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Chemical environment Biological environment

Culture systems

Physical environment

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http://www.aquaponics.org.uk/learn/f ish-aquaculture-test-nico/

All of these influences can be managed in some way and it the

effective management of these which leads to successful aquaculture.
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http://www.aquaponics.org.uk/learn/fish-aquaculture-test-nico/ http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/aquaculture/lib-bib/nasapi-inpasa/nasapi-inpasa-eng.htm

Types of Aquaculture Food or non food aquaculture

Food or non food
system
Types of rearing
Extensive structure
Semi-intensive
Ponds Three types Feed conversion ratio
Intensive (FCR),
Cage Extensive, Semi-intensive,
Types of water Intensive Disease problem,
Pens
Freshwater Differences on Management - labor
Sea farming
Brackish water Feed or non-feed, need, potential energy
Seawater Animals - stocking rate,
requirement,
Flow of water Organism management seed source, problem production - crop/
nuisance species year, % survival,
Open system Monoculture

Closed system Polyculture

Pond - size, shape

Re-circulating
Water - depth, exchange
Integrate culture
rate, modes, aerations
Raceways

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Extensive culture system

(Extensive)

Extensive shrimp culture ponds

50 - 200


30-45

200

Semi-intensive culture system

( Semi-Intensive )




400-1,000

Semi-intensive culture of Asian swamp eel

(Monopterus albus) in small net cages
installed in ponds in Hubei Province in
Semi- intensive shrimp culture China.
ponds

Intensive culture system

(Intensive)





500-2,000
(Super Intensive)


3n 4n

2,000
Spirulina culture Intensive koi aquaculture facility in Israel

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The role of natural food organisms and artificial feeds in the Theoretical relationship between fish/shrimp growth and the
nutrition of fish and shrimp within extensive, semi-intensive availability of natural food organisms within a semi-intensive
and intensive pond culture systems (Tacon, 1987) pond aquaculture culture system

Culture Yield
density (/ha/catc Pond
(/ha) h) area

Intensive 0.1ha-
To 200,000 3.0t-6.0t
culture 1.0ha
Semi-extensive 10,000 to 1.0ha-
0.5t-1.0t
culture 20,000 2.0ha
Extensive 50kg-
to 10,000 <2.0ha
culture 200kg

Aquaculture system defined by

types of water
Types of water
Freshwater
Brackish water
Seawater

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Aquaculture system defined by

water management
Brackishwater
pond Flow of water
Open system

Closed system

Re-circulating

Raceways

Freshwater pond Seawater farming

Why change the water?

semi-
intensive

intensive

+
intensive

Open system aquaculture - densities not great, little maintenance, not fertilized or
aerated, farms ponds vary in size, are, no feed.

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Partial Water Exchange system

Advantages Disadvantages
Eliminate waste Possible risk water
pollution from outside
Reduce
Possible disease risk
phytoplankton
Cost on water
Increase oxygen management
Possible bad impact to
environment

Open culture system

Closed water system

Characteristics Concerns
Limit water resources Pond preparation
No water exchange Fish density
Feed input Type and amount of
Waste deposit feed
Stress culture Water and waste
conditions management

Partial- closed culture system

Advantages and disadvantages of the

closed system
Adv Disadv
Less risk on Low production
disease Good culture
contamination from management is
essential.
outside
Less risk from
water pollution
Suitable for small
area
Closed culture system

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Closed system for Peneaus postlarvae tanks

Recirculating system

Water flow diagram for RAS: 10 percent of treatment flow from tank through
solids collection to biofilter; 90 percent of flow from tank to biofilter. All water
returns to the tank from the biofilter.

Nitrification by Nitrifying Bacteria

Ammonia
Nitrite (NO2-) Nitrate (NO3-)
(NH3)

Nitrosomonas Nitrobacter
Aerobic
Aerobic condition condition

Recirculating system
Particle Removal Unit
Sand Filter

Hydro Clone

A variety of recirculating systems exist. Most include a fish holding Settling or Gravity Filter
unit, biological filter, removal mechanisms for particulates, and
aeration systems.

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Race ways Advantages: Easy on Series raceway

water management

Concepts of raceways or
Feeding
Parallel raceway
Harvesting
flow through water system
Increase swimming of
Water flow through fish
continuously Observe fish due to
Water stay in unit only
water shallowness
short time
Disadvantages
Water is the source of
More stress due to
oxygen high stocking density.
Water helps get rid off High technology is
waste essential.
No negative effect on
animal health

Aeration by pumping of the culture water in

the trout raceways

Aeration by water agitators in the trout raceways.

Types of rearing structure Cages and Pens

Ponds easier handling, inventory and harvesting of fish

better control of fish population
Tanks efficient control of fish competitors and predators
Cage effective use of fish feeds
reduced mortality
Pens
high stocking rate
Sea farming total harvesting and swift or immediate return of
investment
less manpower requirement
minimum supervision

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Ponds for marine shrimp and fish

Ponds for mud crab farming
farming

A cage is defined as a fixed

enclosure in which the bottom is
floating in the water body

A pen is defined as a fixed

enclosure in which the bottom is
the bed of the water body

Marine fish cages

http://www.nzdl.org/

Off-shore culture of marine fish in

increasingly sophisticated cage systems
Generalized Flow of Materials important in Cage Culture of Aquacultural Animals is expanding in Europe.

Tilapia cage culture Cage culture in pond

Salmon (left), mussels (right foreground) and seaweeds (right background)

Intensive cage culture of tilapia in Sea Bream Cage Culture integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) in the Bay of Fundy, Canada.
Maeklong River and use of paddle wheel

Mussels are grown in fabric

socks suspended from
longlines in cold coastal
waters (inset shows mussel
seed to be placed in sock)

Pen culture of milkfish.

Tiger Shrimp Pen Contains six modules Eradication of predators and Pen culture
able to culture 50,000 pieces of shrimp pests

Pen culture model of sea Pen in ponds Floating rafts for shallow-sea farming;
cucumber in Shandong Province Oyster farming in southern China

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Sea farming (seaweed farms, oyster/mussel culture, fish cages

in open marine waters) rather than in inland waters and
Fish Aquarium mangrove swamps

Types of culture system by Polyculture

organism management

Monoculture
Mono-size stocking
Multi-stage stocking
multi-size stocking Optimize


Monosex stocking

Polyculture Optimize
Integrated culture

Species reared in polyculture

Carnivores with herbivores
Silver carp, Carnivores with high fecund
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix herbivores
Upper-layer feeders
(Grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus

( ) phytoplankton
Grass carp, Ctenopharyngo idella (Silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys
nobilis)
Mid-water feeders Big head carp,
Hypophthalmichthys nobilis

Bottom feeders
common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

(Common carp, Cyprinus carpio) (Big head carp, Aristichthysnobilis )

Mud carp, Cirrhinus molitorella

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Polyculture (milk-fish with shrimp, crab with seabass),

rather than single-species culture. Production of prawn with carp in polyculture pond, Rajshahi

Integrated aquaculture

Integrated aquaculture (FAO, 2008) = Aquaculture system sharing

resources, water, feeds, management, etc. with other activities;
commonly agricultural, agro-industrial, infrastructural (wastewaters,
power stations, etc).
Integrated aquaculture ()

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Rice- fish farming

hydroponic

Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture IMTA stands for Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture, which is Baliao, Dan D. 2004. Verification and refinement of shrimp culture techniques: Philippines.
farming of different aquaculture species by having waste from one speices be recycled as food for the In: Promotion of Mangrove-Friendly Shrimp Aquaculture in Southeast Asia, SEAFDEC
other species http://www.jircas.affrc.go.jp/english/program/proC_6.html Aquaculture Department, February 2004.

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Aquatic Plant Aquaculture

Ornamental aquatic plants are fairly Aquaponics links fish culture with plant
easy to grow since most of them are culture.
actually weeds.

Open net pens can be problematic because

Open net pens the farmed species are in direct contact with
the ocean ecosystem. Waste water can affect
the benthic habitat directly below the farms,
and there is the risk that if farmed fish develop
http://www.slideshare.net/anasnoor1/aquaculture- diseases and parasites, these can be passed
presentation-in-alquds-university-by-drmutaz-qutob on to wild populations. If any farmed fish
escape the pen, they can negatively affect wild
populations by competing with them for food
and habitat. Hybridization with wild individuals
is also a concern, since this could produce
genetically less fit offspring and compromise
the quality of the wild population. If antibiotics
are used in the net pens, their open nature
and direct contact with the environment makes
the potential for spread of antibiotic resistance
in humans a serious concern.
Species typically harvested: Atlantic salmon,
rainbow trout
http://www.oceanwise.ca/content/aquaculture-techniques

Recirculating land-based
Raceways
tanks
Land-based tanks avoid many of the potential Raceways consist of water running
issues associated with open net pens. through a channel where the fish are
Escapes are almost impossible as fish are on
land, and water can be treated before being
contained. The water is often diverted
discharged or recirculated instead of being in from a natural water body. Raceways
direct contact with the ocean. can be sustainable if fish are
Species typically harvested: Rainbow trout, prevented from escaping into the
Arctic char, sturgeon, salmon environment, and if the water is
treated before being discharged.
Species typically harvested: Rainbow
trout

http://www.oceanwise.ca/content/aquaculture-techniques http://www.oceanwise.ca/content/aquaculture-techniques

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Ponds
Shrimp farmed in ponds in Asia can be unsustainable when sensitive mangrove forests are destroyed in order to make
space for shrimp ponds. These mangrove forests are critical to the functioning of the ecosystem as they serve as
important fish nurseries where juvenile fish can take cover from predators. Deforestation of mangrove forests affects fish
populations in the ocean. Management can also be unenforced, leading to the use of illegal or uncontrolled use of
chemicals such as certain antibiotics, fungicides and pesticides in the ponds. Ponds can be sustainable if they are located
in areas that are not ecologically sensitive, if the water is treated before discharge or recirculated, and if there are
adequate management measures and enforcement in place.
Species typically harvested: Tiger shrimp, catfish, tilapia.
http://www.oceanwise.ca/content/aquaculture-techniques
9/1/2016
Off-bottom culture
Off-bottom farming is typically used to farm shellfish such as mussels, oysters,
clams, and scallops. Floating rafts, bags, or suspended ropes are used to
grow the shellfish. This system makes no contact with the seafloor, and the
shellfish are harvested with little to no bycatch. Since shellfish are filter
feeders, they offer ecosystem benefits by reducing nutrient load in the water.
They also do not require any external feed as they extract nutrition from
plankton in the seawater. This means that shellfish farming puts no pressure
on wild fish stocks for feed.
http://www.oceanwise.ca/content/aquaculture-techniques
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