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Spe 20319 Pa
Spe 20319 Pa
Summary. Both steamdrive and steam stimulation processes for EOR involve thermodynamic and transport properties of steam. These
properties have roles in the fluid flow, heat transfer, and mass and heat balances of recovery processes. Hence, they affect, not only
the operation of the process, but also the economics and management of the oil recovery project. This paper presents empirical correlations
of thermodynamic and transport properties of saturated steam in dimensionless forms as functions of either reduced temperature or
reduced pressure. The pressure range of the correlations extends from atmospheric to 3,000 psia [20.7 MPa]. The properties include
saturation temperature, saturation pressure, specific volume, specific enthalpy, specific entropy, isobaric specific heat, dynamic viscosity,
thermal conductivity, dielectric constant, surface tension, and isentropic expansion exponents. Compared with values listed in current
steam tables, the calculated properties are accurate within 0.02 % for saturation temperature and pressure, within 0.12 % for ther-
modynamic properties, and within 0.27% for transport properties.
Introduction
Steam is involved in many flow processes in petroleum engineering, ing applications. These correlations can be used to calculate prop-
from EOR to refinery operations. Its thermodynamic and transport erty values that have a high degree of accuracy compared with those
properties are needed in design, processing, monitoring, and analysis in the current published steam tables. They are expressed as ex-
of flow processes. In many applications, the steam involved is a plicit functions of either steam pressure or steam temperature in
wet steam, a mixture of saturated liquid and saturated vapor. With dimensionless form, and they cover steam pressures from atmos-
knowledge of the steam quality, properties of wet steam can be deter- pheric to 3,000 psia [20.7 MPa]. The steam properties covered in
mined from those of saturated liquid and saturated vapor available this study are saturation temperature; saturation pressure; specific
in the steam tables. There are applications, however, where steam volumes of saturated liquid, saturated vapor, and vaporization; spe-
properties need to be expressed as functions of steam pressure or cific enthalpies of saturated liquid and vapor; specific entropies of
steam temperature. The popular applications of computers and saturated liquid and vapor; isobaric specific heat of saturated liq-
programmable calculators also demand steam properties that can uid and vapor; dynamic viscosities of saturated liquid and vapor;
be programmed easily to avoid manual entry of these property thermal conductivities of saturated liquid and vapor; dielectric con-
values. Using mathematical expressions to calculate these property stants of saturated liquid and vapor; surface tension between the
values reduces the memory required to store them and eliminates liquid and the vapor phases of steam; and isentropic expansion ex-
the need for interpolation of properties between discrete table values. ponents of saturated vapor.
In response to these needs, several papersl-S have appeared on The correlations for all these properties except isobaric specific
the empirical correlations of saturated steam properties. None of heat, thermal conductivity, and isentropic expansion exponents are
these papers, however, presents a complete set of accurate corre- based on the property values published in Ref. 9. The correlations
lations for all the thermodynamic and transport properties over wide for the three properties mentioned are based on the values listed in
pressure or temperature ranges. This paper presents empirical corre- Ref. 10. The property values in Refs. 9 and 10 are called "table
lations for a number of pertinent steam properties used in engineer- values. "
Pressure range, psi a [MPa) 10.2 to 3,198.8 [0.07 to 22.06) Pressure range, psia [MPa) 2.9 to 3,161.7 [0.02 to 21.80)
Temperature range, OF [K) 194 to 705 [363 to 647) Temperature range, OF [K) 140 to 703 [333 to 646)
[ ;E 8
j [In(p/Pel] j] Form of correlation
P
-=8 0 exp
[(T~ ) E7.5
T Pe T ;=1
Form of correlation
[ ;~ AI [In(p/Pelr]
Reference properties
T e , OR [K) 1,164.827 [647.126) where i = 1, 1.5,3,3.5,4, and 7.5.
Pc, psia [MPa) 3,198.807 [22.055) Reference properties
Coefficient values Pc, psia [MPa) 3,198.807 [22.056)
80 1.0000000 Te , OR [K) 1,164.827 [647.126)
81 -3.3387306 Coefficient values
82 1.4265590 80 1.0001806
Ao 1.0000000 81 -7.8566745
A1 -3.4680733 81.5 1.8324990
A2 1.8779192 83 - 1.1595890 x 10
A3 - 2.1223784 x 10- 1 83.5 2.2218820 x 10
A4 - 3.5814371 x 10- 3 84 -1.5637130x10
A5 - 9.0903163 x 10- 5 8 7 .5 1.7245000
Error, % Error, %
Maximum absolute 0.0039 Maximum absolute 0.0159
Standard deviation 0.0022 Standard deviation 0.0092
Temperature range, of [K] 212 to 374 [373 to 463) 374 to 581 [463 to 578) 572 to 696 [573 to 642]
1=0
a;(p/pc)1 V,/Vc = E
4
1=0
a;(p/pc)1 V,/Vc =exp [ t
1=0
B;(P/Pc)l]
Reference properties
v c' ft 3 /1bm [m 3 /kg] 0.0497468 [0.00310559] 0.0497468 [0.00310559) 0.0497468 [0.00310559]
Pc, psia [MPa) 3,198.807 [22.055) 3,198.807 [22.055) 3,198.807 [22.055)
Coefficient values
80 3.2931 007 x 10- 1 3.4444232 x 10 -1 -1.4115188
81 1.6699940 4.6716602 x 10- 1 3.2105379
82 - 4.4002253 x 10 -1.1950608 -4.7880621
83 7.3518335 x 10 2 2.6415460 -2.6579266
84 -4.7497294 x 10 3 -2.1301049 1.3685529 x 10
8s -4.9699783 x 10- 1
86 - 2.6656921 x 10
87 2.6411591 x 10
88 -7.5368481
Error, %
Maximum absolute 0.0430 0.0250 0.1160
Standard deviation 0.0250 0.0180 0.0620
Correlation Development are presented in dimensionless form. The property is made dimen-
I reviewed the correlations in the literature and checked them for sionless by dividing (normalizing) it with the same property at the
accuracy. Improvements were made to meet the variable range and critical condition or at some convenient reference condition. The
accuracy requirements of this study. New correlations were devel- independent variable is either the reduced temperature, T/Tc' or
oped where correlations were not available or did not meet the re- the reduced pressure, plpc' where Tc and Pc are critical absolute
quirements of this work. temperature and critical pressure (1,164.827R and 3,198.807 psia
[647.126 K and 22.055 MPaD, respectively. This dimensionless
The new correlations were formulated with computer programs
form makes the correlations readily applicable to either SI metric
based on the least-squares method of curve fitting. The candidate
or other customary units.
correlations, including those selected from the literature, were then Accuracy of a correlation was checked by determining the errors
evaluated over the entire pressure or temperature range to determine and the standard deviation of errors of the calculated property. The
their accuracy. I selected the simplest correlation that met the ac- error refers to the difference between the property value calculated
curacy requirements of this study. If one correlation was not ac- according to the correlation and that listed in the published steam
curate for the full pressure or temperature range, the pressure or tables and is expressed as the percentage of the table value. That is,
temperature range was divided and the process of formulation and
error evaluation was repeated for each of the divided ranges. E=I00(Vc- VT)IVT,
The general form ofthe correlations used in this paper is a poly- where E=error, Vc=correlation value, and VT=table value.
nomial with either steam temperature or steam pressure as an in- The absolute value of the maximum error of the correlation prop-
dependent variable. Both the property and its independent variable erties in the specified pressure or temperature range is called the
Temperature range,
OF [K) 212 to 446 [373 to 503) 446 to 698 [503 to 643)
Temperature range, of [K] 212 to 428 [373 to 493] 428 to 644 [493 to 613] 644 to 698 [613 to 643]
Form of correlation
V~ Pc
-=-exp
Vc P .
[3E ( y]
i=O
8i
P
In-
Pc
Vtg =~
Vc P
E4 8i(
;=0
l!...-
Pc
Y Vtg
Vc
=~
P
E5 8i (
;=0
Inl!...-
Pc
Y
Reference properties
v c' ft3/lbm [m3/kg] 0.0497468 [0.00310559] 0.0497468 [0.00310559] 0.0497468 [0.00310559]
Pc, psia [MPa] 3,198.807 [22.055] 3,198.807 [22.055] 3,198.807 [22.055]
Coefficient values
80 9.0981944 x 10- 1 2.8411738 4.8663549 x 10 -1
81 -1.5220737 x 10- 1 1.0297836 -9.4309998
82 -4.6009362 x 10- 2 -7.4401186 -4.1267692 x 10
83 - 3.2736957 x 10 - 3 9.1734338 -1.3663187 x 10 2
84 -5.0779893 -2.4584549 x 10 2
as -1.7768088 x 10 2
Error, %
Maximum absolute 0.0670 0.0722 0.0897
Standard deviation 0.0446 0.0358 0.0508
maximum absolute error. The standard deviation of errors measures maximum absolute error for every property calculated according
the degree to which the individual errors in a specified pressure to the correlations presented in this paper is <0.27%. Because of
or temperature range deviate from the average error of the range truncation of values and for values between those compared, the
and is the square root of the sum of the square of the difference maximum absolute errors may be slightly higher; however, they
between the individual error and the average error of the range divid- should not be more than 0.30%. The standard deviation of the errors
ed by the number of data points checked in the specified pressure for every specified range investigated is < 0.15 %. An even higher
or temperature range: degree of accuracy was obtained for the temperature/pressure con-
version and for the thermodynamic properties. These accuracies
offer assurance to those who need accurate property values in their
applications.
Empirical Correlations
where a=standard deviation of errors, n=number of data points, Steam Saturation-Temperature/Pressure Relationships. The
and E=average error of the correlation values in the specified range. correlations presented in this study express the steam property as
A correlation value was compared to the table value for every a function of either reduced pressure or reduced temperature. The
18F [10 K] temperature change for pressures from atmospheric saturation-temperature/pressure relationship can be used to convert
t6 1,245 psia [8.6 MPa] , 9F [5 K] temperature change for pressures the independent variable of the correlation from one to the other.
from 1,245 to 2,875 psia [8.6 to 19.8 MPa], and 1.8F [1 K] I present two correlations for this relationship: one expresses the
temperature change for pressures from 2,875 to 3,000 psia [19.8 reduced temperature as a function of the reduced pressure and the
to 20.7 MPa]. For properties that change significantly in a specific other expresses the reduced pressure as a function of the reduced
pressure range, the frequency of comparison was increased. The temperature.
TABLE 6-EMPIRICAL CORRELATIONS FOR SPECIFIC ENTHALPIES OF SATURATED LIQUID AND VAPOR
Form of correlation i
HtIHc=[.t 8 (1-TlT c
1=0
)i]/[.t A i(1-TlT c )i]
1=0
HgIHc=[.t 8;(1-TlT c
1=0
)I]/[.t1=0
i
A (1-TlT c )i]
Reference properties
He, Btu/lbm [kJ/kg] 896.819 [2086.0] 896.819 [2086.0]
Tc ' OR [K] 1,164.827 [647.126] 1,164.827 [647.126]
Coefficient values
80 1.0000000 1.0000000
81 5.0816948 x 10 3 5.0299207 x 10 3
82 8.6074681 x 10 s 1.5731724 x 10 6
83 4.0118239 X 10 6 3.2501253 x 10 7
84 -1.3332299 X 10 7 9.6785144 X 10 6
8s 7.5405379 X 10 6 -4.4418934 x 10 7
86 -1.7054074x10 6 2.7515798 x 10 7
Ao 1.0000000 1.0000000
A1 5.2887323 X 10 3 .4.8029656 X 10 3
A2 9.8242129 X 10 5 1.3858761 X 10 6
A3 7.8259063 X 10 6 2.3235662 X 10 7
A4 -4.6202282 x 10 6 8.1345411 x10 s
Error, %
Maximum absolute 0.0708 0.1023
Standard deviation 0.0440 0.0640
Form of correlation
Reference properties
sc' Btu/(lbm-F)
[kJ/(kg'l<)) 1.05307 [4.408993) 1.05307 [4.408993)
Tc ' OR [K) 1,164.827 [647.126) 1,164.827 [647.126)
Coefficient values
80 1.0000000 1.0000000
81 5.0377515 x 10 3 5.9664536 x 10 3
82 8.3303063 x 10 5 2.1372502 x 10 s
83 3.9204182 X 10 6 4.3995686 x 10 7
84 -1.1675782 X 10 7 -1.7684651 x10 7
85 3.3926298 x 10 6 -3.7337516 x 10 7
8s 1.2348738 x 10 s 4.3353958 x 10 7
Ao 1.0000000 1.0000000
Al 5.1872958 x 10 3 5.7829058 x 10 3
A2 9.1680340 x 10 5 1.9508403 x 10 6
A3 6.3195919 x 10 6 3.3519570 x 10 7
A4 - 6.7626452 X 10 6 - 3.6044330 x 10 7
Error, %
Maximum absolute 0.0498 0.0939
Standard deviation 0.0313 0.0626
The saturation-temperature correlation, which expresses the satu- and 0.01 % for the absolute saturation temperature and saturation
ration temperature as a function of pressure, was modified from pressure, respectively.
that proposed by Ishimoto et al. 4 Table 1 shows the correlation,
the pressure and temperature ranges over which the correlation is Specific Volumes of Saturated Liquid, Saturated Vapor, and
valid, and the accuracy of the calculated property values. I use this Vaporization. The specific volume of steam is a frequently used
form to describe each correlation in this paper. thermodynamic property in steam-flow and heat-transfer calcula-
The saturation pressure correlation, which expresses the saturation tions. Its reciprocal is steam density. Table 3 shows three correla-
pressure as a function of temperature, was modified from that pro- tions for the specific volume of saturated liquid, VI. Table 4 shows
posed by Sato et at. 5 and is shown in Table 2. two correlations for the specific volume of saturated vapor, vg. Ta-
Please note that both of these correlations have a higher degree ble 5 shows three correlations for the change in specific volume
of accuracy than other correlations presented in this paper. The error caused by vaporization, v/g" All correlations are normalized by the
of calculated values is less than 0.004% and 0.016% of the table specific volume of steam at the critical condition and are functions
values, and the standard deviation of errors is less than 0.003% of reduced pressure.
Temperature range, OF [K) 211 to 546 [373 to 559) 546 to 657 [559 to 620) 657 to 695 [620 to 640)
Temperature range, OF [K) 122 to 608 [323 to 593) 608 to 698 [593 to 643)
Temperature range, OF [K) 158 to 617 [343 to 598) 617 to 698 [598 to 643)
Pressure range. psia [MPa) 14.5 to 3.191.0 [0.10 to 22.0) Specific Entropies of Saturated Liquid and Vapor. The corre-
Temperature range. of [K) 211 to 705 [373 to 647) lations for the specific entropy of saturated liquid, sl' 'and saturated
vapor, Sg' are modified versions of those proposed by Ishimoto et
Form of correlation khf =ex/
khr
.E a [ln(2.)]iJ
L1=0 i Te
at. 4 The specific entropy in the correlation is normalized by the
specific entropy of steam at critical condition. These correlations,
Reference properties (Table 7) are functions of reduced temperature.
k hr , Btu/(hr-ft-oF) [W/(m K)] 0.217249 [0.3760] In view of the frequent use of the above three thermodynamic
Te , OR [K] 1.164.827 [647.126] properties (specific volume, specific enthalpy, and specific entropy),
Coefficient values
-1.5250444 x 10- 3
a high degree of accuracy has been built into these correlations.
80
-4.5707493 Maximum absolute errors of the correlations for these three prop-
81
82 -1.6924927 x 10 erties are < 0.12 % of the table values, and the standard deviations
83 - 4.0390396 x 10 of the errors of these correlation values in their respective applicable
84 -5.5597351 x 10 ranges are <0.07% of the table values.
85 - 3.1171860 x 10
Error. % Isobaric Specific Heat of Saturated Liquid and Vapor. The corre-
Maximum absolute 0.1573
lations for isobaric specific heat are functions of reduced pressure.
Standard deviation 0.0775
The isobaric specific heat of saturated liquid, Clr , and saturated
vapor, Cgr , at the saturation temperature under atmospheric con-
Specific Enthalpies of Saturated Liquid and Vapor. The corre- dition, 14.7 psi and 212P [0.10 MPa and 373 K], are used as the
lations for specific enthalpy of saturated liquid, HI' and saturated reference properties to make the property dimensionless. Tables
vapor, Hg. (Table 6) are modified from those proposed by 8 and 9 describe correlations for saturated liquid and vapor, re-
Ishimoto et al. 4 The enthalpy in these correlations is normalized spectively. Maximum absolute error of the isobaric specific heat
Temperature range, OF [K] 211 to 454 [373 to 507) 454 to 616 [507 to 598) 616 to 695 [598 to 641]
Temperature range. OF [K] 122 to 500 [323 to 533) 500 to 653 [533 to 618] 653 to 698 [618 to 643]
2 3 4
Form of correlation Ef = E 8i[ In(pIPe)]i Ef = E 8i[ln(pIPe)]i Ef = E 8,[ln(pIPc)]i
.i=O i=O i=O
Reference property
Pe,psia [MPa] 3,198.807 [22.056] 3,198.807 [22.056] 3.198.807 [22.056]
Coefficient values
80 1.2455101 x 10 9.1678032 7.3249254
81 -8.7905744 -1.5170365 - 3.5495041 x 10
82 -1.5104200 x 10- 1 -4.6894402 -9.7214828 x 10
83 -1.1529913 -1.9945985 x 10 2
84 -1.6229854 x 10 2
Error. %
Maximum absolute 0.1276 0.1193 0.0988
Standard deviation 0.0577 0.0752 0.0481
Temperature range, OF [K) 176 to 554 [353 to 563) 554 to 644 [563 to 613) 644 to 698 [613 to 643)
Form of correlation
Reference property
Eg =1 + eXPL It a{ln(:c) J] Eg =1 +exPL I~ a{ln(:c) J] Eg =1 +exPL It a{ln(:J J]
Pc, psia [MPa) 3,198.807 [22.055) 3,198.807 [22.055) 3,198.807 [22.055)
Coefficient values
ao 3.4299129 x 10-' 5.9650922 x 10 -, 1.0010477
a, 2.1733980 3.0604029 7.6362305
a2 5.3285676 x 10-' 1.5010138 2.3030579 x 10
a3 9.9768162 x 10- 2 4.3431473 x 10-' 4.8002823 x 10
a4 7.0968904 x 10- 3 4.0031906 x 10
Error, %
Maximum absolute 0.1183 0.0229 0.1182
Standard deviation 0.0501 0.0136 0.0771
TABLE 16-EMPIRICAL CORRELATION FOR saturated vapor, Jl.g' are functions of reduced temperature. The dy-
SURFACE TENSION BETWEEN LIQUID namic viscosity in these correlations has been normalized by the
AND VAPOR PHASES OF STEAM dynamic viscosity of steam at the critical condition. Tables 10 and
11 show these correlations for saturated liquid and vapor, respec-
Pressure range, psia [MPa) 0.089 to 3,200 [0.00061 to 22.065) tively. Maximum absolute errors of the viscosity calculated accord-
Temperature range, OF [K) 32.1 to 705 [273.1 to 647.0) ing to these correlations are < 0.22 % of the table values.
2.256
Form of correlation r/r, = 1= E
1.256
ad1 - TIT,)', Thermal Conductivities of Saturated Liquid and Vapor. The
correlations for the thermal conductivity of saturated liquid, khf'
where i = 1.256 and 2.256.
and saturated vapor, k hg , are shown in Tables 12 and 13, respec-
Reference properties tively. These correlations are functions of reduced temperature. The
r" Ibflft [N/m) 0.0161574 [0.2358) reference property, k hr , used to normalize conductivity is obtained
T" OR [K) 1,164.87 [647.15) by extrapolating the table values of thermal conductivity to the crit-
Coefficient values ical condition. Maximum absolute errors of the thermal conductivity
a'.256 1.0000000
- 6.2500000) x 10 - ,
calculated according to these correlations are < 0.16 % and < 0.26 %
a 2.256
of the table values for saturated liquid and vapor, respectively.
by the correlations is < 0.12 % of the table values for saturated liquid Dielectric Constants of Saturated Liquid and Vapor. The corre-
and <0.25% of the table values for saturated vapor. lations for the dielectric constants of saturated liquid, ff' and satu-
rated vapor, Eg, are functions of reduced pressure. The dielectric
Dynamic Viscosities of Saturated Liquid and Vapor. The corre- constant is a dimensionless quantity, so no normalizing reference
lations for the dynamic viscosity of the saturated liquid, Jl.f' and is required. Tables 14 and 15 show these correlations for the satu-
Temperature range, OF [K) 211 to 628 [373 to 604) 628 to 698 [604 to 643)
5 10
Form of correlation (3w = E a,(plpc)i (3w = E adplpc)'
1=0 1=0
Reference property
Pc, psia [MPa) 3,198.807 [22.055) 3,198.807 [22.055)
Coefficient values
ao 1.1389096 9.9345666 x 10 -,
a, 1.6029123x 10-' - 7.9356956 x 10 -,
a2 -4.0470131 1.3588896
a3 1.5738621 x 10 3.9806976
a4 -2.7474654 x 10 -8.0995951
a5 1.7218027x10 4.5975208 x 10-'
as - 9.5566714 x 10-'
a7 2.0556850
as 8.9865770
a9 -4.8235083
a,o -2.7185125
Error, %
Maximum absolute 0.2697 0.2655
Standard deviation 0.1409 0.1292
Temperature range, of [K] 211 to 563 [373 to 568] 563 to 698 [568 to 643]
4 6
Form of correlation (3d =E al(p/pc)1 (3d = E 8dp/Pc)1
1=0 ;=0
Reference property
Pc, psia [MPa] 3,198.807 [22.055] 3,198.807 [22.055]
Coefficient values
80 1.3207703 1.3686342
81 -5.8699304x 10- 1 - 2.2578621 x 10- 1
82 3.7793388 - 9.06301 08 x 10 -1
83 - 1.2793767 x 10 1.9122419
84 1.5036966 x 10 1.2719402
as -4.9905109
a6 2.9406109
Error, %
Maximum absolute 0.1980 0.1724
Standard deviation 0.0817 0.0922
rated liquid and vapor, respectively. Maximum absolute error of Comparison of Correlations
the dielectric constants calculated according to these correlations Table 19 shows a comparison of the maximum absolute errors of
is <0.13% of the table values. the correlation values established in this work with those of Ejiogu
and Fiori 2 and Tortike and Farouq Ali. 8 The comparison is for
Surface Tension Between Liquid and Vapor Phases. The corre- properties in the 500- to 2,500-psia [3.45- to 17.24-MPa] pressure
lation for the surface tension, 'Y, is obtained from Ref. 11. The cor- range. The errors values in Table 19 are those claimed by the
relation is a function of reduced temperature, as shown in Table authors. 8 The table shows that the property values calculated ac-
16. According to Ref. 11, the surface tension in the correlation is cording to the correlations of this work have the smallest errors.
normalized by a surface tension value ofO.01615741bf/fi [0.2358 Note that one of the objectives of this paper is to obtain correla-
N/m], and a critical temperature is equal to 705.20F [647.15 K].
tions to calculate properties within 0.27% of the table values.
The correlation values are the same as those tabulated in Ref. 9.
Another unique characteristic of the present work is that both the
property and the independent variable in the correlations are in
Isentropic Expansion Exponents of Saturated Vapor. Tseng et
dimensionless form. The value of the coefficients of the correla-
at. 10 list the isentropic expansion exponents for the saturated vapor
tions can be applied to any system of units; whereas most correla-
of steam. There are two sets of expansion exponents: one for the
wet side of the saturation line, {3w' and one for the dry side of the tions in the literature, including those of Refs. 2 and 8, have been
saturation line, {3d' These exponents, dimensionless quantities cor- developed for a specific system of units.
related as functions of reduced pressure, are shown in Tables 17
and 18 for the wet-side exponent and for the dry-side exponent, Computer Program for Steam Properties
respectively. Maximum absolute errors of the correlation exponents Based on the correlations presented in this paper, a computer pro-
are <0.27% of the table values for the wet side and <0.20% of gram was developed to tabulate all the properties for a specified
the table values for the dry side. temperature or pressure range and a desired temperature or pressure