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Report of Water Distribution System
Report of Water Distribution System
Report of Water Distribution System
WATER
DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page no.
Preface ..... 3
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
i. Study area ....... 4
ii. Land use analysis .... 5
CHAPTER 2
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
i. Basics of WDS ... 6
ii. Types of pipes . 9
iii. Basic equations ... 9
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY OF WDS
i. Hardy cross method . 11
ii. Loop software .. 12
CHAPTER 4
DESIGN OF WDN IN
"FUTURE VISION HOUSING SOCIETY IEER UET LHR"
i. Design data 13
ii. Design criteria .. 14
iii. Results 15
iv. Comments 16
REFERENCES ... 17
2
PREFACE
3
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
STUDY AREA:
LOCATION:
The housing society (Future Vision Housing Society
IEER UET LHR.) for which we are requiring to design the "Water Distribution
Net Work " is situated near "Upper Chanab Canal" .
TOPOGRAPHY:
The over all surface area of the housing society is FLAT, because
the slope of area at almost all the points is between (1% - 2%)
Since we can have three types of surface areas; on the basis of their slopes:
1. Flat Area (slope; 1% - 2%)
2. Rolling Area (slope; 5% - 8%)
3. Steep Area (slope; > 8%)
CLIMATE:
Since usually the flat areas have moderate climatic
conditions, similarly the area under consideration has.
Maximum temperature in summer may range from 30C - 45C & rains
usually occur in mid July & August. In winters he temperature can fall up to
0C, but winter season usually remains for only three to four months.
a. Domestic use:
Drinking, cooking, washing, bathing, irrigation of plants etc. The range
of domestic use can vary from 100 300 LPCD1.
b. Commercial use:
Washing & freezing for cooling purpose etc. usually 12.2
m3/1000m/day2 water is consumed in commercial areas.
c. Public use:
School, parks & dispensary etc. Range of water for public use can vary
from 50 70 LPCD3.
d. Fire demand:
The total fire flow for a single fire should not exceed 22680 l/min4.
4
e. Losses & waste:
Uncounted fall, misuse or wastage etc.
5
CHAPTER 2
BASICS OF WDS:
SOURCES OF WATER SUPPY:
a. Surface water sources.
b. Groundwater sources.
We have ground water source in our society, as we are obtaining
water from tube well
.
COMPONENTS OF WATER SUPPLY SCHEME:
a. Collection works.
b. Purification works.
c. Transmission works.
d. Distribution works.
But here in our society, we just have concern with distribution
works.
PEAK FACTOR:
The ratio of maximum or peak flow to average flow is called as "peak
factor".
6
REQUIREMENTS OF AN IDEAL WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM:
a. To supply adequate amount of water, to completely the need of
community.
b. To supply water with minimum residual pressure at all points of
the community.
c. To supply water which is esthetically appealing (tasteless,
colorless, odorless)
d. To supply water that is hygienic & free from all sorts of
pathogens.
:Fire demand
it is the demand of water required for a particular time when there
is fire blown at some area. For the fire extinguishing, the water required is to
be of high pressure and excessive quantity. For meeting the fire demand,
:quantity of water required is calculated from following formulae
F = 18 C A0.5
7
In this system it is easy to add on and easy to calculate.
Advantages:
Require less no. of valves to cut-off supply to the area
Cheap system
Disadvantages:
Stagnation
Larger area is cut-off in case of repairs
Disadvantages:
Require more no. of valves to cut-off supply to the area
Difficult to design
Advantages:
No stagnation
No larger area is cut-off in case of repairs
Methods of distribution:
a. Distribution by gravity.
b. Pumping without storage.
c. Pumping with storage.
Distribution by gravity:
Distribution by gravity is possible only when the source of water is
located substantially above the level of the site where water is to be
provided. Here we have to rely on the pressures and heads already
defined by the elevation difference between the water reservoir and
the area which is to be supplied with water.
Types of supply:
a. Continuous supply.
b. Intermittent supply.
Continuous supply:
8
In this type of supply, the water is made available to the consumer
throughout 24 hours a day.
: Advantages
Availability of water for fire fighting at any time.
No infiltration of undesirable water occurs.
: Disadvantages
More use of water.
Costly method.
Intermittent supply:
In this type of supply water is available to the consumer only two
.to three times a day, that means, during periods of high consumption
: Disadvantages
Infiltration of dirty water may occur.
Fire fighting may be difficult.
The meets of the consumer are not adequately fulfilled.
BASIC EQUATIONS:
a. Manning's equation:
V = 1/n R2/3 S1/2
Where:
V = velocity
n = Manning's roughness coefficient
R = hydraulic mean depth / hydraulic radius
S = longitudinal slope
b. Chezy's equation:
V = C RS
Where:
V = velocity
c = chezy's roughness coefficient
R = hydraulic mean depth / hydraulic radius
9
S = longitudinal slope
Or
HL = 10.68 (Q/C)1.85 L/(D)4.87
Where:
HL = Head loss
Q = Flow
C = Hazen William constant
L = Length of pipe
D = Diameter of pipe
10
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY OF WDS
Hardy Cross method is used while designing a WDN.
ALGORITHM USED:
a. Inflow = out flow at a node.
b. Sum of HL in a loop = 0.
PROCEDURE:
1. Assume any suitable diameter for network pipe &
then assume any internally consistent distribution
of flow. The sum of flow entering at any junction
must be equal to the sum of low leaving.
2. Compute HL in each pipe by using :
3. HL = 10.68 (Q/C)1.85 L/(D)4.87
4. With due attention to sign compute the HL
around the loop.
5. Compute without regard to sign (H/Q) for each
pipe in the loop.
6. Find H/Q without regard to sign in each pipe.
7. Find correction using :
8. = - H/ [1.85 (H/Q)]
9. Repeat the steps 1 7 until is less than 10%
minimum flow in a pipe of the loop.
10. Find residual heads at all points. If residual heads
are close to the minimum required residual head,
then the design is complete. If the residual head is
less than the required minimum residual head
then increase the diameter & start from step 1;
again. If heads are much higher than minimum
residual head then decrease the diameters so that
cost would be reduced, & then start the process
again from step 1.
11
LOOP SOFTWARE:
Loop is a computer program in BASIC for
Hydraulic Simulation of Looped Water Distribution Networks.
BRIEF HISTORY:
Language : BASIC
Contribution by : UNDP & World Bank
Contribution for: International Drinking Water Supply & Sanitation
Decade 1980 1991.
Why: Based on the results of a study conducted by WHO & World
Bank in 1970s.
80% of all disease
60% of child death
Program developed by: University of North Carolina, USA.
LIMITATIONS:
Max no. of pipes = 500
Max no. of nodes = 400
Nos assigned to nodes = 1 36000
Can handle up to 10 nodes with known HGL ( generally OHRs)
EQUATION USED:
Hazen William equation is used to find head losses :
HL = 10.68 (Q/C)1.85 L/(D)4.87
OUTPUT:
Flow in pipes
Velocities in pipes
Pressure at nodes
Direction of flows
Head losses in pipes etc.
UNITS:
Flow = m3/sec
Length = meter
Diameter = mm
Nodal withdrawal = -ve
Pumping quantity = +ve
NODAL FIXITY:
Pumping source = 1.0
Network nodes = 0
12
CHAPTER 4
DESIGN OF WDN IN
"FUTURE VISION HOUSING SOCIETY IEER
UET LHR"
DESIGN DATA:
No. of plots = 281
No. of apartments = 3
No. of flats = 3
Design period = 20
M.R.H = 14m
13
DESIGN CRITERIA:
We have the following combination in our society:
Since we are having with a relatively small housing society. & load
of flows on pipes is not much, so we can use pipes with moderately
small diameters. Like
14
:DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
: PIPES
1 Maximum diameter = mm
2 Minimum diameter = mm
:LENGTHS
6 Maximum length = m
7 Minimum length = m
RESULTS:
Since velocity in some of the pipes is low than the desired range
(0.5 2.5 m/sec), but doesn't matter, because velocity is not the
design criteria of water supply network.
Since the available heads in all pipelines are much more than
required heads (14 m) but are acceptable.
15
COMMENTS:
Since manual Hardy Cross is very tiresome & time consuming, but
by using LOOP software we can calculate flows, diameters &
velocities etc. just in few seconds.
Since we are pumping water from ground using tube well, therefore
there is no need of water treatment plant, but the laboratory tests of
water should be carried regularly & proper disinfection of water
should be done to insure a supply of potable water.
Since we are having a Grid Iron system, this means that stagnation
of water does not take place as more water comes from more than
one direction.
16
REFRENCES:
1,2,3,4,6 "Water Supply & Sewerage" by "E.W.Steel",
TERENGE J.M C G H E E 6TH EDITION
5 "Water Works Engineering" (Planning, Designing &
operation)
By "Syed R. Qasim, Edward M. Motley, Guang Zhu page#166
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