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The Epoch of Reionisa/on: Jamie Bolton
The Epoch of Reionisa/on: Jamie Bolton
10
TheEpochofReionisa/on
JamieBolton
z=1100
z=1030
z=6
z=3 +HeIIreionisa/on
z=0
Motivation
Hydrogenreionisa/on
Thepostrecombina/onUniversefromz=1100un/lz~6isarguablytheleast
studiedpartoftheUniverseshistorybutthisiswhengalaxyforma/onbegins.
Theprocessofreionisa/oniscloselylinkedtotheforma/on,evolu/onand
proper/esoftherststarsandgalaxies.Analysingtheimpactofreionisa/onon
theIGMthereforeprovidesvaluableinsightintothenatureoftheserstsources.
Heliumreionisa/on
AtlowerredshiV(z=3),wedirectlyobservethesourcesofHeIIreionisa/on
(quasars)andunderstandthemreasonablywell.ButtheimpactofHeII
reionisa/onontheIGM(photohea/ng,ionisa/onuctua/ons)isanimportant
systema/cwhenusingtheIGMtostudycosmology(BAOs,thema\erpower
spectrum)ortheabundanceanddistribu/onofmetals(throughionisa/on
correc/ons).
Thekeyevidence
I:CosmicMicrowaveBackgrounddata
Thekeyevidence
II:TheGunnPetersontrough
GP 4.3 10 5 f HI
n HI
f HI =
nH
The Ly opacity is
extremely large even for
small neutral hydrogen
fractions
Fanetal.(2006)
Theneutralhydrogenfrac/on
TheGunnPeterson(1965)troughatz>6impliesfHIisincreasingtowardshigher
redshiV,butprobingtheheartofreionisa/on(fHI~1)directlyisimpossible.
Fanetal.(2006)
Thekeyevidence
III:Constraintsonthemetagalac/cionisingemissivity
VLT/UVES Atz<6
Kimetal.(2007) Thebestconstraintscomefrom
measurementsoftheopacityoftheIGM
toLy photons(e.g.Bolton&Haehnelt2007,
FaucherGiguereetal2008).
Atz>6
Es/matesaremadebyintegra/ngover
constraintsontheluminosityfunc/on.
Signicantuncertain/esareinvolved:the
WFC3dataatz~7 faintendslope,theSEDandthe
Oeschetal.(2010) escapefrac/onareimportant(Bouwens
etal,Finkelsteinetal.,Yanetal.,Oeschetal.
Bunkeretal.,McClureetal...)
Thecontribu/onofquasars
Constraintsonthephotoionisa/on
ratefromtheLy forestopacity.
Quasarsfallshortofprovidingthe
Galaxies+QSOs requisitenumberofionisingphotons,
especiallytowardsz=6(atmost~15%of
QSOs
thetotalrequired).
Asignicantcontribu/onfromstar
forminggalaxiesrequiredtomaintainthe
photonbudgetatz~6.
Boltonetal.(2005,2007)
seealsoSrbinovsky&Wyithe(2007)
Theionisingemissivityatz>6
Constraintsrangefrom~630%ofrequiredemissivityatz>6
AdaptedfromBolton&Haehnelt(2007)
Emissivityrequiredfor
reionisa/onbyz=6
LyF GOODSN/SubaruDF
Ouchi+09
HUDF/WFC3
Bouwens+09
Oesch+09
CMB:integratedreionisa/onhistoryconstraintonly.Consistentwith
zr=10.5forinstantaneousreionisa/on.Currentlynoinforma/onontheneutral
frac/onasafunc/onofredshiV,butimpliesreionisa/onwasextended.
QALs:appearanceoftheGunnPetersontroughatz=6implieszr>6,butthe
interpreta/onofdatawithregardtohowrapidlytheneutralhydrogenevolves
aroundthis/meishamperedbysaturatedabsorp/on.
StarforminggalaxiesprovidethebulkoftheionisingphotonsintheIGMatz=6.
QuasarsareunlikelytoreionisetheIGM.
Ariseintheionisingemissivityisrequiredatz>6inorderforreionisa/onto
completebyz=6.Es/matesatz>6basedonWFC3dataindicatetheobserved
photonbudgetfallsshortbyaround2/3,althoughtherearesignicant
uncertain/esinvolvedinderivingthenumberofionisingphotonsfromtheLF.
Lotsofsmall,faintgalaxiesmustbeoutthereatz>7.
EoR:ChallengesfortheGMT
TherearetwokeyareaswheretheGMTwillcontributetoEoRscience:
1) Directlyobservingtherstgalaxies.
2) AnalysingtheimpactofthesesourcesonthesurroundingIGMwithhighresolu/on
op/cal/NIRspectroscopy.
Other(controversial)probesoftheIGM/EoRatz>6
Quasarnearzones(Wyithe&Loeb2004,Bolton&Haehnelt2007,Lidzetal.2007,
Masellietal2007,2009,Alavarez&Abel2007,Wyitheetal.2008)
TheGPtroughdampingwing(MiraldaEscude1998,Totanietal.2006,Mesinger&
Haiman2004,2007)
Lyabsorp/onlinewidths(Beckeretal.2005,Boltonetal.2010)
Metalabsorp/onlines(Beckeretal.2006,2009,RyanWeberetal.2006,2009,Simcoe
2006,Oppenheimeretal.2009)
Darkgapsta/s/cs(Songaila&Cowie2002,Fanetal.2006,Paschosetal2005,Gallerani
etal2006,2008)
But:intepreta/onishamperedbysmalldatasetsandrela/velylowresolu/on,
R~25006000andS/N~1020.
AdvantagesoftheGMT
Thekeyadvantageforop/cal/nearIRspectroscopyissensi/vityathigh
spectralresolu/on.
Fainter,morenumerousbackgroundsourceswillbeaccessible(thereare
currentlyonly~20spectrapublishedatz>6,mostof).
Muchhighersignaltonoiseachievablewithhighdispersion(R>40K)
spectrographs.
GCLEF
GMTNIRS
Fanetal.(2006)
HIIregions...
NeutralIGM
Quasar
HIIregion
Rion Intensity
GP
trough
Wavelength
...orresonantabsorp/on?
Par/ally
neutral
Quasar IGM
HIIregion
Rion
Intensity
GP
trough
Wavelength
A range of opinions...
Compared to the IGM HI fraction at z=5.7, near-zones
indicate the IGM just above z=6 is...
Simulations
Data
Thera/oofthenearzoneextentinLytoLyissensi/vetolargefHI.
However,currentdataatz>6.1donotprovideanyconstrainingpower.
Morespectra(>30for3)neededandhigherresolu/onisdesirable.
Bolton&Haehnelt(2007)
TheGPtroughdampingwing
MiraldaEscude(1998),seealsoMesingeretal.(2005)
TheGPtroughdampingwing
Kramer&Haiman(2009)
Keck/ESI(simulated)
R~2,600,S/N=20per3.5A,~1hr
(Fanetal.2006)
Keck/HIRES(simulated)
R~40,000,S/N=12per0.2A,~7.5hr
(Beckeretal.2007)
GMT/GCLEF
R~40,000,S/N=72per0.2A
TheunderlyingHIfrac/on
Selfshielded
LyLimitsystem
fHI<1/10,000
fHI=0.1
Photohea/ng
PhotonsnotonlyioniseiftheyhaveE>Eth(HI=13.6eV)
thentheyalsoheattheIGM.
electron
HI
0 +
>13.6eVphoton
H + H + e
ElectronssharetheirenergywiththebaryonsviaCoulomb
sca\eringandraisethetemperature.
TheIGMtemperature
Highertemperaturesbroadenabsorp/onfeaturesthroughthermal
broadeningandJeans(pressure)smoothing.
Longcooling/mescaleenablesuseasanindirectprobeof
theHIandHeIIreionisa/onepochs(e.g.Theunsetal.2002,
Hui&Haiman2003).TheIGMretainsathermalmemory
ofreionisa/on.
TheIGMtemperature
MeasurementsoftheIGMtemperaturerequirethethermalbroadening
kerneltoberesolved.
2k B T 1/ 2 1
T 1/ 2
bT = = 12.9 km s 4
mH 10 K
FWHM
bres =
2 ln2
LyVoigtproleungatz=6
Keck/ESI,R~2,500
Fanetal.(2006)
7.5hrswithKeck/HIRES,R~40,000
Beckeretal.(2007),Boltonetal.(2010)
Measuringthetemperature
TheDopplerparameterdistribu/onissensi/vetothetemperaturein
thenearzone
Usedetailednumericalsimula/ons(mul/plehydro+RTsightlines)
tocalibratetheCPDFandobtainconstraintsfromdata.
Boltonetal.(2010)
Athermalconstraintonreionisa/on
Main systematic: amount of heating depends on intrinsic spectra of the first sources,
but current measurement is dominated by statistical uncertainty.
PopIII PopIII
PopII
PopII
Brightquasarsarerareobjectsatz>6,andtheremaybeveryfewatyethigher
redshiV.Thisisapoten/alproblemifwewanttopushtowardsz=10.
GRBsmaybethekeybackgroundsourceforIGMspectroscopyatveryhighz.
GRBsareextremelybright,especiallysoiftheaVerglowisobservedaVertherst
fewhours.
Thespectrumisafeaturelesspowerlaw,socon/nuumungissimpler(thisisakey
systema/cwhenmeasuringabsorp/oninquasarspectraatz=6)
Unlikequasars,GRBswillnotpreferen/allyforminthemostmassivehaloes.
GRBscanprobetheIGMinenvironmentswhicharelessbiased.
Seee.g.Barkana&Loeb(2004),McQuinnetal.(2008)
GRBs as background sources
GRB 050904 at z=6.3 after 3.4 days, HI fraction < 0.17 (68% CL).
But transmission in Ly indicates the damping wing is associated
with a DLA...
Totanietal.(2006)
Summary
Reionisa/onisanextendedprocesswhichwaslargelycompletebyz=6.
Faint,starforminggalaxiesarethemostlikelycandidatesfordriving
reionisa/onbutwehaventseenthemallyet(GMTwillhelp,alongwithJWST)
Op/cal/NIRechellespectroscopywiththeGMTcanprovidehighresolu/on,high
signaltonoisedatawhichwillprobethephysicalstateoftheIGMatz>6with
unprecedenteddetail.Spectrafromfainterbackgroundsourcesalsomeans
moresightlinesandimprovedsta/s/csatsomewhatlowersignaltonoise.
Thesizesofquasarnearzones,detec/onoftheGPtroughdampingwingand
measurementsoftheIGMtemperatureatz>6areallprobeswhichwillgreatlybenet
fromtheseadvantages(butarebynomeanstheonlyones!).
GRBsholdpromiseasprobesoftheveryhighredshiVIGMespeciallysoif
therearenoQSOsatz>7.