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v=2
vibrational
J
rotational 11 v=1 energy levels
10
energy levels 9
1 v=0

excited electronic energy level

v=2

J vibrational
11 v=1
10
energy levels
9
1 v=0

ground state electronic energy level

Figure 7.1. Schematic diagram showing the relative ordering of electronic (purple curves),
vibrational (horizontal red lines), and rotational (horizontal blue lines) energy
levels. The green arrows show transitions between the various types of energy
levels. Quantum numbers associated with the vibrational and rotational energy
levels also are shown.

the visible/ultraviolet region (see Fig. 7.2).

Molecular spectra are measured using a variety of spectrometer systems. Although
spectrometers used in the various spectral regions differ considerably in their details, they all
employ the same basic components consisting of :
a). A source of radiation to excite the transitions of interest.
b). A holder for the sample to be studied.
c). A device for dispersing the incident or emitted radiation into its different wavelength
components. For example, a diffraction grating.
d). A detector for recording the intensities of the different wavelength components.