD GHO
EUD\DQWLJXRVOXJDUWHQLHQWHVGH%DWLVWDDEDVWHFLGRVGHDUPDPHQWRV\GLQHUR SDUWLGRFRPXQLVWD6XWDUHDHVFRRUGLQDU\DSR\DUODOXFKDLQVXUUHFFLRQDOHQ
SRU((88RUJDQL]DQXQDJXHUULOODFRQWUDUUHYROXFLRQDULD5HDOL]DQVDERWDMHV $PpULFD/DWLQD\HOPXQGR/DVHFFLyQGHVWLQDGDDORVUHEHOGHVDIULFDQRVVH
LQFHQGLRVH[SORVLRQHV\DVHVLQDWRVSRUHMHPSORDKRUFDQDOPDHVWURYROXQWD OODPy'LUHFFLyQFLQFR\GHSHQGtDGHOD'*/1-XQWRDHVWDVRUJDQL]DFLR
ULR&RQUDGR%HQtWH]TXHDOIDEHWL]DEDHQODVPRQWDxDV,QWHQWDQSUHSDUDUHO QHV HQRFWXEUHGHVHIRUPDQODV0LOLFLDV1DFLRQDOHV5HYROXFLRQDULDV
WHUUHQRSDUDXQDIXWXUDLQYDVLyQ6RQFRQRFLGRVSRSXODUPHQWHFRPREDQGL 015 7DPELpQ VHFUHDQORV&RPLWpGH'HIHQVDGHOD5HYROXFLyQ&'5
GRV7HUPLQDQGHUURWDGRV\GHVPDQWHODGRVSRUHO(MpUFLWR5HEHOGH\ODV0LOL (QWRQFHV&DPLOR&LHQIXHJRVGHFODUD 1RVRWURVQROHWHQHPRVPLHGRDODV
FLDV5HYROXFLRQDULDVHQODRSHUDFLyQ/LPSLDGHO(VFDPEUD\ PDVDVSRUHVRUHSDUWLPRVDUPDVHQHOSXHEOR 

86 87
Por la Revolucin Mundial El apoyo al Movimiento Revolucionario
$ GLIHUHQFLD GHODPD\RUtDGHORVJRELHUQRVODWLQRDPHULFDQRVTXHKDELWXDO Latinoamericano
PHQWHFHGHQIUHQWHDODVSUHVLRQHVGH((88HQQRPEUHGHORSRVLEOH\GHO
UHDOLVPRODGLUHFFLyQFXEDQDUD]RQDDVt/RV\DQTXLVQRVDFRVDQ"1RVR /D GHUHFKDODWLQRDPHULFDQDUH 
WURVORVHQIUHQWDUHPRVHQWRGRVORVULQFRQHV\FDPLQRVGHOPXQGRSULQFLSDO SLWLHQGR OLEUHWRVGH((88KD
PHQWH$PpULFD /DWLQDIULFD\ $VLD 'HVGH HVHiQJXORIUHQWHDXQDSOD]D LQVLVWLGR FRQTXH )LGHO &DVWUR\
UHSOHWD)LGHOSURQXQFLDXQDFRQVLJQDFpOHEUH/D&RUGLOOHUDGHORV$QGHVVHUi &XEDSUHWHQGHQH[SRUWDU ODUHYR
OD 6LHUUD0DHVWUDGH $PpULFD OXFLyQ(VHSXQWRGHYLVWDSUHVX 
/DWLQD GLVFXUVR HQODSOD]D SRQHTXHDORVSXHEORVVRQSRU
GH ODUHYROXFLyQ QDWXUDOH]D SDVLYRVVyORVHUHEH
(VWH SODQWHRUHVXPHDOPLV ODQVLYLHQHXQLQIOXMRGHVGHDIXH
PRWLHPSRDODFRQWLQXLGDG UD \EODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDHV
KLVWyULFDFRQORVSUR\HFWRVGH XQSURGXFWRH[FHSFLRQDO\DLVODGR
LQGHSHQGHQFLD FRQWLQHQWDOGH DMHQRDODKLVWRULDGH$PpULFD6LQ
6DQ0DUWtQ\%ROtYDU\EHOLQWHUQDFLRQD
OLVPRGHODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQD
HPEDUJRODKLVWRULDUHDOGHPXHV
WUDTXHGHVGHVXVLQLFLRVODVUHEHOLRQHVODWLQRDPHULFDQDVKDQVLGR\VRQSUR
\HFWRVFRQWLQHQWDOHV'HVGHODUHEHOLyQLQGtJHQDGH 7~SDF$PDUXKDVWDODV
UHYROXFLRQHVGHLQGHSHQGHQFLDGH6DQ0DUWtQ\%ROtYDU7RGDVDEDUFDQYDULRV
SDtVHV\WHUULWRULRV)LGHODILUPD /DVUHYROXFLRQHVQRVHH[SRUWDQODVKDFHQ
ORVSXHEORV GLVFXUVRGHO

&RQFLELHQGR D&XEDDSHQDVFRPR SULPHU WHUULWRULROLEUHGH $PpULFD )LGHO

SLHQVDODUHYROXFLyQFRPRXQSUR\HFWRFRQWLQHQWDO1RH[SRUWDQQDGDH[
FHSWRHOHMHPSOR &XEDHVVLPSOHPHQWHXQFDStWXORGHXQDOXFKDPD\RU
TXH DEDUFDWRGDQXHVWUD $PpULFD 'HDOOtTXHWRGRVORVUHEHOGHVKD\DQ
'HDOOtTXH)LGHOVRVWHQJD 6DEHPRVTXHQXHVWUDOLEHUWDGMDPiVVHUiFRP  HQFRQWUDGRUHIXJLRFRODERUDFLyQ\DSR\RHQODLVODHO3DUWLGR5HYROXFLR
SOHWD\FDEDOPLHQWUDVORVGHPiVSXHEORVQRVHDQWDPELpQOLEUHVVDEHPRV QDULRGHORV7UDEDMDGRUHV(MpUFLWR5HYROXFLRQDULRGHO3XHEOR357(53GH
TXHHQQXHVWUDOXFKDFRQWUDHOLPSHULDOLVPRMDPiVSRGUtDPRVVDOLUYLFWRULRVRV $UJHQWLQD0RYLPLHQWRGH,]TXLHUGD5HYROXFLRQDULD0,5GH&KLOH 7XSD
VLQRQRVDSR\DPRVHQODVIXHU]DVGHWRGRVORVTXHOXFKDQFRQWUDHOLPSHULD PDURV0/17GH8UXJXD\\HO(/1GH%ROLYLDHO0,5\HO(/1GH3HU~
OLVPR3RUHVRQXHVWURFDPSRGHEDWDOODDEDUFDWRGRHOPXQGR 'LVFXUVRHQ HO0,5HO359\HO)/1GH9HQH]XHODHO)0/1GH(O6DOYDGRUHO)6/1GH
OD&HQWUDOGH7UDEDMDGRUHV&XEDQRV&7& 1LFDUDJXDHQWUHPXFKtVLPRVRWURV

88 89
Kennedy, la CIA y la invasin de Se incia la transicin al Socialismo
Baha de los Cochinos $OGtDVLJXLHQWHGHOSULPHUERPEDUGHRDORVDHURSXHUWRVFXEDQRVHQHOHQWLH
UUR GHODVYtFWLPDVGHO)LGHOGHFODUDHOFDUiFWHUVRFLDOLVWDGHOD
3RFRGHVSXpVGHODUXSWXUDGHUHODFLRQHVGLSORPiWLFDVHQWUH((88\&XED UHYROXFLyQ6HLQLFLDODWUDQVLFLyQ
PiVSUHFLVDPHQWHHODODV$0VRQERPEDUGHDGRVORVDHUR
SXHUWRVGH6DQWLDJRGH&XED&LXGDG/LEHUWDG\6DQ $QWRQLRGHORV%DxRV
(VHOSUHOXGLRGHODLQYDVLyQPHUFHQDULDGH3OD\D*LUyQR%DKtDGH&RFKL
QRVODPD\RURSHUDFLyQPLOLWDURUJDQL]DGDSRUOD&,$6HKDFHGXUDQWHHO
JRELHUQRGH.HQQHG\

(QWRWDOODDYHQWXUDFRQWUDUUHYROXFLRQDULDGHOD&,$ GHMDPXHUWRV\PiV
GHKHULGRV/RVDYLRQHVGHOD&,$ XWLOL]DQFRPRGLVIUD]VLJODVGHO(MpUFL
WR FXEDQR/DLQYDVLyQTXHVHSURSRQtDPDQWHQHUXQDFDEH]DGHSOD\D
SDUD SHUPLWLUXQDLQWHUYHQFLyQ
GLUHFWD GH((88HVGHUUR
/DIORWLOODGHEDUFRVGHODLQYDVLyQPHUFHQDULDSDUWHGHOD1LFDUDJXDVRPR WDGD HQPHQRVGHKRUDV
FLVWD(OGLFWDGRU/XLV6RPR]DSHyQGHODSROtWLFDQRUWHDPHULFDQDHQ$PpUL (O ~OWLPRSXQWRPHUFHQDULR
FDFHQWUDOJULWDDQWHORVEDUFRVDOPRPHQWRGHSDUWLU 7UiLJDQPHXQSDUGH FDH DODV30GHO
SHORVGHODEDUEDGH&DVWUR /DEULJDGDGHDVDOWRFXHQWDFRQEDWDOORQHV (V3OD\D*LUyQOD
TXH HQWRWDOVXPDQPiVGH SULPHUDJUDQGHUURWDGHOLPSH
KRPEUHV FRQWUDWDGRVHQ0LDPL ULDOLVPRHQQXHVWURFRQWLQHQWH&XEDWRPDPHUFH
DYLRQHVGHFRPEDWHWDQTXHVSHVD QDULRVSULVLRQHURVPXFKRVH[SURSLHWDULRVKLMRVGHODWLIXQ
GRV GHJXHUUD6KHUPDQFDUURV GLVWDV PLHPEURVGHODDOWDVRFLHGDG\WRUWXUDGRUHVGH
EOLQGDGRV\FDxRQHVVLQUHWURFHVR %DWLVWD((88DFHSWDUHFRJHUORVPHUFHQDULRVSDJDQ
6X SRGHUGHIXHJRHVPD\RUTXHHO GRD&XEDXQDLQGHPQL]DFLyQGHPLOORQHVGHGyOD
TXH WXYRHO(MpUFLWR5HEHOGHFXDQGR UHV/RVSULVLRQHURVVRQFDQMHDGRVSRUPHGLFLQDV\DOL
OXFKDEDFRQWUD%DWLVWD6XVSULPHUDV PHQWRV /DQHJRFLDFLyQVHFRQRFHSRSXODUPHQWHFRPR
YtFWLPDVVRQFLYLOHV PHUFHQDULRVSRUFRPSRWDV

90 91
Dos revoluciones o un mismo proceso Playa Girn y las fuerzas morales
ininterrumpido? &yPRIXHSRVLEOHHOWULXQIRGH3OD\D*LUyQ"(QPD\RGHHO&KH*XH 
YDUDLQWHQWDUHVSRQGHUDVt /RVQRUWHDPHULFDQRVKLFLHURQFiOFXORVPDWHPiWL
$XQTXH ODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQD FRV FRPRVLHQIUHQWHHVWXYLHUDHO(MpUFLWRDOHPiQ\YLQLHUDQDWRPDUXQD
QR VHGHFODUDVRFLDOLVWDGHVGH FDEH]DGHSOD\DHQ1RUPDQGtDWDQWRVDOHPDQHVWLHQHQWDOHVDUPDVQRV
HO VLQRUHFLpQHO RWURVHFKDPRVWDQWDJHQWHWRPDPRVHVWDFDEH]DGHSOD\DSRQHPRVDTXtODV
 VXUDGLFDOL]DFLyQ PLQDVRUJDQL]DPRVHVWR\\DWHQHPRVWRGROLVWR3HUIHFWDPHQWHRUJDQL]D
LQLQWHUUXPSLGD ODFRQGXFHD GRFRQODHIHFWLYLGDGTXHWLHQHQHQHVDVFRVDV3HUROHVIDOWyPHGLUODFRUUH
FRQIURQWDUGHVGHHOLQLFLRFRQHO ODFLyQPRUDOGHIXHU]DV0LGLHURQPDOQXHVWUDFDSDFLGDGGHUHDFFLyQIUHQWH
LPSHULDOLVPR \ODEXUJXHVtD DODDJUHVLyQ\DQWHXQSHOLJUR\GHPRYLOL]DUQXHVWUDVIXHU]DV\HQYLDUODVDO
QDFLRQDO<DGHVGHHO OXJDUGHOFRPEDWH0LGLHURQPDOQXHVWUDFDSDFLGDGGHOXFKDU
FXDQGR VHSURPXOJDODSULPHUD
OH\ GHUHIRUPDDJUDULD)LGHOFKRFDFRQORVSURSLHWDULRV
ORFDOHV\VXVVRFLRVQRUWHDPHULFDQRVGHVSOHJDQGRHODED
QLFRGHFRQWUDGLFFLRQHVGHXQDVRFLHGDGFDSLWDOLVWDGHSHQGLHQ
WHVHPLFRORQLDO\SHULIpULFD(VHFKR
TXHFRQILUPDODLQYLDELOLGDGGHXQ
FDSLWDOLVPR QDFLRQDOLQGHSHQ
GLHQWH\DXWyQRPRODVEXUJXHVt
DV DXWyFWRQDVHVWiQXQLGDVSRU
XQFRUGyQXPELOLFDODODGRPLQDFLyQLPSHULDO\DHQORV\WRGDYtDPXFKRPiV
KR\HQGtD>@

/DUHYROXFLyQFRPLHQ]DFRQXQSURJUDPD
VRFLDOUDGLFDOGHHPDQFLSDFLyQQDFLRQDO
6LQGHWHQHUVHDYDQ]DDOVRFLDOLVPR
+DFLHQGRXQEDODQFH)LGHOH[SOLFD
+DEtDTXHKDFHUODUHYROXFLyQDQWLLP 
SHULDOLVWD\VRFLDOLVWD/DUHYROXFLyQ &RQWLQ~DHO&KH*XHYDUD (OORVFDOFXODURQTXHPLOKRPEUHVHUDQVXILFLHQWHVSDUD
DQWLLPSHULDOLVWD\VRFLDOLVWDVyOR UHVLVWLUSHURQHFHVLWDEDQPLOKRPEUHVTXHOXFKDUDQDKtKDVWDODPXHUWH(QWRQFHV
WHQtDTXHVHUXQDXQDVRODUHYR QRVRWURVKXELpUDPRVHQWUDGRLJXDOSHURFRQXQFRVWRDOWtVLPRGHYLGDVSRUTXHOD
OXFLyQSRUTXHQRKD\PiVTXH RSHUDFLyQGHVGHXQSXQWRGHYLVWDPLOLWDU HVWDEDELHQFRQFHELGD3HURQRVHOH
XQDUHYROXFLyQ(VDHVODJUDQ SXHGHSHGLUDXQKRPEUHFX\RSDSiWHQtDPLOFDEDOOHUtDVGHWLHUUD\TXHYLHQHD
YHUGDGGLDOpFWLFDGHODKXPDQL &XEDVLPSOHPHQWHDKDFHUDFWRGHSUHVHQFLDSDUDTXHOHGHYXHOYDQODVPLOFDED
GDGHOLPSHULDOLVPR\IUHQWHDO OOHUtDVTXHVHYD\DDKDFHUPDWDU IUHQWHDXQJXDMLUR >FDPSHVLQR@TXHQRWHQtD
LPSHULDOLVPRHOVRFLDOLVPR QDGD \TXHWLHQHXQDVJDQDVEiUEDUDVGHPDWDUORSRUTXHOHYDQDTXLWDUVXV
FRPSDUHFHQFLDDQWHODWHOHYL FDEDOOHUtDV(VDSDUWHHVODTXHQRVDEHQPHGLUODVPiTXLQDVHOHFWUyQLFDV(VVX
VLyQFXEDQD FDSDFLGDGGHHTXLYRFDUVHWDQJUDQGHWDQIDQWiVWLFD

92 93
Kennedy y la CIA derrotados Segunda Declaracin de la Habana
en Playa Girn (O&XEDHVH[SXOVDGDGHOD2($ SRU((88\VXVWtWHUHVDH[FHS
FLyQGH0p[LFR(QDVDPEOHDHQODSOD]DGHODUHYROXFLyQ)LGHOUHVSRQGHFRQ
/D2($ QRFRQGHQDODLQYDVLyQGH%DKtDGH&RFKLQRVSRUHVR)LGHOODOODPD OD6HJXQGD'HFODUDFLyQGH/D+DEDQDPDQLILHVWRTXHOHHODKLVWRULDGH$Pp
PLQLVWHULRGHFRORQLDV\DQTXL\EORTXHPLOLWDUFRQWUDORVSXHEORVGH $PpULFD ULFD /DWLQDFRQODGRPLQDFLyQGHOFRORQLDOLVPRHVSDxRO\HOLPSHULDOLVPR
/DWLQDGLVFXUVRGHO/OHJDQGRDOOtPLWHGHODGHVIDFKDWH]((88 \DQTXLGHVGHODSHUVSHFWLYDGHODFODVHWUDEDMDGRUD\ORVSXHEORVVRPHWL
SURSRQHH[SXOVDUD&XEDGHOD2($'HVSXpVGHODGHUURWDGH*LUyQHOVHFUH GRVORVTXHDFXPXODQFRQVXWUDEDMRODVULTXH]DVFUHDQORVYDORUHVKDFHQ
WDULRGHGHIHQVDGH((885REHUW0F1DPDUDUHSURFKDVXLQHSWLWXGDOD&,$ DQGDUODVUXHGDVGHODKLVWRULD\KR\GHVSLHUWDQGHOODUJRVXHxRHPEUXWHFHGRU
&UHDHQWRQFHVXQVHUYLFLRGHLQWHOLJHQFLDSDUDOHORGHSHQGLHQWHGHOPLQLVWHULR DTXHORVVRPHWLHURQGLVFXUVRGHO
GHGHIHQVD\DQTXLOD',$ 'HIHQVH,QWHOOLJHQFH$JHQF\TXHVHVXPDDO%,5
%XUHDXRI,QWHOOLJHQFHDQG5HVHDUFK GHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGHHVWDGRPXOWLSOL 
FDQGRJHRPpWULFDPHQWHODVWDUHDVGHUHSUHVLyQ\SROLFtDPXQGLDO
7UDV HVDGHUURWDYHUJRQ]RVDORV\DQTXLVLPSOHPHQWDQOD2SHUDFLyQ0DQ
JRVWDTXHFRQVLVWHHQGLVSDUDUFRQWUDODVFRVWDVGH&XEDKLULHQGRRPDWDQ
GRFLYLOHVGHVGHEDUFRVDUWLOODGRVSURYHQLHQWHVGH((885REHUW.HQQHG\ 
KHUPDQRGHOSUHVLGHQWHQRUWHDPHULFDQR\ILVFDOJHQHUDOVLQWHWL]DORVREMHWLYRV
GHOVLJXLHQWHPRGR0LLGHDHVDJXLMRQHDUVREUHODLVOD>&XED@ FRQHVSLRQDMH
VDERWDMHV\GHVyUGHQHVJHQHUDOHVHPSXMDQGRDORVFXEDQRV (QORV
(QHVWHGLVFXUVRPDQLILHVWRHODQWLLPSHULDOLVPRVHHQWUHFUX]DFRQODLGHQWLGDG
VRFLDOLVWDPLHQWUDVVHFXHVWLRQDDODEXUJXHVtDQDFLRQDO(QODVDFWXDOHVFRQ
GLFLRQHVKLVWyULFDVGH$PpULFDODWLQDODEXUJXHVtDQDFLRQDOQRSXHGHHQFDEH]DU
ODOXFKDDQWLIHXGDO\DQWLLPSHULDOLVWD/DH[SHULHQFLDGHPXHVWUDTXHHQQXHVWUDV
QDFLRQHV HVDFODVHDXQFRQFRQWUDGLFFLRQHVIUHQWHDOLPSHULDOLVPRKDVLGR
LQFDSD] GHHQIUHQWDUVHSDUDOL]DGDSRUPLHGRDODUHYROXFLyQVRFLDO\DODV
IXQFLRQDULRV5REHUW0DFQDPDUD\ $UWKXU6FKOHVLQJHUDPERVVHFUHWDULRVGH PDVDVH[SORWDGDV)LGHOGLVFXUVRGHO(O&KHFRLQFLGHFRQ)LGHOODV
GHIHQVDGH.HQQHG\\-RKQVRQFRQILHVDQS~EOLFDPHQWHTXHODILQDOLGDGGH EXUJXHVtDVDXWyFWRQDVKDQSHUGLGRWRGDVXFDSDFLGDGGHRSRVLFLyQDOLPSHULD
2SHUDFLyQ0DQJRVWDFRQVLVWtDHQ FUHDUXQDUHYXHOWDLQWHUQDHQ&XED  (Q OLVPRVLDOJXQDYH]ODWXYLHURQ\VyORIRUPDQVXIXUJyQGHFROD1RKD\PiV
IHEUHUR GHVHGHFUHWDHOLQLFLRGHOEORTXHRHFRQyPLFRILQDQFLHUR\ FDPELRV TXHKDFHURUHYROXFLyQVRFLDOLVWDRFDULFDWXUDGHUHYROXFLyQ  &KH
FRPHUFLDOGH(VWDGRV8QLGRVFRQWUDODLVOD *XHYDUD0HQVDMHDORVSXHEORVGHOPXQGRDWUDYpVGHOD 7ULFRQWLQHQWDO

94 95
Los atentados norteamericanos
contra Cuba
'XUDQWHVXVSULPHURVFXDWURDxRVGHUHYROXFLyQ&XEDVXIUHPiVGHDWHQ
WDGRV\VDERWDMHVSHUSHWUDGRVSRUOD&,$\VXVDJHQWHVGHRULJHQFXEDQR3RU
HMHPSOR(GXDUGR)HUUHUH[SLORWRGHOD&,$UHFRQRFHS~EOLFDPHQWHTXHHQWUH
VHSWLHPEUHGH\PDU]RGHOD&,$ UHDOL]DPLVLRQHVGHVXPLQLV
WURVDpUHRVGHDUPDV\H[SORVLYRVDODVEDQGDVFRQWUDUUHYROXFLRQDULDVGHOD
LVOD>)HUUHU2SHUDWLRQ3XPD/DEDWDOODDpUHDGH%DKtDGH&RFKLQRV @
$XQTXH ORJUDUHFKD]DUODLQYDVLyQGH%DKtDGHORV&RFKLQRV&XEDHVEOR
TXHDGDHFRQyPLFDPHQWHSRU((88
$xRVGHVSXpVODDFWLYLGDGGHOD&,$ SHUVLVWHHQHOWHUURULVPRFRQWUD&XEDD
La Crisis de los Misiles
&RPRSURGXFWRGHODVDJUHVLRQHVSHUPDQHQWHV
GH((88FRQWUD&XEDWDQWRHQODLQYDVLyQGH
%DKtDGH&RFKLQRVFRPRHQORVFDxRQHRVGHOD
2SHUDFLyQ 0DQJRVWDVHOOHJDDODFULVLVGH
ORV PLVLOHVRFULVLVGHRFWXEUH3DUDGHIHQ
GHUVHGHQXHYDVDJUHVLRQHV&XEDILUPDFRQOD
8QLyQ6RYLpWLFDXQDFXHUGRSDUDLQVWDODUHQOD
LVODFRKHWHVGHDOFDQFHPHGLR&XEDSURSRQH
TXHVHKDJDS~EOLFRHODFXHUGR/RVVRYLpWLFRV
QR DFHSWDQ((88DPHQD]DDODLVODFRQHO
KRORFDXVWRQXFOHDU(OHVWDOODODFULVLV((88GHPDQGDDOD8566
HO UHWLURGHORVPLVLOHV\EORTXHDQDYDOPHQWHD&XED3RUODPDxDQD)LGHO
&DVWURSRQHHQDODUPDGHFRPEDWHDVXVIXHU]DV(O&XEDGHUUL
EDXQDYLyQHVStD8TXHYXHODVREUHVXWHUULWRULR(OPXQGROOHJDDOERUGH
GHODJXHUUDQXFOHDU
/XHJRGHVHLV
GtDVGHFULVLV
H[WUHPDHO
)LGHO
SHVDUGHTXHUHWyULFDPHQWH((88FRQGHQDHOWHUURULVPR(QOD&,$ &DVWUR\ORVGLUL
DSDGULQDQGRD2UODQGR%RVFK/XLV3RVDGD&DUULOHV+HUQiQ5LFDUGR\)UHGG\ JHQWHVFXEDQRVVH
/XJRHQWUHRWURVWHUURULVWDVGHXOWUDGHUHFKDGH0LDPLKDFHHVWDOODUXQDYLyQ HQWHUDQGHODUUH
FLYLOFXEDQRHQSOHQRYXHORHQ%DUEDGRV $VHVLQDQDSDVDMHURV\WULSX
ODQWHV(VHDxRORVWHUURULVWDVDQWLFDVWULVWDVH[SORWDQXQDERPEDHQ-DPDLFD
HQXQDYDOLMDGHVWLQDGDDXQDYLyQFLYLOFXEDQR 7DPELpQDWDFDQHQHOPDUD
HPEDUFDFLRQHV FLYLOHVFXEDQDV(VWRV\RWURVWHUURULVWDVGH0LDPL-RVp
%DVXOWR -RVp+HUQiQGH]&DOYR-RVp'LRQLVLR6XiUH](VTXLYHO*XVWDYR
6DPSHU\)pOL[5RGUtJXH]DVHVLQDQD2UODQGR/HWHOLHUHQ:DVKLQJWRQSDU
WLFLSDQ HQODJXHUUDVXFLDGH1LFDUDJXD\FRODERUDQHVWUHFKDPHQWHFRQODV
JORHQWUH.HQQHG\
\.UXVFKHY (QWRQFHV
ODGLUHFFLyQFXEDQD
ODQ]DD((88XQDH[LJHQFLDGHFLQFRSXQWRVFHVHGHOEORTXHRFHVHGHODV
DJUHVLRQHVFRQLQYDVLRQHVHVStDV\VDERWDMHVILQDORVDWDTXHVSLUDWDV\FDxR
QHRVFHVHGHODVYLRODFLRQHVGHOHVSDFLRDpUHR\GHYROXFLyQGHODEDVHQDYDO
GH*XDQWiQDPRD&XED3HURODGLUHFFLyQVRYLpWLFDHVWiPiVSUHRFXSDGDSRU
GLFWDGXUDVPLOLWDUHVGHOFRQRVXU9LGHOD3LQRFKHW6WURHVVQHUHWF ORVFRKHWHVQRUWHDPHULFDQRVHQ7XUTXtDTXHSRUODVREHUDQtDGH&XED

96 97
El asesinato de Kennedy El complejo apoyo de la U.R.S.S.
(O  PLHQWUDVYLDMDHQXQDXWRPyYLOGHVFDSRWDEOHSRU'DOODV (OYtQFXORHQWUH&XED\OD8566QRFRPLHQ]DFRQODFULVLVGHORVPLVLOHVVLQR
7H[DVHOSUHVLGHQWH.HQQHG\HVDVHVLQDGRFRQYDULRVGLVSDURVHQODFDEH PXFKRDQWHV$ PHGLGDTXH((88DXPHQWDVXSUHVLyQ\DJUHVLYLGDGVREUHOD
]D \HQHOFXHOOR $XQTXH RILFLDOPHQWH((88FXOSDD/HH+DUYH\2VZDOG QDFLHQWHUHYROXFLyQOD8QLyQ6RYLpWLFDRIUHFHXQPD\RUDSR\RHFRQyPLFR\
FXULRVDPHQWHDVHVLQDGRGRVGtDVGHVSXpVSRUHOSURSLHWDULRGHXQEDUQRF PLOLWDU8QRGHORVSULPHURVGLSORPiWLFRVVRYLpWLFRVTXHYLVLWD&XEDHVHOYLFH
WXUQRGH'DOODV-DFN5XE\GHWUiVGHODWHQWDGRFRQWUD.HQQHG\HVWiODFRQV
SLUDFLyQGHOD&,$ MXQWRFRQODPDILD\ORVH[LOLDGRVFXEDQRVGHVFRQWHQWRVSRU
ODPDQREODQGDGH.HQQHG\
/D H[WUHPDGHUHFKDGH0LDPL\ORVVHFWRUHVPiVDQWLFRPXQLVWDVGH: DV
KLQJWRQTXLHUHQLQFXOSDUD)LGHO&DVWURSRUHODVHVLQDWRGH.HQQHG\ SHUROD
&RPLVLyQ:DUUHQGHO&RQJUHVRHVWDGRXQLGHQVHHQFDUJDGDGHLQYHVWLJDUHO
DVHVLQDWROOHJDDODFRQFOXVLyQGHTXH)LGHO\HOJRELHUQRGH&XEDQRWLH
QHQQDGDTXHYHU0XFKRVDxRVGHVSXpVHQHOGLUHFWRUGHFLQHQRUWHD
SUHPLHUGHOD8566$QDVWDV0LNR\DQKRPEUHFODYHHQWHPDVGHUHODFLRQHV
HFRQyPLFDV
'HVDILDQGRODVDPHQD]DVGH((880LNR\DQHVUHFLELGRHQ/D+DEDQDFRPR
KXpVSHGGHKRQRU(QWUHRWURVLQWHUFDPELRV&XEDFRPLHQ]DDYHQGHUD]~
FDU\QtTXHODOD8QLyQ6RYLpWLFDDFDPELRGHSHWUyOHR(VHYtQFXOREHQHILFLD
DO JRELHUQRUHYROXFLRQDULRGH/D+DEDQDTXLHQPDQWLHQHIUHQWHDOD8566
WRWDO LQGHSHQGHQFLDHQHOWHUUHQRSROtWLFRHLGHROyJLFR&XEDUHFLpQLQJUHVD
IRUPDOPHQWHDO&$0(&RQVHMRGH$\XGD0XWXD(FRQyPLFDRUJDQLVPRLQWH
PHULFDQR2OLYHU6WRQHUHDOL]DHOFpOHEUHILOP-.) UHVSRQVDELOL]DQGRDOD&,$ \ UHVWDWDOGHORVSDtVHVGHOHVWHHXURSHRIXQGDGRHQ0RVF~HQHQHURGH
DODPDILDDQWLFDVWULVWDGH0LDPL DxRVGHVSXpVGHOWULXQIRUHYROXFLRQDULRRVHDHQ

98 99
La poltica de la U.R.S.S. en los 60 La U.R.S.S. y la revoluciones en
7UDVODPXHUWHGH6WDOLQHQ HOPi[LPRSRGHUHQOD8566SDVDDPDQRV el Tercer Mundo
GH 1LNLWD6HUJXpLHYLFK-UXVFKRYR.UXVFKHY>@SULPHUVHFUHWDULR
GHOFRPLWpFHQWUDOGHO3DUWLGR&RPXQLVWD3&86GHVGHKDVWD\ (QORV.UXVFKHYHVHOPi[LPRSURPRWRUGHODGRFWULQDGHOVXSXHVWR WUiQ
MHIHGHJRELHUQRHQWUH\.UXVFKHYHQFDEH]DHQHO;;&RQ VLWRSDFtILFRDOVRFLDOLVPRHQVD\DGDLQIUXFWXRVDPHQWHHQORVSRU6DOYD 
JUHVRGHO3&86GRQGHGHQXQFLDSRVWPRUWHPORVFUtPHQHVGH6WDOLQ6H GRU$OOHQGHHQ&KLOH\SRUHOHXURFRPXQLVPRHQ,WDOLD)UDQFLD\(VSDxD3RU
LQLFLDDVtXQVWDOLQLVPRVLQ6WDOLQXQDJJLRUQDPLHQWRHLQWHQWRGHPRGHUQL HVROD8566QRDOLHQWDODVLQVXUUHFFLRQHVQLODVUHYROXFLRQHVHQ$PpULFD/DWL
]DFLyQGHODHOLWHEXURFUiWLFDTXHJRELHUQDOD8566 QD\HO7HUFHU0XQGRSULQFLSDOPHQWHODVTXHVHGHVDUUROODQFRQOXFKDDUPD
GD&XEDQRHVODH[FHSFLyQ

/D8566GH.UXVFKHYDSR\DD)LGHO&DVWUR
\VXVFRPSDxHURVXQDYH]TXHpVWRVWULXQIDQ
\GHVSXpVGHODWRPDGHOSRGHUSULQFLSDOPHQ
WHSRUVXHQIUHQWDPLHQWRFRQ((88\VXSRVL
FLyQJHRHVWUDWpJLFDHQRFFLGHQWHSHUROD
UHYROXFLyQFXEDQDHQVXIDVHLQVXUUHFFLRQDO
QRUHFLEHD\XGDVRYLpWLFDWDPSRFROD
VROLFLWD'XUDQWHWRGDODGpFDGDGHO
&XED\OD8566D~QFRODERUDQGRHQWUH
VtPDQWLHQHQOtQHDVSROtWLFDVGLYHUJHQWHV
0iVUDGLFDOHQHOFDVRGH&XED
PiVPRGHUDGDHQHOFDVRGHOD
8566\VXVSDtVHVDOLDGRVGHO
(QODSROtWLFDLQWHUQD.UXVFKHYSURPXHYHUHIRUPDVGHPHUFDGRSULQFLSDO HVWHHXURSHR(QORVHVD
PHQWHHQHOiUHDDJUtFROD(QORLQWHUQDFLRQDOSURSLFLDODFRH[LVWHQFLDSDFt SROtWLFDGH.UXVFKHYJHQHUD
ILFDFRQHOLPSHULDOLVPRFDSLWDOLVWDVLHPSUHEDMRHOUHVSHWRGHODViUHDV FRQIOLFWR\UXSWXUDHQWUHOD
GHLQIOXHQFLDIRUPXODGDVHQODSRVJXHUUD8566HQHOHVWH((88HQHO 8566\OD&KLQDGH0DR7VH
RHVWH 7XQJ>@

100 101
Fidel frente a Lenin y Stalin
/DUHYROXFLyQEROFKHYLTXHWULXQIDHQ5XVLDHQRFWXEUHGH/DGLULJH9ODGLPLU
,OLFK8OLDQRYDOLDV/HQLQ>@VHFXQGDGRSRUHOFUHDGRUGHOHMpUFLWRURMR
/HyQ'DYtGRYLFK%URQVWHLQDOLDV7URWVN\>@7UDVODPXHUWHGH/HQLQHQ
FUHFHODGLVSXWDHQWUH6WDOLQ\7URWVN\(QFDEH]DQGRXQDHOLWHEXURFUiWLFD\
DXWRULWDULD6WDOLQPRQRSROL]DHOSRGHUHOLPLQDQGRItVLFDPHQWHFRQMXLFLRVIUD
JXDGRVDFDVLWRGRHOFRPLWpFHQWUDOEROFKHYLTXHGH*RELHUQDGHVGHORV
Cuba, la U.R.S.S. y la
polmica ideolgica
/DVGLYHUJHQFLDVHQWUH&XED\OD8566D~QPDQWHQLHQGRHOYtQFXORODVROL 
GDULGDG\ODFRODERUDFLyQUHFtSURFDQRVRQVyORSROtWLFDV6RQWDPELpQWHyUL
FDVHLGHROyJLFDV/DSROpPLFDVHGDDOLQWHULRUGHOPDU[LVPR(QHOSHQVD
PLHQWRGH)LGHO\GHORVSULQFLSDOHVGLULJHQWHVGHODUHYROXFLyQFRPRHO&KH
KDVWD&XDQGRPXHUHHVVXFHGLGRSRU.UXVFKHY(QODSURORQJDGDUHOD *XHYDUDODpWLFDODYROXQWDGODVXEMHWLYLGDGODKLVWRULD\ODSUD[LVDSDUHFHQ
FLyQGH&XEDFRQOD8566)LGHOVHGHFODUDGLVFtSXORGH/HQLQSURIXQGRDGPLUD FRPR HMHVFHQWUDOHVGHOSHQVDPLHQWRUHYROX
GRUGHODUHYROXFLyQEROFKHYLTXHSHURFUtWLFRGH6WDOLQ FLRQDULRHQRSRVLFLyQDOHFRQRPLFLVPRDOHWD
SLVPRDOGHWHUPLQLVPR\DO
HXURFHQWULVPR GHDTXHO
PDU[LVPR FRQVDJUDGR
FRPRRILFLDOHQODDQWL
JXD8566

/DEXURFUDFLDVWDOLQLVWDGLODSLGDHODVDOWRDOFLHORGH\HOKHURtVPRGHOSXH /DRULJLQDOLGDGGHOSHQVDPLHQWRGH)LGHOHO&KH\ODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQD
EORVRYLpWLFRTXHVDFULILFDPLOORQHVGHSHUVRQDVSDUDGHUURWDUDORVQD]LV DSRUWDXQDQXHYDOHFWXUDQRHFRQRPLFLVWDGHOPDU[LVPR/DUHYROXFLyQ
+DFLHQGRXQEDODQFHVREUH6WDOLQ\ODEXURFUDFLDHO)LGHOGLFH /RV QRVHEDVDVyORHQODHFRQRPtDDEDUFDWDPELpQODpWLFDODFXOWXUDODQXH
SHRUHVHUURUHVGH6WDOLQVRQDGHPiVGHVXDEXVRGHSRGHU VXFUXHOGDGVXV YDVXEMHWLYLGDG\ORVYDORUHV(VHDSRUWHODWLQRDPHULFDQRGH&XEDDOSHQVD
SXUJDV\ODYLRODFLyQGHODOHJDOLGDGODFROHFWLYL]DFLyQIRU]RVDGHOFDPSRHOSDF PLHQWRPXQGLDOFRQYHUJHFRQRWUDVSHUVSHFWLYDVUHYR
WRVLQSULQFLSLRVFRQORVQD]LVHQODRFXSDFLyQGHXQDSDUWHGH3RORQLDOD OXFLRQDULDVGHRULJHQHXURSHR
JXHUUDD)LQODQGLDHOKDEHUGHVFDEH]DGRHOHMpUFLWRVRYLpWLFRQRKDEHUPRYLOL FRPRHOPDU[LVPRFXOWXUDOLVWD
]DGRDWRGRHOSXHEORDQWHVGHODLQYDVLyQQD]L\VHUHDFFLyQGHPDVLDGRFDXWH GH$QWRQLR*UDPVFLRHO
ORVDDQWHVGHHVDLQYDVLyQ(O)LGHODJUHJD +LWOHUDGTXLUtDSRGHUHQ PDU[LVPRGLDOpFWLFRGH
(XURSDOD8566VHJXtDXQDSROtWLFDGHSXUJDVGRQGHVHFRPHWLHURQWRGRJpQH *\|UJ\/XNiFV+HQUL
URGHDEXVRV\FUtPHQHV3UiFWLFDPHQWHGHVFDEH]DURQHOSDUWLGR\ODVIXHU]DV /HIHEYUH\.DUHO
DUPDGDV ORGHVFDEH]DURQWRGR\FRQWULEX\HURQDFUHDUODVFRQGLFLRQHVPiV .RVLNHQWUH
DGYHUVDVFXDQGROOHJyHOPRPHQWRGHODJXHUUD >@6LQRIXHUDSRUORVWUHPHQ PXFKRVRWURV
GRVHUURUHVGH6WDOLQODVHJXQGDJXHUUDPXQGLDOQRWHUPLQDHQ%HUOtQVLQRHQ SHQVDGR
3RUWXJDO(OHMpUFLWRURMRSRGUtDKDEHUWULXQIDGRHQWRGD(XURSD\QRKDEUtDKDEL UHVKHWHUR
GRVHJXQGRIUHQWHQLGHVHPEDUFRGHQRUWHDPHULFDQRVHQ(XURSD  GR[RV

102 103
Fidel frente al Sectarismo y
el Burocratismo Stalinista
(QIUHQWDGR FRQHOJLJDQWHQRUWHDPHULFDQR\VXSUHSRWHQFLDQXFOHDU  )LGHO
DFHSWDHODSR\RVRYLpWLFR $XQFRQGLYHUJHQFLDVSLHQVDTXHODFRODERUDFLyQ
HQWUH&XED\OD8566PLOLWDU HFRQyPLFDHQHUJpWLFDHWFHVLPSUHVFLQ
GLEOHSDUDQRVRPHWHUVHDOFUXHODPRGHOQRUWHTXHQRVGHVSUHFLD\QRVKXPL
OOD6LQHPEDUJR)LGHODGYLHUWHGHVGHHOLQLFLRTXHQRDGPLWLUiGHQWURGHOD
UHYROXFLyQ FXEDQDSRVLFLRQHVVHFWDULDVTXHLQWHQWHQWUDVODGDUDODLVODORV
PpWRGRVEXURFUiWLFRVGHODGLULJHQFLDVRYLpWLFD
7DQWR DOJXQRVDGHPDQHVDQWLFRPXQLVWDVGHO0RGHO'5FRPRHO
VHFWDULVPREXURFUiWLFRGHO363 DWHQWDQFRQWUDODXQLGDGGHORVUHYROXFLRQDULRV
(VHFXHVWLRQDPLHQWRGH)LGHOFRQWUDHOVHFWDULVPR\HOEXURFUDWLVPRVHUHSLWH
HQ YDULDVRSRUWXQLGDGHV3RU
HMHPSORHQMXOLRGHFXDQ
GR VHIRUPDQODVRUJDQL]DFLR
QHV UHYROXFLRQDULDVLQWHJUDGDV
Palabras a los intelectuales
0LHQWUDV VHUHFKD]DQODVLQWHQWRQDVQRUWHDPHULFDQDVSRUGHVHVWDELOL]DUHO
SURFHVRSROtWLFRGHVGHHOWHUURULVPR\ODLQYDVLyQKDVWDODDPHQD]DQXFOH
DU ODUHYROXFLyQDYDQ]DHQVXWHUUHQRPiVILUPHHOGHODFXOWXUD(O
HQOD%LEOLRWHFD1DFLRQDOGH/D+DEDQD)LGHOSURQXQFLDXQGLV
FXUVRIDPRVRTXHVHFRQRFHUiFRPRSDODEUDVDORVLQWHOHFWXDOHV(VWiQSUH
VHQWHVDOJXQRVGHORVPiVUHQRPEUDGRVLQWHOHFWXDOHV\DUWLVWDVGH&XED-RVp
/H]DPD/LPD9LUJLOLR3LxHUD$QWyQ$UUXIDW-XOLR*DUFtD(VSLQRVD6DQWLDJR
OYDUH]7RPiV*XWLpUUH]$OHD1LFROiV*XLOOpQ/LVDQGUR2WHUR&DUPHOR*RQ
]iOH]5REHUWR)HUQiQGH]5HWDPDU *XLOOHUPR&DEUHUD,QIDQWH&DUORV)UDQ
TXL$OHMR&DUSHQWLHU\$OIUHGR*XHYDUDHQWUHPXFKtVLPRVRWURV\RWUDV
25,\HO363 SUHWHQGHFDSWX
UDU WRGRVORVFDUJRVEXURFUiWL
FDPHQWH /XHJRHQ
FXDQGR VHIRUPDXQDFRQVSLUD
FLyQFRQWUD)LGHO\HO&KHGHXQ
JUXSLWR VWDOLQLVWDTXHRSHUD
GHVGH XQEDUFRVRYLpWLFR
HQFDEH]DGR SRU $QtEDO (VFD
ODQWH VHFUHWDULRGHRUJDQL]D
FLyQGHODV25,7DPELpQHQHO
MXLFLRGHPDU]RGHD0DU
FRV5RGUtJXH]GHODWRU\WUDLGRU
HQWLHPSRVGH%DWLVWDSURWHJL
GRSRUGRVDOWRVPLHPEURVGHO
363$SR\DQGRODVFUtWLFDVGH
)LGHO HO&KHHVFULEHHQ $ GLIHUHQFLDGHORTXHKDEtDVXFHGLGRHQOD8QLyQ6RYLpWLFDDSDUWLUGH
&RQWUD HOEXURFUDWLVPR(Q pSRFDHQTXHVHFRQVROLGDSROtWLFDPHQWHHOVWDOLQLVPR\VHLPSRQHSRUOD
VXV GLVFXUVRVGHO IXHU]DHOUHDOLVPRVRFLDOLVWDFRPRGRFWULQDRILFLDOHQODHVWpWLFDHQ&XED
 \)LGHO QRH[LVWHXQDHVWpWLFDRILFLDO3UROLIHUDQGLYHUVDVFRUULHQWHVQXPHURVDVHVFXH
LQVLVWH FRQWUDODPHQWDOLGDG ODV\WUDGLFLRQHVDUWtVWLFDVGHVGHODVYDQJXDUGLDVKDVWDHOUHDOLVPRGHVGHOR
VHUYLO KDFLDHOGRJPDWLVPR UHDOPDUDYLOORVRKDVWDHOIRUPDOLVPR(QVXV3DODEUDVDORVLQWHOHFWXDOHV
VRYLpWLFR\VXPDQXDOLVPR )LGHOGHMDHQFODURTXHODUHYROXFLyQHVDELHUWD\FRQWLHQHDWRGRVVLHPSUH\
FXDQGRQRVHDQFRQWUDUUHYROXFLRQDULRV

104 105
Libros para todo el mundo El Cine de la Revolucin
8QRGHORVSULPHURVWtWXORVTXHHGLWDODUHYROXFLyQHVHO 4XLMRWH GH0LJXHOGH (Q VHFUHDOD'LUHFFLyQGH&XOWX
&HUYDQWHV/DWLUDGDHVGHHMHPSODUHV\VHYHQGHDSUHFLRLUULVRULR(VD UD GHO(MpUFLWR5HEHOGH6HILOPDQORV
HGLFLyQPDUFDXQYLUDMHKLVWyULFRHQODSROtWLFDHGLWRULDOFXEDQD'HVGHOD GRFXPHQWDOHV (VWD WLHUUDQXHVWUD  GH
,PSUHQWD1DFLRQDOGH&XEDHVGLULJLGDSRUHOFpOHEUHHVFULWRU $OHMR&DUSHQWLHU 7RPiV 7LWyQ *XWLpUUH] $OHD >
)LGHOFUHD(GLFLRQHV5>HGLFLRQHVUHYROXFLRQDULDV@\HO,QVWLWXWRGHO/LEURVXEVL @ \ /D YLYLHQGD GH -XOLR*DUFtD
GLDGRVSRUHOHVWDGR(VWDVLQVWLWXFLRQHVIXVLODQ>FRSLDQ\HGLWDQHQIRUPDSLUD (VSLQRVD>@/RVWHUPLQDHO,QVWL
WD@PLOHVGHWtWXORVGHWRGRHOPXQGR)LGHOGHFODUDS~EOLFDPHQWHTXH&XEDQR WXWR &XEDQRGH $UWH H,QGXVWULD&LQH
UHFODPDGHUHFKRVGHDXWRU\WDPSRFRORVSDJD/DFXOWXUDHQUHYROXFLyQGHEH PDWRJUiILFRV,&$,&FUHDGRHQPDU]R
VHUJUDWXLWDGHEHHVWDUVXEVLGLDGD\QRSXHGHVXERUGLQDUVHDOPHUFDGR GH6XSUHVLGHQWH $OIUHGR*XH
YDUD 9DOGpV >@DQXQFLDODLQWHU
YHQFLyQGHODVHPSUHVDV\DQTXLVGLVWUL
EXLGRUDV GHSHOtFXODV $GHPiV GHO
FLQH HOVpSWLPRSLVRGHO,&$,&HVHO
OXJDUGHUHXQLyQGHPXFKRVLQVXUJHQ
WHVODWLQRDPHULFDQRV(QVHIXQGD
OD&LQHPDWHFD(O,&$,&SURPXHYHXQD
FLQHPDWRJUDItD SURSLD\GHEDWHVDQWH
XQ S~EOLFRDPSOLDGR6XVILOPHVVRQ
SUHPLDGRV HQWRGRVORVIHVWLYDOHVGHO
PXQGR &RQHOGLUHFWRUGHO1RWLFLHUR
GHO ,&$,&6DQWLDJROYDUH]>
@QDFHHOQXHYRGRFXPHQWDOFXED
QR(QVHFUHDQORVFLQHPyYLOHV
FRQFDPLRQHVODQFKDV\PXODV
7LWyQ GLULJHILOPHVIRUPLGDEOHVFRPR
0HPRULDV GHOVXEGHVDUUROOR R /D
PXHUWH GHXQEXUyFUDWD  (O,&$,&SURPXHYHHO*UXSRGH([SHULPHQWDFLyQ
6RQRUD\HO*UXSRGH([SHULPHQWDFLyQ*UiILFD\$XGLRYLVXDO(QVHDEUH
ODSROpPLFD(OGLUHFWRUGHO,&$,&$*XHYDUDGLVFXWHFRQ%ODV5RFDGLULJHQ
(VWDLQWHQVDSROtWLFDFXOWXUDO\HGLWRULDOFRQVWLWX\HODSDUWHHVHQFLDOGHWRGDXQD WHGHODQWLJXR363TXLHQVHRSRQHDH[KLELUHQ&XED /DGROFHYLWD GH))HOOL
RIHQVLYD LGHROyJLFDTXH)LGHOLPSULPHDODUHYROXFLyQ&RPRSDUWHGHHVD QL$FFDWRQH GH333DVROLQL(OiQJHOH[WHUPLQDGRU GH/%XxXHO\$OLDV*DU
RIHQVLYD\HVDUDGLFDOL]DFLyQODDVRFLDFLyQGHMyYHQHVUHEHOGHVVHWUDQVIRUPD GHOLWR GH/0XU~DFLQHDVWDVFXEDQRVILUPDQHOGRFXPHQWR&RQFOXVLRQHV
HQ ODXQLyQGHMyYHQHVFRPXQLVWDV8-&/DDGRSFLyQGHOFRPXQLVPRSRU GH XQGHEDWHHQWUHFLQHDVWDVSROHPL]DQGRFRQODVSRVLFLRQHVDILQHVDOD
SDUWHGHODMXYHQWXGUHYROXFLRQDULDFXEDQDUHWRPDODKHUHQFLDUDGLFDOGH-XOLR 8566-XQWRFRQ&DVDGHODV $PpULFDV\HO%DOOHW1DFLRQDOGLULJLGRSRU $OL
$QWRQLR0HOOD\HOFRPXQLVPRKHURLFRGHORVDxRV6XVVtPERORVVRQHO FLD$ORQVRHO,&$,&QRFHGHDORVFULWHULRVVRYLpWLFRVGHO&RQVHMR1DFLRQDO
HVWXGLRHOWUDEDMR\HOIXVLO(O&KH*XHYDUDDFRPSDxDHVWDDGRSFLyQLGHROy GH&XOWXUDTXHSUROLIHUDQHQ&XEDGXUDQWHORV $GHPiVVHFUHDOD)XQ
JLFDLQFHQWLYDGDSRU)LGHOHQXQGLVFXUVRFpOHEUHFRQRFLGRFRPR4XpGHEH GDFLyQ\HO)HVWLYDOGHO1XHYR&LQH/DWLQRDPHULFDQR\OD(VFXHOD,QWHUQDFLR
VHUXQMRYHQFRPXQLVWD" QDOGH&LQH\7HOHYLVLyQGH6DQ$QWRQLRGHORV%DxRV

106 107
Casa de las Amricas, embajadora
cultural
/D &DVDGHODV $PpULFDV HVIXQGDGDHOSRU+D\GHH6DQWDPDUtD
&XDGUDGR >@KHURtQDGHO0RQFDGD $QWH HOEORTXHRFRQWLQHQWDO
FXDQGRWRGRVORVJRELHUQRVGHOFRQWLQHQWHDH[FHSFLyQGH0p[LFRURP
SHQUHODFLRQHVFRQ&XEDSRUPDQGDWRGH((88OD&DVDVHFRQYLHUWHHQOD
HPEDMDGDFXOWXUDOGHODUHYROXFLyQ'LIXQGLHQGRODREUDSURSLDFRPRDQILWULR
QD OD&DVDSURSLFLDODYLVLWDD&XEDGHQXPHURVRVLQWHOHFWXDOHVFUtWLFRVGH
Prensa Latina contra la incomunicacin
3DUD FRQWUDUUHVWDUODSURSDJDQGDFRQWUDUUHYROXFLRQDULDGH8QLWHG3UHVV\
$VVRFLDWHG3UHVV\GLVSXWDUODKHJHPRQtDHQODFRPXQLFDFLyQHOHQ
HO+RWHO1DFLRQDOGH/D+DEDQDVHFUHD3UHQVD/DWLQDODSULPHUDDJHQFLDGH
QRWLFLDVODWLQRDPHULFDQD6XLPSXOVRUHVHOSHULRGLVWDDUJHQWLQRDItQD)LGHO
\DO&KH-RUJH5LFDUGR0DVHWWL*DUFtD0iUTXH]\3OLQLR0HQGR]DVHUiQVXV
FRUUHVSRQVDOHVHQ&RORPELD0DULR*LOHQ0p[LFR'tD]5DQJHOHQ9 HQH]XH
OD7HGG\&yUGREDHQ%ROLYLD$UROGR:DOOHQ%UDVLO*DUFtD/XSRHQ(FXDGRU
\&KLOH2QHWWLHQ8UXJXD\\ 7UtYHULHQ((88-XQWRD0DVHWWLHQ/D+DEDQD
$PpULFD/DWLQD\HOPXQGR-XOLR&RUWi]DU5RTXH'DOWRQ+DUROGR&RQWL-XDQ WUDEDMDRWURDUJHQWLQR5RGROIR:DOVK-36DUWUHHQ)UDQFLD:DO
*HOPDQ0DULR%HQHGHWWL*DEULHO*DUFtD0iUTXH]'DYLG9LxDVHOMRYHQ9DU GR)UDQN\&K:ULJKW0LOOVHQ((88VHUiQFRODERUDGRUHVKDELWXDOHV
JDV/ORVD-XDQ5XOIRHQWUHPXFKtVLPRVRWURV

(O SDSHOIXQGDPHQWDO
TXHDGTXLHUH&DVDGH
ODV $PpULFDV QRHV
LQGHSHQGLHQWH GHOOX
JDU TXHODFXOWXUDOD
pWLFD\ODOXFKDSRUODKHJH
PRQtD RFXSDQHQHOSHQVDPLHQWR
PDU[LVWDGH)LGHOHO&KH*XHYDUD
\ ODGLUHFFLyQUHYROXFLRQDULDSUH
GRPLQD XQPDU[LVPRHWLFLVWD\
FXOWXUDOLVWD/DVIXHU]DVPRUDOHV
\ODEDWDOODFXOWXUDOQRVRQUHIOHMR
SDVLYRGHODHFRQRPtDQLXQDGRU
QRGHFRUDWLYRGHODSROtWLFDFRPR
HQHOPDU[LVPRGHOD8566\SDt
VHVDILQHV$GHPiVGHSURPRYHU
D HVFULWRUHVDUWLVWDVSOiVWLFRV
P~VLFRVWHDWULVWDV\HVWXGLRVRVGHODOLWHUDWXUDODVDUWHV\ODVFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHV
OD&DVDFRELMDDKHUHMHVHLFRQRFODVWDV+D\GHH6DQWDPDUtDSURWHJH\DOLHQWD
DORVLQLFLDGRUHVPXFKDVYHFHVLQFRPSUHQGLGRVSRUDOJXQRVGRJPiWLFRVGH 0XFKRVDxRVGHVSXpV\DHQHOVLJOR;;,)LGHO&DVWUR\+XJR&KiYH]LQWHQ
OD1XHYD7URYDFXEDQD6LOYLR5RGUtJXH]3DEOR0LODQpV $PDXU\3pUH]9LGDO WDQKDFHUDOJRDQiORJRD3UHQVD/DWLQDFUHDQGRXQQXHYRFDQDOODWLQRDPHUL
1RHO,QFROD\6DUD*RQ]iOH] 7DPELpQDFXGHQHOSLQWRUGHOPHVWL]DMH:LOIUHGR FDQR7(/(685+R\>@PiVTXHQXQFDODOXFKDDQWLLPSHULDOLVWDVHGHFL
/DP ORVSRHWDV&LQWLR9 LWLHU \3DEOR $UPDQGR )HUQiQGH]HQWUHPXFKtVLPRV GHHQHOWHUUHQRGHODVFRQFLHQFLDVODVPHQWHV\ORVFRUD]RQHV)UHQWHDOD
RWURV'HVGHSUHVLGHOD&DVD0DULDQR5RGUtJXH]>@\GHVGH GLFWDGXUDPXQGLDOGHORVJUDQGHVPRQRSROLRVGHODLQFRPXQLFDFLyQVHYXHO
HOSRHWD\HQVD\LVWD5REHUWR)HUQiQGH]5HWDPDU>@ YHYLWDOODUHVLVWHQFLDFXOWXUDO\HOSHULRGLVPRDOWHUQDWLYR

108 109
Los discursos pedaggicos de Fidel Ho Chi Minh y la Revolucin en Vietnam
/RV GLVFXUVRVSROtWLFRVGH)LGHOTXHPXFKDVYHFHVGXUDQKRUDVVRQ +R &KL0LQKVHXGyQLPRGH1JX\rQ 7KDW7KDQK >@HVHOPi[LPR
FpOHEUHV+DVWDpOPLVPRKDFHFKLVWHVDOUHVSHFWRDOXGLHQGRDVXSURORQ OtGHUUHYROXFLRQDULRGH9 LHWQDP(QFDEH]DODOXFKDFRQWUDHOFRORQLDOLVPR\HO
JD ORQJLWXG6XHVWLORVHFDUDFWHUL]DSRUXQDSHUPDQHQWHFRPXQLFDFLyQ LPSHULDOLVPRMDSRQpVIUDQFpV\QRUWHDPHULFDQR(QWUDEDMDFRPRFRFLQH
FRQODVPDVDVLQFOXVRHQORVPRPHQWRVGHPD\RUWHQVLyQFRPRODFULVLV URHQXQEDUFR/XHJRYLDMDD/RQGUHV\3DUtVGRQGHSDUWLFLSDGHODIXQGDFLyQ
QXFOHDUGHORVPLVLOHVRODVGLYHUVDVDPHQD]DVGHLQYDVLyQQRUWHDPHULFD GHO3DUWLGR&RPXQLVWD)UDQFpV3&)(OWtR+RDVtOROODPDQFDULxRVDPHQ
QDDODLVOD WHORVYLHWQDPLWDVGHVFXEUHHQ/HQLQODFRPSUHQVLyQGHODOXFKDFRORQLDO\
DQWLLPSHULDOLVWD/DSULPHUDYH]TXHOHtD/HQLQOORUpGHODHPRFLyQ )LGHO\HO
&KHVLHQWHQJUDQDGPLUDFLyQSRU+R&KL0LQK\DSUHQGHQGHVXHMHPSOR

6LJXLHQGRD/HQLQ+R&KL0LQKHQFDEH]DDORVYLHWQDPLWDVFRQWUDORVLQYD
VRUHVMDSRQHVHV>@FRQWUDORVFRORQLDOLVWDVIUDQFHVHV>@
TXHFDHQGHUURWDGRVHQ'LHQ%LHQ3KX\FRQWUDORVLQYDVRUHV\DQTXLVYHQFL
6LHO&KH*XHYDUDHVHOJUDQHVFULWRUWHyULFRGHODUHYROXFLyQ)LGHOHVDGH GRVGHILQLWLYDPHQWHHQHOWtR+RPXHUHHQ+DQRLHO9LHWQDP
PiVGHVXSULQFLSDOHVWUDWHJDSROtWLFR\OtGHUFDULVPiWLFRIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH VHXQLILFDHQXQVRORSDtVVRFLDOLVWD/DJXHUUDGH9 LHWQDPDPSOtDODGHUURWD
XQJUDQRUDGRU6XpQIDVLVSULRUL]DXQOHQJXDMHVHQFLOORVLHPSUHGLGiFWLFR\ \DQTXLHQ3OD\D*LUyQ(QVXJXHUUDIHUR](VWDGRV8QLGRVDVHVLQD
SHGDJyJLFR (OSULQFLSDOSHQVDPLHQWRGH)LGHOGHEHEXVFDUVHWRGDYtDPiV FXDWURPLOORQHVGHYLHWQDPLWDVGHMDQGRGHFHQDVGHPLOHVGHTXHPDGRVFRQ
TXHHQVXVHVFULWRVHQVXVGLVFXUVRV IyVIRUR1$3$/08QYHUGDGHURJHQRFLGLR

110 111
Repercusin de Vietnam y Cuba El apoyo de Fidel y Cuba a Vietnam
en Europa y EE.UU. 9LHWQDP\&XEDHVWDEOHFHQUHODFLRQHVHO9 LHWQDPDEUHVXHPED
MDGDHQ/D+DEDQDHQ0LHQWUDVHO3DFWRGH9 DUVRYLDGHOD8566\
/DJXHUUDGH9LHWQDPJHQHUDXQLPSRQHQWHPRYLPLHQWRGHSURWHVWDMXYHQLOHQ DOLDGRVQRLQFOX\HD9 LHWQDPFRPRVXWHUULWRULRLQYLRODEOH)LGHOGHFODUDHQ
ODVJUDQGHVFDSLWDOHVGHOLPSHULDOLVPR'HVGHHOKLSSLVPRHQ(VWDGRV8QLGRV 3RU9LHWQDPHVWDPRVGLVSXHVWRVDGDUQXHVWUDSURSLDVDQJUH 7DP
KDVWDODUHEHOLyQHVWXGLDQWLOHQ3DUtV%HUOtQ5RPD7UHQWR7RNLR\/RQGUHVGH ELpQDILUPD(VQHFHVDULRFRUWDUOHODVPDQRVDORVLPSHULDOLVWDVHQ9 LHWQDP
HVWiQPDUFDGRVSRUODRSRVLFLyQDODJXHUUDJHQRFLGDHLPSHULDOLVWDGH R GRQGHVHD  PLHQWUDVHO&KHSODQWHD &UHDU GRVWUHVPXFKRV9 LHWQDP
9LHWQDP6LQODOXFKDDQWLLPSHULDOLVWDGHO7HUFHU0XQGRHQFDEH]DGDHQ$VLD &XEDRIUHFHYROXQWDULRVFRPEDWLHQWHVGHDUWLOOHUtDDQWLiUHDD9 LHWQDP)LGHO
SRU9LHWQDPHQ$PpULFD/DWLQDSRU&XED\HQIULFDSRU $UJHOLDSRFRVH YLDMDWUHVYHFHV(QYLVLWDODV]RQDVOLEHUDGDVGHOVXUGH9 LHWQDP9XHO
FRPSUHQGHGHODVUHYXHOWDVHVWXGLDQWLOHVODVFRQWUDFXOWXUDV\ODVUHEHOLRQHV YHHQ\OD~OWLPDYH]HOVHHQWUHYLVWDFRQHOJHQHUDO9R1JX
MXYHQLOHVGHOFDSLWDOLVPRGHVDUUROODGR \HQ*LDSPLQLVWURGH'HIHQVD>@\KpURHOHJHQGDULRHQ
ODV YLFWRULDVYLHWQDPLWDV
VREUH HOLPSHULDOLVPRFX\R
OLEUR *XHUUD GHOSXHEOR
HMpUFLWRGHOSXHEOR HVSUROR
JDGRSRUHO&KH*XHYDUDHQ

(Q VHSWLHPEUHGHVH
FUHD HO&RPLWp&XEDQRGH
6ROLGDULGDGFRQ9LHWQDP/R
SUHVLGH 0HOED+HUQiQGH] 
KHURtQD GHO0RQFDGD(O
*XHYDUDFODXVX
UDOD6HPDQDGHVROLGDULGDG
FRQHOSXHEORGH9LHWQDPGHO
6XU (O0HOED
+HUQiQGH] HVUHFLELGDSRU
+R &KL0LQKHQ+DQRL(Q
/DMXYHQWXGGH((88VHQLHJDDHQURODUVHHQODVIXHU]DVDUPDGDV\DQTXLV PDU]R GHHQSOHQD
SDUDLUDDVHVLQDUYLHWQDPLWDVDORWURODGRGHOPXQGR(VRJHQHUDLQGLVFLSOLQD JXHUUD &XEDSULPHUSDtV
VRFLDOHQODVRFLHGDGQRUWHDPHULFDQD(Q(XURSDHVDLQGLVFLSOLQDVHSURORQ TXHHQMXOLRGHUHFRQR
JDHQODUHEHOLyQHVWXGLDQWLO6LODPiVIDPRVDHVODGHOPD\RIUDQFpVGH FH DO9 LHWFRQJ HVWDEOHFH
OLGHUDGDSRU'DQLHO&RKQ%HQGLW'DQ\HOURMRODPiVUDGLFDO\SURIXQGD VXHPEDMDGDHQODVHOYDDOODGRGHOJRELHUQRUHYROXFLRQDULRGH9 LHWQDPGHO
HVODUHEHOLyQGH $OHPDQLD/DHQFDEH]D $OIUHG:LOOL5XGROI'XWVFKNH> 6XU(QOOHJDD9LHWQDPODSULPHUDEULJDGDPpGLFDFXEDQD3HUPDQHFH
@5XGL'XWVFKNHHVWXGLDQWHPDU[LVWDTXHVLJXHODSHUVSHFWLYDGH+R XQDxRDWHQGLHQGRKHULGRVGH1$3 $/0SRUORVERPEDUGHRVQRUWHDPHULFD
&KL0LQK)LGHO&DVWUR\&KH*XHYDUDMXQWRFRQODILORVRItDGH+HUEHUW0DUFX QRV(QHQ'RQJ+RLSURYLQFLDGH4XDQJ%LQKUHFLpQOLEHUDGR\D~Q
VH>@'HODOHPiQWDPELpQVXUJH8OULNH0HLQKRI>@GH FRQRORUDSyOYRUDFXDQGRWRGDYtDQRKDEtDVLGROLEHUDGD6DLJyQ)LGHO
ODL]TXLHUGDUDGLFDODOHPDQD(QWRGRHOHXURSHRODRSRVLFLyQDODJXHUUD GRQDHO+RVSLWDO$PLVWDG9LHWQDP&XEDFRQFDPDV(Q&XEDRUJD
GH9LHWQDP\ODLQIOXHQFLDGH&XEDHVGHWHUPLQDQWH QL]DOD&DPSDxDGHD\XGDPDWHULDOD9 LHWQDP

112 113
Vietnam, las potencias socialistas
y el comercio desigual
/DUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDVROLGDULDFRQ9LHWQDPFXHVWLRQDODLQVXILFLHQWHD\XGDGH
OD8566\&KLQD3RUHMHPSORHO&KHVRVWLHQH (OLPSHULDOLVPRQRUWHDPHULFD
QRHVFXOSDEOHGHDJUHVLyQ<DORVDEHPRV3HURWDPELpQVRQFXOSDEOHVORVTXH
YDFLODURQHQKDFHUD9LHWQDPSDUWHLQYLRODEOHGHOWHUULWRULRVRFLDOLVWD < VRQFXO
SDEOHVORVTXHPDQWLHQHQXQDJXHUUDGHGHQXHVWRV\]DQFDGLOODVODVGRVPiV
JUDQGHVSRWHQFLDVGHOFDPSRVRFLDOLVWD(VWiRQRDLVODGRHO9 LHWQDPKDFLHQ
GRHTXLOLEULRVHQWUHODVGRVSRWHQFLDVHQSXJQD" &KH0HQVDMHDORVSXHEORV
Fidel y el Movimiento Revolucionario
del Tercer Mundo
'HVGHVXLQLFLR)LGHOLPSULPHDODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDXQSXQWRGHYLVWDWHU 
FHUPXQGLVWDPXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO6XSROtWLFDKDFLDHO 7HUFHU0XQGRWLHQHWUHV
YHUWLHQWHV VLPEROL]DGDVHQHOIXVLOODPDHVWUD\HOPpGLFR&XEDHQYtD
DUPDVDWRGRVORVUHEHOGHVTXHVHDO]DQFRQWUDODVLQMXVWLFLDVGHOFDSLWDOLV
PR ORPiVFRQRFLGRSHURWDPELpQHQYtDPLOHV\PLOHVGHPpGLFDV
PDHVWURV\D\XGDKXPDQLWDULDDORVULQFRQHVPiVDOHMDGRVGHOPXQGRSHUL
IpULFRTXHOXFKDFRQWUDHOLPSHULDOLVPR)XQGDKRVSLWDOHVHVFXHODVGHPHGL
GHO PXQGRDWUDYpVGHOD 7ULFRQWLQHQWDO )LGHOH[WLHQGHHVDFUtWLFDDTXLHQHV FLQD RFHQWURVGHVDOXGHQ9 LHWQDP 5HS~EOLFD3RSXODU'HPRFUiWLFDGH
HQYtDQDUPDVD9 LHWQDP\DO 7HUFHU0XQGRSHURODVFREUDQ 1RVRWURVQR <HPHQ5HS~EOLFDUDEH6DKDUDXt'HPRFUiWLFD5HS~EOLFDGHO1tJHU*DP
FRQFHELPRV SDVDUOHODFXHQWDDQDGLHSRUDUPDVTXHOHGHPRVQLSDVDUOHOD ELD 6HQHJDO+RQ
FXHQWDDQDGLHSRUD\XGDWpFQLFDQLVLTXLHUDUHFRUGiUVHOR )LGHOGLVFXUVRGHO GXUDV 1LFDUDJXD
 9HQH]XHOD 7DQ]D
QLDHQWUHRWURVLQQX
PHUDEOHVSDtVHV
$ VXYH]&XEDUHFLEH
HQVX(VFXHOD/DWLQR
DPHULFDQD GH&LHQ
FLDV0pGLFDVPLOHVGH
MyYHQHV KXPLOGHVGH
WRGD $PpULFD /DWLQD
TXH HVWXGLDQHQ/D
+DEDQD JUDWXLWDPHQ
WH-XQWRFRQHVDD\X
GD KXPDQLWDULD)LGHO
$XQSODQWHDQGRIUHQWHDOLPSH LQWHQWD DJUXSDU DJOX
ULDOLVPRODXQLGDGFRQ WLQDU\XQLUXQLQPHQ
WRGRVORVSDtVHVVRFLDOLV VR \YDULDGRDEDQLFR
WDV)LGHO&DVWUROHV GH SDtVHVVRPHWLGRV
FXHVWLRQDDOD8566\ DO VDTXHRGHOQHRFR
&KLQDHOLPSRQHUOHD&XED\ ORQLDOLVPR 3RUHVR
DORVSXHEORVGHO7HUFHU0XQGRXQLQWHUFDPELRFRPHUFLDOGHVLJXDOFDOFDGR VHUi GXUDQWHPXFKR
GHOFRPHUFLRLQWHUQDFLRQDOFDSLWDOLVWD8QDVHULHGHFULWHULRVLGHDV\SUiFWL  WLHPSR XQRGHORV
FDVSDUDQRVRWURVQRFRPSUHQVLEOHVTXHKDQFRQWULEXLGRDUHEODQGHFHUHO SULQFLSDOHV OtGHUHV
HVStULWXUHYROXFLRQDULRGHORVSDtVHVVRFLDOLVWDVLJQRUDQFLDVREUHORVSUREOH PXQGLDOHV GHO0RYL
PDVGHOPXQGRVXEGHVDUUROODGR\ODPLVHULDTXHVXEVLVWHWHQGHQFLDVD PLHQWR GHORVSDtVHV
PDQWHQHUODVSUiFWLFDVGHFRPHUFLRGHOPXQGRFDSLWDOLVWDEXUJXpVGHVDUUR QRDOLQHDGRV01$
OODGRFRQHOPXQGRVXEGHVDUUROODGRGLVFXUVRGHO

114 115
Fidel, Palestina y la Cuestin Juda Cuba y Argelia
(QPHGLRRULHQWH)LGHODSR\DDOSXHEORSDOHVWLQRHQFDEH]DGRSRUOD2UJDQL (Q  $KPHG %HQ%HOOD>@IXQGDHO)UHQWHGH/LEHUDFLyQ1DFLRQDO
]DFLyQSDUDOD/LEHUDFLyQGH3DOHVWLQD2/3$OJXQRVGHVXVFXDGURVGHLQWH )/1GH$UJHOLDGRQGHFRQYLYHQQDFLRQDOLVWDV\PDU[LVWDV(O)/1HQFDEH]D
OLJHQFLDSRUHMHPSOR8OLVHV(VWUDGD/DFDOOHKRPEUHGH%DUEDUURMDDSR ODLQVXUUHFFLyQFRQWUD)UDQFLDHQXQDJXHUUDGHRFKRDxRV$UJHOLDVHLQGH
\DQDORVSDOHVWLQRVHQODJXHUULOODGHOUtR-RUGiQ$OPLVPRWLHPSR)LGHOJDQD SHQGL]DHQ/RVFRORQLDOLVWDVIUDQFHVHV\ORVFRORQRVGHOD2UJDQLVDWLRQ
HODSR\RGHVHFWRUHVSURJUHVLVWDVMXGtRVRSXHVWRVDOVLRQLVPR$VtFRPRGLIH $UPpH6HFUqWH 2$6DVHVLQDQXQPLOOyQGHDUJHOLQRV\XWLOL]DQODWRUWXUD\
UHQFLDDOSXHEORQRUWHDPHULFDQRGHODHOLWHTXHJRELHUQD((88WDPELpQGLIH ODYLRODFLyQPDVLYDPpWRGRVLPSOHPHQWDGRVSRUVXVGLVFtSXORVGH((88HQ
UHQFLDDOSXHEORMXGtRGHORVVLRQLVWDVGHH[WUHPDGHUHFKDGH,VUDHO\((88 9LHWQDP \$PpULFD /DWLQD(OFRURQHO+XDUL%XPHGLiQ>@MHIHGHO
(Q,VUDHOLQWHOHFWXDOHVGHO3DUWLGR&RPXQLVWDDFDEDQGHHGLWDU>@XQOLEUR (MpUFLWR GH/LEHUDFLyQ1DFLRQDODSR\DD%HQ%HOODHOHJLGRSUHVLGHQWHHQ
VREUHHO&KH*XHYDUDHQKHEUHR $UJHOLDVHFRQYLHUWHHQFHQWURSDUDORVUHYROXFLRQDULRVDIULFDQRVHVH
DxR 1HOVRQ0DQGHODUHFLEHDOOtHQWUHQDPLHQWRJXHUULOOHUR3HURHQ
%XPHGLiQGDXQJROSHGHHVWDGRFRQWUD%HQ%HOOD

(Q$PpULFD /DWLQDQXPHURVRVVHFWRUHVMXGtRVDQWLLPSHULDOLVWDV\VRFLDOLVWDV
SDUWLFLSDQGHODVOXFKDVUHYROXFLRQDULDVTXHDSR\DQD&XED\DORVSDOHVWLQRV
(QWUH PXFKRVRWURVXQRGHORVIXQGDGRUHVGHO0RYLPLHQWRGH/LEHUDFLyQ )LGHODSR\DODOXFKDGH $UJHOLD6XSULPHUDD\XGDHQIULFDHVXQEDUFRFRQ
1DFLRQDO7XSDPDURV0/17HQ8UXJXD\0DXULFLR5RVHQFRI>@HVMXGtR DUPDVSDUDHO)/1TXHOOHJDHQ(OPLVPREDUFRUHJUHVDFRQKXpUIDQRV
/RPLVPRVXFHGHHQ$UJHQWLQDFRQORVFRPEDWLHQWHV0DUFRV2VDWLQVN\>DVHVL GHJXHUUD\KHULGRVDUJHOLQRVTXHVHYDQDFXUDUD&XED(OSHUtRGRGHPD\RU
QDGRHQ@IXQGDGRUGHODV)XHU]DV$UPDGDV5HYROXFLRQDULDV)$5R5D\ DFHUFDPLHQWRGH&XED\$UJHOLDVHYLYHFRQ%HQ%HOODSUHVLGHQWH&RQ%XPH
PXQGR*OH\]HU>GHVDSDUHFLGRHQ@GLULJHQWHGHO3DUWLGR5HYROXFLRQDULRGH GLiQODVUHODFLRQHVQRGHVDSDUHFHQSHURVHHQIUtDQ$GHPiVGH$UJHOLD&XED
ORV 7UDEDMDGRUHV(MpUFLWR 5HYROXFLRQDULRGHO3XHEOR35 7(53 7RGRV HOORV WDPELpQDSR\DDODJXHUULOODGH*XLQHDSRUWXJXHVD\GHRWUDVFRORQLDVDIULFD
MXGtRVODWLQRDPHULFDQRVDQWLLPSHULDOLVWDVILGHOLVWDV\JXHYDULVWDV QDVFRPR$QJRODR*XLQHD%LVVDX

116 117
Fidel, el Che y la Revolucin en frica Masetti y los escoltas del Che
$XQTXHODD\XGDD$UJH en Argentina
OLDLQDXJXUDHOYtQFXOROD
SUHVHQFLD GHODUHYROX /DVROLGDULGDGQRVHGHWLHQHHQIULFD&XEDWDPELpQD\XGDDODUHYROXFLyQ
FLyQFXEDQDHQIULFDVH HQ$PpULFD/DWLQD'HVGHTXHVHFRQRFHQHO&KH*XHYDUDFRPSURPHWHD
SURORQJD KDVWDKR\ )LGHODGHMDUORFRQWLQXDUGHVSXpVGHOWULXQIRODUHYROXFLyQHQ $UJHQWLQD
>@/RVFXEDQRVFR (OSULPHUSUR\HFWRGHHVH
ODERUDQHQODVOXFKDVGH LPSXOVRFRQVLVWHHQHO
$QJROD =DLUH&RQJR (MpUFLWR*XHUULOOHURGHO
GRQGHFRPEDWHHO&KH 3XHEOR(*3RUJDQL]D
(WLRStD6DKDUDRFFLGHQ FLyQGLULJLGDSRUHOSHULR
WDO *XLQHD%LVVHDX\ GLVWDFUHDGRUGH3UHQVD
1DPLELD1RVyORHQYtDQD\XGDKXPDQLWDULDPpGLFRVPDHVWURV\WpFQLFRV /DWLQD-RUJH5LFDUGR
VLQRDGHPiVPLOHVGHFRPEDWLHQWHV/DPD\RUFDQWLGDGYDD $QJROD 0DVHWWLTXHPXHUHFRP
FXEDQRVHQWRWDOFRPEDWLHQWHV\FLYLOHV$ VXYH]MyYH EDWLHQGRHQODSURYLQFLDGH
QHVDQJRODQRVHVWXGLDQHQ&XED$QJRODHQWUHQDFRQD\XGDFXEDQDD 6DOWD$UJHQWLQD(O&KH
FRPEDWLHQWHVLQVXUJHQWHVGH1DPLELDGHOD2UJDQL]DFLyQ3RSXODUGHOIULFD *XHYDUDSHQVDEDLQWHJUDU
6XURFFLGHQWDO6:$32QDFLGDHQ=LPEDZH\IULFDGHO6XUGHO&RQ VHDO(*3HQXQDVHJXQGD
JUHVR1DFLRQDO$IULFDQR&1$RSRVLWRUHVDODSDUWKHLG HWDSDSDUDOXFKDUSRUOD
UHYROXFLyQVRFLDOLVWDHQHO
FRQRVXUGH$PpULFDODWLQD

$QWHVGHOOHJDUD6DOWDGRQGHWDPELpQPXHUHFRPEDWLHQGRXQRGHORVFXED
QRVFRPSDxHURVGHO&KHVXMRYHQHVFROWD+HUPHV3HxDHOJUXSRGH0DVHW
WLSDVDSRU$UJHOLD$OOt0DVHWWLDFRPSDxDGRGH$QJHOLWR$OEHUWR%D\RHOH[
FRURQHO UHSXEOLFDQRHVSDxROTXH
(QHQHOSULPHUFRQJUHVRGHO0RYLPLHQWR3RSXODUGH/LEHUDFLyQGH$QJR KDEtD HQWUHQDGRD)LGHO\DO&KH
OD03/$5D~O&DVWURVHxDOD < FXDQGRORVFXEDQRVVHUHWLUHQGH $QJRODQR HQ 0p[LFRWRPDFRQWDFWRFRQ
QRVSHQVDPRVOOHYDUQLHOSHWUyOHRQLORVGLDPDQWHVQLHOFDIpQLQDGD1RVOOH %XPHGLiQ MHIHGHO(MpUFLWRGH
YDUHPRVVRODPHQWHODDPLVWDGLQGHVWUXFWLEOHGHHVWHJUDQSXHEOR\ORVUHVWRVGH /LEHUDFLyQ 1DFLRQDOGH $UJHOLD
QXHVWURVPXHUWRV*UDFLDVDODSDUWLFLSDFLyQFXEDQDHQIULFD1DPLELDORJUDHQ /XHJRSDVDQSRU%ROLYLDD\XGD
VXLQGHSHQGHQFLDGH6XGiIULFD\ORVEODQFRVVXGDIULFDQRVWLHQHTXHWHU GRVSRU,QWL3HUHGR\5RGROIR6DO
PLQDUFRQVXVLVWHPDUDFLVWDGHDSDUWKHLG'HVGHHQWRQFHVHQ1DPLELD6XG GDxD TXHPXHUHQFRQHO&KHHQ
iIULFD \=LPEDZHJRELHUQDQORVQHJURVPD\RUtDGHODSREODFLyQKDVWDHVH HLQJUHVDQDOD$UJHQWLQD(Q&XED0DVHWWLVHKDEtD
PRPHQWR UHFOXLGRVHQJKHWWRVFRPRVHUHVLQIHULRUHV)LGHO\ODUHYROXFLyQ HQWUHQDGRPLOLWDUPHQWHHQODOXFKDFRQWUDODVEDQGDVFRQ
FXEDQDPDQWLHQHQKDFLDIULFDXQDVROLGDULGDGWRWDOFRPRQXQFDDQWHVH[LVWLy WUDUUHYROXFLRQDULDV GHO(VFDPEUD\ +DVWDDKRUD>@VX
GHSDUWHGHXQSDtVRFFLGHQWDOKDFLDRWURGHO 7HUFHU0XQGR FDGiYHUHVWiGHVDSDUHFLGRHQODVHOYDGH6DOWD

118 119
Fidel asigna al Che
tareas econmicas
8QDYH]GHVDUUROODGDH[LWRVDPHQWHODJXHUUDUHYROXFLRQDULD\DQWHHOWULXQIR
GHO(MpUFLWR5HEHOGHWRPDGHSRGHULQFOXLGDHQ&XEDVHLQLFLDODHWDSD
PiVGLItFLOODFUHDFLyQGHXQDQXHYDVRFLHGDG(OSUR\HFWRHVWUDWpJLFRGHOD
Comienza el debate econmico
(y poltico)
/DREVHVLyQGH)LGHOHVODXQLGDGHQWUHORVUHYROXFLRQDULRVGHO0HO'5
\HODQWLJXR3630LHQWUDVQRPEUDD*XHYDUDGHO0HQHO%DQFR1DFLR
QDO\HO0LQLVWHULRGH,QGXVWULDVGHVLJQDD&DUORV5DIDHO5RGUtJXH]GHO363
UHYROXFLyQVRFLDOLVWD\GHOFDPELRUDGLFDO\SHUPDQHQWHGHODVSHUVRQDVODV HQHO,QVWLWXWR1DFLRQDOGHOD5HIRUPD $JUDULD,15$TXHGLULJHHQWUH\
UHODFLRQHVVRFLDOHV\ODVLQVWLWXFLRQHV )LGHORIUHFHODFRQGXFFLyQGHODHFRQRPtDDOD&RPLVLyQ(FRQyPLFDGHOD
'LUHFFLyQ1DFLRQDOGHODV25,LQWHJUDGDSRU5RGUtJXH]2'RUWLFyV\*XHYDUD
$OOtSROHPL]DQ5RGUtJXH]\HO&KHVREUHORVLQFUHPHQWRVVDODULDOHVHOSDSHOGHO
LQFHQWLYRPDWHULDOODGLUHFFLyQGHODHFRQRPtDHOFiOFXORHFRQyPLFRODSODQLIL
FDFLyQ \HOVLVWHPDSUHVXSXHVWDULRGHILQDQFLDPLHQWR 7DPELpQ SDUWLFLSDQORV
FXEDQRV$OEHUWR0RUD0DUFHOR)HUQiQGH])RQW/XtVOYDUH]5RP-XDQ,QIDQ
WH\$OH[LV&RGLQDHOIUDQFpV&KDUOHV%HWWHOKHLP\HOEHOJD(UQHVW0DQGHO

(QVHDEUHHOGH
EDWH S~EOLFRHQWUH
*XHYDUD \5RGUtJXH]
DPERVKDEtDQHVWXGLDGR (O&DSLWDOMXQWRD)LGHOFRQ$QDVWDVLR
$QWH ODDXVHQFLDGHFXDGURVWpFQLFRVPXFKRVGHHOORVDVXVWDGRVSRUOD 0DQVLOOD/DGLVFXVLyQHFRQyPLFDSHURWDPELpQSROtWLFDFRPLHQ]DSRUSUR
UHYROXFLyQ RGLUHFWDPHQWHFRQWUDUUHYROXFLRQDULRVTXHHVFDSDQD0LDPL EOHPDVSUiFWLFRVODPHGLFLyQGHORVFRVWRVGHSURGXFFLyQGHORVSURGXFWRVGH
)LGHODSHODDLPDJLQDFLyQ\YHUVDWLOLGDGGHVXVFRPSDxHURVUHYROXFLRQDULRV ODLQGXVWULD\HODJUR/XHJRVHGLVFXWHHQRWURVFDPSRVHFRQyPLFRSROtWLFR
$VtHVFRPR(UQHVWR*XHYDUDPpGLFRGHSURIHVLyQWHUPLQDQRPEUDGRSRU HLQFOXVRILORVyILFR/DSROpPLFDHVS~EOLFD\DELHUWDWRGDVODVSRVLFLRQHVVH
)LGHOGLUHFWRUGHO'HSDUWDPHQWRGH,QGXVWULDGHO,QVWLWXWR1DFLRQDOGHOD5HIRU YHQWLODQ \SXEOLFDQQDGLHHVSHUVHJXLGRRSURKLELGRFRPRVXFHGtDHQOD
PD$JUDULD,15$OXHJRSUHVLGHQWHGHO%DQFR1DFLRQDO\PiVWDUGH0LQLVWUR 8566 'HQWURGHODUHYROXFLyQWRGRIXHUDGHODUHYROXFLyQQDGDKDEtD
GH,QGXVWULDV GLFKR)LGHOSDUDHODUWH(VWRVHYHULILFDWDPELpQHQODVFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHV

120 121
Las corrientes del Debate Los partidarios de la U.R.S.S.
/DVYHUWLHQWHVSROtWLFDVFXEDQDVTXHHVWiQHQMXHJRHQHVRVGHEDWHVVRQD dentro del Debate
ODWUDGLFLyQSROtWLFDGH&DUORV5DIDHO5RGUtJXH]TXHGHQWURGHODUHYROXFLyQ
FXEDQD HVDQWLLPSHULDOLVWDGHILHQGHD)LGHOFXHVWLRQDODFRQWUDUUHYROXFLyQ /RVSULQFLSDOHVSROHPLVWDVGHO&KHVRQ
SHURSURPXHYH\YHFRQPXFKDVVLPSDWtDVHOYtQFXORHQWUH&XED\OD8QLyQ &DUORV 5DIDHO5RGUtJXH]\&KDUOHV
6RYLpWLFDE/DSRVLFLyQTXHHQFDEH]DHO&KH*XHYDUDWDPELpQUHYROXFLR %HWWHOKHLP(Q5RGUtJXH]HVGHO
QDULD\DQWLLPSHULDOLVWDLJXDOPHQWHDGKHUHQWHD)LGHOSHURTXHSURPXHYHXQ 'LUHFWRULR(VWXGLDQWLOPiVWDUGHGHO$OD
JUDGRLPSRUWDQWHGHDXWRQRPtDSROtWLFDWHyULFD\FXOWXUDOIUHQWHDODVSRVLFLR ,]TXLHUGD(VWXGLDQWLO\GHVGHGHO
QHVVRYLpWLFDV 363(QSDUWLFLSDVHLVPHVHVGHO
JDELQHWHGH%DWLVWDVLJXLHQGRODSROtWLFDTXHOD8566LPSR
QHDORV3&/XHJRHO363 QRDSR\DD)LGHOQLHODVDOWRDO
0RQFDGD3HURHQPHGLRGHODJXHUUD
XQ VHFWRUDGKLHUHDODUHYROXFLyQ(Q
MXQLRGH&DUORV5DIDHOHVGHVLJQD
GRSRUHO363 GHOHJDGRDQWH)LGHOHQOD
6LHUUD0DHVWUD
%HWWHOKHLPHVGHO3&)(QDSUHQGHUXVR\HQVHWUDVODGDDOD8566
SDUDHVWXGLDUODHFRQRPtDGH6WDOLQ $XQTXHHQORVSDVDGHODVSRVLFLRQHV
SURVRYLpWLFDVDODVSURFKLQDVQXQFDDEDQGRQDODDGKHVLyQD6WDOLQ
%HWWHOKHLPHQVLQWRQtDFRQ6WDOLQFRQFLEHHOPDU[LVPRGHPDQHUDREMH
WLYLVWD6REUHGLPHQVLRQDODVOODPDGDVOH\HVJHQHUDOHVGHODHFRQRPtD7HU
PLQDSURSRQLHQGRUHVSHWDUDUDMDWDEODODOH\GHOYDORUDVtQRPEUD0DU[DO
IXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHOPHUFDGR6XWHVLVFRPSDUWLGDSRU&DUORV5DIDHO5RGUt
JXH]DILUPDTXHHQODWUDQVLFLyQDOVRFLDOLVPRHOPHUFDGRVLJXHULJLHQGRSRU
PXFKRWLHPSR&DGDHPSUHVDDKRUDGHOSXHEORWLHQHTXHJHVWLRQDUVHFRQ
XQFULWHULRGHDXWRJHVWLyQILQDQFLHUD\UHQWDELOLGDG1RGHSHQGHGHXQSUH
VXSXHVWRFHQWUDOVLQRGHVXVSURSLRVUHFXUVRV 7LHQHTXHPD[LPL]DUJDQDQ
FLDV\GLVPLQXLUSpUGLGDV&XEDQRWLHQHXQDHFRQRPtDGHVDUUROODGDHQWRQ
FHV QRHVWiPDGXUDSDUDHOVRFLDOLVPR/DSRVLFLyQGH%HWWHOKHLP\
5RGUtJXH]VLJXHDOSLHGHODOHWUDHOHWDSLVPRGH6WDOLQ\VX3UREOHPDVHFR
QyPLFRV GHO VRFLD
/RVGRVH[WUDQMHURVTXHLQWHUYLHQHQWDPELpQSHUWHQHFHQDFRUULHQWHVELHQGHIL OLVPR HQOD8566
QLGDV&KDUOHV%HWWHOKHLPHVXQSURIHVRUGHHFRQRPtDSROtWLFDHLQYHVWLJDGRU >@ 3DUDDX 
GHOD6RUERQDDVHVRUGHODSODQLILFDFLyQGXUDQWHORVSULPHURVDxRVGHODUHYR PHQWDUHOLQFHQWLYR
OXFLyQFXEDQD0LOLWDHQHO3&GH)UDQFLDGHRULHQWDFLyQSURVRYLpWLFDDXQTXH HQ HOWUDEDMR HOL
PDQWLHQHVLPSDWtDVDGHPiVSRU&KLQD(UQHVW0DQGHOHVRWURSHQVDGRU\PLOL PLQDQGR HODXVHQ
WDQWHHXURSHRWDPELpQIDPRVR(VWHHFRQRPLVWDGHRULJHQMXGtREHOJDKDEtD WLVPR RHOGHVJD
VLGRSULVLRQHURGHORVQD]LV\VHHVFDSyGHGRVFDPSRVGHFRQFHQWUDFLyQ(V QR KD\TXHGDU
DXWRUGHOLEURVFOiVLFRV\FpOHEUHVGHHFRQRPtDPDU[LVWD3ROtWLFDPHQWHGLULJH SUHPLRVPDWHULDOHV
OD,9,QWHUQDFLRQDOGHRULHQWDFLyQWURWVNLVWD

122 123
El Marxismo Latinoamericano Dos caminos estratgicos para la
del Che en el Debate Revolucin Cubana
3ROHPL]DQGRHO&KHUHDFWXDOL]DODFUtWLFDTXH0DULiWHJXLKDEtDKHFKRDOHWD  /D GLVFUHSDQFLDHQWHODVGLYHUVDV
SLVPRHWDSLVPRVLJQLILFDSHQVDUODVRFLHGDG\ODKLVWRULDFRPRVLIXHUDQXQD FRUULHQWHV GHOGHEDWHFXEDQRQRVRQ
HVFDOHUDGRQGHMDPiVVHSXHGHDYDQ]DUVLQVDOWDUHVFDORQHV6HJ~Q*XHYD VyOR HFRQyPLFDV 7DPELpQ VRQSROtWL
UDDXQTXH&XEDQRWHQJDXQDHFRQRPtDGHVDUUROODGDSXHGHPDUFKDUDOVRFLD FDV\ILORVyILFDV/DSROpPLFDSROtWLFD
OLVPRDFHOHUDQGRHWDSDV/DOH\GHOYDORUHOPHUFDGRQRHVDEVROXWDULJH GLVFXWH HOUXPERGHODUHYROXFLyQ
WRGDVRFLHGDGFDSLWDOLVWDSHURQRGHEHUHJLUODWUDQVLFLyQVRFLDOLVWD(O&KHDILU FXEDQDGHEHVHUVRFLDOLVWDSHURFRQ
PD1RDOLPHQWDPRVHOPHUFDGRDOFRQWUDULRWUDWDPRVGHGHELOLWDUORSRUWRGRV XQ FULWHULRODWLQRDPHULFDQRDXWyQRPR
ORVPHGLRVSRVLEOHV(QODWUDQVLFLyQVRFLDOLVWDFXDQGRH[LVWHXQSRGHUUHYROX  RGHEHJXLDUVHSRUODVGLUHFWLYDVGHOD
FLRQDULRVHSXHGHLQWHUYHQLUFRQODSODQLILFDFLyQWUDWDQGRGHGHELOLWDUOR/DV 8566 \VXHOLWHEXURFUiWLFD"(VHGHEDWHWLHQHLPSOL
HPSUHVDV VRFLDOLVWDVGHEHQJXLDUVHSRUODVQHFHVLGDGHVVRFLDOHVQRSRUOD FDQFLDVILORVyILFDV/DVGRVWUDGLFLRQHVFRPSUHQGHQGH
JDQDQFLDQLODUHQWDELOLGDG1RWLHQHQGLQHURSURSLRVLQRXQDFXHQWDEDQFDULD PDQHUDVGLYHUVDVHOPDU[LVPR
~QLFDFHQWUDOL]DGD+D\TXHSURGXFLUORTXHKDFHIDOWDQRORTXHGpGLQHUR

/DYHUWLHQWHGH&DUORV5DIDHO\&K%HWWHOKHLPSULRUL]DXQDOHFWXUDGHODKLV

WRULDHYROXWLYD\HWDSLVWDGRQGHORVUHYROXFLRQDULRVGHEHQUHVSHWDUFDVLUHOL
JLRVDPHQWHORVHVWDGLRVGHGHVDUUROORVL&XEDHVPHQRVGHVDUUROODGDHFR
QyPLFDPHQWH FyPRSXHGHDGHODQWDUVHFRQVWUX\HQGRHOVRFLDOLVPR"(V
LPSRVLEOH (QFDPELRODYLVLyQGHO&KH*XHYDUDDSR\DGDSRU(0DQGHO
SUHVXSRQHXQDYLVLyQGHODKLVWRULDPiVGLQiPLFDPHQRVPHFiQLFDGRQGH
OD VXEMHWLYLGDG\ODFRQFLHQFLD
VRQDFWLYDV$GHPiVFXHVWLRQD
HO HXURFHQWULVPRDXQTXHXQ
SDtVSHULIpULFRVHDDWUDVDGRQR
&yPR LQFHQWLYDUDORVWUDEDMDGRUHVVLVXHVIXHU]R\DQRGHSHQGHGHOD WLHQH TXHHVSHUDUFUX]DGRGH
JDQDQFLDGHODHPSUHVDTXHORUHFRPSHQVDFRQSUHPLRVPDWHULDOHV"+D\TXH EUD]RV TXHORVPiVDGHODQWD
LQFHQWLYDUORVSLHQVDHO&KHDSHODQGRDODFRQFLHQFLDVRFLDOLVWD/RVSUH GRVOROLEHUHQORVSXQWRVGH
PLRV GHEHQH[LVWLU SHURGHEHQVHUSULRULWDULDPHQWHPRUDOHVQDGDPiVDOWR YLVWDGHO&KHVHFRQGHQVDQHQ
TXHORJUDUHOUHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHODVRFLHGDGSRUKDEHUFXPSOLGRHOGHEHUVRFLDO VX OLEURLQpGLWRFUtWLFRGHO
GHWUDEDMDUSDUDORVGHPiV(OTXHORORJUDHVSDUWHGHODYDQJXDUGLD9 DQ 0DQXDO GHHFRQRPtDSROtWLFD
JXDUGLDHVTXLHQPiVVHHVIXHU]DHOTXHYDDGHODQWHHOTXHVREUHVDOHSRU GHOD$FDGHPLDGH&LHQFLDVGH
KDEHUFXPSOLGRVXGHEHUGDQGRORPHMRUGHVtSDUDPHMRUDUODVRFLHGDG\D\X OD8566UHFLHQWHPHQWH>@
GDUDORVGHPiV/DSDODQFDGHOHVWtPXORSDVDDVHUHQWRQFHVPRUDOQRGLQH SXEOLFDGRHQ&XEDFRQHOWtWXOR
UDULDQLPDWHULDO(OWHUUHQRGHGLVSXWDVHWUDVODGDGHOPHUFDGRDOiPELWRGHOD $SXQWHVFUtWLFRVDODHFRQRPtD
FRQFLHQFLD$KtVtVHOHSXHGHJDQDUDOFDSLWDOLVPR SROtWLFD

124 125
Fidel ante el Debate Fidel y la construccin poltica
$XQTXH)LGHOHVWXGLD(O&DSLWDOMXQWRFRQHO&KH\&DUORV5DIDHOHQHOVHPLQD  de la hegemona
ULRGH0DQVLOODVXDQiOLVLVGHOGHEDWHHVSROtWLFR6XREVHVLyQHVODXQLGDGGHODV
GLYHUVDVWHQGHQFLDVSDUDJDUDQWL]DUODFRQWLQXLGDGGHODUHYROXFLyQHYLWDQGRHO (QJUDQSDUWHGHVXYLGDHOOLGHUD]JRGH)LGHOVHHQFXHQWUDDQWHHQFUXFLMDGDV
GHVDVWUH GHOD8566WUDVODPXHUWHGH/HQLQGRQGHXQDWHQGHQFLDDQLTXLOD VLPLODUHVDODVTXHYLYLy/HQLQ$OSULQFLSDOGLULJHQWHEROFKHYLTXHWDPELpQVHOH
LQFOXVRItVLFDPHQWHDODRWUDKHFKRTXHQRVXFHGHQXQFDHQ&XED)LGHORSWD
SRU XQDHVSHFLHGHVROXFLyQLQWHUPHGLDSUHVHUYDQGRHOEORTXHGHDOLDQ]DV
HQWUHDPERVVHFWRUHV\WUDGLFLRQHVUHSUHVHQWDGDVSRUHO&KH\&DUORV5DIDHO
6LQHPEDUJRKDFLHQGRXQEDODQFHPDGXUR)LGHOOHRWRUJDODUD]yQDO&KH GtDDGtDODKHJHPRQtDGHODUHYROXFLyQODXQLGDGGHODVGLYHUVDVFRUULHQWHV
+HUHIOH[LRQDGRPXFKRHQWRUQRDO&KH >@ (O&KHHUDUDGLFDOPHQWHRSXHV
WRDXWLOL]DU\GHVDUUROODUODVOH\HV\ODVFDWHJRUtDVHFRQyPLFDVGHOFDSLWDOLVPR
HQ ODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHOVRFLDOLVPR\SODQWHDEDDOJRHQTXHKHPRVLQVLVWLGR
PXFKDVYHFHVTXHODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHOVRFLDOLVPR\GHOFRPXQLVPRQRHVVROR
XQDFXHVWLyQGHSURGXFLU\GLVWULEXLUULTXH]DVVLQRWDPELpQXQDFXHVWLyQGH
HGXFDFLyQ\GHFRQFLHQFLD>@1RTXLHURFRQYHUWLUPHHQMXH]GHODVGLYHUVDV
WHRUtDVDXQTXHWHQJRPLVWHRUtDV<RVRORSLGRPRGHVWDPHQWHTXHHOSHQVD
PLHQWRHFRQyPLFRGHO&KHVHFRQR]FD>@+D\PXFKDVLGHDVGHO&KHTXHVRQ
GHXQDYLJHQFLDDEVROXWD\WRWDOLGHDVVLQODVFXDOHVHVWR\FRQYHQFLGRGHTXH
SUHVHQWDURQSROpPLFDVHQFHQGLGDV\PXFKDVYHFHVWXYRTXHRSWDUQRSRUVXV
SURSLDVSRVLFLRQHVSHUVRQDOHVODVPiVUDGLFDOHVVLQRSRUVROXFLRQHVGH
FRPSURPLVRSDUDJDUDQWL]DUODDOLDQ]DGHREUHURV\FDPSHVLQRV\HOFRQVHQ
VRGHODUHYROXFLyQ
$ )LGHOVHOHSUHVHQWDHVHPLVPRGHVDItRDODKRUDGHPDQWHQHUYLYD\UHFUHDU
UHYROXFLRQDULDVIUHQWHDOLPSHULDOLVPRVXFRQVHQVRVREUHODVRFLHGDGFLYLO\VX
HMHPSORDQWHRWURVSXHEORVUHEHOGHV1RREVWDQWHSULRUL]DUHOFRQVHQVRSRUHQFL
PDGHVXRSLQLyQSHUVRQDO)LGHOVHLQFOLQDHQHOGHEDWHSRUHO&KHVREUH%HW
WHOKHLP 3RUHVRLQYLUWLHQGRORVHVTXHPDVRUWRGR[RVVHxDOD 1RVRWURV QR
QRV RIHQGHPRVVLQRVLQFOX\HQHQWUHORVSDtVHVVXEGHVDUUROODGRV3RUTXHHO
GHVDUUROORGHODFRQFLHQFLDQXHVWURGHVDUUROORVRFLDO\FXOWXUDOJHQHUDOVHYD
FRQYLUWLHQGRHQXQSUHUUHTXLVLWRGHQXHVWURGHVDUUROORHFRQyPLFRHLQGXVWULDO(Q
HVWHSDtVDOLJXDOTXHFXDOTXLHURWURSDtVHQFRQGLFLRQHVVLPLODUHVHOGHVDUUR
OORGHOSXHEORHQODSROtWLFD\HQODFRQFLHQFLDVHYXHOYHUHTXLVLWRVLQHTXDQRQ
QRVHSRGUiFRQVWUXLUMDPiVHOFRPXQLVPR GLVFXUVRGHO SDUDJDQDUODEDWDOODGHOVXEGHVDUUROORHFRQyPLFR GLVFXUVRGHO

126 127
El Nuevo Comunismo Cubano y El Che: Delegado internacional de Fidel
la herencia de Mella 'XUDQWHORVSULPHURVDxRVGHODUHYROXFLyQ)LGHO&DVWURHQYtDDO&KH*XHYD 
UDDGLYHUVDVJLUDVSRUIULFD\ $VLDSDUDFRRUGLQDUGHVGH&XEDXQDSROtWLFD
0LHQWUDV HOLPSHULDOLVPRQRUWHDPHULFDQRWUDWDGHLQFHQWLYDUODGHVXQLyQOD DQWLLPSHULDOLVWDGHDOFDQFHPXQGLDO*XHYDUDYLVLWDQXPHURVRVSDtVHV(OSUL
GHVFRQILDQ]DPXWXD\ODGLYLVLyQGLYLGH\UHLQDUiVGHVGHHOSULPHUPRPHQ PHU YLDMHFRPLHQ]DHO9 LVLWD 0DGULG3UDJD0RVF~GRQGHULQGH
WR )LGHO&DVWURDSXHVWDDODXQLGDGGHODVGLVWLQWDVFRUULHQWHV\WHQGHQFLDV KRPHQDMHD/HQLQ3HNtQGRQGHVHHQWUHYLVWDFRQ0DR&RUHD0RVF~5HS~
UHYROXFLRQDULDVFXEDQDV/DSULPHUDFRRUGLQDFLyQDVXPHHQMXOLRGHHO EOLFD'HPRFUiWLFD$OHPDQD3UDJD$ LQVWDQFLDVGH)LGHOHVWDEOHFHQXPHUR
QRPEUH GH2UJDQL]DFLRQHV5HYROXFLRQDULDV,QWHJUDGDV25,OXHJRHO VRVDFXHUGRVFRPHUFLDOHVFRQORVSDtVHVGHOHVWH
HVDXQLGDGVHGHVLJQD3DUWLGR8QLGRGHOD5HYROXFLyQ6RFLDOLVWD
GH&XED3856&KDVWDTXHILQDOPHQWHHOWRGDVODVWHQGHQFLDV
DVXPHQXQQRPEUH~QLFRTXHORVUHSUHVHQWDDWRGRV3DVDQDOODPDUVH3DUWL
GR&RPXQLVWDGH&XED3&&

0iVDGHODQWHHQRWURGHHVRVYLDMHVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHVGRQGHHO&KHDFW~DHQ
QRPEUHGH&XEDFRPRHQYLDGRRILFLDOGH)LGHOVHHQWUHYLVWDFRQOtGHUHVDIUL
FDQRV\DVLiWLFRV/OHYDXQPDQGDWRLQHTXtYRFRD\XGDUDWRGRVORVUHEHO
GHVDQWLFRORQLDOLVWDV\FRRUGLQDUODFRODERUDFLyQGH&XEDHQIULFDGHVGHHO
&RQJR KDVWD $QJROD (OYLDMHFRPLHQ]DSRU((88GRQGHHO 
$OHOHJLUHOQRPEUHGHFRPXQLVWDODSULPHUDRUJDQL]DFLyQTXHVHDXWRGH *XHYDUDUHSUHVHQWDD&XEDHQOD218\VLJXHSRU$UJHOLD0DOL%UD]]DYLOOH
QRPLQDDVtHVODMXYHQWXGUHEHOGHUHFLpQGHVSXpVHOSDUWLGR)LGHO&DVWUR VH HQWUHYLVWDFRQ $JRVWLQKR 1HWRGHO03/$*XLQHD*KDQD'DKRPH\
UHWRPD ODKHUHQFLDROYLGDGDGH-XOLR $QWRQLR 0HOOD\HOSDUWLGRFRPXQLVWD $UJHOLD&KLQD7DQ]DQLDDTXtVHHQWUHYLVWDFRQORVOtGHUHVDUPDGRVDIULFD
KHURLFRGHORVDxRV$TXHOSULPHUSDUWLGRFXEDQRSUHYLRDOVWDOLQLVPR\D QRV LQFOX\HQGRORVGHO&RQJR5HS~EOLFDUDEH8QLGD$UJHOLD\(O&DLUR
VXVFRPSURPLVRVFRQ%DWLVWDPDQWLHQHXQSUHVWLJLRSRUVXDEQHJDFLyQ\UDGL (QWRGRVVXVRIUHFLPLHQWRV\HQSDUWLFXODUDO&RQVHMR1DFLRQDOGHOD5HYR
FDOLGDG HQODUHVLVWHQFLDIUHQWHDODGLFWDGXUDGH0DFKDGR(OQXHYR3& OXFLyQ&RQJROHxD*XHYDUDQRDFW~DSRULQLFLDWLYDSURSLDVLQRVLJXLHQGRODV
KHJHPRQL]DGRSRU)LGHOWUDWDGHVHJXLUVXHMHPSOR LQLFLDWLYDVGH)LGHO

128 129
Fidel asesin al Che? Hubo una pelea entre Fidel y el Che?
6LJXLHQGRODSROtWLFDGH)LGHOKDFLDIULFDHOHO&KH*XHYDUDVDOHGH $OHQFDEH]DUODGHOHJDFLyQGHFRPEDWLHQWHVFXEDQRVHQHO&RQJRHO&KH*XH
/D+DEDQDSDUDLQFRUSRUDUVHFRQLQVWUXFWRUHVFXEDQRVQHJURVDODOXFKD YDUDVHGHVSLGHHQXQDFDUWDTXH)LGHOOHHHQHOQDFLHQWH3&&HO
GHO&RQJR/HRSROGYLOOHFRQWUDORVUDFLVWDVEODQFRVGH%pOJLFD)LGHOHQYtDMXQ
WRDO&KHDOVHFUHWDULRGHRUJDQL]DFLyQGHO3&&\DRWURVFXDGURVFRPEDWLHQ
WHVYROXQWDULRVGHSULPHUQLYHO&RPRHO&KHQRDSDUHFHHQS~EOLFROD&,$
DSURYHFKDSDUDFRQIXQGLUFDOXPQLDUVHPEUDULQWULJDV\GLYLVLRQHVHQWUHORV
UHYROXFLRQDULRV GLIXQGLHQGRHQORVPHGLRVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQFRPRVLHP
SUH XQDYHUVLyQIDOVD &DVWUR DVHVLQyDO&KH  FDEOHVXSXHVWDPHQWH
LQIRUPDWLYRGHOD8QLWHG3UHVV,QWHUQDWLRQDO83,GHO
/DSDUWLFLSDFLyQFXEDQDQRORJUDGHUURWDUHQIULFDDORVFRORQLDOLVWDVEHOJDVTXH
FXHQWDQFRQGLQHURPHMRUHVDUPDV\PHUFHQDULRVHXURSHRV(O&KH\ORVFXED
QRVGHEHQVDOLUGHO&RQJR&RQSRVWHULRULGDGDODSDUWLFLSDFLyQIUXVWUDGDGHO&KH
HQHO&RQJR/HRSROGYLOOH)LGHOHQYtDFRPEDWLHQWHV\PpGLFRVSDUDDSR\DUODLQGH
SHQGHQFLDGHO&RQJR%UD]]DYLOOH\ODOLEHUDFLyQGH $QJROD\*XLQHD%LVVDX

130 131
La Conferencia Tricontinental Fidel en la Tricontinental
(QHQHURGH&XEDFRQYRFDDOD3ULPHUD&RQIHUHQFLDGH6ROLGDULGDGGH 5HWRPDQGRODKHUHQFLDROYLGDGDGH/HQLQIXQGDGRUGHOD,QWHUQDFLRQDO&RPX
ORV3XHEORVGH$VLDIULFD\$PpULFD/DWLQD(Q/D+DEDQDVHUH~QHQGHOH
JDGRV\UHSUHVHQWDQWHVGHSXHEORVLQFOX\HQGRHVWDGRVGHVGH9 LHWQDP
KDVWDOD8566\&KLQD\PRYLPLHQWRVVRFLDOHV\SROtWLFRV6HIRUPDQWUHV
EORTXHVSROtWLFRVHOGHOD8566\VXVSDUWLGDULRVHOGH&KLQD\VXVVHJXLGR
UHV\HOWHUFHURGH&XED9LHWQDP\ODPD\RUtDGHORVUHYROXFLRQDULRVGHO7HU
FHU0XQGR
QLVWDGLVXHOWDSRU6WDOLQHQ\WDPELpQODSHUVSHFWLYDOLEHUDGRUDFRQWL
QHQWDOGH6DQ0DUWtQ%ROtYDU\0DUWt)LGHOFODXVXUDOD&RQIHUHQFLD 7ULFRQWL
QHQWDODILUPDQGR1XHVWUDVDUPDVVRQGHIHQVLYDVSHURQXHVWURVKRPEUHVGH
WRGR FRUD]yQQXHVWURVPLOLWDQWHVUHYROXFLRQDULRV\FRPEDWLHQWHVHVWiQGLV
SXHVWRVDOXFKDUFRQWUDORVLPSHULDOLVWDVHQFXDOTXLHUSDUWHGHOPXQGR >@ (O
PXQGRHVJUDQGH\ORVLPSHULDOLVWDVHVWiQHQWRGDVSDUWHV3DUDORVUHYROX
FLRQDULRVFXEDQRVHOFDPSRGHEDWDOODFRQWUDHOLPSHULDOLVPRDEDUFDWRGRHO
PXQGR GLVFXUVRGHO

(QOD&RQIHUHQFLD7ULFRQWLQHQWDORFXSDQXQOXJDUIXQGDPHQWDOMXQWRD&XED
ORVGHOHJDGRVGH9LHWQDP$QJROD&DER9HUGH$PtOFDU&DEUDO0R]DPEL
TXH/DRV\&DPER\D$ WRGRVHOORV\DRWURVSXHEORVDJUHGLGRVGHO 7HUFHU
(QODFODXVXUD)LGHOH[SRQHODHVWUDWHJLDFXEDQDSDUDODUHYROXFLyQPXQGLDO 0XQGR)LGHOOHVSODQWHD&XDQGR&XEDGHVDItDHOSHOLJURQRHVXQSDtVTXH
(QPXFKDVRWUDVSDUWHVGH $PpULFDH[LVWHQODVFRQGLFLRQHVSOHQDVSDUDOD SRVHDPLOORQHVGHKRPEUHVVREUHODVDUPDVQRHVXQSDtVTXHSRVHDDUPDV
OXFKDDUPDGDUHYROXFLRQDULD >@ /DFRUUHODFLyQGHIXHU]DVGHOLPSHULDOLVPR WHUPRQXFOHDUHV$TXt QXHVWURVFRKHWHVVRQPRUDOHV\HOQ~PHURGHKRP
HQ HVWHFRQWLQHQWHODSUR[LPLGDGGHVXWHUULWRULRPHWURSROLWDQRHOFHORFRQ EUHVQRHVLQILQLWRVLQRODGLJQLGDG\HOGHFRURGHHVWHSXHEOR >@ (OLPSH
TXHWUDWDUiGHGHIHQGHUVXVGRPLQLRVHQHVWDSDUWHGHOPXQGRH[LJHQXQD ULDOLVPRVHUiGHUURWDGR4XLpQQRVKDGDGRHVDH[WUDRUGLQDULDOHFFLyQ"(O
HVWUDWHJLDFRP~QXQDOXFKDFRP~Q\VLPXOWiQHD >@ 0iVWDUGHRPiVWHP  SXHEORGH9LHWQDPGLVFXUVRGHO(QVX0HQVDMHDORVSXHEORV
SUDQRORVSXHEORVWRGRVRFDVLWRGRVWHQGUiQTXHWRPDUODVDUPDVSDUDOLEH GHO PXQGRDWUDYpVGHOD 7ULFRQWLQHQWDO HO&KH*XHYDUDSRUHQWRQFHV
UDUVH1RVRWURVFUHHPRVTXHHQHVWHFRQWLQHQWH\HQWRGRVRFDVLWRGRVORV IXHUDGH&XEDDFXHUGDFRQ)LGHO\SODQWHDODFRQVLJQD &UHDUGRVWUHV
SXHEORVODOXFKDDGTXLULUiIRUPDVYLROHQWDV GLVFXUVRGHO PXFKRV9LHWQDP

132 133
Regreso del Che a Cuba y Fidel y la OLAS
encuentro con Fidel (QOD&RQIHUHQFLD7ULFRQWLQHQWDOGHFRQYLYHQODOtQHDSURVRYLpWLFDODSUR
FKLQD\ODYLHWQDPLWDFXEDQD(Q&XEDFRQYRFDDODSULPHUD&RQIHUHQ
$QWHODGHUURWDHQHO&RQJR)LGHOOHUXHJDDO&KHTXHYXHOYDD&XED(QXQD FLDGHOD2UJDQL]DFLyQ/DWLQRDPHULFDQDGH6ROLGDULGDG2/$66XHVWUDWHJLD
FDUWDLQpGLWDUHFLpQSXEOLFDGDHQ)LGHOOHVXJLHUHTXHUHJUHVH\HVSH
UHXQWLHPSRDQWHVGHLQFRUSRUDUVHDRWUDVOXFKDVFRQYLVWDVDFRPEDWLUHQOD
WLHUUD GH&DUOLWRV >)LGHO DOXGHD&DUORV*DUGHORVHD $UJHQWLQD@ (V TXH
DFDVR0DU[(QJHOV/HQLQ%ROtYDU0DUWtQRWXYLHURQTXHVRPHWHUVHDHVSH
UDVTXHHQRFDVLRQHVGXUDURQGpFDGDV"<RQRWHSODQWHRXQDHVSHUDGHGpFD
GDVQLGHDxRVVLTXLHUDVyORGHPHVHV &DUWDLQpGLWDGH)LGHODO&KHMXQLR
HVSUHGRPLQDQWH(QODFODXVXUDGHOD2/$6)LGHODILUPD +D\WHVLVTXHWLH
QHQ DxRVGHHGDGODIDPRVDWHVLVDFHUFDGHOSDSHOGHODVEXUJXHVtDV
QDFLRQDOHV&XiQWRSDSHOFXiQWDIUDVHFXDQWDSDODEUHUtDHQHVSHUDGHXQD
EXUJXHVtDOLEHUDOSURJUHVLVWDDQWLLPSHULDOLVWD >@ /DHVHQFLDGHODFXHVWLyQ
HVWiHQVLVHOHYDDKDFHUFUHHUDODVPDVDVTXHHOPRYLPLHQWRUHYROXFLRQD
ULRTXHHOVRFLDOLVPRYDDOOHJDUDOSRGHUVLQOXFKDSDFtILFDPHQWH< HVRHV
GH$QWHODVXJHUHQFLD*XHYDUDUHJUHVDFODQGHVWLQDPHQWHD&XEDSDUD
SUHSDUDUODOXFKDUHYROXFLRQDULDHQ%ROLYLD
(QODFODQGHVWLQLGDGSUHSDUDQGRHOVHJXQGRLQWHQWRGHLQVXUJHQFLDHQHOFRQRVXU
HOSULPHURORKDEtDHQFDEH]DGRVXDPLJR0DVHWWLFRQHO(*3HO&KH*XH
YDUDVHYXHOYHDHQWUHQDUHQ&XED$OOtVHWUDQVIRUPDODFDUDWHUPLQDSHODGR\FRQ
XQDPHQWLUDGLVFXUVRGHO
(QODGHFODUDFLyQILQDOVHIRUPXODQWHVLVHQGHIHQVDGH ODOXFKDDUPDGD\
ODYLROHQFLDUHYROXFLRQDULDH[SUHVLyQPiVDOWDGHODOXFKDGHOSXHEORODSRVL
ELOLGDGPiVFRQFUHWDGHGHUURWDUDOLPSHULDOLVPR/DVWHVLVVRVWLHQHQTXHODV
OODPDGDVEXUJXHVtDVQDFLRQDOHVGH$PpULFD/DWLQDWLHQHQXQDGHELOLGDGRUJi
QLFDHVWiQHQWUHOD]DGDVFRQORVWHUUDWHQLHQWHVFRQTXLHQHVIRUPDQODROLJDU
DQWHRMRVSDUDTXHDOFUX]DUSRUDHURSXHUWRVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHVOD&,$ QRORUHFR TXtD \ORVHMpUFLWRVSURIHVLRQDOHVVRQLQFDSDFHV\WLHQHQXQDLPSRWHQFLD
QR]FD6HYXHOYHDHQFRQWUDUYDULDVYHFHVFRQ)LGHO\OHSLGHRSLQLyQVREUHVXGLV DEVROXWDSDUDHQIUHQWDUDOLPSHULDOLVPRHLQGHSHQGL]DUDQXHVWURVSDtVHV >@
IUD] 4XHGDQIRWRJUDItDVGHHVWRV~OWLPRVHQFXHQWURVHQWHDPERVDPLJRV /DLQVXUUHFFLyQDUPDGDHVHOYHUGDGHURFDPLQRGHODVHJXQGDJXHUUDGHLQGH
VXSXHVWDPHQWHSHOHDGRV\HQHPLVWDGRVVHJ~QODVYHUVLRQHVGHOD&,$ SHQGHQFLD'HFODUDFLyQJHQHUDOGHOD2/$6DJRVWRGH 

134 135
Fidel y la herencia de Fidel y la religin
San Martn y Bolvar (QWUHORVUHYROXFLRQDULRVGHOD2/$6VHJXLGRUHVGH0DU[/HQLQ)LGHO\HO
&KHSDUWLFLSDQFULVWLDQRV3HURHQ&XEDOD,JOHVLDFDWyOLFDUHFKD]DODUHYR
(Q ODVJXHUUDVGHLQGHSHQGHQFLDDPHULFDQDGHVGHHQDGHODQWH6DQ OXFLyQ$ VXYH]ORVSULQFLSDOHVGLULJHQWHVDH[FHSFLyQGH-$(FKHYHUUtD
0DUWtQHQHOVXU\6LPyQ%ROtYDUHQHOQRUWHGHVSOLHJDQXQDHVWUDWHJLDFRQWL GH IRUPDFLyQFULVWLDQDSURYLHQHQGHODQWLFOHULFDOLVPR(VRFRQGXFH
QHQWDO/RVODWLQRDPHULFDQRVWULXQIDQIUHQWHDOFRORQLDOLVPR\ORJUDQODSULPH GXUDQWHORVSULPHURVDxRVDXQDPXWXDLQFRPSUHQVLyQH[SUHVLyQGHHVWR
UD LQGHSHQGHQFLDSROtWLFD3HURODVQDFLHQWHVUHS~EOLFDVKHJHPRQL]DGDV IXHURQODVXQLGDGHVPLOLWDUHVGHD\XGDDODSURGXFFLyQ>80$3@GRQGHDOJX
SRUROLJDUTXtDV\EXUJXHVtDVQDWLYDVPDQWLHQHQODGRPLQDFLyQVRFLDOLQWHU QRV FULVWLDQRVIXHURQLQMXVWDPHQWHFDVWLJDGRV6LQHPEDUJRGHVGHOD
QD \ODGHSHQGHQFLDHFRQyPLFDH[WHUQD6LJOR\PHGLRGHVSXpVUHQDFHOD 2/$6&XEDVHDEUHDORVFULVWLDQRVUHYROXFLRQDULRVLQIOX\HQGRHQODUDGL
OXFKDFRQWLQHQWDOSRUODVHJXQGDLQGHSHQGHQFLDFRQWUDWRGDVODVGRPLQDFLR FDOL]DFLyQ GHODWHRORJtDGHODOLEHUDFLyQ8QH[FHOHQWHOLEURHV )LGHO \OD
QHV\GHSHQGHQFLDV'HVGHVHYXHOYHDSODQWHDUXQDHVWUDWHJLDFRQWL UHOLJLyQ>@HQWUHYLVWDGHOWHyORJREUDVLOHxR)UHL%HWWR+R\ HOHMHPSOR
QHQWDOHQFDEH]DGDDKRUDGHVGHODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDSRU)LGHO\HO&KH GH&DPLOR7RUUHV5HVWUHSRFXUDTXHPXHUHHQFRPEDWHDGPLUDGRUGH)LGHO
\JXHUULOOHURFRORPELDQRHVUHWRPDGRSRUDPSOLRVVHFWRUHVFUH\HQWHVGHQ
WUR\IXHUDGH&XED

(QWRGDVODVRUJDQL]DFLRQHVUHYROXFLRQDULDVODWLQRDPHULFDQDVTXHGHVGHORV
VHLQVSLUDQHQHOSHQVDPLHQWRGH)LGHO\HO&KHDSDUHFHQUHIHUHQFLDVD 'LVWLQWDGHOFULVWLDQLVPRHVODVLWXDFLyQGHODVDQWHUtDGHRULJHQHVFODYR\
ODV OXFKDVLQGHSHQGHQWLVWDVGH3RUHMHPSORHQ $UJHQWLQD HO(MpUFLWR DIULFDQRHQ&XED$OQRUHVSRQGHUDQLQJXQDDXWRULGDGH[WUDQMHUDFRPRHO
5HYROXFLRQDULRGHO3XHEOR(53DGRSWDFRPRSURSLDODEDQGHUDGHO(MpUFLWR UHDFFLRQDULR9DWLFDQRODVDQWHUtDSHUPLWHXQVLQFUHWLVPRPD\RUFRQODLGHROR
GHORV$QGHVGH6DQ0DUWtQTXHUHSUHVHQWDODSULPHUDLQGHSHQGHQFLDDOD JtD VRFLDOLVWDTXHDGRSWDODUHYROXFLyQGHVGHPX\WHPSUDQR/DUHYROXFLyQ
TXHOHVXPDXQDHVWUHOODURMDUHSUHVHQWDQGRHOVRFLDOLVPR\ODOXFKDSRUOD FRQYLYHFRQHOODGHVGHHOLQLFLRKDVWDKR\ DXQTXHUHFLpQGXUDQWHORV~OWLPRV
VHJXQGDLQGHSHQGHQFLD DxRVDGTXLHUHFLHUWRHVSDFLRS~EOLFRGHUHFRQRFLPLHQWRVRFLDO

136 137
Bolivia y la estrategia continental del Che El apoyo de Fidel al Che
7UDWDQGRGHOOHYDUDODSUiFWLFDODHVWUDWHJLDFRQWLQHQWDO\PXQGLDOGH)LGHO\ (QWUHQiQGRVHHQ&XED*XHYDUDHOLJHFRPEDWLHQWHVSDUDHOVXUGH$PpULFD
OD UHYROXFLyQFXEDQDHO&KH*XHYDUDSODQWHDFRQWLQXDUODUHYROXFLyQHQHO /DWLQD (QWUHHOORVILJXUDQPLHPEURVGHOFRPLWpFHQWUDOGHO3DUWLGR&RPX
FRQRVXUODWLQRDPHULFDQR6HWUDWDGH&UHDUGRVWUHVPXFKRV9LHWQDP SDUD QLVWD&XEDQR3&&TXHORDFRPSDxDQD%ROLYLDFRQWRWDODSR\RGH)LGHO
TXHHOLPSHULDOLVPRWHQJDTXHGLYLGLUVXVIXHU]DV6XSODQFRQVLVWHHQDEULUXQ 5D~O&DVWUR\HOFRPDQGDQWH%DUEDUURMD0DQXHO3LxHLUR/RVDGDHQFDUJD
IUHQWHGHOXFKD\HQWUHQDPLHQWRLQVXUUHFFLRQDOHQ%ROLYLDGHGRQGHSDUWLUtDQ GRGHFRRUGLQDUODVRSHUDFLRQHVLQVXUJHQWHVFODQGHVWLQDVHQ $PpULFD/DWL
SRVWHULRUPHQWHFROXPQDVLQVXUJHQWHVSDUDORVGLYHUVRVSDtVHVGHOVXU3HU~ QD(QWUHORVVREUHYLYLHQWHVFXEDQRVGH%ROLYLDVHHQFXHQWUD+DUU\$QWRQLR
%UDVLO\SULQFLSDOPHQWH$UJHQWLQDODPHWDGHO&KH 9LOOHJDV7DPD\RDOLDV3RPERTXLHQDFRPSDxDDO&KHHQOD6LHUUD0DHV
WUD HO&RQJR%ROLYLD\  OXHJRGHODVHVLQDWRGH*XHYDUDYDDFRPEDWLUD
$QJROD)LGHOOHHQWUHJDODPHGDOODGH+pURHGHOD5HS~EOLFDGH&XED+R\
>@3RPERHVJHQHUDOGHODV)XHU]DV $UPDGDV5HYROXFLRQDULDV)$5
GH&XED

3DUDFRQFUHWDUHVDHVWUDWHJLDHO&KHILQDOPHQWHDFHSWDODSURSXHVWDGHOUHJUHVR
D&XEDTXHOHKDFH)LGHOOXHJRGHODH[SHULHQFLDIUXVWUDGDHQHO&RQJR\VX
SDVRFODQGHVWLQRSRU7DQ]DQLD\&KHFRVORYDTXLD(Q&XEDVHHQWUHQD\FDP
ELD VXDSDULHQFLDItVLFD3UHYLDPHQWH*XHYDUDKDEtDHQYLDGRD%ROLYLDDXQD
DJHQWHHQFXELHUWDSDUDUHFROHFWDULQIRUPDFLyQODDUJHQWLQD+D\GHp7DPDUD%XQ (OHMpUFLWREROLYLDQRORVUDQJHUV\OD&,$FDSWXUDQDO&KHHO\ORDVH
NH%tGHUDOLDV7DQLDDXQTXHHQ%ROLYLDXVDHOQRPEUHGH/DXUD0DUWtQH]%DXHU VLQDQHO8QRGHORVDJHQWHVGHOD&,$ TXHLQWHUYLHQHHQVXDVHVL
TXLHQVHLQILOWUDHQODVDOWDVHVIHUDVGHODGLFWDGXUDPLOLWDU GRQGHOD&,$ KDEtD QDWRDVDQJUHIUtDHV)pOL[5RGUtJXH]DQWLFDVWULVWDGH0LDPLTXHSDUWLFLSDFRQ
UHFOXWDGRDORVSULQFLSDOHVPLOLWDUHVEROLYLDQRVFRPRHOJHQHUDO%DUULHQWRV 7DQLD OD&,$HQODUHSUHVLyQGH(O6DOYDGRUHQODFRQWUDUUHYROXFLyQGH1LFDUDJXD\
PXHUHFRPEDWLHQGRMXQWRFRQRWURVJXHUULOOHURVGHO&KHHO HQHO3ODQ&yQGRUFRQ3LQRFKHW\9 LGHOD

138 139
Fidel ante el asesinato del Che
$QWHVXPXHUWH)LGHOGLFH (O&KH\ORVTXHFD\HURQHQVXHMpUFLWRLQWHUQD 
FLRQDOLVWDVRQKpURHV6HHTXLYRFDQORVTXHFDQWDQYLFWRULD\FUHHQTXHVX
PXHUWHItVLFDHVODPXHUWHGHVXVLGHDV\VXHMHPSOR&DGDGtDTXHSDVHVH
DJLJDQWDUi HQHOFRUD]yQGHORVSXHEORVSXHVOOHYyODVLGHDVGHOPDU[LVPR
OHQLQLVPRDVXH[SUHVLyQPiVSXUDIUHVFD\UHYROXFLRQDULD6LQRVSUHJXQWDQ
FyPRTXHUHPRVTXHVHDQXHVWURSXHEORQXHVWURVPLOLWDQWHVQXHVWURVFRP
EDWLHQWHV QXHVWURVKLMRV\ODVJHQHUDFLRQHVIXWXUDV4XHUHPRVTXHVHDQ
El Pensamiento Revolucionario Cubano
$FRPSDxDQGRODRIHQVLYDSROtWLFDGHODV&RQIHUHQFLDV 7ULFRQWLQHQWDO\2/$6
&XEDWDPELpQSURPXHYHHQHORUGHQGHOSHQVDPLHQWRVRFLDOXQDEDWDOODLGHR
OyJLFDFRQWUDHOUHIRUPLVPR>HOUHIRUPLVPRFRQVLVWHHQSURSRQHUSDOLDWLYRV
SDUFKHV\UHPLHQGRVDOFDSLWDOLVPRSDUDTXHQRVHDWDQEUXWDOSHURVLQFDP
ELDUHOVLVWHPDGHIRQGR@6L &DVDGHODV$PpULFDV \ODSULPHUDpSRFDGH (O
FDLPiQEDUEXGR FRQVWLWX\HQODVSULQFLSDOHVUHYLVWDVOLWHUDULDV\FXOWXUDOHVOD
UHYLVWDGHFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHVPiVLPSRUWDQWHTXHSURGXFHODUHYROXFLyQFXED
FRPRHO&KHGLVFXUVRGHO
5HILULpQGRVHD0DULR0RQJH\RWURVSURVRYLpWLFRVTXHWUDLFLRQDQDO&KH)LGHO
DILUPD/RVVHXGRUUHYROXFLRQDULRVRSRUWXQLVWDV\FKDUODWDQHVTXHDXWRFRQ 
FHSWXiQGRVHPDU[LVWDVFRPXQLVWDV\RWURVWtWXORVQRKDQYDFLODGRHQFDOLIL
FDUDO&KHGHHTXLYRFDGRDYHQWXUHURHLGHDOLVWDFX\DPXHUWHHVHOFDQWRGH
FLVQH GHODOXFKDUHYROXFLRQDULDHQ $PpULFD /DWLQD >@ &XiQWRV GHHVWRV
PLVHUDEOHVVHKDEUiQDOHJUDGRGHODPXHUWHGHO&KH6HMXVWLILFDQDVtPLV
PRVRDGLULJHQWHVWUDLGRUHVTXHQRYDFLODURQHQIUHQDUODDFFLyQUHYROXFLR
QDULD SRUTXHQRTXLHUHQFRPEDWLU  QLFRPEDWLUiQMDPiVSRUHOSXHEOR\VX
OLEHUDFLyQ+DQFDULFDWXUL]DGRODVLGHDVUHYROXFLRQDULDV\FRQYHUWLGRODVRUJD
QL]DFLRQHV GHOXFKDHQLQVWUXPHQWRVGHFRQFLOLDFLyQFRQORVH[SORWDGRUHV
LQWHUQRV\H[WHUQRV)LGHO8QDLQWURGXFFLyQQHFHVDULDDO 'LDULRGHO&KHHQ
QDHV3HQVDPLHQWR&UtWLFR >VHSXEOLFDQQ~PHURVGHFDVLSiJLQDV
FDGDXQRHQWUH\@
3RFRGHVSXpVGHOD7ULFRQWLQHQWDO\OD2/$6)LGHOFRQYRFDDO&RQJUHVR&XO
WXUDOGH/D+DEDQD $QWHLQWHOHFWXDOHVGHSDtVHVDILUPD (QRFDVLRQHV
KHPRVYLVWRVXSXHVWDVYDQJXDUGLDVHQORPiVSURIXQGRGHODUHWDJXDUGLDHQ
ODOXFKDFRQWUDHOLPSHULDOLVPR&XDQGRPXFKDVVXSXHVWDVYDQJXDUGLDVVH
PDQWXYLHURQHQHOVLOHQFLR\QRPRYLOL]DURQDQDGLHKHPRVYLVWRDQXPHUR
VRVWUDEDMDGRUHVLQWHOHFWXDOHVPRYLOL]DUVH\DO]DUVXYR]FRQWUDHOLPSHULDOLV
PRHQ9LHWQDPFRQWUDHODVHVLQDWRGHQXHVWURFRPSDxHUR&KH*XHYDUDHQ
%ROLYLDHQGHIHQVDGHOPRYLPLHQWRQHJURHQ((883RUHVRQRVRWURVYDOR
UDPRVDOWDPHQWHODWDUHDGHORVWUDEDMDGRUHVLQWHOHFWXDOHVGHOWHUFHUPXQGR
SHURWDPELpQGH(XURSD\GHORV((88(OPDU[LVPRQHFHVLWDGHVDUUROODUVH
%ROLYLD$ SHVDUGHHVDWUDLFLyQMyYHQHVFRPXQLVWDVFRPR/R\ROD*X] FRPRXQDIXHU]DUHYROXFLRQDULD\QRFRPRXQDLJOHVLDVHXGRUUHYROXFLRQDULD
PiQ,QWL\&RFR3HUHGROXFKDQKDVWDHOILQDOMXQWRD*XHYDUD GLVFXUVRGHO

140 141
Fidel y los intelectuales europeos Fidel y la juventud estudiantil
$ GLIHUHQFLDGHORVSDtVHVGHOHVWH8566\VXVDOLDGRVTXHGHVSUHFLDEDQD
ODLQWHOHFWXDOLGDGRFFLGHQWDO)LGHOHVWDEOHFHGHVGHHOLQLFLRGHODUHYROXFLyQ
WRGRXQDUFRGHDOLDQ]DVFRQWUDEDMDGRUHVLQWHOHFWXDOHVHXURSHRVHVFULWRUHV
SHQVDGRUHV HGLWRUHV\DUWLVWDV(Q)UDQFLD )UDQoRLV 0DVSHUR\HQ,WDOLD
*LDQJLDFRPR)HOWULQHOOLDPERVHGLWRUHVGLIXQGHQHOSHQVDPLHQWRGHODUHYR
OXFLyQFXEDQDHQVXVUHVSHFWLYRVLGLRPDV
$ LQLFLRVGHORVDxRV-HDQ3DXO6DUWUH>@\6LPRQHGH%HDXYRLU
>@YLVLWDQODLVOD\UHSURGXFHQHQVXUHYLVWD /HV7HPSV0RGHUQHV
/DVSULPHUDVKHUUDPLHQWDVSROtWLFDVGH)LGHOVHGHVDUUROODQDILQHVGHORVDxRV
HQOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH/D+DEDQDHQODFROLQDXQLYHUVLWDULD&DVLDxRV
GHVSXpV\DFRPRSULQFLSDOGLULJHQWHGHODUHYROXFLyQ)LGHOYXHOYHDOD3OD]D
&DGHQDVGHOD8QLYHUVLGDG\DOOtFHOHEUDQXPHURVDVDVDPEOHDV\GLVFXVLR
QHVFRQORVHVWXGLDQWHVFXEDQRV
/DUHYROXFLyQFXEDQD\VXLGHDULRGHVGH)LGHO&DVWUR\HO&KH*XHYDUDKDV
WDHOPLQLVWURGHHGXFDFLyQ$UPDQGR+DUW'iYDORVWRGRVVDOLGRVGHODVOXFKDV
XQLYHUVLWDULDVFRQVWLWX\HDQLYHOLQWHUQDFLRQDOHOJR]QHHQWUHGRVJUDQGHV
UHEHOLRQHVHVWXGLDQWLOHVODVGH\ODVGH/DVSULPHUDVGHRULJHQ
DPHULFDQR QDFLGDVHQ&yUGRED $UJHQWLQD \GLIXQGLGDVKDVWD0p[LFR\
DUWtFXORV VREUHODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQD6HJ~QHOWHVWLPRQLRSRVWHULRUGHH[ &XEDODVVHJXQGDVGHIDFWXUDHXURSHD\QRUWHDPHULFDQDGHVGHHODOH
DJHQWHVGHOD&,$ODLQWHOLJHQFLDQRUWHDPHULFDQDVLJXHGHFHUFDODUHYLVWDGH PiQHOPiVUDGLFDOKDVWDHOPiVIDPRVRPD\RIUDQFpVSDVDQGRSRUODVGH
6DUWUHWUDWDQGRGHFRQWUDUUHVWDUHODSR\RFXOWXUDOHXURSHRD&XED+R\HQGtD ((88&XEDDUWLFXODDPERVXQLYHUVRVFXOWXUDOHV)LGHOHVXQKLMRGHOD5HIRU
>@)LGHOFRQWLQ~DHQODPLVPDSUpGLFDFRQUHYLVWDVFRPR/H0RQGH'LSOR PD8QLYHUVLWDULDGH&yUGREDGHODTXHVHQXWUHDWUDYpVGH0HOOD5RD\OD
PDWLF \RWUDVSRUHOHVWLOR JHQHUDFLyQGHOFHQWHQDULR\DVXYH]LQIOX\HHQHOHXURSHR

142 143
La influencia de la Revolucin Cubana
en EE.UU.
/DLQIOXHQFLDGH)LGHOHO&KH\ODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDQRVHGHWLHQHHQODLQWH 
OHFWXDOLGDGHXURSHDQLHQVXHVWXGLDQWDGR 7DPELpQSHQHWUDHQODFXOWXUDGH
((88 )LGHO&DVWURQRVyORVHGXFHDODPLOLWDQFLDUDGLFDOGHODV3DQWHUDV
QHJUDVRD0DOFROP;7DPELpQVHJDQDODDGKHVLyQHQWXVLDVWDGHLQWHOHFWXD
OHVIDPRVRVFRPR3DXO%DUDQ>@3DXO06ZHH]\>@/HR
+XEHUPDQ >@ORVWUHVGHODFpOHEUH 0RQWKO\ 5HYLHZ &KDUOHV
La Reolucin Cubana y la
Cultura Latinoamericana
$ SDUWLUGHOWULXQIRUHYROXFLRQDULR&XEDVHYXHOYHXQIDURSDUDWRGDODFXOWXUD
FUtWLFDFRQWLQHQWDOORJUDQGRTXHSRUSULPHUDYH]ODVFUHDFLRQHVODWLQRDPHULFD
QDVVHWUDGX]FDQDOUHYpVGHOHVSDxRODOLQJOpVIUDQFpVLWDOLDQRHWFLQYLU
WLHQGRHORUGHQWUDGLFLRQDOGHFLUFXODFLyQGHOVDEHUHQWUHHOFHQWURLPSHULDO\
ODVSHULIHULDV(VDLQIOXHQFLDFXOWXUDODWUDYLHVDWRGD $PpULFD/DWLQD'HVGHHO
ERRP GHODQXHYDQRYHODODWLQRDPHULFDQDHQORVSUHFHGLGRSRU $OHMR
:ULJKW 0LOOV>@\KDVWD+HUEHUW0DUFXVHTXLHQGHILHQGHODSHUV &DUSHQWLHUFRQREUDVFRPR(OUHLQRGHHVWHPXQGR >@KDVWDODH[SDQVLyQ
SHFWLYDGH*XHYDUDFXDQGRYLDMDD$OHPDQLDHQ GHODWHRUtDGHODGHSHQGHQFLDSDVDQGRSRUODUDGLFDOL]DFLyQGHODWHRORJtDGH
ODOLEHUDFLyQ\GHGLYHUVDVYDQJXDUGLDVHVWpWLFDVFRPRODVPXHVWUDVGH9LHW
QDP>@\7XFXPiQDUGH>@HQ$UJHQWLQD

/DPD\RUtDGHORVLQWHOHFWXDOHVQRUWHDPHULFDQRVTXHYLVLWDQ&XED\VHHQWUH
YLVWDQFRQ)LGHOHVFULEHQOLEURVGHIHQGLHQGRODUHYROXFLyQ:ULJKW0LOOVSXEOLFD
HOIDPRVtVLPR/LVWHQ<DQTXL7KH5HYROXFLRQLQ&XED >(VFXFKD\DQTXL/D
UHYROXFLyQ HQ&XED@/HR+XEHUPDQ\3DXO6ZHH]\UHGDFWDQDG~R
&XED DQDWRPtDGHXQDUHYROXFLyQ >@ 3DXO%DUDQHVFULEH 5HIOH[LRQHV
VREUHOD5HYROXFLyQ&XEDQD >@:DOGR)UDQN>@&XEDLVODSUR
IpWLFD >@\0DXULFH=HLWOLQOXHJRGHUHFRUUHUODLVODKDFHVXWHVLVGRFWRUDO
HQ 3ULQFHWRQWLWXODGD /D SROtWLFDUHYROXFLRQDULD\ODFODVHREUHUDFXEDQD
>@/RPLVPRVXFHGHFRQYDULRVGLUHFWRUHVGHFLQHHO~OWLPRHV2OLYHU6WR
/RPLVPRVXFHGHFRQODH[SHULHQFLD\VLVWHPDWL]DFLyQGHODHGXFDFLyQSRSX
ODU\ODSHGDJRJtDGHORSULPLGRRFRQHOQXHYRFLQHODWLQRDPHULFDQR(QWRGDV
HVWDVGLVFLSOLQDVWHQGHQFLDV\YHUWLHQWHVVHGHMDRtUHOHFRGHOWHUUHPRWRTXH
ODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDSURYRFDHQORVVDEHUHVWUDGLFLRQDOHV\HQODPRGLILFDFLyQ
GHODVSDXWDVGHSURGXFFLyQLQWHUFDPELRUHFHSFLyQ\FRQVXPRFXOWXUDOHVD
QHTXLHQILOPDHQ&RPDQGDQWHXQDODUJDHQWUHYLVWDFRQ)LGHO HVFDODFRQWLQHQWDO

144 145
Auge y represin de la
insurgencia latinoamericana
$ SDUWLUGHOLPSXOVRFRQWLQHQWDOTXH)LGHO\HO&KHOHGDQDODUHYROXFLyQHQ
WRGDQXHVWUD$PpULFDVXUJHQRUJDQL]DFLRQHVUHYROXFLRQDULDVTXHOXFKDQFRQ
WUDODVGLFWDGXUDVPLOLWDUHV\HOLPSHULDOLVPRWUDWDQGRGHORJUDUODOLEHUDFLyQ
QDFLRQDO ODGHPRFUDFLD\HOVRFLDOLVPR8QDQXHYDJHQHUDFLyQGHMyYHQHV
PLOLWDQWHVWUDEDMDGRUHVXUEDQRV\UXUDOHVHVWXGLDQWHVLQWHOHFWXDOHV\KDVWD
VDFHUGRWHVFRPSURPHWLGRVKDFHQVX\DODEDQGHUDUHEHOGHGHODUHYROXFLyQ
FXEDQD5HVXUJHDHVFDODFRQWLQHQWDOHOHVStULWXGHRIHQVLYDSROtWLFDHLGHROy
JLFDGHOPDU[LVPRODWLQRDPHULFDQRGHODGpFDGDGHO
/RVFtUFXORVPiVUHDFFLRQDULRVGHODHOLWHTXHJRELHUQD((88QRSHUPDQHFHQ
SDVLYRVQLGHEUD]RVFUX]DGRVIUHQWHDHVHDXJHGHODUHEHOGtDODWLQRDPHULFDQD
7DQWRORVILQDQFLVWDVFRPRORVPLOLWDUHVORVDJHQWHVGHLQWHOLJHQFLD\ORVHVWUD
WHJDV GHOLPSHULDOLVPRLQWHUYLHQHQDFWLYDPHQWHSDUDUHSULPLUODLQVXUJHQFLD\
PDQWHQHUVXGRPLQDFLyQVRFLDOPHGLDQWHXQJHQRFLGLREUXWDO\VDQJXLQDULR
146
La guerra contrainsurgente
3DUDWHUPLQDUFRQODLQVXUJHQFLDODVIXHU]DVDUPDGDV\DQTXLVHQWUHQDQPLOHV
\PLOHVGHSROLFtDV\PLOLWDUHVODWLQRDPHULFDQRVHQODVWpFQLFDVGHOJROSHGH
HVWDGR HOVHFXHVWURODWRUWXUD\ODGHVDSDULFLyQPDVLYDGHORVGLVLGHQWHV
+D\TXHWHUPLQDUFRQHOHMHPSORGH&XEDDVDQJUH\IXHJR HVVXFRQVLJ
QDGHFDEHFHUD$VtJHQHUDOL]DQODWHRUtDGHODVHJXULGDGQDFLRQDO\ODJXH
UUD FRQWUDLQVXUJHQWHRJXHUUDFRQWUDUUHYROXFLRQDULDTXHORV\DQTXLV\VXV
DOXPQRVODWLQRDPHULFDQRVLPSRUWDQGH)UDQFLD\VXVH[WUHPLVWDVGHXOWUDGH
UHFKDHQ$UJHOLD
'HUURWDGDODSULPHUDROHDGDLQVXUJHQWH
ODWLQRDPHULFDQDTXHQDFHFRQODUHYROXFLyQ
FXEDQDDQLTXLODGDVVXVSULQFLSDOHVRUJDQL]DFLRQHVUHYROXFLRQDULDV\H[WHUPL
QDGRV DOPHMRUHVWLORQD]LVXVPLOLWDQWHV&XEDFXOPLQDODFUXFLDO\
HPEOHPiWLFDGpFDGDGHOFRQXQIXHUWHDLVODPLHQWRIUHQWHDODJUHVLYRSRGHU
PLOLWDUGH(VWDGRV8QLGRV
147
Creciente aislamiento de Cuba
$ ILQHVGHODGpFDGDGHO((88HQGXUHFHVXUHSUHVLyQ\VXFRQWUROKHPLVIpUL
FR RFFLGHQWDOHVWUDQJXODQGRWRGDUHEHOGtDVRFLDOFRQJROSHVGHHVWDGRLQWHU
YHQFLRQHVGHOD&,$ \P~OWLSOHVPDWDQ]DVTXHDKRJDQHQVDQJUHDODLQVXUJHQ
FLDODWLQRDPHULFDQD\VXVEDVHVGHDSR\R0LHQWUDVWDQWRDORWURODGRGHOPXQGR
OD8QLyQ6RYLpWLFDHQFRPSOHWDUXSWXUDFRQ&KLQDLQYDGH&KHFRVORYDTXLD
Problemas econmicos e ingreso
en el CAME
6LQPRGLILFDFLRQHVHQHOEORTXHRGH((88GHVGHHOODGLUHFFLyQ
HFRQyPLFDFXEDQDODQ]DXQDRIHQVLYDIURQWDOHVWDWL]DFLyQDXOWUDQ]DLQFOXL
GRV SHTXHxRVFRPHUFLRVJUDWXLGDGWRWDOGHORVVHUYLFLRVWHOHIyQLFRV\GHO
DJXD JXHUUDDOEXURFUDWLVPR\YLUWXDOGHVDSDULFLyQGHOGLQHURHQHOLQWHU
FDPELRHQWUHHPSUHVDVVRFLDOLVWDVODVWUDQVDFFLRQHVVHKDFHQVLQODLQWHU
YHQFLyQ GHOPHUFDGR $XQTXH DSULPHUDYLVWDSDUHFHXQDDSOLFDFLyQGHO
SHQVDPLHQWRGHO&KHHQUHDOLGDGHVHPRGHORHVGLVWLQWRDOGH*XHYDUDSXHV
OD HVWDWL]DFLyQQRHVDFRPSDxDGDSRUXQDHVWULFWDFRQWDELOLGDGJHQHUDQGR
GHVRUJDQL]DFLyQ\GHVSLOIDUURGHUHFXUVRV(QHVHFRQWH[WRODGLUHFFLyQHFR
QyPLFDSODQLILFDSDUDSURGXFLUPLOORQHVGHWRQHODGDVGHD]~FDU /D
PHWDQRVHDOFDQ]DVHSURGXFHQPLOORQHV(OIUDFDVRGHOD]DIUDGHORV
PLOORQHVJHQHUDFDPELRVSURIXQGRVHQODSROtWLFDHFRQyPLFD

/DFRQWLQXLGDGGHOEORTXHR\DQTXLODGHELOLGDGGHVXHFRQRPtDGRQGHFRH
[LVWHQDQWDJyQLFDPHQWHGRVPRGHORVGHJHVWLyQHOVLVWHPDSUHVXSXHVWDULR
GHILQDQFLDPLHQWR63)FRQHMHHQODSODQLILFDFLyQ\HOFiOFXORHFRQyPL
FRFRQHMHHQHOPHUFDGRHOUHWUDVRHQODLQGXVWULDOL]DFLyQ\HOIUDFDVR
GHOD]DIUDGHORVPLOORQHVREOLJDQD&XEDDLQJUHVDUHQDO&$0(
&RQVHMR GH$\XGD 0XWXD(FRQyPLFD 7UHFH DxRVGHVSXpVGHOWULXQIROD
3DVDGRHODXJHGHOD&RQIHUHQFLD7ULFRQWLQHQWDO\OD2/$6DQWHODPXHUWHGHO GLUHFFLyQ GHODUHYROXFLyQWLHQHTXHSRVWHUJDUHOVXHxRGHODDXWRQRPtD
&KH*XHYDUDHQ%ROLYLD\RWURVDSODVWDPLHQWRVGHUHYROXFLRQHVHQ $PpULFD LQGXVWULDO/D8566\VXVVRFLRVVHRSRQHQDODLQGXVWULDOL]DFLyQFXEDQDSUH
/DWLQDSDXODWLQDPHQWH&XEDVHYDTXHGDQGRVRODHQVXHQIUHQWDPLHQWRFRQ FRQL]DGDSRUHO&KH6XJLHUHQHQFDPELRXQDGLYLVLyQVRFLDOLVWDGHOWUDED
HOJLJDQWHVDOYDMHGHOQRUWH MRGRQGH&XEDDSRUWDPDWHULDVSULPDVDFDPELRGHWHFQRORJtDVRYLpWLFD

148 149
El llamado Caso Padilla y Universidad masiva e internacionalismo
el Quinquenio Gris 'HELGRDVXDLVODPLHQWRHQ $PpULFD/DWLQDDFRPLHQ]RVGHORVHQ&XED
VHIRUWDOHFHODLGHRORJtDVRYLpWLFD&UHFHODSUHVHQFLDGHWH[WRVVRYLpWLFRVHQ
$LVODGD\PX\FHUFDGHOD8566HQ&XEDVHSURGXFHHOFDVR3DGLOOD(QWUH
\HOHVFULWRUFXEDQR+HEHUWR3DGLOOD>@WUDEDMDWUDQTXLOD
PHQWHHQ0LDPLDMHQRDODUHYROXFLyQ(QUHJUHVDD&XED(QWUH
\RFXSDFDUJRVLWLQHUDQWHVFRPRFRUUHVSRQVDOHQ/RQGUHV3UDJD\0RV
F~&RODERUDHQODUHYLVWD8QLyQ(Q3DGLOODJDQDXQSUHPLRGHOD81( 
$&SRUVXREUD )XHUDGHMXHJR TXHD~QSROpPLFDHVSXEOLFDGD 7UDEDMDHQ
OD8QLYHUVLGDGGHVGHD(VHDxROHHVXOLEUR 3URYRFDFLRQHV HQOD
81($&(OHVGHWHQLGR+DFHHOVLPXODFURGHDXWRFULWLFDUVHSDUR
OD HGXFDFLyQTXHSUHGRPLQDQKDVWD6LQHPEDUJRHVDRULHQWDFLyQ
SHGDJyJLFDWDQGLIHUHQWHGHODGpFDGDGHOFRUUHSDUHMDFRQODPDVLYL
GDGGHODXQLYHUVLGDGeVWDGHMDGHVHUXQUHGXFWRSDUDPLQRUtDVLOXVWUDGDV
FRPRHQHOFDSLWDOLVPR\VHFRQYLHUWHHQXQDSRVLELOLGDGUHDO\FRQFUHWD
SDUD ODLQPHQVDPD\RUtDGHODSREODFLyQ(ODQDOIDEHWLVPRTXHGDFRPRXQ
UHFXHUGRWULVWHGHODpSRFDSUHUUHYROXFLRQDULD
GLDQGRORVMXLFLRVGH0RVF~GH(VOLEHUDGR6LJXHWUDEDMDQGRHQHOUHF
WRUDGRGHOD8QLYHUVLGDG\FRPRWUDGXFWRU (QVHYDD((88 $TXHOOD
GHWHQFLyQ GHELOLWDHOSUHVWLJLR
LQWHUQDFLRQDO GHODUHYROXFLyQHQWUH
DOJXQRVLQWHOHFWXDOHVHXURSHRVHQWUH
RWURV SURWHVWDQ6DUWUH6LPRQHGH
%HDXYRLU\6XVDQ6RQWDJ
$XQTXHHOFDVR3DGLOODHVPDQLSXOD
GR SRUORVHQHPLJRVGHODUHYROXFLyQ
SDUDKRPRORJDUD&XEDFRQOD8566VWDOL
QLVWDVXHQFDUFHODPLHQWRFRQVWLWX\HXQDGHFL
VLyQSRFRIHOL]DOHQWDGDSRUXQQ~FOHRVHFWD
ULR \EXURFUiWLFRGHO&RQVHMR1DFLRQDOGH
&XOWXUD(QXQFRQWH[WRGHDKRJR\DLVOD
PLHQWRODVYHUWLHQWHVFXEDQDVDILQHVDOD
LGHRORJtD GHOD8566ORJUDQFLHUWDKHJH
PRQtD LQWHUQD3RUHVRHQHVDpSRFDVHFLH
UUDQ ODUHYLVWD 3HQVDPLHQWR &UtWLFR \ HO
'HSDUWDPHQWR GH)LORVRItDGHOD8QLYHUVLGDG
GH/D+DEDQDWRWDOPHQWHGLIHUHQWHVD3DGL
OODTXHH[SUHVDEDQORPiVRULJLQDOGHOSHQ 1RREVWDQWHVXPD\RUDFHUFDPLHQWRDOD8566ODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDORJUD
VDPLHQWRUHYROXFLRQDULRFXEDQR $VtQDFHHQ PDQWHQHUVXYLWDOLGDG(QORV)LGHOYXHOYHDLQVLVWLUFRQHOLQWHUQDFLRQDOLV
ODFXOWXUD\ODVFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHVHOTXLQTXHQLR PRPLOLWDQWHHQWRQFHVPXFKRPiVPDVLYRTXHHQHOSHUtRGRDQWHULRUFRPR
JULV H[SUHVLyQGHOHVFULWRUFXEDQR $PEURVLR XQ DQWtGRWRIUHQWHDFXDOTXLHUWHQWDFLyQGHDSDJDURPRGHUDUHOLPSXOVR
)RUQHW)UHQWHDOQXHYRFOLPDODVLQVWLWXFLRQHV
FXOWXUDOHV TXHPDQWLHQHQODFUHDWLYLGDGGHO
SHUtRGRDQWHULRUVRQ&DVDGHODV $PpULFDV
HO,&$,&\HO%DOOHW1DFLRQDOGH&XED
150
DQWLLPSHULDOLVWDEXURFUDWL]DUODUHYROXFLyQVRFLDOLVWDRFRQJHODUHOSURFHVRGH
WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV VRFLDOHV(VDGHFLVLyQSROtWLFDGH)LGHOFHQWUDGDSULQFL
SDOPHQWHHQODD\XGDVROLGDULDDODVOXFKDVDQWLFRORQLDOLVWDVDIULFDQDVDXQTXH
WDPELpQD$PpULFD/DWLQDDSXQWDDTXHQRVHH[WLQJDODUHEHOGtD\HODQWL
GRJPDWLVPRTXHFDUDFWHUL]DQDODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDGHVGHVXQDFLPLHQWR
151
Salvador Allende y la Fidel, Allende y Miguel Enrquez
Va pacfica al Socialismo ,QYLWDGRSRU6DOYDGRU$OOHQGH)LGHO&DVWURYLVLWD&KLOHHQWUHHO \
HO(QHVDODUJDHVWDGtD)LGHOVHHQWUHYLVWDFRQWUDEDMDGRUHVPLQH
(QHOPpGLFR6DOYDGRU$OOHQGH>@OOHJDDOJRELHUQRFRQOD8QL URVHVWXGLDQWHV\FDPSHVLQRV,QFOXVRHOIXWXURUHSUHVRU\DVHVLQR $XJXVWR
GDG 3RSXODU83IUHQWHHOHFWRUDOGHL]TXLHUGDTXHJDQDODVHOHFFLRQHVHQ 3LQRFKHWVXSXHVWRPLOLWDUFRQVWLWXFLRQDOLVWDWLHQHTXHUHQGLUOHKRQRUHVDO
&KLOH /D83 DJUXSD DVRFLDOLVWDVFRPXQLVWDVUDGLFDOHV\FULVWLDQRVGH GLULJHQWHFXEDQR)LGHOVHGHVSLGHGHOSXHEORHQHO(VWDGLR1DFLRQDOGH6DQ
L]TXLHUGD $OOHQGH SHUWHQHFHDOVHFWRULQWHUQRPiVPRGHUDGRGHO3DUWLGR WLDJRGH&KLOHHO
6RFLDOLVWD36DXQTXHHVPX\DPLJRGH&XED\)LGHO3RUHMHPSORDOPRULU
HO&KHHQ%ROLYLDWUHVFXEDQRVVREUHYLYLHQWHVORJUDQHVFDSDU\SDVDUD&KL
OH6RQGHWHQLGRVHQ,TXLTXH$OOHQGHLQWHUFHGHSDUDTXHORVWUDVODGHQD6DQ
WLDJR\YLDMDFRQHOORVD7DKLWtSDUDHQWUHJDUORVDOHPEDMDGRUFXEDQR0iVWDU
GH\DFRPRSUHVLGHQWHYLDMDD&XED\HOKDEODHQOD3OD]DGHOD
5HYROXFLyQMXQWRD)LGHO$OOtMXUDGHIHQGHUFRQVXYLGDHOSURFHVRVRFLDOLVWD
/DHVWUDWHJLDSROtWLFDGH$OOHQGHSRSXODUL]DGDFRPRYtDFKLOHQDDOVRFLDOLV
PRFRQVLVWHHQLUJUDGXDO\SDXODWLQDPHQWHKDFLDHOVRFLDOLVPRDWUDYpVGH
ODYtDOHJDOSDUODPHQWDULDHLQVWLWXFLRQDOVLQOXFKDDUPDGDSRGHUSRSXODUQL
JXHUUDFLYLO(VHSHQVDPLHQWRFRLQFLGHDQLYHOLQWHUQDFLRQDOFRQODHVWUDWHJLD
SUHFRQL]DGDSRUOD8566GHVGH.UXVFKHYHQDGHODQWHFRQRFLGDFRPRWUDQ
VLFLyQ SDFtILFDDOVRFLDOLVPRVDQFLRQDGDRILFLDOPHQWHSRUWRGRVORV3&GHO
PXQGR LQFOXLGRHOFKLOHQRHQOD&RQIHUHQFLD,QWHUQDFLRQDOGHORV3DUWLGRV
&RPXQLVWDV\REUHURVGH

(Q WRGDVVXVYLVLWDV\FRQIHUHQFLDV)LGHOUHSXGLDGRSRUODXOWUDGHUHFKD
ORFDOLQWHQWDXQLUDODL]TXLHUGDFKLOHQD1RREVWDQWHHQHOVHQRGHORVUHYR
OXFLRQDULRVFKLOHQRVH[LVWHXQDGLYHUJHQFLDHVWUDWpJLFDUHDOHQWUHORVSDUWLGD
ULRV GHODYtDSDFtILFDPRGHUDGRVGHO36\3&\TXLHQHVSUHFRQL]DQOD
FRQVWUXFFLyQ GHSRGHUSRSXODUL]TXLHUGDGHO36\0,5(VWRV~OWLPRVVRQ
HQFDEH]DGRVSRUHO0RYLPLHQWRGH,]TXLHUGD5HYROXFLRQDULD0,5FX\ROtGHU
HVHOMRYHQ0tJXHO(QUtTXH]>@DPLJRSHUVRQDOGH)LGHO(O0,5VLQ
SHUWHQHFHUDOD83DOHUWDFRQWUDHOJROSH\SDUDDSR\DUD6DOYDGRU $OOHQGH
SURPXHYHDUPDUDORVFRUGRQHVLQGXVWULDOHVGHWUDEDMDGRUHV

152 153
El apoyo de Fidel a Allende Pinochet, EE.UU. y nacimiento del
(Q &KLOH)LGHODSR\DODQDFLRQDOL]DFLyQGHOFREUH\RWUDVHPSUHVDV&XED Neoliberalismo
GRQDXQPLOOyQGHGyODUHVSDUDODHGLFLyQGHOLEURVPDVLYRV)LGHOOHUHJDODD
$OOHQGHXQIXVLODXWRPiWLFR $..DODVKQLNRYTXH$OOHQGHXWLOL]DHOGtDGHO (ODFRVDGRHQODVHGHSUHVLGHQFLDOSRUIXHJRGHDUWLOOHUtDWDQTXHV
JROSHDGYLUWLpQGROHGHODSHOLJURVLGDGGHODEXUJXHVtDFKLOHQD/XHJRGHVGH \ERPEDUGHRDpUHR$OOHQGHFXPSOHVXSDODEUD5HVLVWHKHURLFDPHQWHFDVFR
/D+DEDQD)LGHOOHHVFULEH 9HRTXHHVWiQDKRUDHQODFXHVWLyQGHOGLiORJR HQODFDEH]DIXVLOHQPDQRLQFOXVRGLVSDUDQGRXQDED]XFDFRQWUDXQWDQTXH
FRQOD'&\ODKXHOJDGHORVGXHxRVGHFDPLRQHV,PDJLQRODWHQVLyQ\WXV
GHVHRVGHJDQDUWLHPSRPHMRUDUODFRUUHODFLyQGHIXHU]DVSDUDFDVRGHTXH
HVWDOOHODOXFKD>@(QFDVRGHTXHODRWUDSDUWHVHHPSHxDVHHQXQDSROtWL 
FDSpUILGDHLUUHVSRQVDEOHQRROYLGHVSRUXQVHJXQGRODIRUPLGDEOHIXHU]DGH
ODFODVHREUHUDFKLOHQD\HOUHVSDOGRHQpUJLFRTXHWHKDEULQGDGRHQWRGRVORV
PRPHQWRV GLItFLOHVHOODSXHGHDWXOODPDGRDQWHOD5HYROXFLyQHQSHOLJUR
SDUDOL]DUORVJROSLVWDVPDQWHQHUODDGKHVLyQGHORVYDFLODQWHVLPSRQHUVXV
FRQGLFLRQHV\GHFLGLUGHXQDYH]VLHVSUHFLVRHOGHVWLQRGH&KLOH &DUWDGH
JROSLVWDKDVWDTXHQRKD\VDOLGD5HWLUDDVXIDPLOLD\FRODERUDGRUHV\VH
SHJDXQWLUR1ROHVGDDORVIDVFLVWDVHOJXVWRGHUHQGLUVH6XKLMD%HDWUL]
UHFXHUGDTXHSHQVDQGRHQ0LJXHO(QUtTXH]$OOHQGHDILUPD<RQRPHPXH
YRGHDTXt>SDODFLRGHOD0RQHGD@FXPSOLUpKDVWDPLPXHUWHODUHVSRQVDELOL 
GDG GHSUHVLGHQWHTXHHOSXHEORPHKDHQWUHJDGR $KRUD HVWXWXUQR
0LJXHO $OOHQGH KDEtDRUGHQDGRDODHPEDMDGDFXEDQDURGHDGDHO
SRUORVPLOLWDUHVHQWUHJDUHOGtDGHOJROSHVXVDUPDVDO0,5
)LGHOD$OOHQGHGHO

&RQRFLHQGR PiVWDUGHOD
PXHUWHGH$OOHQGH)LGHOVHxD
OD6DOYDGRU$OOHQGHGHPRVWUy
PiV GLJQLGDGPiVKRQRU  PiV
YDORU\PiVKHURtVPRTXHWRGRV
ORVPLOLWDUHVIDVFLVWDVMXQWRV/RV
IDVFLVWDV KDQVDFDGRDUHOXFLUHO
IXVLO FRQTXHFRPEDWLy $OOHQ
GH HOIXVLODXWRPiWLFRTXH
QRVRWURV OHREVHTXLDPRVWUD
WDQGR GHKDFHUSURSDJDQGD +R\>@WRGRHOPXQGR\DVDEHTXHDOJROSHGH3LQRFKHWORRUJDQL]DOD&,$
EXUGD\ULGtFXODFRQHVR3HUR
ORVKHFKRVKDQGHPRVWUDGRTXHQLQ
J~QREVHTXLRPHMRUDOSUHVLGHQWH $OOHQGHTXH
HVH IXVLODXWRPiWLFRSDUDGHIHQGHUDOJRELHUQRGHOD
8QLGDG3RSXODU)XHPXFKDODUD]yQ\ODSUHPRQLFLyQ
TXHWXYLPRVDOREVHTXLDUOHHVHIXVLODOSUHVLGHQWH<
VLFDGDWUDEDMDGRU\FDGDFDPSHVLQRKXELHVHQWHQLGR
XQIXVLOFRPRpVHHQVXVPDQRVQRKDEUtDKDELGRJROSH
IDVFLVWD(VDHVODJUDQOHFFLyQTXHVHGHVSUHQGHSDUDORVUHYROXFLRQDULRVGH
\ORILQDQFLDOD ,QWHUQDFLRQDO7HOHSKRQHDQG7HOHJUDSK ,77HPSUHVDGHODV
WHOHFRPXQLFDFLRQHV/RVSULQFLSDOHVPLOLWDUHVIDVFLVWDV\ORVJUXSRVWHUURULVWDV
GHH[WUHPDGHUHFKDTXHGHVHVWDELOL]DQD $OOHQGHFRPR3DWULD\/LEHUWDG
VRQ HQWUHQDGRVSRUODLQWHOLJHQFLDQRUWHDPHULFDQD0XFKRVGHHVRVJUXSRV
SDUWLFLSDQOXHJRHQHOSODQ&yQGRU\HQODVRSHUDFLRQHVGHFRQWUDLQVXUJHQFLD
FRQWLQHQWDOHV (OILOP 0LVVLQJ >'HVDSDUHFLGR@ SURWDJRQL]DGRSRU-DFN/HP 
PRQ\GLULJLGRSRU&RVWD*DYUDVLOXVWUDELHQHOSDSHOGHOD&,$ HQ&KLOH&RQ
3LQRFKHWQDFHDVDQJUHWRUWXUD\PXHUWHHOSULPHUH[SHULPHQWRGHOQHROLEH
UDOLVPRDQLYHOPXQGLDODQWHULRUD0DUJDUHW 7KDWFKHUHQ,QJODWHUUD
ORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRVFKLOHQRVGLVFXUVRGHO \5RQDOG5HDJDQHQ((88

154 155
La doctrina de seguridad social
y el Plan Cndor
$XQTXHORVJROSHVGHHVWDGRSRUHMHPSORHOEUDVLOHxRGHRHODUJHQWL 
QRGHVRQDQWHULRUHVODIHUR]GLFWDGXUDPLOLWDUGH3LQRFKHWLQDXJXUD
La victoria de Vietnam
(QPHGLRGHODJXHUUDGH9LHWQDP)LGHO&DVWURHVHOSULPHU\~QLFRMHIHGHHVWD
GRGHOPXQGRTXHYLVLWDODV]RQDVOLEHUDGDVGH9LHWQDPGHO6XU$OOtURGHDGRGH
FRPEDWLHQWHV YLHWQDPLWDVDO]DODEDQGHUDGHO)UHQWHGH/LEHUDFLyQ1DFLRQDO
)/1(QHOSUHVLGHQWH2VYDOGR'RUWLFyV\HOFRPDQGDQWHGHODV)XHU]DV
HQORVXQDQXHYDpSRFD&RQHOOD((88LQWHQWDUHWRPDUHQVXSDWLRWUD
$UPDGDV5HYROXFLRQDULDV)$55D~O&DVWURYLVLWDQ+DQRLHQ9LHWQDPGHOQRU
VHURODLQLFLDWLYDTXHFRPHQ]DEDDSHUGHUHQ $VLD\IULFD'HODPDQRGH
WHGRQGHUHLWHUDQHODSR\RDODOLEHUDFLyQGHOVXU\ODUHXQLILFDFLyQGHOSDtV
3LQRFKHW\OD&,$ VHJHQHUDOL]DODGRFWULQDGHVHJXULGDGQDFLRQDOODWRUWXUD
VLVWHPiWLFD \ODJXHUUDFRQWUDLQVXUJHQWHSDUDWRGRHOFRQWLQHQWH:LOOLDP
&ROE\GLUHFWLYRGHOD&,$HVHOLQVSLUDGRUGHO3ODQ3KRHQL[WRUWXUD\DVH
VLQDWRGHPiVGHJXHUULOOHURVGHO9 LHWFRQJHQ9LHWQDP/RVLQVWUXF
WRUHVGH((88DSOLFDQHVRVPpWRGRVHQWRGD $PpULFD/DWLQD
(Q ODFRRUGLQDFLyQFRQWLQHQWDOGHODJXHUUDFRQWUDUUHYROXFLRQDULDHVIXQGD
PHQWDOHO3ODQ&yQGRUVHFXHVWURVHLQWHUFDPELRVUHSUHVLYRVHQWUHODVGLV
WLQWDVGLFWDGXUDVPLOLWDUHVODWLQRDPHULFDQDV(QpOMXHJDXQSDSHOGHVWDFDGR
HOH[WUHPLVPR
DQWLFDVWULVWD
GH0LDPL
EDMRyUGH
QHVGHOD
&,$HQFD
EH]DGRSRU
2UODQGR
%RVFK/XLV
3RVDGD
&DUULOHV
+HUQiQ
5LFDUGR\
)UHGG\/XJR
HQWUHRWURV
SURIHVLRQDOHV
IXOOWLPHGHO (QDEULOGHORVFRPEDWLHQWHVGHO)/1GH9LHWQDPGHOVXUYHQFHQHQ6DL
WHUURU3DUWH JyQ>KR\FLXGDG+R&KL0LQK@DOUpJLPHQWtWHUHGH((88 $OOtGHUULEDQODUHMD
GHHVWHHTXL H LQJUHVDQDODHPEDMDGDQRUWHDPHULFDQDVXSXHVWDPHQWHLQH[SXJQDEOH
SRVHUHIXJLD /RVVROGDGRV\DQTXLVTXHVHVHQWtDQPX\PDFKRVKXPLOODQGRDPXMHUHV\
HQHO&KLOHGH QLxRV YLHWQDPLWDVKX\HQGHVSDYRULGRVFROJDGRVFREDUGHPHQWHHQVXV~OWL
3LQRFKHWGHV PRVKHOLFySWHURV(VDVIRWRVUHFRUUHUiQHOPXQGRMXQWRFRQLPiJHQHVGHYLHW
GHGRQGH QDPLWDVTXHPDGRVYLYRVSRUHO1$3 $/07RGDVODVSHOtFXODVGH+ROO\ZRRG
RSHUDHQHO TXHJLUDQXQD\RWUDYH]VREUH9LHWQDPQRSXHGHQHVFRQGHUXQDYHUGDGVHQ
FRQRVXU FLOODDOLPSHULDOLVPRVHORSXHGHYHQFHU

156 157
Golpe en Argentina: Desaparecidos Apoyo al frica y a la
8QDxRGHVSXpVGHODYLFWRULDGH9 LHWQDPODV)XHU]DV $UPDGDVDUJHQWLQDV Revolucin Mundial
GDQXQQXHYRJROSHGHHVWDGR&RPLHQ]DXQJHQRFLGLREUXWDO/D
LQWHOLJHQFLD GHODGLFWDGXUDPLOLWDUVDEHTXHODVSULQFLSDOHVRUJDQL]DFLRQHV $ SHVDU GHVXDLVODPLHQWRHQ $PpULFD /DWLQD)LGHOFRQWLQ~DLPSXOVDQGROD
UHYROXFLRQDULDV UHFLEHQDSR\RFXEDQR3DUDORVPLOLWDUHVDUJHQWLQRV)LGHO UHEHOLyQGHODVFRORQLDVDIULFDQDV/DPiVLPSRUWDQWHGHWRGDVHV$QJRODEDMR
&DVWUR VHWUDQVIRUPDHQHOGLDEOR $XQTXH VHFXHVWUDQDPDQVDOYD\KDFHQ GRPLQLRSRUWXJXpV(OWULXQIDHQ3RUWXJDOODUHYROXFLyQGHORVFOD
GHVDSDUHFHUDSHUVRQDVODUHSUHVLyQ\HOWHUURUGHO3ODQ&yQGRUVH YHOHVLPSXOVDGDSRUHOJHQHUDOPDU[LVWD9 DVFR*RQoDOYHV\SRUHO3DUWLGR
FRQFHQWUD SULRULWDULDPHQWHVREUHORVJUXSRVJXHYDULVWDVILGHOLVWDVGHOFRQR &RPXQLVWDHQWUHRWURV/DFDtGDGHOIDVFLVPRSRUWXJXpVSHUPLWHSURIXQGL
VXU$OJXQRVGHHOORVYLHQHQFRRSHUDQGRGHVGHFXDQGRVHIRUPDOD-XQ ]DUODOXFKDDQWLFRORQLDOHQHOIULFD3RUWXJDOGRPLQDEDKDVWDHQWRQFHVODV
WDGH&RRUGLQDFLyQ5HYROXFLRQDULD-&5HQWUHHO357(53 DUJHQWLQRHO0,5 FRORQLDVGH$QJROD0R]DPELTXH&DER9HUGH\*XLQHD%LVVDX$ SDUWLUGHOD
FKLOHQR HO0/1 7XSDPDURV XUXJXD\R\HO(/1EROLYLDQR&RQHODQLTXLOD UHYROXFLyQUHFRQRFHODLQGHSHQGHQFLDGHORVDIULFDQRV
PLHQWRGHHVWDVRUJDQL]DFLRQHVVHSURGXFHODGHUURWDGHODVHJXQGDROHDGD (Q$QJRODKD\WUHVPRYLPLHQWRVSROtWLFRVH[WUHPDGDPHQWHRSXHVWRVHO0RYL
UHYROXFLRQDULDODWLQRDPHULFDQDSRVWHULRUDODGHORVDxRV PLHQWR3RSXODUGH/LEHUDFLyQGH$QJROD03/$OLGHUDGRSRU$JRVWLQKR1HWR
HO )UHQWH1DFLRQDOGH/LEHUDFLyQGH $QJROD )1/$GH+HOGHU5REHUWR\OD
81,7$ GH-RQDV=DYLPEL0LHQWUDVHOSURJUHVLVWD03/$ HVWUHFKDYtQFXORVFRQ
&XEDHO)1/$ \OD81,7$ ORKDFHQFRQODH[WUHPDGHUHFKDUDFLVWDGH6XG
iIULFDGLULJLGDSRU3:%RWKDHLQFOXVRFRQOD&,$ GH((88

$ SDUWLUGHHOHTXLSRGHXOWUDGHUHFKDDQWLFDVWULVWDGHOD&,$ 2UODQGR
%RVFK/XLV3RVDGD&DUULOHV+HUQiQ5LFDUGR\)UHGG\/XJRUHIXJLDGRHQ
HO &KLOHGH3LQRFKHWWDPELpQFRPLHQ]DDRSHUDUFRQHOJHQHUDO9 LGHOD (Q
$UJHQWLQD HQWUHRWURVFDVRVHOVHFXHVWUDQWRUWXUDQ\KDFHQGHV
DSDUHFHUDGRVLQWHJUDQWHVGHODHPEDMDGDFXEDQDHQ%XHQRV $LUHV-HV~V
&HMDV$ULDV\&UHVFHQFLR*DODUHxD+HUQiQGH]

158 159
Cuba y Angola El triunfo cubano en Angola
3RUVXLPSRUWDQFLDHVWUDWpJLFDHOWHUULWRULRGH$QJRODHVFRGLFLDGRDOQRUWHSRU 3DUDH[SXOVDUD6XGiIULFD)LGHOHQYtDDOLJXDOTXHHQVLQFRQVXOWDUD
=DLUH GLULJLGRSRU6HVH6HNR0REXWX>@DVHVLQRGH3DWULFH OD8566RWURVFRPEDWLHQWHV)LQDOPHQWHHQHQHURPDU]RGH
/XPXPED>@\DOVXUSRU6XGiIULFDGLULJLGRSRUODSHTXHxDPLQRUtD ORVFXEDQRVGLULJHQOD~OWLPDEDWDOODGH&XLWR&XDQDYDOHGRQGHHVGHUURWD
EODQFD\UDFLVWDGHOSUHVLGHQWH3:%RWKD7UDVODUHWLUDGDSRUWXJXHVDDPERV GDODFRDOLFLyQ81,7$6XGiIULFD&XEDHO03/$ GH$QJROD\OD6:$32GH
SDtVHVLQWHUYLHQHQHQODJXHUUDFLYLODQJRODQDDWUDYpVGHIHURFHVPHUFHQDULRV 1DPLELDJDQDQODJXHUUD*UDFLDVDHVDYLFWRULDFXEDQDVHSRQHILQDOUpJL
EODQFRVSDWURFLQDGRVWDPELpQSRU((88\DOJXQRVSDtVHVHXURSHRV0LHQ PHQGHDSDUWKHLGHQ6XGiIULFD\VHUHFRQRFHODLQGHSHQGHQFLDGH1DPLELD
WUDV HQWUH\)LGHOHQYtDD $QJROD HOGHVWDFDPHQWRSHGDJyJLFR HQODVSULPHUDVHOHFFLRQHVOLEUHVJDQDQODV6: $32DOLDGDVGH&XED(Q
&KH*XHYDUDFRQSURIHVRUHVYROXQWDULRV GLFLHPEUHGH&XED $QJROD\6XGiIULFDILUPDQODSD]HQ1XHYD <RUN
/RVFRPEDWLHQWHVFXEDQRVVHUHWLUDQWULXQIDQWHVHQHQHURGHFRQ
$QJROD\1DPLELDLQGHSHQGLHQWHV\ODPD\RUtDQHJUDGH6XGiIULFDHOLJLHQGR
SRUILQVXSULPHUSUHVLGHQWHQHJUR1HOVRQ0DQGHODGHO&RQJUHVR1DFLRQDO
$IULFDQR&1$

/DPLVLyQFXEDQDGH
VROLGDULGDGFRQ$QJROD
GXUDDxRV6H
GHQRPLQD2SHUDFLyQ
&DUORWD&DUORWDHVHO
QRPEUHGHXQDHVFOD
YDQHJUDDQJRODQD
TXHYLYHHQ&XEDHQ
HOVLJOR;,;VHVXEOH
(QMXOLRGHHOSUHVLGHQWHGH((88*)RUG\VXDVHVRU+.LVVLQJHUDSUXHEDQ YDFRQWUDORVDPRV
XQD RSHUDFLyQHQFXELHUWD4XLHUHQLPSHGLUFRQODLQYDVLyQGH6XGiIULFDTXH EODQFRV\PXHUHHQ
FRPLHQ]D HO OD LQGHSHQGHQFLD GH $QJROD SODQLILFDGDSDUDHO HVDUHEHOLyQ(QWRWDO
(VDRIHQVLYDVHJHQHUDOL]DHQRFWXEUHGH)LGHOUHVSRQGHHO SDUWLFLSDQ
SHGLGR GHO03/$ VLQ FRQVXOWDUDORVVRYLpWLFRV\EULQGDD\XGDDOSXHEOR FXEDQRV
DJUHGLGR LQVWUXFWRUHVFXEDQRVOOHJDQHQRFWXEUH\HO  HQYtDXQ FRPEDWLHQWHV
EDWDOOyQGHWURSDVUHJXODUHVFRQDUPDVDQWLWDQTXHVYLFWRULDDQJRODQD)LGHOSODQ FRODERUDGRUHVFLYLOHV
WHD (VWD YLFWRULDGH $QJROD HVKHUPDQDJHPHODGH*LUyQ $QJROD FRQVWLWX\H 8QDGHODVPD\RUHV
SDUDORVLPSHULDOLVWDV\DQNLVXQ*LUyQDIULFDQR GLVFXUVRGHO(QMXQLR KD]DxDVLQWHUQDFLRQD
GHVHUHEHODQORVQHJURVGH6RZHWR>-RKDQQHVEXUJR6XGiIULFD@GLULJLGRV OLVWDVGHODKLVWRULD
SRUHO&RQJUHVR1DFLRQDO$IULFDQR&1$FX\ROtGHUQHJUR1HOVRQ0DQGHODVXIUH PXQGLDOMXQWRFRQODV
SULVLyQ GHD(OORVVXGDIULFDQRVEODQFRVPDVDFUDQ %ULJDGDV,QWHUQDFLRQD
UHIXJLDGRVQDPLELRVHQ&DVLQJD(QRFWXEUHGHHOHMpUFLWRVXGDIULFDQRYXHO OHVHQ(VSDxD\OD
YHDLQYDGLU $QJRODFRQVROGDGRV(QWUHORVFXEDQRV\ORVDVHVRUHV JXHUUDGHOLEHUDFLyQ
VRYLpWLFRVGH$QJRODVHSURGXFHXQFRQIOLFWRVREUHFyPRUHVSRQGHUODDJUHVLyQ FRQWUDORVQD]LV

160 161
Fidel y Mandela contra el racismo
y el Apartheid
(OVLVWHPDGHODSDUWKHLGHQ6XGiIULFDFRPELQDGLYHUVDVGRPLQDFLRQHVDOPLVPR
WLHPSR'HVGHHOUDFLVPRQHRQD]LGHVXPLQRUtDEODQFDGHIHQGLGDSRUORVDJHQ
WHVGHO%XUHDXRI6WDWH6HFXULW\%266KDVWDODH[SORWDFLyQVDOYDMHGHODFODVH
Fidel, la Revolucin Sandinista
y Granada
'HVGHODUHEHOLyQGH $XJXVWR&pVDU6DQGLQR>@FRQWUDODLQYDVLyQ
\DQTXL1LFDUDJXDVXIUHDxRVGHGLFWDGXUDGHODIDPLOLD6RPR]D(Q
&DUORV)RQVHFD$PDGRU>@FRPSDxHURGH)LGHO\HO&KHIXQGDHO
WUDEDMDGRUDVXGDIULFDQDSDVDQGRSRUHOQHRFRORQLDOLVPRVREUHRWURVSDtVHVDIUL
FDQRV(OSUR\HFWRPXOWLUUDFLDOGHO&RQJUHVR1DFLRQDO $IULFDQRLQWHQWDFRQIURQWDU
HQWRGRVORVWHUUHQRVFRQWUDHODSDUWKHLG*UDFLDVDODYLFWRULDFXEDQDVREUHODV
WURSDVVXGDIULFDQDVODPLQRUtDEODQFDGHEHDFHSWDUSRQHUILQDODSDUWKHLG
)UHQWH6DQGLQLVWDGH/LEHUDFLyQ1DFLRQDO)6/1)RQVHFDPXHUHFRPEDWLHQ
GRHQQRYLHPEUHGH(O)6/1VHGLYLGHHQWUHVWHQGHQFLDVHO)6/1SUR
OHWDULRHO)6/1JXHUUDSRSXODUSURORQJDGD\HO)6/1LQVXUUHFFLRQDO(QPDU
]R GH)LGHOFRQWULEX\HDUHXQLILFDUORV/XHJRGHODVGHUURWDVGHOD
LQVXUJHQFLD \ODUHYROXFLyQVDQGLQLVWDWULXQIDFRQWUD6RPR]DHO
(VHPLVPRDxRHOWULXQIDODUHYROXFLyQHQODLVODFDUL
EHxDGH*UDQDGDGRQGHHO0RYLPLHQWRGHOD1XHYD-R\D01-IRUPDGRHO
 SRU0DXULFH%LVKRS>@GHUURFDXQDGLFWDGXUDGH
DxRV/RV\DQTXLVLQYDGHQ*UDQDGDHQ\DKRJDQHQVDQJUHDODUHYROX
FLyQ$GHPiVGH%LVKRS)LGHOWDPELpQHVDOLDGRGH0LFKDHO0DQOH\>
@SULPHUPLQLVWURGH-DPDLFDHQ\

+DFLHQGRXQEDODQFHGHODLPSUHVLRQDQWHD\XGDFXEDQDHQHOIULFD)LGHOUHIOH 'XUDQWHORVRQFHDxRVTXHJRELHUQDHOVDQGLQLVPR>@ODUHYROXFLyQ
[LRQD 6HU LQWHUQDFLRQDOLVWDHVVDOGDUQXHVWUDSURSLDGHXGDFRQODKXPDQLGDG FXEDQDDSRUWDD1LFDUDJXDPLOHVGHPDHVWURV\PpGLFRV/D&,$ FRQGLQH
4XLHQQRVHDFDSD]GHOXFKDUSRURWURVQRVHUiQXQFDVXILFLHQWHPHQWHFDSD]GH UR GHO DIIDLUH ,UiQFRQWUDV RUJDQL]DEDQGDVFRQWUDUUHYROXFLRQDULDVTXH
OXFKDUSRUVtPLVPRGLVFXUVRGHO(QODLVODGHODMXYHQWXGDOVXU GHMDQPXHUWRV$VHVLQDQGRGHVGH+RQGXUDVREOLJDQDO)6/1DHVWD
GH/D+DEDQDUHFLEHDPLOHVGHEHFDGRVDIULFDQRVSURYHQLHQWHVGHODVH[FROR EOHFHUHOVHUYLFLRPLOLWDUREOLJDWRULR(VDJXHUUDGHEDMDLQWHQVLGDGLPSXHVWD
QLDVUHFLpQOLEHUDGDVHLQGHSHQGL]DGDV\RWURVMyYHQHVSREUHVGHO7HUFHU0XQGR SRU((88GHVJDVWDD1LFDUDJXD(VDFLUFXQVWDQFLDVXPDGDDODFRUUXSFLyQ
TXHYLDMDQD&XEDDHVWXGLDUJUDWXLWDPHQWH'HVGHPR]DPELTXHxRVQDPLELRV\ GHDOJXQRVGLULJHQWHVGHO)6/1KDFHHQWUDUHQFULVLVDODUHYROXFLyQTXHSLHU
DQJRODQRVKDVWDQLFDUDJHQVHV\VDOYDGRUHxRVHQWUHPXFKtVLPRVRWURV GHHQODVHOHFFLRQHVGHO

162 163
Fidel y la Revolucin Salvadorea Fidel y la Crisis de la Deuda Externa
&RQHOWULXQIRVDQGLQLVWDHQ1LFDUDJXDVHIRUWDOHFHODOXFKDUHYROXFLRQDULDHQ (QORVDXPHQWDHOSUHFLRPXQGLDOGHOSHWUyOHR/RVH[SRUWDGRUHVSHWUROH 
(O 6DOYDGRU $OOt HO VH XQLILFDQEDMRLQVSLUDFLyQFXEDQDFLQFR URVGHSRVLWDQVXVDEXOWDGDVJDQDQFLDVHQEDQFRVGH((88\(XURSD(VWRV
FRUULHQWHVUHYROXFLRQDULDV)XHU]DV3RSXODUHVGH/LEHUDFLyQ)DUDEXQGR0DU EDQFRVSUHGRPLQDQWHVHQHO)RQGR0RQHWDULR,QWHUQDFLRQDO)0,\HO%DQFR
Wt)3/ (MpUFLWR5HYROXFLRQDULRGHO3XHEOR(535HVLVWHQFLD1DFLRQDO51 0XQGLDO%0SUHVWDQHOGLQHURDSDtVHVGHSHQGLHQWHVSULQFLSDOPHQWHDGLF
3DUWLGR5HYROXFLRQDULRGHORV 7UDEDMDGRUHV&HQWURDPHULFDQRV357&\3DUWL WDGXUDVPLOLWDUHVFRPRODDUJHQWLQDODFKLOHQD\ODXUXJXD\DTXHHQGHX
GR&RPXQLVWD3&)RUPDQHOIUHQWH)DEDUXQGR0DUWtSDUDODOLEHUDFLyQQDFLR GiQGRVHUHDOL]DQIUDXGHVILQDQFLHURV0LHQWUDVFRQWLQ~DODIXJDGHFDSLWDOHV
QDO)0/1$GRSWDQVXQRPEUHGH$JXVWtQ)DUDEXQGR0DUWt>@FROD GHO7HUFHU0XQGR\VHSURIXQGL]DHOLQWHUFDPELRGHVLJXDOHQHOFRPHUFLRLQWHU
ERUDGRUGH6DQGLQRHQ1LFDUDJXDVHFUHWDULRJHQHUDOGHO3DUWLGR&RPXQLVWD QDFLRQDOHQORVORVEDQFRV\DQTXLVVXEHQHOLQWHUpVGHDTXHOORVSUpVWD
GH(O6DOYDGRU\OtGHUGHODUHEHOLyQFDPSHVLQDGHFXDQGRODROLJDUTXtD PRV\VREUHYDO~DQHOGyODU/DGHXGDVHYXHOYHLPSDJDEOH
\VXHMpUFLWRDVHVLQDQHQHVHSDtVDSHUVRQDV
8QDGHODVILJXUDVHPEOHPiWLFDVGHOPRYLPLHQWRUHYROXFLRQDULRVDOYDGRUHxR
HVHOPLOLWDQWH\SRHWD5RTXH'DOWRQ>@TXLHQYLYHYDULRVDxRVHQ
&XED)LGHO\ODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDDSR\DQDODUHYROXFLyQVDOYDGRUHxD\DO
)0/13DUDFRQWUDSHVDUORGXUDQWHODJXHUUDFLYLO>@((88LQYLHUWH
PLOHVGHPLOORQHVGHGyODUHVFUHDQGRHVFXDGURQHVGHODPXHUWH8QRGHORV
WHUURULVWDV TXHHQYtDOD&,$ D FRPEDWLUFRQWUDHO)0/1HV)pOL[5RGUtJXH]
DVHVLQR GHO&KH*XHYDUDHQ%ROLYLD(QYDULRVYLGHRVHVWHPHUFHQDULRVH
YDQDJORULDGHGLVSDUDUGHVGHKHOLFySWHURVQRUWHDPHULFDQRVHQODVHOYDVDOYD
GRUHxD(/ )0/1QRORJUDWRPDUHOSRGHUSHURWDPSRFRHVGHUURWDGR+R\
(Q YDULRVHQFXHQWURVGH
)LGHOFRQYRFDDFUHDU
XQ FOXEGHSDtVHVGHXGR
UHV \UHFODPDXQQXHYR
RUGHQ HFRQyPLFRLQWHUQD
FLRQDOTXHFDQFHOHODGHX
GDH[WHUQDGHO7HUFHU0XQGR(Q&KLOHVHDSOLFDURQORVSULQFLSLRVHFRQyPLFRV
GH OD(VFXHODGH&KLFDJR/RPLVPRKLFLHURQODVGLFWDGXUDVPLOLWDUHVGH
$UJHQWLQD\8UXJXD\>@0XFKRGHHVHGLQHURVHUREy\VHIXJyDOH[WHULRU>@
6HSUHVWyGLQHURDXQLQWHUpVPiVEDMR\VHFREUDDKRUDDXQRPiVDOWRFRQ
DOWDVWDVDVGHLQWHUpV\GyODUVREUHYDOXDGR(VMXVWD\OHJtWLPDHVWDSROtWLFD
GHO GyODUVREUHYDOXDGRLQWHUHVHVVREUHGLPHQVLRQDGRVLQWHUFDPELRLQMXVWR
SURPRFLyQ\DSR\RDJRELHUQRVUHSUHVLYRVVDQJXLQDULRVUHFHWDVPRQHWDULV
WDVDFRQVHMDGDVDHVRVSDtVHVSUHVWDUOHVIDEXORVDVVXPDVVLQFRQVLGHUDUHQ
TXpVHXVDEDHVHGLQHUR"6HSXHGHVRVWHQHUPRUDOPHQWH">@ 1XHVWUDWHVLV
HVTXHVHUHVXHOYHHOSUREOHPDGHODGHXGDRQLQJ~QSURFHVRGHPRFUiWLFRVH
FRQVROLGDUi \VHSURGXFLUiXQHVWDOOLGRVRFLDO HQWUHYLVWDOLEUR GHOSHULyGLFR
>@HVODSULQFLSDOIXHU]DSROtWLFDGH(O6DOYDGRU  ([FHOVLRU GH0p[LFR

164 165
Volver a empezar
(QHQXQFRQWH[WRLQWHUQDFLRQDOGRQGHODRIHQVLYDLGHROyJLFDQHROLEHUDO
TXHHVWDPELpQHFRQyPLFD\PLOLWDUFRPLHQ]DDTXHEUDUSRUGHQWURDOD
8QLyQ 6RYLpWLFD)LGHO&DVWURDGYLHUWHTXHVL&XEDFRQWLQ~DWUDVSODQWDQGR
PpWRGRV VRYLpWLFRVGHRUJDQL]DFLyQVRFLDOFRUUHUiJUDYHVULHVJRVHQVX
HQIUHQWDPLHQWRFRQ((88 $GHODQWiQGRVHDODIDPRVD3HUHVWURLNDSURSXO
VDGDSRUHOOtGHUVRYLpWLFR0LMDtO*RUQDFKRY)LGHOSURPXHYHHQ&XEDHOGHQR
PLQDGR3URFHVRGHUHFWLILFDFLyQGHHUURUHV\WHQGHQFLDVQHJDWLYDV 
Hay que volver al Che!
(QPHGLRGHODFULVLVWHUPLQDOGHOOODPDGRVRFLDOLVPRUHDOGHOHVWHHXURSHR
)LGHOUHFODPDHVWXGLDU\UHFXSHUDUDO&KH+RPHQDMHiQGRORDYHLQWHDxRVGHVX
DVHVLQDWR)LGHOUHIOH[LRQD +DEUtDXQPRPHQWRPiVRSRUWXQRSDUDUHFRUGDU
DO&KHTXHpVWHHQSOHQRSURFHVRGHUHFWLILFDFLyQ"(VWDPRVUHFWLILFDQGRWRGDV
DTXHOODVFRVDVTXHVHDSDUWDURQGHOHVStULWXUHYROXFLRQDULRGHODFUHDFLyQUHYR
OXFLRQDULDGHODYLUWXGUHYROXFLRQDULDGHOHVIXHU]RUHYROXFLRQDULRGHODUHVSRQ
VDELOLGDGUHYROXFLRQDULDGHOHVStULWXGHVROLGDULGDGHQWUHORVKRPEUHV(VWDPRV
UHFWLILFDQGRWRGRWLSRGHFKDSXFHUDV\PHGLRFULGDGHVTXHHUDQODQHJDFLyQGH
ODVLGHDVGHO&KHGHOSHQVDPLHQWRUHYROXFLRQDULRGHO&KHGHOHVWLORGHO&KH
GHOHVStULWXGHO&KH\GHOHMHPSORGHO&KH GLVFXUVRGHO

6LHQOD8566ODUHQRYDFLyQSHUHVWURLNDGH*RUEDFKRYFULWLFDDOVWDOLQLVPR &RQWLQ~D)LGHO6LHO&KHHVWXYLHUDVHQWDGRDTXtVHVHQWLUtDMXELORVR\IHOL]
SRUGHUHFKDKRPRORJDQGRPHUFDGRFRQGHPRFUDFLD\H[DOWDQGRHOHQWHQGL GHORTXHHVWDPRVKDFLHQGRFRPRVHKDEUtDVHQWLGRGHVJUDFLDGRHQHVHSHUt
PLHQWRFRQ5RQDOG5HDJDQ\ORVFRQVHUYDGRUHVQRUWHDPHULFDQRVHQ&XED RGRERFKRUQRVRHQTXHDTXtHPSH]DURQDSUHYDOHFHUXQDVHULHGHFULWHULRV
ODLQLFLDWLYDGH)LGHOORFXHVWLRQDSRUL]TXLHUGD\DTXHLGHQWLILFDSRUHOFRQWUD PHFDQLVPRV\YLFLRVHQODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHOVRFLDOLVPRTXHKDEUtDQFRQVWLWXL
ULR PHUFDGRFRQEXURFUDFLD\VRFLDOLVPRFRQDQWLLPSHULDOLVPR1RUHVXOWD GR PRWLYRGHSURIXQGDGHWHUULEOHDPDUJXUDSDUDHO&KH <R ORTXHSLGR
FDVXDOTXHHQPHGLRGHHVDUHFWLILFDFLyQGRQGH)LGHOUHYLVDQRVyORHOTXLQ PRGHVWDPHQWHHQHVWH;;$QLYHUVDULRHVTXHHOSHQVDPLHQWRHFRQyPLFRGHO
TXHQLRJULVVLQRTXLQFHDxRVGHSUHGRPLQLRLGHROyJLFRGHODYHU &KHVHFRQR]FDDTXtHQ $PpULFD/DWLQDHQHOPXQGRFDSLWDOLVWDGHVDUUROOD
WLHQWHSURVRYLpWLFDHQ&XEDGHDYXHOYHDLQVLVWLUFRQODXUJHQWH GRHQHO7HUFHU0XQGR\HQHOPXQGRVRFLDOLVWDTXHWDPELpQVHFRQR]FDDOOt
DFWXDOLGDGGHOPDU[LVPRUHYROXFLRQDULRGHO&KH*XHYDUD 4XHVHFRQR]FDGLVFXUVRGHO

166 167
tica e internacionalismo contra
mercado y burocracia
$ ILQHVGHODGpFDGDGHOHQSOHQRDXJHPXQGLDOGHODFRQWUDUUHYROXFLyQ
QHROLEHUDOHQOD8566\VXVSDtVHVDOLDGRVHPSLH]DDJDQDUWHUUHQRODLGH
RORJtD PRQHWDULVWD$EDQGRQDQGR ORSRFRGHPDU[LVPRTXHFRQVHUYDEDOD
La crisis moral de la Burocracia Sovitica
'HVGHODGpFDGDGHOFXDQGRWUDVODPXHUWHGH/HQLQVHFRQVROLGDHO
VWDOLQLVPRKDVWDHQOD8QLyQ6RYLpWLFDVHYDQVXFHGLHQGRGLYHUVRV
SUR\HFWRVGLVFXUVRVLGHRORJtDV\HTXLSRVGLULJHQWHV3URJUHVLYDPHQWHOD
JUDQSRWHQFLDVHYDDGDSWDQGRDORUGHQHVWDEOHFLGR'HVSXpVGHTXHVX
SXHEOR KHURLFR\DSHVDUGHORVHUURUHVGH6WDOLQGHUURWyODIHURFLGDG
EXURFUDFLDVRYLpWLFDFRQVWUX\HDOWDUHVDOPHUFDGR(Q&XEDDOJXQRVVHFWRUHV
VHVLHQWHQDWUDtGRVSRUHVHPHQVDMH$SHODQGRDOHMHPSORFRPXQLVWDGHO&KH
*XHYDUD)LGHOSROHPL]DFRQWUDHVDUHQGLFLyQGHOVRFLDOLVPRDQWHHOQHROLEH
UDOLVPR6XSUpGLFDLQVLVWHXQDYH]PiVHQODLPSRUWDQFLDGHORVYDORUHV\OD
pWLFDVRFLDOLVWDIUHQWHDOFUHFLHQWHSRGHUGHOPHUFDGR8QDFRQVWDQWHTXHVH
UHSLWHGHVGHVXSULPHUDIRUPDFLyQLGHROyJLFDMXYHQLOKDVWDHQODPDGXUH]
KRPLFLGDGHOQD]LVPRDSRUWDQGRPLOORQHVGHPXHUWRVKDVWDVX~OWLPD
UHQGLFLyQIUHQWHD((88SDVDQGRSRU6WDOLQ.UXVFKHY%UH]KQHY\*RUED
FKRYOD8566FXOPLQDDGYLUWLHQGRD&XEDTXHQRLQWHUFHGHUiVL((88OD
DWDFDPLOLWDUPHQWH

(VH~OWLPRDEDQGRQRGH
ODVQRUPDVPtQLPDVGHO
LQWHUQDFLRQDOLVPRIUHQWHD&XED
FRUUHSDUHMRFRQWRGRXQGHVDUPH
PRUDO\XQDSRGUHGXPEUHpWLFD
GHODEXURFUDFLDVRYLpWLFD
-XVWRFXDQGROD8566YLYHVX~OWLPDDJRQtDHQGLFLHPEUHGHODUHYROX PXFKRPiVSUHRFXSDGDHQ
FLyQFXEDQDULQGHWULEXWR\VHSXOWXUDHQXQKRPHQDMHFROHFWLYRDWRGDV\WRGRV DVHJXUDUVXIXWXURHFRQyPLFR
ORVLQWHUQDFLRQDOLVWDVFXEDQRVFLYLOHVRPLOLWDUHVTXHFD\HURQFRPEDWLHQ HQODLQPLQHQWHUHVWDXUDFLyQ
GRHQRWURVSDtVHVGHOPXQGRHVSHFLDOPHQWHHQIULFD(VHDFWRHVWiSUHVL FDSLWDOLVWD\HQOD
GLGRSRU)LGHO&DVWUR\-RVp(GXDUGRGRV6DQWRVSUHVLGHQWHGH$QJROD)UHQ SULYDWL]DFLyQGHHVHJLJDQWHVFR
WHDOPXQGRTXHPXHUHHQHOHVWHHXURSHR&XEDPDQWLHQHHQDOWRODEDQGHUD SDtVTXHHQOXFKDUSRUODV
GHOLQWHUQDFLRQDOLVPR QREOHVLGHDVGHOVRFLDOLVPR

168 169
Cada del Muro de Berln y
Perodo Especial
(QORVWUDVODPXHUWHGH6WDOLQODEXURFUDFLDVRYLpWLFDSURPXHYHODFRH[LV 
WHQFLDSDFtILFDFRQHOLPSHULDOLVPR\FRPLHQ]DDDEULUVHSURJUHVLYDPHQWHDOPHU
FDGR'HHVDDSHUWXUDGHORV\SDVDDOHVWDQFDPLHQWRGHORV\\
Fidel frente al Derrotismo
(QORVDxRVDOJXQRVGLVFXUVRVGHUURWLVWDVVXSXHVWDPHQWHRUWRGR[RV\
FLHQWtILFRVVRVWHQtDQTXHFRPR&XEDWHQtDXQGpELOGHVDUUROORGHVXVIXHU
]DVSURGXFWLYDVQRHUDYLDEOHXQDUHYROXFLyQVRFLDOUDGLFDO/XHJRGXUDQWHORV
HVRVPLVPRVGLVFXUVRVFUtWLFRVGHO&KH\GH)LGHODUJXPHQWDEDQTXH
&XEDQRHVWDEDPDGXUDSDUDHOVRFLDOLVPR0iVWDUGHHQORVHVRVPLV
GHDOOtDODUHQGLFLyQKXPLOODQWHVLQGHFRURSHQDQLJORULDIUHQWHDOFDSLWDOLVPR PRVGLVFXUVRVDILUPDQTXHDOD8566FDHQRSRUVXEXURFUDFLDVLQRSRUHO
PXQGLDO(QHVHPLVPRVHFWRUVRFLDOFRUUXSWREXURFUiWLFR\FUXHOPHQWH GpELO GHVDUUROORGHODVIXHU]DVSURGXFWLYDV\EQRWLHQHVHQWLGRVHJXLU
UHSUHVLYRGHVLQWHJUDOD8566\VHWUDQVIRUPDHQXQDEUXWDOPDILDFDSLWDOLVWD UHVLVWLHQGRHQ&XED\DTXHVXHFRQRPtDHVPX\GpELO\QRVHGHVDUUROODQODV
IXHU]DVSURGXFWLYDV

&RQODFDtGDGHOPXURGH%HUOtQ\ODGHVWUXFFLyQGHOD8566ODSHTXHxDUHYR
OXFLyQFXEDQDTXHGDVRODIUHQWHDOJLJDQWHVFR\GHVERFDGRSRGHUPXQGLDOGH
((88$QWHHOGHUUXPEHGHOHVWHHXURSHR&XEDSLHUGHHOGHVXVPHUFD
GRV6XFRPHUFLRH[WHULRUVHGHVSORPDDEUXSWDPHQWH)LGHOGHVLJQDSHUtRGR
HVSHFLDODHVRVDxRVFXDQGRODFRQWLQXLGDGGHODUHYROXFLyQFRUUHPi[L 7DQWR HQORVHQORVFRPRHQORV)LGHO&DVWURSROHPL]DiFLGD
PRSHOLJURHQHVHFRQWH[WRHFRQyPLFR&XEDVHDEUHSDUFLDOPHQWHDOPHUFD PHQWHFRQWUDHVHGHUURWLVPR/DUHYROXFLyQHOVRFLDOLVPR\ODUHVLVWHQFLDVt
GR\ODLQYHUVLyQH[WUDQMHUDFRQWURODGDSRUHO(VWDGR1RSRUTXHVHDHO VRQ SRVLEOHVUHDOLVWDV\YLDEOHV/DFODYHGHODUHVLVWHQFLD\HOUHFKD]RGH
FDPLQRHVWUDWpJLFRVLQRSRUXQDHVWULFWDFXHVWLyQGHFR\XQWXUDQHFHVLGDG\ WRGDUHQGLFLyQD~QVLQHOFRPHUFLRFRQOD8566VLQSHWUyOHR\VLQULTXH
VXSHUYLYHQFLD0LHQWUDVWDQWRERUUDFKRVGHHXIRULDORVLGHyORJRVGHO'HSDU ]DVHVWiHQODVXEMHWLYLGDGSRSXODU HQODFUHDFLyQGHOKRPEUHQXHYR\OD
WDPHQWRGH(VWDGRQRUWHDPHULFDQRSURFODPDQ(OILQGHODKLVWRULDWtWXORGH PXMHUQXHYDHQODQXHYDFXOWXUD\HQORVYDORUHVGHODVROLGDULGDGODDXWRHV
XQHQVD\RIDPRVRGHOILOyVRIRIXQFLRQDULR\DQTXL)UDQFLV)XNX\DPD WLPDSRSXODUHOSDWULRWLVPRDODQWLPSHULDOLVPR\ODpWLFDVRFLDOLVWD

170 171
Chvez y Fidel
$ SHVDUGHTXHODUHYROXFLyQVDQGLQLVWDHVWUHFKDPHQWHOLJDGDD&XEDHVYHQ
FLGDHQODVHOHFFLRQHVGH\*UDQDGDHVLQYDGLGDSRU((88)LGHOJDQD
XQQXHYRHLQHVSHUDGRDOLDGRODWLQRDPHULFDQRSDUDHQIUHQWDUODSUHSRWHQFLD
QRUWHDPHULFDQD6HWUDWDGH+XJR&KiYH]DQWLPSHULDOLVWD\EROLYDULDQR8Q
PLOLWDUVXLJHQHULVTXHOHHD(GXDUGR*DOHDQR\FLWDIDPLOLDUPHQWHD $QWRQLR
*UDPVFL/HyQ7URWVN\5RVD/X[HPEXUJ\DO&KH*XHYDUD&KiYH]VHFRQ
YLHUWH HQXQHVWUHFKRDOLDGRGH)LGHO&DVWURDOSXQWRGHGHFODUDUS~EOLFD
PHQWH)LGHOHVFRPRPLSDGUH
$OLJXDOTXHFRQODSULPHUDIDVHGHODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDRODVDQGLQLVWD(VWD
GRV8QLGRVKRVWLJDYLROHQWDPHQWHHOSURFHVREROLYDULDQRGH9HQH]XHOD,QFOX
VRHOOD&,$ \RWUDVDJHQFLDVGHHVSLRQDMHQRUWHDPHULFDQDVOOHJDQ
DDUPDUXQJROSHGHHVWDGRFRQWUD&KiYH]TXHIUDFDVDSRUHODSODVWDQWHDSR
\RSRSXODUKDFLDHOSUHVLGHQWHGHPRFUiWLFDPHQWHHOHJLGR(QHVHPRPHQWR
FXDQGR&KiYH]KDEODWHOHIyQLFDPHQWHFRQ)LGHOHVWH~OWLPROHVXJLHUHTXHQR
VLJDHOFDPLQRGH $OOHQGH\QRVHVXLFLGH $FWXDOPHQWH>@GHVDILDQGRD
((88&KiYH]GHILHQGHORTXHGHQRPLQD HOVRFLDOLVPRGHOVLJOR;;,
172
Rebeldas y resistencias contra
la globalizacin capitalista
$XQTXH ODHXIRULDFDSLWDOLVWDGH)XNX\DPD\ODVREHUELDGHOLPSHULDOLVPR
QRUWHDPHULFDQRSURPHWHQUHLQDUPLODxRVHOVXHxRGH+LWOHUHOQHROLEH
UDOLVPR HQWUDHQFULVLVUiSLGDPHQWH $SUHQGLHQGR GHDQWLJXRVHUURUHV\
GHUURWDVFRQWLQ~DQODVUHVLVWHQFLDV\DSDUHFHQQXHYDVUHEHOLRQHV $XQHQ
PHGLRGHODSHRUDJUHVLYLGDGQHROLEHUDOODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDVLJXHUHFUH
DQGRVXDWUDFWLYR
6LHQORV)LGHO\ODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDVHTXHGDQVRORVIUHQWHDXQJLJDQ
WHGHVERFDGRDFRPLHQ]RVGHOVLJOR;;,ODVLWXDFLyQHVGLVWLQWD6HJHQHUDOL
]D DHVFDODSODQHWDULDHOPRYLPLHQWRFUtWLFRGHODJOREDOL]DFLyQFDSLWDOLVWD
(PHUJH DQLYHOJOREDOXQDQXHYDDUWLFXODFLyQGHTXLHQHVVHRSRQHQDODV
LQMXVWLFLDVGHOVLVWHPDFDSLWDOLVWD\HOLPSHULDOLVPR&RQRWUROHQJXDMHORVQXH
YRVPRYLPLHQWRVVRFLDOHVUHWRPDQHOHVStULWXLQWHUQDFLRQDOLVWDTXHSURPXHYH
OD UHYROXFLyQFXEDQD'HVGH&XED)LGHOFRQYRFDDGLYHUVRVHYHQWRVSDUD
DWUDHUUHIOH[LRQDURUJDQL]DU\FRRUGLQDUHVDSURWHVWDPXQGLDO'HVGHORVIRURV
DQXDOHVGHSHGDJRJtD\GHOXFKDFRQWUDODJOREDOL]DFLyQKDVWDODFRRUGLQDFLyQ
GH,QWHOHFWXDOHV\DUWLVWDVHQGHIHQVDGHODKXPDQLGDG
173
Frente a la Antiutopa capitalista:
El Socialismo
$VtFRPRHQODSROtWLFDLQWHUQDGH((88UHFUXGHFHHOPDFFDUWLVPRHOPRQR 
SROLRDEVROXWRGHORVPHGLRVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQODYLJLODQFLDGHODVSHUVRQDV
ODDSHUWXUDGHODFRUUHVSRQGHQFLDSULYDGDODVHVFXFKDVWHOHIyQLFDVHOFRQWURO
GHORVHPDLOV\GHORVOLEURVTXHVHUHWLUDQGHODVELEOLRWHFDV\FXDOTXLHUFLX
GDGDQRFRP~QVHFRQYLHUWHHQXQVRVSHFKRVRKDFLDHOH[WHULRUVHIRUWDOHFH
HOLQWHUYHQFLRQLVPRGHVFDUDGRGHORVPLOLWDUHV\DQTXLV\OD27$1(QQRPEUH
GH ODJOREDOL]DFLyQVHPXOWLSOLFDQJXHUUDVSRUHOSHWUyOHREDVHVPLOLWDUHV
FDPSRVGHFRQFHQWUDFLyQ\WRUWXUDHQYDULRVSDtVHV

(QIUHQWDQGR HVWDVRPEUtDDQWLXWRStDFDSLWDOLVWDGHQXHVWURVGtDVTXHKDUtD
SDOLGHFHUHO0XQGRIHOL] GH+X[OH\HO)DKUHQKHLW GH%UDGEXU\RHO  GH
2UZHOODLQLFLRVGHOVLJOR;;,)LGHO&DVWURKDFHHQWRQFHVXQOODPDGRDODOXFKD
PXQGLDOFRQWUDHOQHROLEHUDOLVPRODJXHUUD\ODVLQFOLQDFLRQHVQHRIDVFLVWDVGHO
LPSHULDOLVPRFRQWHPSRUiQHR

174 175
El autor
1pVWRU .RKDQ %XHQRV $LUHV HV
GRFHQWH HLQYHVWLJDGRUGHOD8QLYHUVLGDG
GH%XHQRV$LUHV8%$&RRUGLQDGRUGHOD
&iWHGUD&KH*XHYDUD\GHO6HPLQDULR(O
&DSLWDO HQOD8QLYHUVLGDG3RSXODU
0DGUHVGH3OD]DGH0D\R\GHOD(VFXHOD
SLTXHWHUD GH)RUPDFLyQ3ROtWLFDGH
DJRVWRHQ)ORUHQFLR9DUHOD
,QVSLUDGR HQHOPDU[LVPRKDGHVFXELHUWR
XQ WUDWDPLHQWRVHQFLOOR\EDUDWRFRQWUDHO
VWUHVVFRQWHPSRUiQHRTXHFRQVLVWHVLPSOHPHQWHHQQRUHDOL]DUJHQXIOH[LRQHVQLLQJH
ULUPDWHULDIHFDO3RUSUDFWLFDUHVDWHUDSLDIXHHFKDGRGHYDULDVLQVWLWXFLRQHV\SHUGLy
DOJXQRV HPSOHRV1RREVWDQWHIXHMXUDGRHQ&DVDGHODV $PpULFDV HQ3HQVDUD
FRQWUDFRUULHQWH\HQHO'RFWRUDGRGHOD8%$ 7XWRUPHWRGROyJLFRHQ&/$&62(Q
HVWDFROHFFLyQHVDXWRUGH *UDPVFLSDUDSULQFLSLDQWHV \0DU[LVPRSDUDSULQFLSLDQWHV
$GHPiVSXEOLFy0DU[HQVX7HUFHUPXQGR'H,QJHQLHURVDO&KHHQVD\RVVREUHHO
PDU[LVPRDUJHQWLQR\ODWLQRDPHULFDQR(UQHVWR&KH*XHYDUDHOVXMHWR\HOSRGHU7RQL
1HJUL\ORVGHVDItRVGH,PSHULR (O&DSLWDOKLVWRULD\PpWRGR 'HRGRUR5RFDHO
KHUHMH/D5RVD%OLQGDGDXQDSDVLyQGHORVDxRV ,GHDULRVRFLDOLVWDHQWUHRWURV
3URORJyD0DU[/XNiFV5RVD/X[HPEXUJ/HQLQ*UDPVFL$GROIR6iQFKH]9i]TXH]
&DUORV 7DEODGD \$UPDQGR +DUW'iYDORV5HWRPDQGRODKHUHQFLDROYLGDGDGH3DXO
/DIDUJXHDVSLUDDHVFULELUDOJ~QGtD &RPRYLYLUVLQWUDEDMDUSDUDSULQFLSLDQWHV SHUR
SRUDKRUDQROHTXHGDPiVUHPHGLR
'HGLFRPLSDUWHGHHVWHOLEURDODPHPRULDHQWUDxDEOHGH0DULR5REHUWR6DQ 
WXFKR \DWRGRVORVSXHEORVGHOPXQGRTXHPDQWLHQHQHQFHQGLGRHOIXHJR
VDJUDGRGHODUHEHOLyQ1.

El ilustrador
1DKXHO6NHUPD %XHQRV$LUHVHVWpFQLFRHQ
GLVHxR SXEOLFLWDULRHVWDQGDUWHTXHHQ $UJHQWLQD OR
DFUHGLWDFRPRFUHDWLYR(VWXGLyUHDOL]DFLyQDXGLR
YLVXDOHQOD8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDOGH/D3ODWD\PRQ
WDMH HQOD(VFXHOD1DFLRQDOGH([SHULPHQWDFLyQ\
5HDOL]DFLyQ&LQHPiWRJUiILFD'HVGHHODxRHV
LQWHJUDQWHGHOJUXSRGH&LQHLQVXUJHQWH$OOtUHDOL
]y GLYHUVRVGRFXPHQWDOHVHQIRUPDFROHFWLYD\VH
GHVHPSHxyFRPRGRFHQWHGHUHDOL]DFLyQGRFXPHQ
WDO HQODFDUUHUDGHFRPXQLFDFLyQGHOD8QLYHUVLGDG3RSXODU0DGUHVGH3OD]DGH
0D\R GRQGHWDPELpQIXHPLHPEURIXQGDGRUGHODYLGHRWHFD 7UDEDMy GHIRWyJUDIR
FDPDUyJUDIRPRQWDMLVWDLOXVWUDGRUGHVWRU\ERDUGV\HVFODYRHQGLVWLQWDVSURGXFWRUDV
GHSUHVWLJLR(QUHDOL]yHOFRUWRPHWUDMH$EULOSULPHUDSDUWHTXHSDUWLFLSyHQPiV
GHWUHLQWDIHVWLYDOHV\FRQFXUVRVQDFLRQDOHVHLQWHUQDFLRQDOHV)LGHOSDUDSULQFLSLDQWHV
HVVXSULPHUOLEURGHGLEXMRV
0LVDJUDGHFLPLHQWRV
$ 1pVWRU\D-XDQ&DUORVSRUODRSRUWXQLGDG\ODFRQILDQ]D
$ OD$EXHOD&RQFH\DOWtR-RVp
$ OD$EXHOD1pOLGD\DOWtR5~EHQ
16