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Chemical Engineering 374: Fluid Mechanics
Chemical Engineering 374: Fluid Mechanics
Chemical Engineering 374: Fluid Mechanics
Fluid Mechanics
Minor/Fitting Losses
A good scientist is a person with original ideas. A good engineer is a person who
makes a design that works with as few original ideas as possible. There are no prima
donnas in engineering.
--Freeman Dyson (theoretical physicist and mathematician).
Recap
1
3
P v2 f Lv 2
Write +
2
+g z = F F =
2D
SS, no Heat transfer, no Shaft work
Mechanical losses due to friction
Pipes
Pipelines consist of more than just pipes
Valves, fittings, bends, elbows, flow meters, expansions, etc.
All cause losses
Generally small (hence minor losses)
Provided have long pipes and few fittings
Loss Coefficient
PL
P
+
v2
2
+g z = F = K
v2
2
= WL K= 1
2 v2
v2
EL = F = K 3 forms:
2 Energy, pressure, head
2
v
PL = F = K Constant times:
2
F v2 Kinetic energy
hL = =K Dynamic pressure
g 2g
Velocity head
P v2 f Lv 2 KL v 2
Rewrite with pipe Energy: -EL + +g z =
2 2D 2
losses and minor
losses P+
v2
+ g z =
f L v2 KL v 2
Pressure: -PL 2 2D 2
P v2 f Lv 2 KL v 2
Head: -hL + + z =
g 2g 2Dg 2g
2
5
Equivalent Length
+
Dont subtract out the length of the valve
Losses
3
7
Expansions
Sudden expansion
http://www.fluent.com/solutions/examples/img/x165i1_lg.gif
http://www.bhrc.ac.ir/Profile/Heidarinejad/Images/expan.gif
4
9
Sudden Expansion
P KE Loss
2
P2 P1 v2 A21 KL v12 v12 A1
+ 1 = = 1
2 A22 1 2 2 A2
0
Take
=1,
v1=1, -0.2
P1=0, 1 2 1 2 1 2
=1
-0.4
10
Contraction
Sharp edges flow cant make the turn and separates.
Flow is squeezed through the vena contracta
Recirculation losses.
Rounding edges makes a big impact.
Square K = 0.5
Round K = 0.03 (r/D=0.2)
Round K=0.12 (r/D=0.12)
Gradual expansion/contraction helps
SEE TABLE 8.4 FOR MORE DETAILS
5
11
Valves
Ball Valves Globe Valves Gate Valves
12
10
Loss Coefficient
0
Ball Gate Gate (1/2 Check Angle Globe
(open) open)
6
13
14
turbine