Experiment No.

02
TIME RESPONSE OF DYNAMIC SYSTEMS

1. Objective(s):
This activity aims to
1. demonstrate the use of computer aided tools to determine the poles and zeros, and the response
of the system to various inputs of dynamic systems;
2. equip the students with the knowledge and skills in obtaining the pole-zero plot, time response plot
and information, and determining the relationship of the time response parameters of the system in
relation to its pole location; and
3. provide the students with the knowledge of designing component values to meet time response
objectives and simulating the design to verify its correctness.
2. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):
At the end of this activity, the students shall be able to:
1. determine and, on the complex s -plane, plot the poles and zeros of a dynamic system;
2. plot the time response of, and interpret the time response characteristics of dynamic systems
represented as transfer functions; and
3. design components of dynamic systems to achieve time response parameter objectives.
3. Discussion
After obtaining a model of the system, the system is analyzed for its transient and steady-state responses.
It was learned in the discussion that the response of the system is highly dependent on the location of the
system poles. Thus, the location of the poles gives a vivid picture of the form of the response, as well as
how fast the response is.

For first-order system, or system with only one pole and no zero, the response has only one form and is
given as
c (t )= A+ Beat

where A and B are the residues of the partial fraction expansion of the rational Laplace transform
of the response of the system. In the discussion, the parameters time constant, rise time and settling time
are defined, which are all dependent on the pole location a .

For second-order system, the response depends on the location of the poles also. In the discussion, a
second-order system with no zeros can have an overdamped, underdamped, undamped, or critically
damped response depending on the location of the poles. Two related specifications: the damping ratio and
the natural frequency are defined in order to relate these to the type of the response of the system.

Higher-ordered systems containing dominant complex poles as well as with zeros can be approximated as
second-order system when certain conditions are met. These approximations can be validated using
computer aided tools. This activity shows the use of MATLAB and LabVIEW in obtaining the time response
parameters of dynamic systems.
4. Resources:
To perform this activity, a computer workstation with MATLAB R2012a or higher and LabVIEW 8.6 or higher
installed is required. For MATLAB, the control systems toolbox is required and for LabVIEW, the control
design and simulation module.
5. Procedure:
Activity 2.1 Poles and Zeros
1. MATLAB. Use the command pzmap()to determine the poles and zeros, as well as plot the pole-
zero map of a system whose transfer function is defined in the object sys. Use the following format:

>> [p z] = pzmap(sys)

and MATLAB will return the location of the poles in vector p and the zeros in vector z, as well as a
figure will show the pole-zero map.

2. LabVIEW. Create a VI called act02-01.vi. Build the FP and BD as shown below.

For the Pole-Zero Map, set the upper and lower limits of the imaginary axs to +10 and -10
respectively, and the real axis from +10 to -20. Then disable the autoscaling of the plot.
3. Manually compute for the poles and zeros of the transfer function given in the table below, then plot
them on the complex s -plane. Complete the table below.
Transfer Function Poles and Zeros Pole-Zero Plot
 s2 +2 s +2
G ( s )=
s 4 +6 s3 +4 s 2+ 7 s+ 2

4. Use MATLAB and LabVIEW to determine the poles and zeros and to plot them on the complex s -
plane. Record the results below.
Transfer Function Poles and Zeros Pole-Zero Plot

In MATLAB:

s2 +2 s +2
G ( s )=
s 4 +6 s3 +4 s 2+ 7 s+ 2

In LabVIEW:

s2 +2 s +2
G ( s )= 4 3 2
s +6 s +4 s + 7 s+ 2

Q1.4(a)Complete the table below, using MATLAB and LabVIEW. Verify the results using hand
calculations on separate sheets of paper.
Q1.4(b) Using the poles and zeros obtained in the previous questions, write the general form of the
step responses of the system whose transfer functions are given below.
Q1.4(c) How does the location of the poles and zeros relate to the general form of the step response
of the system?
Activity 2.2 Time Response of Dynamic Systems
1. MATLAB. To obtain the step response parameters of systems represented by transfer function sys
use the command step() and stepinfo()which plots the step response of the system, and
provides the step response parameters of the system such as the settling time, rise time, peak time
and percent overshoot. Enter the commands in the following formats

>> step(sys)
>> stepinfo(sys)
The command damp()gives information on the poles of the transfer function, as well as the
 associated damping ratio and natural frequencies. Enter the command in the following format

>> damp(sys)

The command ltiview() can also be used to plot the time response of linear systems. On the
command window, type in

>> help ltiview

for more information on this command. In this case, use the following format

>> ltiview({step,pzmap},sys)

to display the step response, as well as the pole-zero map of the transfer function sys.
2. LabVIEW. Replicate act02-01.vi and name the other copy as act02-02a.vi. Add components as
shown below.
Q2.1(a) Use the MATLAB commands and the LabVIEW VI to complete the table below. On a separate
sheet, roughly sketch the time response of each of the system.
Q2.1(b) Comment on the results for the system (a) and (b). Check the values obtained using the VI
with the results of the formula. Are the values for the damping ratio and the natural frequencies
valid? Comment also on the validity of the values for the peak time and percent overshoot.
Q2.1(c) Comment on the results for the systems (c) through (f). Determine the form of the response
with respect to the value of the damping ratio.
Q2.1(d) Systems (g) through (i) have additional real poles, aside from two complex poles. Comment
on the results. Which exhibits a near second-order response? What is the relationship between the
dominant complex poles and the real third pole for a third-order system to exhibit an approximate
second-order response?
Q2.1(e) Systems (j) and (k) have zeros. Which of the system exhibit non-minimum phase behavior?
Discuss the non-minimum phase behavior based on the time response plot.
Q2.1(f) Systems (l) through (o) are systems with additional poles and with zeros. Which of these can
be approximated into a second-order response using pole-zero cancellation? What general rule can
be established which will allow such approximation?
Q.2.1(g) Plot the responses of systems (a) through (o) on separate sheets of paper. Screenshots for
such plots may be provided.
3. Complex systems can also be modeled and simulated in MATLAB and LabVIEW. As an example the
s +1
system whose block diagram is shown below has the transfer functions G ( s )= and
s ( s+2 )
s +3
H ( s )= .
s+ 4
4. MATLAB. To obtain the closed-loop equivalent the above transfer function, use the command
feedback(), as in the following format

>> T = feedback(G,H)

where T is the object representing the closed-loop transfer function, G is the forward transfer function
and H the feedback transfer function. Read more on the commands feedback(), as well as on
the commands parallel() and series() by using the help command of MATLAB.
Q4.1(a) Using MATLAB, determine the poles and zeros, plot and analyze the time response
characteristics of the system given above. Complete the table below.
5. LabVIEW. Modify act02-02a.vi and rename this as act02-02b.vi. Add a CD Construct Transfer
Function.vi block to define H ( s ) and connect G ( s ) with H ( s ) using the CD Feedback.vi.
Use the Help to obtain more information about the Model Interconnection palette.
Q5.1(a) Using LabVIEW, determine the poles and zeros, plot and analyze the time response
characteristics of the system given above. Complete the table below.
Course: Experiment No.:
Group No.: Section:
Group Members: Date Performed:
Date Submitted:
Instructor:

6. Data and Results:

Q1.4(a)Complete the table below, using MATLAB and LabVIEW. Verify the results using hand
calculations on separate sheets of paper.
Transfer Function Poles and Zeros Pole-Zero Plot

2
G ( s )=
s+ 2
 Transfer Function Poles and Zeros Pole-Zero Plot

5
G ( s )=
( s+ 3 )( s+6 )

s +5
G ( s )=
( s+ 10 )2

s 3 +7 s 2 +24 s +24
G ( s )=
s 4 +10 s 3 +35 s 2+50 s+24

s 2+ 2 s+10
G ( s )=
s 4 +38 s 3 +515 s 2+ 2950 s+6000
Q1.4(b) Using the poles and zeros obtained in the previous questions, write the general form of the
step responses of the system whose transfer functions are given below.
Transfer Function General Form of the Step Response

s2 +2 s +2
G ( s )=
s 4 +6 s3 +4 s 2+ 7 s+ 2

2
G ( s )=
s+ 2

5
G ( s )=
( s+ 3 )( s+6 )

s +5
G ( s )=
( s+ 10 )2

s 3 +7 s 2 +24 s +24
G ( s )=
s 4 +10 s 3 +35 s 2+50 s+24

s 2+ 2 s+10
G ( s )=
s 4 +38 s 3 +515 s 2+ 2950 s+6000

Q1.4(c) How does the location of the poles and zeros relate to the general form of the step response
of the system?
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Q2.1(a) Use the MATLAB commands and the LabVIEW VI to complete the table below. On a separate
sheet, roughly sketch the time response of each of the system.
Damping Time Response Parameters
Transfer Function Ratio / Natural
Frequency Tr %OS T p SSG Ts PV

a)

5
G ( s )=
s+ 5

b)

20
G ( s )=
s+ 20

c)

20
G ( s )= 2
s +6 s+144

d)

9
G ( s )= 2
s + 9 s+ 9

e)

100
G ( s )= 2
s +100
 Damping Time Response Parameters
Transfer Function Ratio / Natural
Tr %OS Tp SSG Ts PV
Frequency
f)

225
G ( s )=
( s+ 15 )2

g)

24.542
G ( s )= 2
s +4 s+24.542

h)

245.42
G ( s )=
( s+ 10 ) ( s 2+ 4 s+24.542 )

i)

73.626
G ( s )=
( s+ 3 ) ( s 2+ 4 s+24.542 )

j)

s+2
G ( s )= 2
s +3 s+36

k)

s2
G ( s )= 2
s +3 s+36
 Damping Time Response Parameters
Transfer Function Ratio / Natural
Tr %OS Tp SSG Ts PV
Frequency
l)

s +3
G ( s )=
( s+ 2 ) ( s2 +3 s+10 )

m)

s+2.5
G ( s )=
( s+ 2 ) ( s2 + 4 s +20 )

n)

s+2.1
G ( s )=
( s+ 2 ) ( s2 + s+5 )

o)

s+2.01
G ( s )=
( s+2 ) ( s2 +5 s+20 )

p)

s 2+ 2 s+10
G ( s )=
s 4 +38 s 3 +515 s 2+ 2950 s+6000

Q2.1(b) Comment on the results for the system (a) and (b). Check the values obtained using the VI
with the results of the formula. Are the values for the damping ratio and the natural frequencies
valid? Comment also on the validity of the values for the peak time and percent overshoot.
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Q2.1(c) Comment on the results for the systems (c) through (f). Determine the form of the response
with respect to the value of the damping ratio.
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Q2.1(d) Systems (g) through (i) have additional real poles, aside from two complex poles. Comment
on the results. Which exhibits a near second-order response? What is the relationship between the
dominant complex poles and the real third pole for a third-order system to exhibit an approximate
second-order response?
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Q2.1(e) Systems (j) and (k) have zeros. Which of the system exhibit non-minimum phase behavior?
Discuss the non-minimum phase behavior based on the time response plot.
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Q2.1(f) Systems (l) through (o) are systems with additional poles and with zeros. Which of these can
be approximated into a second-order response using pole-zero cancellation? What general rule can
be established which will allow such approximation?
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Q.2.1(g) Plot the responses of systems (a) through (o) on separate sheets of paper. Screenshots for
such plots may be provided.
Q4.1(a) Using MATLAB, determine the poles and zeros, plot and analyze the time response
characteristics of the system given above. Complete the table below.
Closed-loop Transfer Function Poles and Zeros Pole-Zero Plot

Time Response Characteristics

dr n Ts %OS Tr Tp

Time Response Plot

Q5.1(a) Using LabVIEW, determine the poles and zeros, plot and analyze the time response
characteristics of the system given above. Complete the table below.
Closed-loop Transfer Function Poles and Zeros Pole-Zero Plot
 Time Response Characteristics
dr n Ts %OS Tr Tp

Time Response Plot

7. Conclusion:

8. Assessment:
1. In typical conventional aircraft, longitudinal flight model linearization results in transfer functions with two
pairs of complex conjugate poles. Consequently, the natural response for these airplanes has two
modes in their natural response. The short period mode is relatively well-damped and has a high-
frequency oscillation. The plugoid mode is lightly damped and its oscillation frequency is relatively low.
For example, in a specific aircraft the transfer function from wing elevator deflection to nose angle (angle
of attack) is (McRuer, 1973)
 (s ) 26.12 ( s+0.0098 )( s+1.371 )
= 2
e ( s ) ( s +8.99 103 s+3.97 103) ( s 2+ 4.21 s+18.23 )

a. Determine the poles and zeros of this system and plot them on the complex s -plane.
b. Sketch the step response of the wing elevator deflection to a step nose angle input. Determine the
time response parameters.
c. On the plot of the response, label which is the short period mode and which is the phugoid mode.
Which of the poles cause the short period and the phugoid responses, respectively?

25
2. Assume that the motor whose transfer function is G ( s )= is used in a position control
s ( s+1 )
system.
a. Obtain the systems pole-zero plot, the type of the response of the system to the step input, the plot
of the step response, and obtain the systems damping ratio and natural frequency, and if
applicable, the settling time, percent overshoot, rise time and peak time.
b. It is wanted that the time response of the position control system be improved. In order to do just
that, an amplifier and a tachometer are inserted into the loop, as shown in the figure below.
Investigate the effects of the addition of the amplifier and the tachometer on the response of the
system.

c. Find the values of K 1 and K 2 to yield a 16 overshoot and a settling time of 0.2
seconds. Determine the rest of the time response parameters.
Assessment rubric for the activitys intended learning outcomes

INTENDED
LEARNING 1 2 3 Points
OUTCOMES
Determine and,
on the complex
The student was able to
s -plane, The student was not The student was able to
determine and plot the
plot the poles able to determine and determine and plot the
poles and zeros of the
and zeros of a plot the poles and zeros poles and zeros of the
system but there are
dynamic of the system. system.
some errors.
system.
(MP1a, MP2a)
 INTENDED
LEARNING 1 2 3 Points
OUTCOMES
Plot the time
response of,
and interpret
the time
The student was not The student was able to
response The student was able to
able to plot and plot the time response
characteristics plot and interpret the
interpret the time characteristics of
of dynamic time response
response systems but was not
systems characteristics of
characteristics of the able to interpret the
represented as systems.
systems. characteristics.
transfer
functions.
(MP1b, MP1c,
MP2a)
Design
components of
dynamic The student was able to The student was able to
The student was not
systems to design some of the design component
able to design the
achieve time component values but values of systems and
components of systems
response does not achieve the achieves design
to achieve objectives.
parameter design objectives. objectives.
objectives.
(MP2b, MP2c)
Total Score
Mean Score = (Total Score /3)
Percentage Score = (Total Score / 9) x 100%

Assessment rubric for the conduct of laboratory experiments

Performance Indicators 1 2 3 Points

Members follow good Members follow good
Members do not follow
Conduct experiments in and safe laboratory and safe laboratory
good and safe
accordance with good and practice most of the time practice at all times in
laboratory practice in the
safe laboratory practice. in the conduct of the conduct of
conduct of experiments.
experiments. experiments.
Members are able to
Members are able to
Members are unable to operate the equipment
Operate equipment and operate equipment and
operate the equipment and instruments with
instruments with ease instrument with
and instruments. ease and with minimum
supervision.
supervision.
 Performance Indicators 1 2 3 Points
Analyze data, validate The group has complete
experimental values against data, validates
The group has complete
theoretical values to The group has experimental values
data but has no analysis
determine possible incomplete data. against theoretical
and valid conclusion.
experimental errors, and values, and provides
provide valid conclusions. valid conclusion.
Total Score
Mean Score = (Total Score /3)
Percentage Score = (Total Score / 9) x 100%