Trigonometric Formula Sheet

Definition of the Trig Functions

Right Triangle Definition Unit Circle Definition
Assume that: Assume can be any angle.
0 < < 2 or 0 < < 90
y

(x, y)

hypotenuse 1
y
opposite
x
x

adjacent

opp hyp
sin = csc = y 1
hyp opp sin = csc =
1 y
adj hyp x 1
cos = sec = cos = sec =
hyp adj 1 x
opp adj y x
tan = cot = tan = cot =
adj opp x y

Domains of the Trig Functions

sin , (, ) csc , 6= n, where n Z
 1
cos , (, ) sec , 6= n + , where n Z
2
 1
tan , 6= n + , where n Z cot , 6= n, where n Z
2

Ranges of the Trig Functions

1 sin 1 csc 1 and csc 1
1 cos 1 sec 1 and sec 1
tan cot

Periods of the Trig Functions

The period of a function is the number, T, such that f ( +T ) = f ( ) .
So, if is a fixed number and is any angle we have the following periods.
2 2
sin() T = csc() T =

2 2
cos() T = sec() T =


tan() T = cot() T =

1
 Identities and Formulas
Tangent and Cotangent Identities Half Angle Formulas
r
sin cos 1 cos(2)
tan = cot = sin =
cos sin 2
r
Reciprocal Identities 1 + cos(2)
cos =
1 1 2
sin = csc = s
csc sin 1 cos(2)
1 1 tan =
cos = sec = 1 + cos(2)
sec cos
Sum and Difference Formulas
1 1
tan = cot =
cot tan sin( ) = sin cos cos sin

Pythagorean Identities cos( ) = cos cos sin sin

2 2
sin + cos = 1
tan tan
tan2 + 1 = sec2 tan( ) =
1 tan tan
1 + cot2 = csc2
Product to Sum Formulas
Even and Odd Formulas
1
sin sin = [cos( ) cos( + )]
sin() = sin csc() = csc 2
cos() = cos sec() = sec 1
cos cos = [cos( ) + cos( + )]
tan() = tan cot() = cot 2
1
Periodic Formulas sin cos = [sin( + ) + sin( )]
2
If n is an integer 1
cos sin = [sin( + ) sin( )]
sin( + 2n) = sin csc( + 2n) = csc 2
cos( + 2n) = cos sec( + 2n) = sec Sum to Product Formulas
tan( + n) = tan cot( + n) = cot    
+
Double Angle Formulas sin + sin = 2 sin cos
2 2
   
+
sin(2) = 2 sin cos sin sin = 2 cos sin
2 2
   
cos(2) = cos2 sin2 +
cos + cos = 2 cos cos
= 2 cos2 1 2 2
   
= 1 2 sin2 +
cos cos = 2 sin sin
2 2
2 tan
tan(2) = Cofunction Formulas
1 tan2
   
Degrees to Radians Formulas sin = cos cos = sin
If x is an angle in degrees and t is an angle in 2 2
   
radians then: csc = sec sec = csc
2 2
t x 180 t    
= t = and x = tan = cot cot = tan
180 x 180 2 2

2
 Unit Circle
(0, 1)

3 90 , 2
3
( 12 , 2
) ( 12 , 2
)

2 2 2 2
( 2
, 2
) ( 2
, 2
)
120 , 2
3
60 , 3

( 3 1
, ) 135 , 3
4
45 , 4 ( 3 1
, )
2 2 2 2

150 , 5
6
30 , 6

180 ,
(1, 0) (1, 0)
0 , 2

210 , 7
6
330 , 11
6

3 3
( 2
, 12 ) 225 , 5 315 , 7 ( 2
, 21 )
4 4

240 , 4
3
300 , 5
3
2
( 2
, 22 ) ( 2
2
, 2
2
)

3 3
( 12 , 2
) ( 12 , 2
)
270 , 3
2

(0, 1)

F or any ordered pair on the unit circle (x, y) : cos = x and sin = y

Example

cos ( 7
6) = 23 sin ( 7 1
6 ) = 2

3
 Inverse Trig Functions
Definition Inverse Properties
These properties hold for x in the domain and in
= sin1 (x) is equivalent to x = sin the range

= cos1 (x) is equivalent to x = cos

sin(sin1 (x)) = x sin1 (sin()) =
= tan1 (x) is equivalent to x = tan
cos(cos1 (x)) = x cos1 (cos()) =

Domain and Range tan(tan1 (x)) = x tan1 (tan()) =

Function Domain Range

Other Notations

= sin1 (x) 1 x 1
2 2
sin1 (x) = arcsin(x)
1
= cos (x) 1 x 1 0
cos1 (x) = arccos(x)
1
= tan (x) x <<
2 2
tan1 (x) = arctan(x)

Law of Sines, Cosines, and Tangents

a c

Law of Sines Law of Tangents

sin sin sin ab tan 12 ( )
= = =
a b c a+b tan 12 ( + )
Law of Cosines
bc tan 12 ( )
=
a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos b+c tan 12 ( + )

b2 = a2 + c2 2ac cos ac tan 12 ( )

=
a+c tan 21 ( + )
c2 = a2 + b2 2ab cos

4
 Complex Numbers

i= 1 i2 = 1 i3 = i i4 = 1

a = i a, a 0 (a + bi)(a bi) = a2 + b2

(a + bi) + (c + di) = a + c + (b + d)i |a + bi| = a2 + b2 Complex Modulus

(a + bi) (c + di) = a c + (b d)i (a + bi) = a bi Complex Conjugate

(a + bi)(c + di) = ac bd + (ad + bc)i (a + bi)(a + bi) = |a + bi|2

DeMoivres Theorem

Let z = r(cos + i sin ), and let n be a positive integer.

Then:
z n = rn (cos n + i sin n).

Example: Let z = 1 i, find z 6 .

Solution: First write z in polar form.

p
r= (1)2 + (1)2 = 2
 
1 1
= arg(z) = tan =
1 4
    
Polar Form: z = 2 cos + i sin
4 4
Applying DeMoivres Theorem gives :
 6     
6
z = 2 cos 6 + i sin 6
4 4
    
3 3
= 23 cos + i sin
2 2
= 8(0 + i(1))

= 8i

5
 Finding the nth roots of a number using DeMoivres Theorem

Example: Find all the complex fourth roots of 4. That is, find all the complex solutions of
x4 = 4.

We are asked to find all complex fourth roots of 4.

These are all the solutions (including the complex values) of the equation x4 = 4.

For any positive integer n , a nonzero complex number z has exactly n distinct nth roots.
More specifically, if z is written in the trigonometric form r(cos + i sin ), the nth roots of
z are given by the following formula.
    
1 360 k 360 k
() r cos
n + + i sin + , f or k = 0, 1, 2, ..., n 1.
n n n n

Remember from the previous example we need to write 4 in trigonometric

  form by using:
p b
r = (a)2 + (b)2 and = arg(z) = tan1 .
a
So we have the complex number a + ib = 4 + i0.

Therefore a = 4 and b = 0
p
So r = (4)2 + (0)2= 
4 and
0
= arg(z) = tan1 =0
4
Finally our trigonometric form is 4 = 4(cos 0 + i sin 0 )

Using the formula () above with n = 4, we can find the fourth roots of 4(cos 0 + i sin 0 )
    
1 0 360 0 0 360 0
For k = 0, 4 4 cos + + i sin + = 2 (cos(0 ) + i sin(0 )) = 2
4 4 4 4
    
1 0
360 1 0
360 1
For k = 1, 4 cos
4 + + i sin + = 2 (cos(90 ) + i sin(90 )) = 2i
4 4 4 4
    
1 0
360 2 0 360 2
For k = 2, 4 4 cos + + i sin + = 2 (cos(180 ) + i sin(180 )) = 2
4 4 4 4
    
1 0
360 3 0 360 3
For k = 3, 4 4 cos + + i sin + = 2 (cos(270 ) + i sin(270 )) = 2i
4 4 4 4

Thus all of the complex roots of x4 = 4 are:

2, 2i, 2, 2i .

6
Formulas for the Conic Sections

Circle

StandardF orm : (x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2

W here (h, k) = center and r = radius

Ellipse

Standard F orm f or Horizontal M ajor Axis :

(x h)2 (y k)2
+ =1
a2 b2

Standard F orm f or V ertical M ajor Axis :

(x h)2 (y k)2
+ =1
b2 a2
Where (h, k)= center

2a=length of major axis

2b=length of minor axis

(0 < b < a)

Foci can be found by using c2 = a2 b2

Where c= foci length

7
 More Conic Sections

Hyperbola

Standard F orm f or Horizontal T ransverse Axis :

(x h)2 (y k)2
=1
a2 b2

Standard F orm f or V ertical T ransverse Axis :

(y k)2 (x h)2
=1
a2 b2

Where (h, k)= center

a=distance between center and either vertex

Foci can be found by using b2 = c2 a2

Where c is the distance between

center and either focus. (b > 0)

Parabola

Vertical axis: y = a(x h)2 + k

Horizontal axis: x = a(y k)2 + h

Where (h, k)= vertex

a=scaling factor

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 f (x)

f (x) = sin(x)

1
3
2

2
2

1
2

x
0 2 3 5 7 5 4 5 7 11
6 4 3

3 4 6
6 4 3
3
3 4 6 2
2 2

12

2
2

23
-1

5 2
Example : sin =
4 2

f (x)

f (x) = cos(x)

1
3
2

2
2

1
2

x
0 2 3 5 7 5 4 5 7 11
6 4 3

3 4 6
6 4 3
3
3 4 6 2
2 2

12

2
2

23
-1

7 3
Example : cos =
6 2

9
 2 f (x)
2

f (x) = tan x

1

3
3

x
3 4 6 0
5 3 2
6 4 3 6 4 3
2
3
3
4
5
6


3
3

10