Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Giáo Trình Lò Hơi Và Thiết Bị Đốt - PGSTS Hoàng Ngọc Đồng
Giáo Trình Lò Hơi Và Thiết Bị Đốt - PGSTS Hoàng Ngọc Đồng
Giáo Trình Lò Hơi Và Thiết Bị Đốt - PGSTS Hoàng Ngọc Đồng
137
MC LC
141
PHN 2. L HI
12
Chng 3. NHIN LIU V hiu qu s dng nhin liu
Vic la chn phng php t v s dng nhit lng gii phng t qu trnh
chy nhin liu ph thuc nhiu vo cc c tnh cng ngh ca nhin liu. Trong
cng nghip, ngi ta coi cc c tnh sau y l c tnh cng ngh ca nhin liu:
m, cht bc, cc, tro v nhit tr.
* m:
m k hiu l W, l lng nc cha trong nhin liu, lng nc ny nn
nhit tr ca nhin liu gim xung. Mt khc khi nhin liu chy cn cung cp mt
nhit lng bc m thnh hi nc.
m ca nhin liu c chia ra 2 loi: m trong v m ngoi.
m trong c sn trong qu trnh hnh thnh nhin liu, thng dng tinh
th ngm nc v ch tch ra khi nhin liu khi nung nhin liu nhit khong
8000C
m ngoi xut hin trong qu trnh khai thc, vn chuyn v bo qun
nhin liu. m ngoi tch ra khi nhin liu khi sy nhit khong 1050C.
14
* Cht bc v cc:
Cht bc k hiu l V, Khi t nng nhin liu trong iu kin khng c xi nhit
800-8500C th c cht kh thot ra gi l cht bc, l kt qu ca s phn hy
nhit cc lin kt hu c ca nhin liu. N l thnh phn chy th kh gm: hyr,
cacbuahyr, cacbon, oxitcacbon, cacbonic, oxi v nit . . . Nhin liu cng gi th
lng cht bc cng t, nhng nhit tr ca cht bc cng cao, lng cht bc ca
nhin liu thay i trong phm vi: than Anfratxit 2-8%, than 10-45%, than bn
70%, g 80%. Nhin liu cng nhiu cht bc cng d chy.
Sau khi cht bc bc ra, phn rn cn li ca nhin liu c th tham gia qu trnh
chy gi l cc. Nhin liu cng nhiu cht bc th cc cng xp, nhin liu cng c
kh nng phn ng cao. Khi t nhin liu t cht bc nh than antraxit, cn thit
phi duy tr nhit vng bc chy cao, ng thi phi tng chiu di bung la
m bo cho cc chy ht trc khi ra khi bung la.
* tro:
tro k hiu l A, tro ca nhin liu l phn rn dng cht khong cn li
sau khi nhin liu chy. Thnh phn ca n gm mt s hn hp khong nh t st,
ct, pyrit st, oxit st, . . . S c mt ca n lm gim thnh phn chy c ca
nhin liu, do gim nhit tr ca nhin liu. Trong qa trnh chy, di tc dng
ca nhit cao mt phn b bin i cu trc, mt phn b phn hy nhit, b oxy
ha nhng ch yu bin thnh tro.
tro ca mt s loi nhin liu trong khong: Than 15-30%, g 0,5 n
1,0%, mazut 0,2 n 0,3%, kh 0%, c xc nh bng cch t nhin liu nhit
8500C vi nhin liu rn, n 5000C vi nhin liu lng cho n khi khi lng
cn li hon ton khng thay i.
Tc hi ca tro: s c mt ca tro trong nhin liu lm gim nhit tr ca
nhin liu, cn tr qu trnh chy. Khi bay theo khi tro s mi mn cc b mt t
ca l hi. Mt trong nhng c tnh quan trng ca tro nh hng n iu kin lm
vic ca l l nhit nng chy ca tro. Nhit nng chy ca tro trong khong t
12000C n 14250C. Tro c nhit chy thp th c nhiu kh nng to x bm ln
cc b mt ng, ngn cn s trao i nhit gia khi vi mi cht trong ng v lm
tng nhit vch ng gy nguy him cho ng.
* Nhit tr ca nhin liu:
Nhit tr ca nhin liu l lng nhit sinh ra khi chy hon ton 1kg nhin
liu rn hoc lng hay 1m3 tiu chun nhin liu kh (Kj/kg, Kj/m3tc).
Nhit tr lm vic ca nhin liu gm nhit tr cao v nhit tr thp, k hiu l
Qclv v Qtlv. Trong nhin liu c hi nc, nu hi nc ngng t thnh nc s ta
ra mt lng nhit na. Nhit tr cao l nhit tr c k n c lng nhit khi ngng
t hi nc trong sn phm chy na. Nhit tr thp l nhit tr khng k n lng
nhit ngng t hi nc trong sn phm chy.
Nhit tr ca nhin liu khi chy trong thit b thc t l nhit tr thp v nhit
ca khi ra khi l cao hn nhit ngng t hi nc, cn nhit tr cao c
dng khi tnh ton trong iu kin phng th nghim.
Khi so snh cc loi nhin liu vi nhau, ngi ta thng dng khi nim
nhin liu tiu chun, c nhit tr Qt=7000 Kcal/kg (29330 Kj/kg).
15
3.2. QU TRNH CHY CA NHIN LIU
16
1KgC + 1,866 m3tc O2 = 1,866 m3tc CO2. (3-5c)
Tng t, ta c th tnh lng khng kh cn thit t chy cc thnh phn
khc.
- Chy lu hunh:
S + O2 = SO2 (3-6a)
1kgS + 0,7 m3tc O2 = 0,7m3tc SO2 (3-6b)
- Chy hyro:
2H2 + O2 = 2H2O (3-7a)
1kgH2 + 5,6 m3tc O2 = 11,2 m3tc H2O (3-7b)
+ Phn ng chy khng hon ton:
2C + O2 = 2CO (3-8)
24kgC + 32kg O2 = 56kg CO
1kgC + 0,933 m3tc O2 = 1,866 m3tc CO (3-8b)
Nhin liu kh bao gm cc thnh phn H2, S, CH4, CmHn, CO, H2S. Phng
trnh cc phn ng chy nhin liu kh cng c vit tng t nh i vi nhin liu
rn hoc lng. T cc phng trnh phn ng chy ta c th tnh c lng oxi l
thuyt cn thit cung cp cho qu trnh chy, m bo cho nhin liu chy hon ton
(chy kit). T tnh c lng khng kh cn cung cp cho l hi. ng thi t
cc phng trnh phn ng chy cng c th tnh c lng khi thi ra khi l.
Nhit lng sinh ra khi t chy nhin liu trong l hi chnh l nng lng
do nhin liu v khng kh mang vo:
Qv = Qnl + Qkk (3-14)
Nhit lng ny mt phn c s dng hu ch sinh hi, cn mt phn
nh hn b mt mt i gi l tn tht nhit.
Qv = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 + Q5 + Q6 (3-15)
Trong :
Q1 l nhit lng s dng hu ch sinh hi, (Kj/kg)
Q2 l lng tn tht nhit do khi thi mang ra ngoi l hi, (Kj/kg)
Q3 l lng tn tht nhit do chy khng hon ton v mt ha hc, (Kj/kg)
Q4 l lng tn tht nhit do chy khng hon ton v mt c hc, (Kj/kg)
Q5 l lng tn tht nhit do ta nhit t mt ngoi tng l ra khng kh
xung quanh, (Kj/kg)
Q6 l lng tn tht nhit do x nng mang ra ngoi, (Kj/kg).
Nhit lng sinh ra do t chy nhin liu trong l hi chnh bng nhit lng
c s dng hu ch sinh hi v phn nhit b tn tht trong qu trnh lm vic.
Phng trnh biu din s cn bng ny gi l phng trnh cn bng nhit tng qut
ca l.
Qv = Qnl + Qkk = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 + Q5 + Q6 (3-16)
19
3.3.2.1. Phng php cn bng thun:
Phng php xc nh hiu sut nhit theo phng trnh (3-17) gi l phng
php cn bng thun. tnh hiu sut ca l theo phng php cn bng thun cn
tnh lng nhit s dng hu ch Q1 v lng nhit cung cp vo l hi Qv.
+ Nhit s dng hu ch hi nhn c:
Q1 + D(iqn - i'nc) (3-18)
D l sn lng hi ca l hi, (kg/h)
iqn l entanpi hi qu nhit, (Kj/kg)
inc l entanpi nc u vo b hm nc, (Kj/kg)
+ Lng nhit do nhin liu sinh ra khi chy (nu b qua nhit lng do
khng kh mang vo):
Qdv = BQtlv (3-19)
B l lng nhin liu l hi tiu th trong 1h (kg/h). Thay vo (3-17) ta c:
D(i qn i' qn )
= 100, (%). (3-20)
BQ lvt
Nh vy mun xc nh hiu sut ca l theo phng php thun cn xc nh
chnh xc lng tiu hao nhin liu tng ng vi lng hi sn xut ra. y l mt
iu kh khn i vi cc l hi ln v lng tiu hao nhin liu rt ln nn rt kh
xc nh chnh xc lng tiu hao nhin liu ca l. V vy phng php ny ch
dng xc nh hiu sut cho cc l hi nh, c lng tiu hao nhin liu t c th
xc nh c chnh xc, cn sn lng hi cc xc nh bng cch o lng nc
cp vo l. i vi cc l ln th hiu sut c xc nh theo phng php cn bng
nghch.
Q1 Q Q
trong : q1= (%); q2= 2 (%), q3= 3 (%). . . .
Q dv Q dv Q dv
Phng php xc nh hiu sut nhit theo phng trnh (3-23) gi l phng
php cn bng nghch. tnh hiu sut ca l theo phng php cn bng nghch
cn tnh cc tn tht nhit q1 , q2 , q3 , q4 , q5 , q6.
20
3.4. Tn tht nhit TRONG L HI
Khi nhin liu chy khng hon ton th trong khi cn c cc cht kh chy
khng hon ton nh CO, H2, CH4 . Nhng kh ny cn c th chy v sinh nhit
c nhng cha chy b thi ra ngoi, gy nn tn tht nhit gi l tn tht nhit
do chy khng hon ton v ha hc, k hiu l q3 (%). Nguyn nhn ca tn tht
ny l c th do thiu khng kh hoc khng kh pha trn khng u vi nhin liu.
Cc yu t nh hng n q3 bao gm: Nhit bung la, h s khng kh
tha v phng thc xo trn gia khng kh vi nhin liu trong bung la. H s
khng kh tha ln th q3 cng nh nhng q2 li tng (Tuy nhin h s khng kh tha
qu ln lm cho nhit bung l qu thp th q3 li tng). S pha trng gia nhin
liu v khng kh cng tt th q3 cng nh. V vy phi tnh chn sao cho tng tn
tht nhit q2 + q3 l nh nht.
Khi t nhin liu rn: i vi bung la ghi tn tht q3 c th t n 0,5-
1%, bung t phun q3 c th t n 0,5% v vi bung la th cng q3 c th t
n 2% hoc cao hn. Khi t mazut th q3 cao hn v khi chy mazut cacbuahyro
d b phn hy to thnh nhng lin kt kh phn ng, thng q3 = 3%.
21
Nhin liu a vo l c mt phn cha kp chy b thi ra ngoi theo cc
ng: bay theo khi, lt qua ghi l hoc ri xung y bung la cng vi x gy
nn tn tht nhit gi l tn tht nhit do chy khng hon ton v mt c hc.
Yu t nh hng n tn tht nhit do chy khng hon ton v mt c hc
l kch c ht, tnh kt dnh ca tro, tc v cch t chc cp gi. l ghi, khe h
ca ghi cng ln th tn tht q4 cng ln. Nu vic phn phi gi cp I v II khng tt,
s thi bay cc ht nhin liu cha chy ht ra khi bung la. Kch thc ht cng
khng u th q4 cng ln. Bung la phun c q4 b nht, c bit l bung la thi x
lng c th coi q4 = 0. i vi bung t kiu phun: q4 c th t n 4%; i vi
bung t ghi t 2-14%.
22
Chng 4. CC PHN T CA L HI
4.1.1. Khung l
4.1.2. Tng l
4.2.1. Dn ng bung la
4.2.2. Cm pheston
4.2.3. Bao hi
Dn ng bung la, cm pheston ca l hi tun hon c ni trc tip vi
bao hi t nm ngang trn nh l hoc ni qua cc ng gp trung gian. Nc cp t
b hm nc c a vo bao hi, t bao hi nc c i xung theo cc ng nc
xung, qua cc ng gp di i vo ton b dn ng bung la, ti y nc nhn
nhit bin thnh hi. Dng hn hp hi v nc sinh ra trong cc ng sinh hi s i
vo bao hi v hi c phn ly ra khi nc ri sang b qu nhit
ng knh bao hi thng khong 1,4 n 1,6 m
4.3. B QU NHIT
4.3.2. Cu to b qu nhit
a.ng n;
b.ng kp i;
c-ng kp ba;
d. ng kp bn
26
nhn c hi qu nhit c nhit cao (c th n 5600C), cn phi t b
qu nhit vng khi c nhit cao (trn 7000C). Khi nhit hi trong ng v
nhit khi ngoi ng ca b qu nhit u cao, yu cu cc ng thp ca b qu
nhit phi c lm bng thp hp kim. Kch thc b qu nhit ph thuc vo nhit
hi qu nhit. V cu to, c th chia thnh 3 loi:
+ B qu nhit i lu: B qu nhit i lu nhn nhit ch yu bng i lu
ca dng khi, t trn on ng khi nm ngang pha sau cm pheston. B qu
nhit i lu dng cho cc l hi c nhit hi qu nhit khng vt qu 5100C.
Cu to ca b qu nhit i lu c biu din trn hnh 4.5.
+ B qu nhit na bc x: B qu nhit na bc x nhn nhit c bc x t
ngn la ln i lu t khi, c t ca ra bung la, pha trc cm pheston v
thng c dng nhng l c nhit hi qu nhit khong 530-5600C.
+ B qu nhit bc x: B qu nhit bc x nhn nhit ch yu bng bc x
trc tip ca ngn la, c t ngay trong bung la xen k vi dn ng sinh hi ca
hai tng bn. i vi nhng l c thng s siu cao, nhit hi trn 5600C th t l
nhit lng dng qu nhit hi rt ln, nht l l c qu nhit trung gian hi, khin
cho kch thc b qu nhit rt ln. V vy phi t mt phn b qu nhit vo trong
bung la hp thu nhit bc x nhm gim bt kch thc b qu nhit.
Nu b tr cho hi qu nhit i thun chiu vi dng khi (biu din trn hnh
27
4.6a) th hiu s nhit trung bnh gia khi v hi s thp hn so vi b tr ngc
chiu, do din tch b mt trao i nhit ca b qu nhit s tng ln. Bi vy
trong thc t khng b tr theo kiu thun chiu.
Nu b tr cho hi qu nhit i ngc chiu vi dng khi (biu din trn hnh
4.6b v c) th hiu s nhit trung bnh gia khi v hi s cao hn so vi b tr
thun chiu, do din tch b mt trao i nhit ca b qu nhit s gim xung.
Nhng khi pha hi ra va c nhit hi cao va c nhit khi cao, kim loi
s lm vic trong iu kin rt nng n, i hi kim loi ch to phi rt t tin. V
vy trong thc t kiu b tr ngc chiu ch dng cho cc l c nhit hi qu
nhit khng vt qu 4500C.
29
C hai phng php iu chnh nhit hi qu nhit: iu chnh nhit hi
qu nhit v pha hi v iu chnh nhit hi qu nhit v pha khi.
Ngi ta t vo ng gp hi ca b
qu nhit mt thit b gi l b gim n. Cho
nc i qua b gim n, v nc c nhit
thp hn hi nn s nhn nhit ca hi lm
cho nhit hi qu nhit gim xung. Khi
thay i lu lng nc qua b gim n th
s lm thay i nhit hi qu nhit. Hin
nay thng dng 2 loi b gim n: B gim
n kiu b mt v b gim n kiu hn hp.
+ B gim n kiu b mt:
B gim n kiu b mt c biu
din trn hnh 4.8
b gim n kiu b mt, nc gim
n khng pha trn vi hi nn yu cu cht
lng nc gim n khng cn cao lm, c
th dng nc t bao hi.
Nc i vo b gim n s nhn nhit ca
hi qua b mt cc ng ng lm cho qu
nhit ca hi gim xung.
+ B gim n kiu hn hp:
Nguyn l cu to b gim n kiu hn hp
c biu din trn hnh 4.9. Nc i vo b
gim n s pha trn vi hi qu nhit v ly
nhit ca hi bc hi do lm cho nhit
ca hi qu nhit gim xung.
30
b gim n kiu hn hp, nc gim n pha trn vi hi qu nhit nn yu
cu cht lng nc gim n rt cao, thng dng nc ngng ca hi bo ha nh
hnh 4.10a hoc nc cp nh hnh 4.10b.
Cch b tr b gim n:
Cch b tr gim n c trnh by trn hnh 4-11.
- Nu b tr u vo (ng gp th nht nh hnh 4-11a). th s iu chnh
c nhit hi trong ton b b qu nhit, nhng c nhc im l qun tnh nhit
ln, tc ng chm do b qu nhit v tuc bin s b t nng qu mc trong
khong thi gian cha kp tc ng.
- Nu b tr u ra b qu nhit (ng gp th ba nh hnh 4-11c.) th qun
tnh iu chnh nhit b, do tuc bin c bo m an ton tuyt i, nhng c
nhc im l b qu nhit khng c bo v, do b qu nhit s b t nng qu
mc, tui th b qu nhit s gim xung v c th lm n ng.
khc phc nhc im trn thng ngi ta b tr b gim n nm gia 2
cp ca b qu nhit (ng gp gia nh hnh 4-11b.).
* iu chnh nhit hi qu nhit v pha khi:
C th iu chnh nhit hi qu nhit bng cch thay i nhit , lu lng
khi i qua b qu nhit hoc thay i ng thi c nhit v lu lng khi.
+ iu chnh lu lng khi i qua b qu nhit:
iu chnh lu lng khi i qua b qu nhit l lm gim hay tng lng khi
i qua b qu nhit bng cch cho mt phn khi i tt qua ng khi khng t b
qu nhit nhm gim lng nhit m b qu nhit nhn c, do lm gim nhit
hi qu nhit. S ng khi i tt c biu din trn hnh 4.12.
+ iu chnh nhit khi:
iu chnh nhit khi i qua b qu nhit bng cch thay i gc quay ca
31
vi phun, cho vi phun hng ln trn hoc xung di s lm thay i v tr trung
tm ca ngn la (hnh 4.13), do lm thay i nhit khi ra khi bung la tc
l thay i nhit khi i qua b qu nhit, lm thay i nhit hi qu nhit.
32
4.4. B HM NC
tn dng nhit tha ca khi sau b qu nhit nhm nng cao hiu sut ca
l hi, ngi ta b tr thm cc b mt nhn nhit nh b hm nc, b sy khng
kh, chng cn c gi l b tit kim nhit.
B hm nc ng thp trn c
cu to gn nh b qu nhit, c
biu din trn hnh 4.15. gm cc
ng thp c ng knh t 28 n
38mm c un gp nhiu ln v
hai u c ni vo hai ng gp
ca b hm nc. B hm nc
c ch to thnh tng cm c
chiu cao khong 1m v cc cm
c t cch nhau 0,6m nhm to
khong trng cho vic lm v sinh
c d dng. Thng thng cc
ng xon ca b hm nc c b
tr sole, to tc dng khi ln v
xoy nhiu nhm tng cng truyn
nhit. Hnh 4.15. ng xon ca b hm nc
1-Van; 2-,4 ng gp;3-ng xon
4.4.3. B hm nc ng thp c cnh:
33
V cu to, b hm nc bng ng thp c cnh ging b hm nc ng thp
trn, ch khc l ngoi ng ngi ta lm thm cc cnh lm tng din tch b mt
trao i nhit nhm tng cng truyn nhit.
B hm nc kiu c cnh c nhc im: Kh nng bm bi rt ln, kh lm
v sinh do t c dng.
Hnh 4.17. S ni
b hm nc vi bao hi
a) s ngt c;
b) s khng ngt c.
1, 3, 5-van kha; 2-van mt chiu;
4-van an ton;
Hnh 4.18. B
sy khng kh
kiu thu nhit
1-Mt sng;
2-ng thp;
3- Vch ngn;
4- Hp khi;
5- Hp khng
kh
Hnh 4.19. B
sy khng kh
kiu hi nhit.
6-ng c
in;
7-Cnh nhn
nhit;
8-Chn v;
9-Hp khng
kh, khi vo v
ra;
10- trc;
11-Trc;
12- v hnh tr;
13-Tang trng
4.5.4. B tr b hm nc v b sy khng kh
4.6. TRANG B PH
Nhim v ca van kha l ng hoc ct dng mi cht khng cho dng chy
qua. Cc loi van kha c biu din trn hnh 4.21, gm van a, van ca, van vi
nc.
38
Hnh 4.21. cc loi van kha
a-van a; b-van ca; c-van vi nc
Van iu chnh
dng iu chnh lu
lng, p sut ca dong
mi cht.
Nguyn tc lm vic
ca van iu chnh l thay
i m ca van iu
chnh lu lng mi cht
qua nn iu chnh
c p sut, lu lng
ca mi cht. Trn hnh
4.22 biu din van iu
chnh bng tay, hnh 4.23
biu din van iu chnh
bng ng c in.
4.6.1.3 Van bo v
Van bo v gm hai
loi: van mt chiu v van
an ton. Cc loi van bo
v t ng tc ng nn Hnh 4.22. Van iu chnh bng tay
khng c tay quay.
Van mt chiu: Van mt chiu l van ch cho mi cht chuyn ng theo mt
chiu nht nh, van s t ng ng li khi dng mi cht chuyn ng ngc li.
Van mt chiu gm van l xo; van t trng, c biu din trn hnh 4.24.
Van mt chiu thng c lp trn ng nc cp vo l, pha u y ca
bm, trc van chn nhm bo v bm khi b dng hi nng ph hoi khi ng, ct
bm, hoc trn ng ni lin thng cc l tch bit cc l hi khi cn thit (hnh
4.25.
Van an ton: Van an ton c tc dng khng ch p sut lm vic ca mi cht
khng vt qu tr s cho php, nhm bo v cho thit b lm vic an ton v lu di.
Tt c nhng thit b c p sut ln hn 0,7 kG/cm2 u bt buc phi lp t
van an ton.
39
Van an ton c 3 loi, van an ton kiu l xo, kiu n by (qu t) v kiu
xung lng. Cc loi van an ton c biu din trn hnh 4.26; 4.27 v 4.28.
loi van an ton kiu l xo v kiu n by, p sut tc ng ca van s c
iu chnh cn bng vi lc nn ca l xo hoc sc ca h thng n by. Do p
sut gii hn cho php ca l khng ln hn p sut lm vic nh mc ca l nhiu
nn lc ca l xo ln a van tng i b, do van kh kn. Ngoi ra do tit din
l thot hi b nn kh nng thot mi cht chm, p sut ca l gim tng i
chm. Chnh v vy chng ch c s dng cc l hi c p sut va v nh (di
4Mpa).
40
Hnh 4.25. Cch
ni van mt chiu
vi van cp nc
Hinh 4.26. van an ton kiu l xo Hinh 4.27.van an ton kiu xung lng
42
D
n.d.h = (4-1)
p
n: s lng van an ton.
d: ng knh trong ca l van (cm), ng knh ny khng c nh hn
25mm v khng ln hn 125mm.
d d
h: chiu cao nng ln ca van, c 2 loi: h = v h =
20 4
d d
h= i vi loi van khng nng ln hon ton, h = i vi loi van
20 4
nng ln hon ton.
A: h s ty thuc vo van nng ln hon ton hay khng hon ton. vi van
nng ln khng hon ton: A=0,0075, vi van nng ln hon ton A=0,0150
D: Sn lng hi ca l (kg/h).
p: p sut tuyt i ca hi (N/m2).
ng knh d ca van c th l 25, 32, 40, 50, 60mm
4.6.2. p k
4.6.3. ng thy
44
4.6.4. Bm nc cp- qut gi- qut khi
4.6.4.1. Bm nc cp
Hnh 4.31. Bm
ly tm.
a) bm mt cp;
1-c vo,
2-Cnh ng,
3-v,
4-ming ra,
b) bm nhiu
cp
1, 2, 3, 4. cc
tng cnh
ng
45
Cc cnh ng c c gn trn rotor ca bm, cn tt c cc cnh tnh gn
trn thn bm gi l stato. Khi lm vic, trc ca bm quay tc l cc cnh ng
quay, nn nc trong bm lm cho p sut tng dn t u vo ti u ra.
Bm c c th c dn ng bng ng c in hoc hi. i vi cc bm
c cng sut ln thng c dn ng bng tuabin hi.
Thng s ca bm l: p sut v lu lng
273 + t kkl m 3
Q g = 1 B tt ( bl bl ng + skk )V0 ,( ) (4-2)
273 h
1: h s an ton, 1 = 1,1;
Btt : lng nhin liu tiu hao tnh ton, (kg/h),
bl: h s khng kh tha trong bung la;
bl: h s khng kh lt vo bung la;
ng: h s khng kh lnh lt vo h thng nghin than;
s: h s khng kh lnh lt vo b sy khng kh;
V0 : lng khng kh l thuyt, (m3 tc/kg),
tkkl: nhit khng kh lnh, (0C),
46
* Cng sut ca qut khi:
Q H
Nk = 1,1. k k , Kw;
3600 k
Qg, Qk: lu lng khng kh v khi ca l,
Hg, Hk: p sut ca u y ca qut gi, qut khi,
g, k: hiu sut ca qut gi v qut khi,
4.6.5.1. H thng du t:
47
* Cc loi vi phun du: c 2 loi vi phun du, vi phun thi v vi phun c
kh. Yu cu vi phun phi phun du thnh cc ht bi nh, cc ht cng nh cng d
bc chy.
- Vi phun c kh: du c phun thnh bi nh bm cao p nn ln n p
sut t 10 n 30 at v khi i qua cc l nh ca vi phun s phun thnh bi.
- Vi phun thi: dng du c phun thnh bi qua vi phun nh ng nng
ca dng hi hoc kh nn c p sut t 3-5 at.
48
H thng chun b bt than c nhim v nghin mn than thnh bt v vn
chuyn bt than n cung cp cho l hi. Than c nghin mn nh cc my p
ba v cc my nghin. Sau c vn chuyn i trong ng nh khng kh nng.
Khng kh nng va c nhim v vn chuyn bt than, va sy nng bt than. Sau
bt than c phn li (tch ra khi khng kh) nh cc my phn ly tinh (hay phn ly
kiu xiclon). Bt than c cp n cc vi phun ca l nh my cp than bt. H
thng cung cp bt than c biu din trn hnh 4.34.
49
Chng 5: CHT LNG NC V HI CA L
5.1.1. Mc ch ca vic x l nc
51
5.2.1.1. X l c hc
5.2.1.2. X l cng
54
a)
b)
Qa trnh hon nguyn cng thc hin gn ging qu trnh x l, ngha l dung
dch hon nguyn c a vo theo ng ng dn t trn xung, chy qua lp ht
lc, thc hin cc phn ng phc hi li cc kation ban u. Cc cht tch ra sau khi
hon nguyn l cc lin kt tan trong nc, c x ra khi lp kationit bng bin
php ra, chy theo ng 4 x ra ngoi.
- Phng php x l bng trao i Anion:
Nguyn tc cng ging phng php trao i kation, y cc anion ca cc
Anionit s trao i vi anion ca mui v axt c trong nc.
Khi x l bng trao i Anion, phng trnh phn ng ry ra:
2RaOH + H2SO4 = Ra2SO4 + H2O ;
RaOH + HCl = RaCl + H2O ;
Bng phng php trao i anion ta kh c trit cc axt c trong nc, do
vy trong h thng x l nc ngi ta thng kt hp cho nc qua bnh trao i
kation hyr trc, trong nc s to thnh axit ri cho qua bnh trao i anion, nc
s c x l hon ton (hnh 5.4)
55
Hnh 5.4. S ni cc bnh trao i kation v anion
a v b-cho nc kh silic v magi; c v d cho nc
lng lc, vi ha
H; Na; A - bnh trao i kation Hyro, Natri, Amon;
K-bnh kh kh; B-bm; T-thng cha nc;
5.2.2. X l nc bn trong l
56
Hnh 5.5. Thit b lm mm nc bng nhit trong l
1-mng gia nhit gia; 2-mng bn; 3-mng xung; 4-ng dn
nc cp; 5-vng y; 6-ng x bn; 7-mng tp trung bn
57
5.3. PHNG PHP THU NHN HI SCH
58
Dv
RS = (m3/m2h)
F
Trong : D l sn lng hi, Kg/h,
v: Th tch ring ca hi, m3/kg.
F: din tch b mt bc hi, m2,
Tc bc hi ra khi mt thong cng ln th lng m cun theo hi cng
nhiu. gim cc git m trong hi tc l hi c sch ln th phi gim tc
bc hi ra khi mt bc hi hay gim ph ti b mt bc hi, hoc tng chiu cao ca
khoang hi nhm tng thi gian lu li ca hi trong khoang hi, ngha l phi tng
kch thc ca bao hi ln, khi gi thnh ca l tng ln. Trong thit k ngi ta
tng kch thc ca bao hi n gi tr no , sau tm nhng cch khc tng
kh ca hi. Chiu cao hp l nht ca bao hi l: 0,70 - 0,75m.
i vi cc l hi nh, tng chiu cao khoang hi ngi ta to thm m
hi.
Khi nng mui trong nc l qu ln (ln hn gi tr gii hn) th xy ra
hin tng si bt v si bng, to ra mt lp bt trn b mt thong lm cho mc
nc trong bao hi tng cao, tc l lm gim chiu cao khoang hi v do lm tng
lng m ht theo hi.
Khi c hin tng si bt si bng, mc nc trong bao hi lun lun cao hn
mc nc trong thy, ngha l to ra mc nc gi trong l.
59
5.3.3.2. Cc thit b phn li cc git m ra khi hi
60
Phn 3. Tuc BIN HI v kh
Hnh 6.1. Tuc bin Lavan Hnh 6.2. Tuc bin hng trc
1- ng phun; 2-Cnh ng; 1- Cnh ng; 2 v 7-a; 3-Trc; 4 v
3-Bnh ng;4-Trc 5-ng dn hi;3 v 6-trc tuc bin;
- Khc vi tuc bin Lavan, tuc bin dc trc dng hi chuyn ng trong tuc
bin theo hng dc trc ca tuc bin v hi khng ch dn n trong mt hoc mt s
61
ng phun m dn n trong nhiu dy cnh t k tip nhau dc theo trc ca tuc
bin. Cc dy ng phun c gn c nh trn thn tuc bin v mt dy cnh ng
c gn trn trc tuc bin hoc r to tuc bin.
Mt dy ng phun v mt dy cnh ng c t k tip nhau gi l mt tng
tuc bin. Rnh ng phun v rnh cnh ng c gi l phn truyn hi ca tuc bin.
Cng sut tuc bin ph thuc vo s tng tuc bin. tuc bin hng trc, khi
s tng tng ln th ng knh ca tuc bin cng tng ln ngha l lc li tm cng
ln, do s tng tc l cng sut s b hn ch bi lc li tm.
Hin nay tuc bin dc trc c dng ph bin v c th ch to vi cng sut
rt ln, cng sut ln nht ca mt t my c th ti 1200MW.
gio trnh ny ta ch nghin cu v tuc bin dc trc.
Trong tng tuc bin xung lc, khi chuyn ng qua dy cnh ng, dng hi
khng gim p sut nn p sut trc v sau cnh ng bng nhau, khng c s
chnh lch sut trc v sau cnh ng nn tng xung lc c ch to nh hnh
6.4a. y cc ng phun c gn trn bnh tnh, cc bnh tnh c gn ln thn
tuc bin (gi l stato), cn cc cnh ng c gn trn bnh ng, cc bnh ng
c lp cht trn trc tuc bin (gi l Rto).
63
6.2.1.2. Tng phn lc
tng tuc bin phn lc, qu trnh gim p sut lin tc xy ra c trong ng
phun v trong rnh cnh ng, do nu cu to ca tuc bin nh tng xung lc th
s c lc tc dng ln b mt pha trc bnh ng y bnh ng (rto) dch chuyn
theo hng dng hi (gi l lc di trc) do s chnh lch p sut trc v sau cnh
ng. Do y khng c bnh tnh v bnh ng m r to ca tuc bin c ch
to hnh tang trng, cc cnh ng c gn trc tip ln tang trng, cn cc ng
phun c gn ln stato. Cu trc tng cnh ca tuc bin phn lc c biu din trn
hnh 6.4a
Trong rnh ng phun, nhit nng ca dng hi bin i thnh ng nng, ngha
l p sut v nhit dng hi gim, cn tc dng hi tng. Qu trnh tng tc
lin quan trc tip n qu trnh dn n ca dng hi trong rnh ng phun.
65
6.2.3.2. Bin i nng lng dng hi trong rnh cnh ng - Tam gic tc
66
ta c vect tc tuyt i ca dng hi i ra khi dy cnh ng l C 2 v to vi
phng chuyn ng ca dy cnh mt gc 2. Tam gic to bi ba vect: tc ra
tng i w 2 , tc chuyn ng theo u v tc ra tuyt i C 2 , c biu din
trn hnh 6.7. gi l tam gic tc ra.
Tng t nh vi ng phun, khi b qua tn tht do ma st ta c bin thin ng
nng ca dng hi trong qu trnh dn n on nhit thun nghch bng hiu entanpi
u v cui qu trnh.:
w 22 l w 12
= i 1 i 2l = h od (6-8)
2
6.2.4. Tn tht nng lng khi dng chy ngang qua dy cnh
6.2.4.1. Tn tht do ma st, do xoy khi dng chy ngang qua dy cnh
* Tn tht profin
Khi dng cht lng chuyn ng qua rnh cnh, v cnh c nhm v cht
lng c nht nn lun tn ti mt lp bin thy lc trn b mt rnh. Pha ngoi
lp bin (gia dng) tc ti mi im cng tit din u bng nhau. Cn trong
phm vi lp bin thy lc bt u t b mt lp bin tc dng gim dn v bng
khng ti b mt cnh, lm cho tc trung bnh ca dng gim. Chnh v c tn tht
tc trong lp bin nh vy nn tc hi ra khi dy cnh b gim i, gy nn tn
tht nng lng c gi l tn tht ma st theo profin cnh. Tn tht profin c
biu din trn hnh 6.7.
67
* Tn tht ma st gc v nh cnh
Cc cnh ng phun ca tuc bin c gn trn cc bnh tnh, b mt gii hn
ca bnh tnh c gi l gc cnh. i vi cc cnh c chiu di ln, m bo
cho cnh khi b dao ng, trn nh cnh c ai gi ni lin kt cc cnh vi
nhau. Trn b mt gii hn gc cnh v ai cnh lun tn ti mt lp bin thy lc v
do cng gy ra tn tht nng lng tng t nh b mt cnh. Tn tht c
gi l tn tht gc v nh cnh. Tn tht gc v nh cnh c biu din trn hnh
6.8.
* Tn tht do xoy mp ra ca cnh
V mp ra ca cnh c chiu dy nht nh, do khi dng hi chy qua s
xut hin dng xoy mp ra v gy nn tt tht nng lng gi l tn tht xoy
mp ra ca cnh. Tn tht do xoy mp ra c biu din trn hnh 6.8. V c cc
tn tht ni trn nn hiu sut dng chy qua cnh s gim xung.
6.2.4.2. Tnh ton tn tht nng lng khi dng chy ngang qua dy cnh
68
C1 = C1l = 2h op + C 02 (6-10)
Tn tht nng lng trong dy ng phun bng:
hp = hop - hip = (i0 - i1l) - (i0 -i1) = i1 - i1l (6-11)
v nh vy ta suy ra:
C 12l C 12
hp = i1 - i1l = (6-12)
2
T (6-9) v (6-12) ta c:
C12l 2 C12l
hp =
2
C12l
hay hp = (1 2 ) (6-13)
2
Hoc t (6-6) c th tnh theo tc vo:
C 02
hp = (h0p + )(1-2) (6-14)
2
h p
suy ra: = 1 - 2 = p (6-15)
C 02
h op +
2
i lng op gi l h s tn tht nng lng trong ng phun.
i vi cc ng phun ca tuc bin hin i th tr s ca h s vn tc trong
khong 0,95 - 0,98 v tr s ca h s tn tht op trong khong 0,05 - 0,1
th h =
1
2
( ) w2
1 2 w 22 l = 2 l d
2
(6-17)
69
6.3. TN THT V HIU SUT CA TNG Tuc BIN
70
Hnh 6.12. lc tc dng ca dng hi ln dy cnh
71
6.3.2. Tn tht nng lng v hiu sut trn cnh ng ca tng
6.3.2.1. Tn tht tc ra
Hiu sut trn cnh ng ca tng tuc bin l t s gia cng sut trn cnh
ng vi nng lng l tng ca tng.
L
c = (6-28)
E0
L: cng sut trn cnh ng ca tng,
E0: nng lng l tng ca tng tuc bin,
Gi thit dng hi i vo tng vi tc C0 , mang vo tng mt ng nng l
C 02 C2
, ng nng ny ch c s dng mt phn trong tng kho st l x0 0 , trong
2 2
x0 l h s s dng ng nng ca dng hi vo tng kho st. Ta ni dng hi
C2
mang vo tng mt nng lng c ch l x0 0 .
2
C 22
Trong tuc bin nhiu tng th ng nng ra khi tng trc l , s c s
2
C 22
dng vo tng tip theo mt phn l x2 , x2 l h s s dng ng nng dng hi
2
t tng kho st vo tng tip sau. Nh vy nng lng l tng ca tng kho st s
l:
C 02 C2
E0 = x0 + h0 x2 2 (6-29)
2 2
72
C 02
Trong : x 0 l phn ng nng c ch do dng hi mang vo c s
2
dng tng kho st ,
h0 = i0 - i2l = hop + ho l nhit dng l tng ca tng.
C 22
x2 l phn ng nng c ch m dng hi mang ra khi tng kho st
2
s dng tng tip theo.
H s s dng ng nng x0 , x2 dao ng trong khong t 0 n 1. i vi
tng cui ca tuc bin, ng nng ra khi tng hon ton khng c s dng do
C2
x2= 0 v khi ta ni ng nng 2 l tn tht tc ra ca tng.
2
i vi tng tuc bin thc t th cn k n cc tn tht trong ng phun, tn
tht trong dy cnh ng v tn tht tc ra ca tng, khi cng m tng sinh ra
s l:
C 02
L = x0 + h 0 h p h h r (6-30)
2
Trong :
hp: tn tht nng lng trn ng phun,
C 12l C 12
hp = i 1 i 1l =
2
h : tn tht nng lng trn cnh ng,
w 22 l w 22
h = i 2 i 2 l =
2
hr : tn tht tc ra,
C 22
hr =
2
C th vit li (6-30):
C 02 C2 C2 C2
L = x0 + h 0 x 2 2 h p h + x 2 2 2 (6-31)
2 2 2 2
L = E0 -hp - h - (1-x2) hr (6-32)
Do hiu sut trn cnh ng ca tng l:
L h p h h
c = = 1 (1 x 2 ) r (6-3)
E0 E0 E0 E0
hay:
c = 1 - p - - (1-x2)r (6-34)
h i
Trong : i = l cc h s tn tht nng lng.
E0
73
Chng 7. tuc BIN NHIU TNG
Trn hnh 7.1. biu din s cu to, s thay i p sut, thay i tc dng
hi v momen quay trong tuc bin xung lc nhiu tng. i vi tuc bin xung lc
nhiu tng, bnh tnh 2 c b tr xen k gia hai bnh ng 1. Trn bnh tnh c
gn ng phun 3, trn bnh ng 1 c gn cnh ng 4 v cc bnh ng 1 ny lp
74
cht trn trc tuc bin. Dng hi i qua ng phun 3, sut gim p t p0 n p1, ng
thi tc dng hi tng t C0 n C1. Hi ra khi ng phun, i vo cc rnh cnh
ng. Trong dy cnh ng, ng nng ca dng hi bin thnh c nng, lm quay
rto tuc bin, nn khi ra khi dy cnh ng, tc gim t C1 xung C2. Dng hi
ra khi tng ny s tip tc i vo cc tng tip theo v qu trnh bin i nng lng
nh trn li xy ra cho n khi p sut gim xung n tr s p sut hi thot pk
cui tuc bin.
tuc bin xung lc nhiu tng c cng sut ln, cc tng p lc phn cao p
thng c ch to theo kiu tng xung lc c phn lc nh, t = 0,02 - 0,05;
cn cc tng phn h p c phn lc tng dn, c th t n = 0,2 - 0,5 (tng
cui l tng phn lc).
7.1.3.1. u im:
79
Nu ta coi hiu sut ca tt c cc tng tuc bin u bng nhau th:
Hi = ttd (h0 + q) = ttd ( H0 + Q) (7-9)
Mt khc hiu sut trong tng i ca ton tuc bin c th vit c:
Hi
TB
td = (7-10)
H0
Trong : Q l tn tht nhit cc tng trc c s dng vo cc tng sau,
H0 l nhit dng l tng ton tuc bin,
TB
td l hiu sut trong tng i ca tuc bin nhiu tng,
7.1.6. S r r hi
Khi kho st chuyn ng ca dng hi trong tng tuc bin, ta gi thit ton b
lng hi i qua tng u i ht qua rnh ng phun v rnh cnh ng, nhit nng
ca lng hi bin thnh ng nng v c nng trong tuc bin. Thc t khng
phi nh vy, khi chuyn ng trong phn truyn hi ca tuc bin, lun c mt lng
hi khng i qua rnh ng phun m i qua khe h gia bnh tnh v trc tuc bin.
Lng hi ny s khng tham gia qu trnh bin nhit nng thnh ng nng.
81
khng sinh cng trn cnh ng, c gi l lng hi r r v tn tht ny gi l tn
tht r r hi. Tn tht r r hi c biu din trn hnh 7.7.
82
Hnh 7.9. Thn tuc bin t ngc chiu Hnh 7.10. L cn bng
83
7.3. CC LOI tuc BIN hi nc
Tuc bin ngng hi thun ty l tuc bin trong hi sau khi ra khi tuc
bin, i vo bnh ngng nh nhit cho nc lm mt ngng t thnh nc v c
bm nc ngng bm tr v l. S nguyn l ca tuc bin ngng hi thun ty
c biu din trn hnh 7.11. p sut hi ra khi tuc bin pk nh hn p sut kh
quyn, thng pk vo khong 0,004-0,04 ty thuc vo nhit mi trng ca tng
vng. Tuc bin ngng hi thun ty ch sn xut c in nng, lng in n sn
xut ra l:
N = G.(i0 - ik).tT. co.mp (7-13)
Trong : G l lu lng hi vo tuc bin,
i0 , ik l entanpi ca hi vo v ra khi tuc bin ng vi p sut p0 v pk
tT l hiu sut tuc bin,
co l hiu sut c kh,
mp l hiu sut my pht,
84
7.3.2. Tuc bin i p
Hnh 7.13. tuc bin ngng hi Hnh 7.14. tuc bin ngng hi
c mt ca trich c hai ca trch
1-phn cao p ca tuc bin; 2-phn h p ca tuc bin;
3-Bnh ngng; 4-h tiu th nhit; 5-My pht in.
86
7.3.3.2. Tuc bin ngng hi c hai ca trch iu chnh
87
Chng 8. CU TRC, THIT B PH
v iu chnh Tuc bin
Hnh 8.1. Roto tuc bin xung lc c bnh ng lp cht trn trc
88
Hnh 8.2. Rto tuc bin xung lc c trc v bnh ng c rn lin
a)
b) c)
90
Mt khc c mt lng hi khng i qua rnh cnh ng m i qua l cn bng
trn bnh ng v qua khe h gia thn tuc bin v nh cnh. Ngoi ra, do p sut
hi pha u ca tuc bin ln hn p sut kh quyn nn s c mt lng hi chy t
trong tuc bin ra ngoi kh quyn qua l xuyn trc pha u tuc bin. Lng hi
ny s khng tham gia qu trnh bin nhit nng thnh ng nng v c gi l
lng hi r r.
Ngoi s r r hi nu trn, v p sut hi phn cui ca tuc bin nh hn p
sut kh quyn nn s c mt phn khng kh lt vo khoang hi cui tuc bin theo
khe h gia trc v thn.
gim bt lng hi r r t tng ny qua tng khc, r r t tuc bin ra ngoi
hoc khng kh lt t ngoi vo trong tuc bin ngi ta t b chn. B chn c ch
ra trn Hnh 8.4, c t vo khe h cn chn s lm tng tr lc ca khe do
gim c lng hi r r qua .
C 2 loi b chn: chn rng lc v chn cy thng, hin nay dng ph bin
nht l chn rng lc.
B chn rng lc gm mt s rng lc gn vo thn to nn nhng khe h
hp v nhng bung dn n hi gia rng chn v roto (trc). Khi hi i qua khe hp,
p sut gim v tc tng, khi vo bung dn n ng nng dng hi b mt hon
ton do to nn chuyn ng xoy v bin thnh nhit nng. Hi tip tc i qua khe
h tip theo, mt ln na li tng tc ri li b mt ng nng trong bung dn n
tip theo , qu trnh c lp li lin tip do lng hi qua khe h chn gim
xung. S rng chn cng ln th lng hi r r qua b chn cng nh.
Ta bit rng cng sut tuc bin tng ln khi tng thng s u hoc gim thng
s cui ca hi. Nhit ca hi ra khi tuc bin b hn ch bi nhit nc lm
mt n (nc tun hon) v thng cao hn nhit ca ca nc lm mt t 8 n
100C. Nc lm mt ly t ao, h, sng, sui, c nhit khong 20-250C ty thuc
vo ma v iu kin a l ca nh my, ngha l hi bo ha khi ra khi tuc bin
ch c th ngng t nhit khong t 30-350C, tng ng vi p sut cui tuc bin
t 0,03-0,04 bar. m bo c trng thi ny, ngi ta ni ng thot hi ca tuc
bin vi bnh ngng, chn khng trong bnh ngng c to nn nh hi ngng t
thnh nc v nh cc thit b c bit nh ject hoc bm chn khng. Cc thit b
ny s lin tc ht khng kh ra khi bnh ngng.
Trong nh my in, m bo cht lng nc ngng ngi ta ch p dng
bnh ngng kiu b mt.
S cu to bnh ngng b mt c biu din trn Hnh 8.8. 1-ng nc ra;
2-np; 3, 5-thn; 4-Mt sng; 6-c bnh ngng; 7-ng ng; 8-Bn cha nc ngng;
8-ng nc volm mt.
Hi i trn xung bao bc xung quanh b mt ngoi ng ng, nh nhit cho
nc lm mt i trong ng ng v ngng t thnh nc. Nc chuyn ng t pha
di ln trn ngc chiu dng hi. Bnh ngng c s chuyn ng ca nc lm
mt thnh 2 chng nh vy th c gi l bnh ngng 2 chng. Tng t nh th c
91
th c bnh ngng 3 chng, 4 chng. Sau khi nh nhit cho nc lm mt, hi c
ngng t li ri chy xung bnh cha di y bnh ngng v t c bm i
bng bm nc ngng, cn nc lm mt i trong h thng ng ng gi l nc
tun hon c ly t sng, h v c cung cp bi bm tun hon.
92
8.2.2. ject
Hi vo
6
eject eject
cp 1 cp 2
1 3 5
2 7
7
93
Trong nh my in, theo nhim v ject c chia thnh thnh 2 loi:
eject khi ng v eject chnh. eject khi ng dng tng tc to chn
khng khi khi ng tuc bin v trong thi gian khi ng tuc bin th n lm vic
song song vi ject chnh. Khi khi ng xong th ject ny ngng hot ng, cn
eject chnh vn lin tc lm vic lin tc t khi khi ng cho n khi dng tuc
bin.
V eject mt cp thng khng th to thnh chn khng su, nn eject
chnh c ch to hai cp hoc ba cp. Ngoi ra nng cao kinh t, ngi ta
thng lm thm bnh lm lnh lm lnh hn hp khng kh hi do eject thi ra
nhm gi li lng nc ngng ng t hi qua eject.
Hi thot
3
II I
2
4
Hnh 8-10: S ni eject vi bnh ngng
1-bnh ngng; 2-bm nc ngng; 3-ejject; 4-ng ti tun hon
94
8.3. iu chnh tuc bin
95
bin, ngha l cha thit lp c s cn bng mi gia m men cn ca ph ti in
v mmen quay, tc l gia cng sut ca tuc bin v cng sut ca my pht.
Vic phc hi li s cn bng ca phng trnh (8-7) vi bt k s thay i no
ca ph ti N l nhim v ca b iu chnh tc (tc l iu chnh s vng quay).
B iu chnh tc c ni lin ng vi c cu t ng iu chnh van phn phi
hi ca tuc bin iu chnh lng hi vo tuc bin ph hp vi ph ti in.
Khi ph ti in thay i, cn phi thay i lu lng hi vo tuc bin thay
i cng sut tuc bin cho ph hp vi s thay i ph ti in.
Lu lng hi c thay i nh h thng phn phi hi v h thng iu chnh
ca tuc bin.
H thng phn phi hi gm c cc van v cc ng dn hi vo tuc bin
H thng iu chnh gm c b phn iu chnh v cc c cu truyn tc
ng n cc van phn phi hi (nh: cam, tay n ...)
Khi phn phi hi bng tit lu, hi mi c a vo tuc bin qua mt van
iu chnh tit lu chung, sau i vo ton b ng phun ca tng th nht (e =1).
Vi cc tuc bin cng sut ln th lu lng hi ln, ngi ta cho hi qua
ng thi hai van t song song theo hai ng dn hi ring bit. ng vi cng sut
kinh t ca tuc bin th van iu chnh tit lu s m hon ton v qu trnh dn n
ca hi c th biu din bng ng a- b trn hnh 8.10. Nhit dng thc t ca tng
s bng Hi.
Khi cn gim cng sut ca tuc bin, tc l gim lu lng hi vo tuc bin,
ngi ta thay i m ca van iu chnh, khi xy ra qu trnh tit lu vi i =
const. Nh vy, s thay i lu lng hi qua van iu chnh bng phng php tit
96
lu c lin quan n s thay i p sut ca hi sau van, ngha l p sut hi gim
i v do nhit ging cng gim i, qu trnh c biu din bng on cd, nhit
dng ca tng s l H'i. Hiu sut ca qu trnh cng s gim i
a) b)
Hnh 8.10. Phn phi bng tit lu
a- So nguyn l; b- Qu trnh tit lu hi
1- Van Stop; 2-Van tit lu, 3-Tuc bin
97
a) b)
Hnh 8.9. S nguyn l phn phi hi trong tuc bin
a. Phn phi bng ng phun; b. Phn phi tt
cc tuc bin thc hin phn phi hi bng tit lu, thng p dng phng
php phn phi i tt bn ngoi v c bit thng p dng cho cc tuc bin phn lc.
Van tit lu chnh a hi vo ton b ng phun ca tng u (e =1). Khi van
tit lu chnh m hon ton th tuc bin t cng sut kinh t, khi p sut hi trc
ng phun ca tng u t ti tr s gii hn.
Vic tng cng sut tuc bin ti gi tr nh mc c thc hin bng cch a
hi mi vo cc tng trung gian qua cc bung A gi l cc bung qu ti. Khi a
hi mi vo bung A th p sut tng ln do lu lng hi qua cc tng sau s
tng ln bi v tit din truyn hi ca tng qu ti (tng ngay sau bung A) ln
hn so vi tng u, khi cng sut ca tuc bin tng ln, mc d lu lng hi qua
cc tng pha trc bung qu ti c gim i cht t. Nu tuc bin ch c mt van i
tt 2 th khi n m hon ton, p sut bung A s t gi tr gii hn v cng sut
ca tuc bin t ti nh mc.
Nu trn tuc bin t 2 van tt th vic tng cng sut n nh mc s c
thc hin bng cch a hi vo bung qu ti th hai A1. Lu lng hi qua tt c
cc tng sau bung A1 s tng ln, cn qua cc tng trc bung A1 gim. Tuy
nhin s tng cng sut cc tng sau bung A1 xy ra nhanh hn l s gim cng
sut cc tng trc bung A1, do vn bo m tng cng sut ca tuc bin ti
nh mc
cng sut nh mc, p sut hi trong bung A phi nh hn p sut trc
ng phun ca tng u, cn p sut bung A1 th phi nh hn bung A. C nh
vy mi m bo c c mt lng hi va lu thng qua nhng tng u lm
mt nhng tng ny khi chng lm vic khng ti. Khi iu chnh tt th hiu sut cao
nht ca tuc bin t c ch ph ti kinh t, bi v khi hi khng b tit
lu.
nhng tuc bin hin i, iu chnh bng tit lu thng ch c mt tng qu
ti, t khi ngi ta lm 2 v 3 tng qu ti.
98
8.4. Cc s iu chnh tuc bin hi
Hnh 8.124. S
iu chnh gin tip.
1- Van iu chnh.
2-Piston
3- Xecvmot
4- Ngn ko phn
phi du
5- Bm du.
6- ng du.
7- Piston ca ngn ko
8- Thanh truyn.
9- B iu chnh ly tm
100
8.5. H THNG DU tuc BIN HI
6 5 7
11
4 4 4
10
8
1 2 3
102
Chng 9. THIT B Tuc bin KH
C nhiu cch phn loi tuc bin, c th phn chia theo lnh vc s dng, theo chi
ph cho s thay i ph ti, theo loi nhin liu t . . .
1. Thit b tuc bin dng cho my bay: trong theo cch truyn cng sut li
phn chia thnh loi dng nng lng dng kh v loi tuc bin quay cnh qut.
2. Thit b tuc bin cng nghip: c phn thnh tuc bin c s vng quay khng
i (tuc bin sn xut in nng mang ph ti gc, trong trm cp nhit sy, si, lm
vic trong cc qu trnh cng ngh nht nh...) v tuc bin c s vng quay thay i
(dng trong tu ho, tu thu, my nn bm, qut...)
3. Theo loi nhin liu c s dng c th chia thnh tuc bin kh dng nhin liu
kh, nhin kiu lng nh, nhin liu lng nng v tuc bin dng nhin liu rn.
9.1.3. Nhng chu trnh nhit thit b Tuc bin kh thng dng
103
chu trnh ny, qu trnh chy nhin liu l qu trnh chy ng p, my nn K
ht khng kh t ngoi vo v nn n p sut yu cu ri a vo bung t B. Ti
y nhin liu c bm nhin liu bm vo bung t qua vi phun. Sau nhin liu
hn hp cng vi khng kh v bc chy, sn phm chy c a vo Tuc bin kh dn
n sinh cng.
i
3 4
qv
2 B 44 3 5
k T 2
6
M 7
MP
1 qr 5 1
s
Hnh 9.1- S khi v chu trnh nhit khng c b trao i nhit
K- My nn, B- Bung t, T-Tuc bin kh, M-ng c in,
qv- nhit dn vo chu trnh, qr- nhit dn ra, MP- My pht in,
1-2-3-4-5-1: chu trnh nhit biu din trn th i-s.
Mt phng php ni bt nng cao hiu sut l dng b trao i nhit, trong
mt phn nhit ca kh thi c truyn cho khng kh nn trc khi vo bung t. S
104
ca chu trnh Hnh 15-2- S chu trnh h vi Tuc bin dng b trao i nhit.
7
BT
3
B
2
4 6
M MP
1
5
9.1.3.3.Chu trnh kn
Hnh 9.3. S
2
nguyn l GT-750-
100.2
4 5 6 cng sut 100MW
1 3
1.My nn cao p,
2. Bung t,
3. Tuc bin cao p,
4. Tuc bin h p,
Kh thai khng kh 5. My nn h p,
7
6. My pht,
7. B lm mt KK
105
B
M MP
VP
Nhng phn t chnh ca thit b tuc bin kh l my nn, bung t, tuc bin kh
v b trao i nhit. Cu to cht lng v cch sp xp ca chng trong mt chu trnh
lm vic s nh hng trc tip ti hot ng ca ton thit b tuc bin kh.
106
9.2.1. My nn.
9.2.1.1. My nn ly tm
9.2.1.2. My nn dc trc
9.2.2. Bung t
Trong bung t, nng lng lin kt ho hc trong nhin liu uc gii phng
vo khng kh c trn u i vo tuc bin kh nh dng kh truyn ng (sinh cng).
S chc nng ca bung t c v trn hnh.
Dng khng kh s cp i vo khng gian bung t qua b to xoy ca ng
phun, trong nng lng p sut c bin thnh ng nng. Dng khng kh s cp
trong bung t c thnh phn tc vng quay ny to nn trong bung mt dng chy
phc tp vi s gim p sut nhng ng knh pha trong. Nh vi phun, nhin liu
lng c phun mn thnh nhng git rt nh v c tc tng i ln so vi khng
kh. Nh hiu s nhit ln m nhin liu bc hi mnh v sau khi hn hp ny t
c nhit bc chy th hn hp bng chy. Do s chnh lp p sut gia cc vng, s
c mt phn sn phm chy quay tr li nhng ch p sut thp v sy nng hn hp
cha cah, lm cho nhit ca mi cht lm vic tng ln. Khi phn ng xy ra nhit
cng cao th qu trnh chy s tr nn n nh hn. tng nhanh qu trnh chy th
cn thit phi to ra cc dng ri bng cch a thm mt b phn khng kh vo pha
trc bung t. Qu trnh chy c hiu sut cao nht vi h s khng kh trong khong
t 1=1,3 n 2,2.
108
i vi chu trnh n gin c b trao i nhit nn thng trong vng 5, nhit
khng kh t 3000 n 4000C.
i vi nhng chu trnh c nn nhiu cp v qa trnh t nhiu ln thng c
nn l 12 ti 20.
Bung t cao p lm vic vi nhit khng kh vo khong 2000C khi khng c
b trao i nhit v vi nhit 3000C n 3500C khi dng b trao i nhit. Bung t
h p lm vic vi p sut khong 5 bar v nhit vo bung t ti 6000C. i vi
nhng bung t ph ca nhng chu trnh hi, khi lm vic p sut trong vng 11 bar
vi nhit ca sn phm chy t 4000C ti 5000C.
Nhit ra ca cc sn phm chy t cc bung t ca thit b tuc bin cng
nghip t ti 8500C my bay ti 11000C.
Nhng tnh cht vt l ca cc loi nhin liu c nh hng mnh ti qa trnh
chy. nh hng ny c th hin r khi phun nh nhin liu, khi to hn hp.
C. Cc iu kin lm mt ng la
iu kin lm mt ng la c xc nh bi dng nhit qua phn ng la, bi
trng thi khng kh ng vai tr l cht lm mt v bi trng thi sn phm chy l
cht truyn nhit v bi dng hnh hc bung t. Trong khng gian t ca bung t,
nhit cao do c dng nhit bc x vi cng rt ln, cn trong phn hn hp do
nhit thp hn nn dng nhit nh hn nhiu. Mt ngoi ca ng la c cc cnh tn
nhit v c lm mt nh i lu ca khng kh, mt trong ca ng la c mt dng
khng kh hay sn phm chy cc bung p sut hoc t bung t ph i vo lm
mt. Nh lm mt nh vy nn pha trong b phn ng la dng nhit s gim ng k,
ng thi khng kh i vo s c gia nhit mnh bi dng sn phm chy. Nhit
ng la ph thuc nhiu vo cc phng php dn khng kh lnh. nhng bung t
ngc dng, khng kh c dn theo cc cnh tn nhit ca ng la vi tc ln.
ngn nga s to thnh x hoc nhng cht cu trong bung t, phi m bo nhit
thnh ng la trong cc cc ch ti ln nm trong khong 5000 n 6000C. Nhit
cho php ca cc ng la lm vic vi ng sut thp nhng thit b tuc bin kh
trong cng nghip khong t 10000 n 11000C.
109
9.2.3. Tuc bin kh
Nng lng nhit ca sn phm chy c bin i thnh c nng trong tuc bin
kh. Mt phn ln hn ca cng sut tuc bin c dng truyn ng my nn khng
kh, mt phn nh hn cn li ca cng sut l cng sut hu ch cung cp cho cc my
mc hot ng (nh my pht in, bm, qut thi kh). Cng sut tuc bin gp khong
2,5 n 3,5 ln cng sut hu ch.
110
b) Theo hng dng chia thnh tuc bin kh dc trc v tuc bin kh hng trc
(thng l loi my nh hay qut kh).
c) Theo cch lm mt chia thnh loi tuc bin kh c lm mt (i vi cc sn
phm chy nhit cao) v loi khng lm mt (i vi sn phm chy nhit d thp)..
A. C ng vo
Hnh dng ca n c xc nh bi phng n thit k tuc bin. C th b tr
dng sn phm chy theo hng dc trc t bung t vo cc cnh tnh ca tng tuc
bin u tin (tuc bin my bay hay tuc bin chy ti ngn) hay dn cc sn phm chy t
hng vung gc vi trc quay sang hng dc trc. V mt kh ng phi, cn m bo
cho dng kh trong cc rnh c tn tht thu lc cc tiu, c ng u cao v trng
nhit v tc v c s bin i gc ca dng vo cnh tnh u tin ph hp. V
bn, cn m bo to hnh dng thch hp sao cho ngoi lc v lc p sut trong cc
trng thi chuyn tip, hoc khi ph ti bin i v khi m my khng lm bin dng
hoc ph v hnh dng ca chi tit my.
111
B. Stator
B phn ny gm thn v nhng bnh tnh. Thn tuc bin kh phn ln c bo v
chng tc dng trc tip ca sn phm chy nh lp vt liu ngn cch gia b phn
t cc bnh tnh, thn trung gian v cc vng chn pha trn dy cnh ng. Mc ch
dng thn trung gian l nhm to c s phn b nhit ng u quanh chu vi gim
tc dng ca ng sut nhit cc ch chuyn tip khi vn hnh. Thn trung gian cng
c tc dng phn chia stato thnh cc phn chc nng nh chu la, gii hn dng sn
phm chy v phn p sut vi nhit thp hn dng chuyn i nhng ngoi lc v
ni lc p sut nhm to ra kh nng thch hp cho qu trnh bin i dng nhit trong
tuc bin v cng thun li khi m my.
i vi thit k my bay thay th lp ngn bn trong nng hn ca thn ngi
ta dng cnh thi khng kh p sut thp qua khng gian gia hai lp lt bn trong v
thn. bnh tnh, do nhit thay i nhiu nn c ch to m bo cho php cc
cnh tnh hoc cc cm cnh tnh c th dn n c. Ngoi ra t c hiu sut
cao, trn vnh cc cnh ng c lp vng chn hng knh.
D. C ng ra
Cch b tr ca tng loi thit b tuc bin s quyt nh Hnh dng c ng ra. C
ng ra thng hng sn phm chy t hng dc trc thnh hng vung gc vi trc
quay. Trong c ng ra l ng loe vnh khn dc trc hay hnh cn chuyn i phn
ng nng ca sn phm chy thnh p sut li ra t tuc bin.
E. Lm mt tuc bin kh
Mt nh hng ng k n hiu sut v cng sut ring ca tuc bin kh l nhit
sn phm chy trc tuc bin. Mc nh hng ca n hin nhin b gii hn do
sc bn ca vt liu gim khi nhit tng. vt liu c th chu c sn phm chy
c nhit cao th cn lm mt cc b phn bn ngoi ca tuc bin kh bng cch thi
khng kh nn hay hi hoc nc qua.
Nhng yu cu lm mt l:
1. Gi nhit kim loi cc phn ngoi gi tr cho php.
112
2. Do nh hng ca lng khng kh c trch ra lm mt nn yu cu lm
mt khng vt qui nh.
3. gii hn sc cng do bin dng nhit gy nn, cn phi lm ng u trng
nhit ca kim loi nhng ch khng th dn n c.
4. H thng lm mt cn lm n gin, bn vng v hnh dng tt c trng thi
vn hnh v phi gi c tin cy vn hnh.
5. Cn phi m bo c qu trnh cng ngh cho php.
Lm mt cn tp trung vo nhng b phn chnh nh cnh qut ng, rto, cc
cnh tnh v thn tuc bin.
113
Phn 3. Nh my nhit in
T
P1
Qq 1
N
5
Nc 4
Q vT
P2
Qc
NiT 3
2, 2
s
G 3600
dd = = , (kg/Kwh); (10-6)
Nd H 0 TB
td co mp
Sut tiu hao nhit ca tuc bin l lng nhit tiu hao sn xut ra 1Kwh
in, bng:
Q G(i1 i 2 )
qd = d = = d d (i1 i 2 ) , (kj/Kwh) (10-7)
Nd Nd
Sut tiu hao nhit ca nh my l lng nhit tiu hao sn xut ra 1Kwh
in c k n tn tht trong l v tn tht truyn dn hi i, bng:
115
Q qn Qd qd
qnm = = = , (kj/Kwh) (10-8a)
Nd N d lo tt lo tt
d d (i1 i 2 ) (i1 i 2 )
qnm = = = , (kj/Kwh) (10-8b)
lo tt H 0 lo tt TB
td co mp
1
qnm = = , (kj/Kwh) (10-8c)
lo tt co mp
TB
td
Sut tiu hao nhin liu ca nh my l lng nhin liu tiu hao sn xut ra
1Kwh in, bng:
B Q qn q 1
b= = = nmlv = , (kg/Kwh) (10-9)
N d N d Q th lv
Q th nm Q lvth
Sut tiu hao nhin liu tiu chun:
1 0.123
b= = , (kg/Kwh) (10-10)
29330 nm nm
116
Hnh 10.3. Dng tuc bin i p Hnh 10.4. Dng tuc bin
v tuc bin ngng hi thun ty ngng hi c mt ca trch
Hnh 10.5a. Dng tuc bin i p c Hnh 10.5b. Dng tuc bin
mt ca trch v tuc bin ngng hi ngng hi c hai ca trch
117
Khi sn xut phi hp in nng v nhit nng th c in nng v nhit nng
c cung cp bng tuc bin ngng hi c mt ca trch iu chnh nh trnh by
trn hnh 10.6b. m bo ng thi c lng in N v lng nhit Q cho h
tiu th cn phi tiu tn mt lng hi l Gph.
tnh ton lng hi tiu hao trong trng hp ny ta gi s tuc bin lm vic
nh mt tuc bin ngng hi thun ty, ngha l lng hi trch Gn = 0. Khi mun
sn xut ra lng in N th theo (10-3) cn tiu hao mt lng hi l:
Nd
G = (10-12)
(i 0 i k ) TB
td co mp
hay:
(i n i k )
G = Gn = y Gn, (11-16)
(i 0 i k )
(i n i k )
trong : = y c gi l h s nng lng ca dng hi trch.
(i 0 i k )
Nh vy lng hi tiu tn trong qu trnh sn xut phi hp in nng v nhit
nng l:
Gph = G + G (10-17)
Gph = G + yGn (10-18)
(i i )
R rng (in - ik) < (i0 - ik), do : n k = y < 1
(i 0 i k )
So snh (10-17) vi (10-18) v lu (y < 1) ta thy sn sn xut phi hp in nng
v nhit nng tn t hi hn sn xut ring r mt lng l:
Gtk = Gr - Gph = (G + Gn) - (G + yGn)
Gtk = (1 - y)Gn (10-19)
Lng hi i vo bnh ngng khi sn xut phi hp l:
G'k = Gph - Gn = G + yGn - Gn = G - (1 - y)Gn (10-20)
a) b)
Lng nhit tit kim c khi sn xut in bng tuc bin trch hi l:
Q = Qng - Qtr = Gk(ik - i'k) (10-23)
Trong :
Lng nhit tiu hao cho tuc bin trch hi l: Qtr = N + Qktr
Lng nhit tiu hao cho tuc bin ngng hi l: Qng = N + Qkng
thay Gk t (10-20) vo (10-21) ta c:
Q = (1 - y)Gn (ik - i'k) (10-24)
119
10.3.1. Thay i thng s hi
Hiu sut nhit ca chu trnh Renkin cng c th biu th bng hiu sut chu
trnh Carno tng ng:
T
max t = tcarno = 1 2 (10-29)
T1
T (10-27) ta thy: hiu sut nhit ca chu trnh khi gim nhit trung bnh
T2tb ca qu trnh nh nhit trong bnh ngng hoc tng nhit trung bnh T1tb ca
qu trnh cp nhit trong l hi.
Hnh 10.7 biu din chu trnh Renkin c p sut cui gim t p2 xung p2o , khi
nhit u t1 v p sut u P1 khng thay i.
Khi gim p sut ngng t p2 ca hi
trong bnh ngng, th nhit bo ha
ts cng gim theo, do nhit trung
bnh T2tb ca qu trnh nh nhit gim
xung. Theo (10-29) th hiu sut 1
T
nhit t ca chu trnh tng ln.
Tuy nhin, nhit ts b gii hn 5
bi nhit ngun lnh (nhit nc 4
lm mt trong bnh ngng), do p 3
sut cui ca chu trnh cng khng 30 2
th xung qu thp, thng t 2Kpa 2
20 x=1
n 5Kpa ty theo iu kin kh hu x=0
tng vng. Mt khc, khi gim p 0
sut p2 xung th m ca hi cc s
tng cui tuc bin cng gim xung,
s lm gim hiu sut v tui th Tuc
bin, do cng lm gim hiu sut Hnh 10.7. nh hngca p sut cui
chung ca ton nh my.
Theo (10-29) ta thy khi nhit trung bnh T1 ca qu trnh cp nhit 3451
tng ln, th hiu sut t chu trnh s tng ln. nng nhit trung bnh ca qu
trnh cp nhit T1tb, c th tng p sut u p1 hoc nhit u t1.
Nu gi nguyn p sut hi qu nhit p1 v p sut cui p2, tng nhit u t1
(hnh 10.8) th nhit trung bnh T1tb ca qu trnh cp nhit 3451 cng tng ln.
Nu gi nguyn nhit hi qu nhit t1 v p sut cui p2, tng p sut u p1
(hnh 10.9) th nhit si ca qu trnh 4-5 tng, do nhit trung bnh T1tb ca
120
qu trnh cp nhit 3451 cng tng ln trong khi T2tb gi nguyn, dn n hiu sut
nhit t ca chu trnh tng ln.
T
10 T 10 1
1
5 40 50
4 4
5
3 3
2 x= 1 2 x=1
2 20 20 2
x=0 x=0
0 0
s u s
Hnh 10.8. nh hng ca nhit Hnh 10.9. nh hng ca p sut u
Mt bin php khc nng cao hiu sut chu trnh Renkin l trch mt phn
hi t tuc bin gia nhit hm nc cp trc khi bm nc cp cho l. S thit
b chu trnh gia nhit hm nc cp c biu din trn hnh 10-.10. Chu trnh ny
khc chu trnh Renkin ch: Cho 1kg hi i vo tuc bin, sau khi dn n trong phn
u ca Tuc bin t p sut p1 n p sut pt, ngi ta trch mt lng hi g1 v g2
gia nhit nc cp, do lng hi i qua phn sau ca tuc bin vo bnh ngng s
gim xung ch cn l gk:
gk = 1 - g1 - g2 (10-30)
Lng nhit nh ra trong bnh ngng cng gim xung ch cn:
2 = (i 2 i 2 ' )(1 g 1 g 2 ) < i 2 i 2 '
q hn (10-31)
Hiu sut chu trnh c trch hi hm nng nc cp l:
hn
q1 q 2 l
= tr
ct = (10-32)
q1 q1
Lng hi vo bnh ngng gim, ngha l lng nhit q2 m hi nh ra cho
nc lm mt trong bnh ngng cng gim. T (10-32) r rng ta thy hiu sut
nhit chu trnh c trch hi gia nhit hm nc cp tng ln.
1k
Gi cng ca dng hi g
ngng sinh ra trong tuc bin l:
lk = gk (i0 - ik) = gk h0 II
II
cng ca dng hi trch 121
sinh ra trong tuc bin l: g1
I g
ltr = gtr (i0 - itr) = gtr htr g2
v nhit lng cp cho
1kg hi trong l l:
q0k = i0 - inc IV
l 0k
= ctk l hiu sut ca chu trnh ngng hi thun ty (khng c trch hi),
q ok
n n
l tr g tr h tr
1
= 1
= Atr l h s nng lng ca dng hi trch,
l ok g k h ok
Khi ta c hiu sut ca chu trnh c trch hi gia nhit nc cp l:
n
n
g tr h tr g tr h tr
1 + 1 1 + 1
n gkh0 gkh0
g k h 0 + g tr h tr
h0 = h0
ct =
tr 1
= (10-33)
n
q ok n
q ok n
g k q 0 k + g tr h tr g tr h tr g tr h tr
1 1 + 1 1 + 1 gkho
g k q ok g k h o g k q ok
hay:
1 + A tr
cttr = ctk (10-34)
1 + A tr ctk
1 + A tr
v ctk < 1 do (1 + Atr) > (1 + Atr) ctk , ngha l >1
1 + A tr ctk
hay:
cttr > ctk , (10-35)
Cng thc (10-35) chng t hiu sut ca chu trnh c trch hi gia nhit nc
cp lun lun ln hn hiu sut ca chu trnh ngng hi thun ty (khng c trch hi
gia nhit).
122
tng nhit T0 ln mi c v b hn ch bi sc bn ca kim loi ch to cc thit
b, nu ch tng p sut p0 ln thi th m ca hi cui tuc bin tng ln, lm gim
hiu sut tuc bin, tng kh nng mi mn v n mn cc cnh tuc bin. khc
phc tnh trng ny, ngi ta cho hi dn n sinh cng trong mt s tng u ca
tuc bin ri a tr li l hi qu nhit mt ln na (gi l qu nhit trung gian hi)
tng nhit hi, sau a tr li cc tng tip theo ca tuc bin v tip tc dn
n sinh cng n p sut cui pk (QNTG).
Hnh 10.11 biu din s nguyn l ca chu trnh c qu nhit trung gian.
Mc ch ca qu nhit trung gian l gim bt m cui tuc bin v tng
nhit hi vo cc tng tip theo. Nhit hi ra khi b qu nhit trung gian c
th ln n bng nhit hi ban u (trc khi vo tuc bin).
C th xem chu trnh qu nhit trung gian gm hai chu trnh, chu trnh chnh
(chu trnh ban u) v chu trnh ph.
Chu trnh ban u tiu th mt lng nhit l q0 v sinh cng l l0 ,
Chu trnh ph tiu th mt lng nhit l qtg v sinh cng l ltg.
Hiu sut chu trnh c qu nhit trung gian c th vit l:
l tg
1+
l 0 + l tg l l0
cttg = = 0 (10- 36)
q 0 + q tg q 0 q tg
1+
q0
trong :
l0
= ctk l hiu sut chu trnh ban u khng c qu nhit trung gian,
q0
l tg
= A l h s nng lng ca chu trnh ph, c th vit li:
l tg
123
l tg
1+
l0 l0 1+ A
cttg = = ctk (10- 37)
q0 l0 k
1 + A ,ct
l tg q0 ct
1+
l0 l tg
q tg
T (10-37) ta thy:
ctk
qn
ct > ct khi (1+A) > (1+A
k
) ngha l ctk < 'ct,
' ct
Tm li qu nhit trung gian lm cho hiu sut chu trnh tng ln khi 'ct > ctk
tc l khi hiu sut chu trnh ph ln hn hiu sut chu trnh ban u. Nh vy mun
nng cao hiu sut chu trnh bng qu nhit trung gian th phi chn gi tr p sut
hi trc khi i qu nhit trung gian v nhit hi sau khi qu nhit trung gian hp
l nhit tng ng ca chu trnh ph ln hn chu trnh ban u, tho mn
iu kin 'ct > ctk
Thc t chng t rng: Qu nhit trung gian em li hiu qu ti a ch khi p
sut hi i qu nhit trung gian bng (0,25-0,3) p sut hi mi ptg.
M rng nh my in bng phng php t chng c biu din trn hnh 10.12.
Ni dung ca phng php t chng l a mt b phn hay ton b nh my
in ang vn hnh vi thng s thp ln nh my c thng s cao. Xy dng chng
ngoi ngha m rng cng sut cn bao hm ngha hin i ha mt nh my c
trnh k thut cn thp.
Mun xy dng chng ngi ta t thm tuc bin v l hi thng s cao. Tuc
bin cao p th c th chn loi i p hay loi trch hi v c cp hi t l hi mi.
y ta ch xt phng n dng tuc bin i p t chng.
124
Hi thot ca tuc bin t chng phi c p sut bng p sut hi mi ca tuc
bin c ang vn hnh, nhit hi thoat nu trng th tt nht, nu nh hn th phi
p dng qu nhit trung gian trc khi a vo tuc bin c..
Thc hin t chng cao p th hiu sut nh my s tng ln.
Hnh 10-12. S t
8 chng
7 9 1, 2, 3, 4, 5-Bm nc
cp, l hi, tuc bin, my
pht v bnh ngng ca h
thng c.
4 6, 7, 8, 9-Bm nc cp,
3
2 5 l hi, tuc bin v my
6 pht ca h thng mi,
1
t chng c th thc hin mt phn hoc thc hin hon ton, ngha l tuc
bin c ch nhn mt phn hoc ton b hi t tuc bin t chng, khi t chng mt
phn th l hi c vn phi lm vic, cn thc hin hon ton th l hi c ch d
phng hoc c th tho i. Hiu sut chu trnh khi c t chng khng hon ton s
bng :
l ch
1+
l 0 + l ch l l0
ch
ct = = 0
q 0 + l ch q0 l
1 + ch
q0
1 + A ch
ch
ct = ct
k
(10-38)
1 + A ch ctk
l0
Trong : ct =
ch
l hiu sut ca chu trnh ban u (thit b c).
q0
Ach l h s nng lng ca t chng.
ch ( i ch i 0 )
A ch = (10-39)
i0 iK
ch l t l gia lng hi mi a vo so vi lng hi ca tuc bin c
ich, i0 v iK l Entanpi ca hi trc tuc bin t chng, trc tuc bin c v
sau tuc bin c.
Do t chng nn hiu sut ca chu trnh tng ln c mt lng l.
125
=ch
=
(
ch ctk A ch 1 ctk ) (10-40)
ctk 1 + A ch . ctk
Qua y ta thy rng hiu qu ca vic t chng cng ln nu ctk cng thp
v Ach cng cao. H s nng lng Ach ln nht khi ch= 1 ngha l khi t chng
hon ton.
Hnh 10-13 S t k
12 1, 2, 3, 4, 5-Bm nc cp,
8
l hi, tuc bin, my pht v
7 bnh ngng ca h thng c.
2 4 9
3 6, 7, 8, 9-Bm nc cp, l
5 hi, tuc bin v my pht
1 6 ca h thng mi,
1 1
10.4. Kh kh trong nh my in
127
b mt thong ln tht ln, sao cho ph p. Mun vy, cn un nc n si tng
lng hi trn b mt thong.
Bnh kh kh gm ct kh kh v thng cha. Trong bnh kh kh, nc c
a vo pha trn ct kh kh i qua cc a phn phi s ri xung nh ma. Hi i
t pha di ct ln chui qua cc dng nc, trong qu trnh chuyn ng ngc
chiu nhau hi s truyn nhit cho nc lm tng nhit nc n nhit bo ho
tng ng vi p sut trong bnh kh kh. Khi p sut ring phn ca H2O tng
ln, cn p sut ring phn ca cc cht kh khc s gim xung v chng d dng
thot ra khi nc v i ln pha trn v c thi ra khi bnh cng vi mt lng
hi nc. Nc c kh kh tp trung xung thng cha pha di y ct kh
kh. Th tch thng cha bng khong 1/3 nng sut bnh kh kh.
Trong cc nh my in thng s cao v siu cao ngi ta thng dng bnh
kh kh loi 6 ata. Nh my in thng s trung bnh v thp thng dng loi kh
kh 1,2 ata, gi l bnh kh kh kh quyn.
Bnh kh kh phi t cao hn bm nc cp trnh hin tng xm thc
trong bm. cao t bm nc cp n bnh kh kh l 7 - 8m i vi bnh kh kh
1,2 ata v 17 - 18m i vi bnh kh kh 6 ata.
128
x l nc b sung bng phng php bc hi, ngi ta dng hi trch t
tuc bin gia nhit cho nc cn x l n si v bin thnh hi trong mt thit b
c bit gi l bnh bc hi. Bnh bc hi l mt thit b ttrao i nhit b mt trong
hi s cp nh nhit v ngng t thnh nc, lm bc hi nc b sung to thnh
hi th cp. Hi th cp li c ngng t thnh nc ct trong bnh lm lnh (gi l
bnh ngng hi th cp). Nc ngng t t hi th cp (nc ct) hu nh khng c
tp cht v c cht lng gn nh cht lng nc ngng t bnh ngng s c cp
vo l.
129
Chng 11. s nhit v b tr ngi nh chnh
ca nh my in
11.1. s nhit ca nh my in
131
Cui cng, xc nh cc ch tiu kinh t k thut.
S nhit chi tit th hin ton b h thng nhit ca nh my, gip cho ta nm
mt cch bao qut ton b vn nhit t nh n ln v cho php ta nhn xt v mc
hon thin ca cng trnh thit k, v cch b tr cc thit b v h thng ng
ng t nh gi c mc kinh t nhit ca h thng.
S nhit chi tit phi lm xong trc khi nghin cu b tr cc thit b ca nh
my. S nhit nguyn l ca nh my in c biu din trn hnh 11.2.
Trong s nhit chi tit th nhng ng ng sau y c gi l ng ng
chnh trong h thng ng ca nh my.
- ng hi mi ni t l hi n tuabin k c ng gp.
- ng ng qu nhit trung gian (nu c qu nhit trung gian)
- ng ng dn nc t bnh kh kh n bm nc cp, t bm nc cp qua
cc bnh gia nhit cao p n l hi.
132
11.2. b tr ngi nh chnh ca nh my in
133
Khng phn bit phng n no, nh my no cng c mt u hi c nh, c
xy dng kin c ngay t u, cn mt u xy dng tm b khi cn ko di nh my
c th ph i d dng m khng lng ph (thng gi l u hi pht trin).
134
Hnh. 11.2. B tr tuc bin t ngang
11.2.3.2. Phng n t dc
u im ca phng n ny l:
- Gian my c th xy hp b ngang v cu trc cng ngn theo, do gi thnh
gim.
- Tuc bin k lin thng hng vi my pht in sut chiu dc gian my. Cc
bnh gia nhit ca tuc bin no vn ng gn tuc bin y, nhng nhn chung ton gian
my th chng c xp thnh hng thng song song vi hng tuc bin trng gn v p
mt. Bm nc cp, bm tun hon cng xp thnh hng thng tng di. Nh vy
phng n ny trng c v m quan hn v tm mt ca ngi trc ca khng ch mi
thit b c d dng.
- V gian my hp chiu ngang nn nh sng ban ngy c th vo c rt su.
Gian my c 2 tng: Tng trn gi l tng tuc bin - my pht, cao cch mt t 7-
8m, y t tuc bin, my pht in, bng iu khin. Tng di t bnh ngng v
cc thit b khc nh: bnh gia nhit, bm nc ngng, bnh lm mt du, v.v. . .
Gian my no cng c sn tho lp b tr tng di gn u hi pht trin,
khi cn lp my mi th khng tr ngi n cc my c.
Chiu di ca gian tuc bin khng nht thit phi bng chiu di gian l, di hay
ngn phi xut pht t nhu cu cng tc.
Pha u ca mi tuc bin phi cha ch lm sn phc v. Pha cui trc my
pht cng cn ch c th rt c rto ra khi stato khi cn.
135
Hnh. 11.2. B tr tuc bin t dc
Chiu rng ca gian tuc bin phi tu nhng iu kin c th m quy nh. Tm
tuc bin phi cch xa tng nh khi gy tr ngi khi cn rt b ng bnh ngng
hay b ng lm lnh khng kh t trong b my pht.
11.2.4. B tr gian l hi
Khi ni n b tr gian l th khng nn quan nim tch ring gian l v gian phu
than v vic b tr thit b 2 gian ny lin quan cht ch vi nhau.
Vic b tr gian l thay i tu theo loi than s dng v mi loi than i hi mt
loi my nghin thch hp. Loi my nghin bi thng t trong gian phu than, loi
ging nghin t ngay trong gian l.
Nu nh my dng than antraxit th trong gian phu than c nhng thit b nh
phu than ti, phu than bt, my nghin bi, qut ti bt than, my cp than ti vo
my nghin, my cp than bt vo ng dn. Ngoi ra cn mt vi thit b cng thuc h
thng nghin than nh thit b phn ly than kh, phn ly than mn th t trn mi nh,
l thin, nh th va trng r va khng nguy him i vi nh my khi xy ra n
chy.
Gian phu than c 3 tng: tng di cng (ct 0m) t my nghin bi, qut ti bt
than; tng 2 (8 mt) t phu than ti v phu than bt; tng 3 (11 mt) t bng ti
than.
136