(climate)

(organisms)

 (relief)

 (parent material)












 (time)









http://www.slideshare.net/udenisarathchandra/soil-and-soil-nutrient-management-in-ofc-production


( )
()

4
 Soil texture

Every soil type is a mixture of sand, silt, clay, and organic matter.
Gravel: larger than 2mm; feels coarse
Sand: 2 - 0.05mm; feels gritty
Silt: 0.05 - 0.002mm; feels like flour
Clay: smaller than 0.002; feels sticky when wet


(N2) (O2)
(CO2)



http://www.slideshare.net/website22556/ss-21762683


Nitrogen cycle, Carbon cycle
 Nitrogen cycle

http://www.fao.org/soils-portal/soil-survey/soil-properties/biological-properties/en/
 This concerns soil properties related to the microbial and faunal activity in soil. These organisms
include earthworms, nematodes, protozoa, fungi, bacteria and different arthropods. Soil biology plays a
vital role in determining many soil characteristics.
Mineralization is defined as impregnation with ammonia or a compound of ammonia. It is the process
in which pure forms of nitrogen are converted to ammonium by decomposers or bacteria. When a
plant or animal dies, or an animal expels waste, the initial form of nitrogen is organic. Bacteria, or fungi
in some cases, convert the organic nitrogen within the remains back into ammonium (NH4+), a process
called ammonification or mineralization.
Nitrification where bacteria are able to transform nitrogen in the form of ammonium, which is
produced by the decomposition of proteins, into nitrates, which are available to growing plants.
Nitrogen fixation is carried out by free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil or water such as
Azotobacter, or by those that live in close symbiosis with leguminous plants, such as rhizobia. These
bacteria form colonies in nodules they create on the roots of peas, beans, and related species. These
are able to convert nitrogen from the atmosphere into nitrogen-containing organic substances.
Denitrification returns nitrogen to the atmosphere. Denitrifying bacteria tend to be anaerobes,
including Achromobacter and Pseudomonas. The purification process caused by oxygen-free
conditions converts nitrates and nitrites in soil into nitrogen gas or into gaseous compounds such as
nitrous oxide or nitric oxide. In excess, denitrification can lead to overall losses of available soil
nitrogen and subsequent loss of soil fertility.
 Carbon cycle

http://www.fao.org/soils-portal/soil-survey/soil-properties/biological-properties/en/
 The carbon cycle diagram shows the process by which the element carbon is
exchanged between the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and
atmosphere of Earth. This is the most important process on the planet because it
allows Earth to recycle and reuse its most abundant element. The annual movements
of carbon, the carbon exchanges between reservoirs, occur because of various chemical,
physical, geological, and biological processes in the soil.
The microbes living within the soil recycle nutrients such as carbon and nitrogen through
the soil system. Much of the organic material added to the litter (the accumulated
material at the surface of the soil) or within the root zone each year is almost completely
consumed by microbes.Consequently, there is a reservoir of carbon with a very fast
turnover time of about1 to 3 years in many cases. The by-products of this microbial
consumption are CO2, H2O, and a variety of other compounds, collectively known as
humus.
 Humus is less palatable for microbes and is therefore not decomposed very quickly.
After it is produced at shallow levels within the soil, part of it may move downward as
a clay-humus complex. In the lower parts of the soil it tends to be less oxygen
availability and this lack of oxygen makes it even more difficult for microbes to work
on this humus and decompose it further.
Eventually, due to various processes that stir the soil, this humus moves back up to
where there is more oxygen and then the microbes will eventually destroy the humus
and release some more CO2. This humus then constitutes another, longer-lived
reservoir of carbon in the soil with ages of several hundred to a thousand years old.
Taken together, the fast decomposition and the slower decomposition of humus, both
driven by microbial processes, lead to an average residence time of around 20 to 30
years for most soils. The soil microbes (considered in terms of their respiratory
output) are very sensitive to the organic carbon content of the soil as well as to the
temperature and water content, they respire faster at higher carbon concentrations,
higher temperatures and in moister conditions.


pH
Salinity (EC)
Cation exchange capacity (CEC)
Organic matter
C:N ratio (Carbon to Nitrogen)

http://soils.tfrec.wsu.edu/mg/chemical.htm
 (pH)

A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a soil.

Logarithmic scale which means that a 1-unit drop in pH is a 10-fold
increase in acidity.
http://www.commodities.caes.uga.edu/turfgrass/georgiaturf/SoilTesting/pH.html
Affects availability of plant nutrients (in general, optimal pH is between 5.5-7.5)

http://soils.tfrec.wsu.edu/mg/chemical.htm


Ca2+, Mg2+, K +, NH4 +, Zn2+, Cu2+,

and Mn2+.
(Cation exchange capacity,
CEC) cations
CEC (OM) OM
CEC






 CEC

http://hortsoildr.weebly.com/soil-cec.html


3
1. ( 2.00-0.05 ..)
2. ( 0.05-0.002 ..)
3. ( < 0.002 .)







Nutrient Exchange between Soil and Water


Visual Evaluation
Soil Samples
Soil pH
Lime Requirement
Organic Carbon

(/)
1. - (pH) 150
2. (Organic matter) 150/300*
3. (Texture: sand,silt,clay) 200
4. 200
5. (Total Fe oxides) 800
6. (Total Mn oxides) 800

7. ( )
1) 600
2)
- Flame atomization 500/
- Flameless atomization / Cold vapour technique 700/




.. .. .. . .
.. ..




 (Acid soil)

2 FeS2 + 9 O2 + 4 H2O
8 H+ + 4 SO42 + 2 Fe(OH)3 (solid)

pyrite (FeS2)
pyrite Sulfuric
acid (H2SO4) pH 4

pH 5.5-7.5
(pH 6.0) Al

activity








Iron staining is often a good indicator of disturbed acid sulfate soils. When acid
sulfate soils are disturbed and undergo oxidisation, the sulfuric acid produced
mobilises iron, aluminium and heavy metals present in the soil. Toxic amounts of
dissolved iron can then be washed into waterways. This iron can precipitate
when in contact with less acid water, such as rainwater or seawater. This results
in a rust-coloured iron oxide scum or floc' which can smother vegetation and
stain concrete and soil.


(Bog)


40 .





100
.





2.5-3.0 /



85 50












 Pond soil treatment
Liming Fertilization
Drying Bottom Raking
Tilling Disinfection
Sediment Removal Probiotics