Experiment 2: Investigation into the kinetic behaviour of aqueous crystal

violet solutions

What lab skills will you practice in Expt 2?
Collecting data in a timed experiment
Preparing reaction solutions
Using a spectrophotometer including recording a
full absorption spectrum
What report writing skills will you use?
Building data tables
Presenting results using graphing
Interpreting data provided in a graph
Interpreting results in discussion section
What learning objectives are being studied?
Determine the differential and integrated rate law
equations for a given reaction, including the order
and the rate constant for this reaction, using
experimental data.
Correlate concentration(s) and rate with time.
Relate collision theory to a reaction rate
determined experimentally.
REMINDER:
Before coming to the laboratory, complete the pre-
lab exercises. You will not be allowed to perform
the experiment until you have presented your
pre-lab results to your TA.

BACKGROUND
Crystal violet has antibacterial and antifungal properties and is used in different medical applications:
e.g. to treat or prevent skin infection (body piercing, surgery marks, abrasion), in dentistry, etc. Some of
its applications are also related to its intense purple colour: e.g. inks for printing, pens, staining agent for
bacteria.

The structure of crystal violet, abbreviated CV+, is shown below. Under neutral aqueous conditions, it
exists as a monocation. The intense purple color of crystal violet is due to the extended resonance
structure present in this molecule. Upon reaction with a hydroxide anion, crystal violet transforms into a
carbinol (CVOH), which doesnt have such an extended resonance structure, and is hence colourless in
solution.

CV+ (aq) + OH (aq) CVOH (aq) [1]

purple Colourless

N N

OH

+
N N N N

Depending on the experimental conditions, reaction [1] takes a few minutes to reach completion. It is
possible to study the kinetics of this reaction by measuring color changes occurring as a function of

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time. The principal objective of this experiment will hence be to determine the rate law of reaction [1]
using spectrophotometry.

The differential rate equation for reaction [1] has the general form:
Rate = k [CV+]m[OH]n [2]
k is the rate constant and takes into account that molecules must collide with sufficient
energy, a certain orientation, and frequency, which are temperature dependant

m and n are the orders with respect to each reactant and indicate how the rate is related to
the concentration of the reactants

To gain information about the kinetics of reaction [1], m, n, and k need to be determined experimentally.
However, it is not possible to solve for all the unknown variables by doing one single experiment.
Separate experiments must be performed to consider the effect each reactant has on the overall rate. To
study the effect of one reactant on the rate, reaction conditions are chosen so that the effects of all other
reactants can essentially be considered as being constants (i.e. the reactant of interest becomes the
variable, and all measurable variations would be due to the reactant of interest).

To determine the effect of crystal violet on the reaction rate, the effect of OH must be kept constant.
This can be achieved by using a much greater concentration of OH than that of crystal violet. The rate
can then be examined by monitoring the disappearance of the purple colour of crystal violet with time
(d[CV+] / dt). The rate law [2] may then be simplified to:
[ + ]
= = [ + ] [3]

where k' is a pseudo rate constant, defined as: k' = k [OH]n [3b]

This simplified rate law in equation [3] can then be integrated (for different possible values of m) to
obtain the integrated rate law, providing an equation that describes how the concentration of crystal
violet varies with time. These steps will allow the values of m and k' to be determined (as explained
below).

Integrated rate laws for different possible values of m

Reaction [1] could either be zero-order (m = 0), first-order (m = 1), or second-order (m = 2) with
respect to [CV+]. Integrating the simplified rate law in equation [3] with respect to t for each possible
value of m gives the following possible integrated rate laws:

if m = 0: [ + ] = 0 + [ + ]0 [4]

if m = 1: ln[ + ] = 1 + ln[ + ]0 [5]

1 1
if m = 2: = 2 + [6]
[ + ] [ + ]0

[CV+]t is the concentration of the crystal violet cation at a given time t

[CV+]0 is the initial concentration of the crystal violet catin at time t = 0

Note, equations [4], [5] and [6] are all linear expressions (in the form y = mx + b). However, when
graphing your experimental data, the only plot that will be linear is the one that matches the correct
value of m. That is, for a single set of experimental data plotted according to each of equations [4], [5]

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and [6], one plot should be linear and the other two should not. The order with respect to [CV+] will be
the value of m that corresponds to the expression that gave a linear plot. The pseudo rate constant k' can
then be obtained from the slope of that plot.
Determining k and n

It is possible to complete the rate law and determine the value of the rate constant (k) and the order with
respect to NaOH (n) by combining the results for k and m for several experiments.

Equation [3b] can be rewritten as a linear relationship as follows:

ln k = n ln [OH-] + ln k [3c]

Hence, a plot of ln k as a function of ln [OH-] should yield a straight line with a slope equal to the order
n and the y-intercept equal to lnk.

Using spectrophotometry to determine the concentration of CV+ ions

You have already used a spectrophotometer to measure the concentration of a coloured species in
solution (Experiment 1). This method is suitable for this experiment as well, as crystal violet has a
distinct purple colour in aqueous solution. Review the theory behind spectrophotometry and instructions
for use of a spectrophotometer (consult Experiment 1 and Appendix I) before going to the lab.

As seen in Experiment 1, Beers law provides a relationship between the concentration of the light
absorbing species (in this case, [CV+] ) and the experimentally determined absorbance values (at a
specific wavelength). This relationship is summarized by equation [11].

A = l [CV+] [7]

A = the absorbance of the reaction mixture (at a specific wavelength )

(not to be confused with the Arrhenius pre-exponential factor)
= the molar absorption coefficient of CV+
l = the distance light travels through the mixture
[CV+] = the concentration of CV+

In this experiment, the disappearance of the purple colour with time can be related to a decrease in the
amount of light ( = 590 nm) absorbed by the solution. The decrease in absorbance can then be related
to a decrease in concentration of crystal violet, as per Beers law.

To be able to use equation [7] to determine unknown values of [CV+] (as required for the experimental
determination of the rate law) the proportionality constant l is needed. Thus, this investigation of the
reaction of crystal violet with hydroxide ions will need to be conducted in several parts:

Part I (lab & report) - Determination of l

Part II (lab & report) Determination of m and k
Part III (report) Determination of n and k

Part I - Determination of l
As in Experiment 1 you will be using absorbance to monitor the concentration of the species of interest,
CV+. You will prepare a series of solutions for which the [CV+] is known (use the value provided on
Desire2Learn for the stock solution). You will measure their absorbance and use the plot of absorbance

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versus [CV+] to determine the l value for CV+ at 590 nm (refer to Experiment 1 equation [5] to refresh
your memory). You will use this experimental value of l to do the calculations required in Part II.

Part II - Determination of m and k

Once the value of l has been determined, you will carry out the reaction using a large excess of OH
ions to investigate the kinetics of the conversion of crystal violet into the colourless carbinol (according
to equation [1]). From your experimentally obtained absorbance values, you will calculate the
concentration of crystal violet as a function of time. These values will then be used to generate several
graphs which will yield the order of reaction with respect to crystal violet (i.e. the value of m) and the
pseudo rate constant (i.e the value of k') for this reaction.

Part III - Determination of n and k

The reaction will be performed more than once, using different concentrations of OH ions (although
always with [OH] >> [CV+]). This will allow several k' values to be calculated for reaction [1], each
corresponding to a specific value of [OH]. The k' and [OH] values obtained for the different runs will
be used in your lab report to calculate the following information:
1) the order of reaction with respect to OH ions (i.e. the value of n)
2) the rate constant k
3) the overall differential rate law for reaction [1] (i.e. equation [2] with the values for k, n and m)

Note:
The rate constant, k, for any reaction is dependent on temperature as summarized by the Arrhenius
equation [8]. It is therefore very important to maintain as constant a temperature as possible when
performing a kinetic experiment.
_ Ea/RT
k = Ae [8]

It is important to note that the constant A in equation [8] is the Arrhenius pre-exponential factor and
does not represent the absorbance of the solution.

PROCEDURE
The following procedure is to be done in pairs. Be sure that both partners record data and observations
in their own self-duplicating notebook (i.e. each person will submit their own formal lab report, and
each report requires a record of the original data to refer to).

All chemicals used should be treated as either toxic or corrosive. Avoid skin contact,
inhalation and ingestion. Stopper all test tubes for reaction mixtures when not measuring
absorbance.

Preparation

1. Obtain one 5 mL graduated pipette and eleven test tubes (18 x 150 mm) FROM EACH partners
drawers.
2. Obtain one spectrophotometer cuvette from the lab instructor. Rinse it with R.O. water and let it
to dry in air.

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 3. Label one 100 mL and one 50 mL beaker to contain your crystal violet and NaOH solutions,
respectively. Obtain ~50 mL of the crystal violet solution and ~15 mL of the NaOH solution
from the side bench. (obtain more solution as needed)
4. Record the concentrations of the crystal violet (CV+) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions
found on the side bench in the tables you prepared in your self-duplicating notebook.
5. Record the name/details of the instrument you are using.
6. Before beginning, you will record the full absorption spectrum (visible region) of crystal violet
as follows:
a) Turn on the spectrophotometer as per instruction from lab instructor. Insert your USB
flash drive in the instrument. DO NOT remove it until the end of the data collection (as
files will be saved automatically).
b) Fill your cuvette with R.O. water and place it in position B. Using a marker, draw a
reference line on the cuvette and align it with a corner on the cuvette holder. For
consistency in the readings, you should always align the cuvette with the same orientation
in the instrument.
c) Press B on the instrument button wheel. Wait for the cuvette to move into the light path of
the spectrophotometer.
d) Press the button test.
e) Using the arrows, select Scanning, then press Enter.
f) You can review the scanning parameters (use the arrows to go up or down): absorbance
mode, 350 700 nm, sample position = manual 6, speed = medium, ID# = on (if off press
1).
g) Select Run test (using the bottom right arrow). You should now see an empty graph on
the screen. If not, select the graph option (second arrow at the bottom of the screen).
h) Select Collect baseline (left arrow) and wait while the instrument collect a background
scan.
i) Empty your cuvette and rinse it with some crystal violet solution. Fill two third of the
cuvette with the crystal violet solution, and place it in the same position (align your
reference mark properly) as your blank (R.O. water).
j) Select Measure sample (bottom right arrow) and wait for the full spectrum to be
recorded. The spectrum should appear on the screen as it is collected (from 1100 nm
down to 325 nm). The spectrum will be saved automatically on your USB flash drive.
k) Once the scan is completed, make a note of the general shape of the graph in your
notebook. To determine the wavelength at which the absorption is maximal, select: Edit
graph math peak valley. In the window that appears, move the cursor to label
peak. Press enter. Then press Esc to exit this window and go back to the spectrum
which should now have a few peaks labelled.
Does the absorption depend on wavelength? Why will we perform the experiment at
590 nm?
l) To exit the scanning mode, press Test then Esc. Empty the cuvette and rinse it
generously with R.O. water.

m) Inform the lab instructor if you have any problem with this part.

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Part I - Determination of l
You and your lab partner will prepare and measure the absorbance readings for five solutions with
known crystal violet concentrations, [CV+].

1. Label 5 of the clean test tubes using the marker in your drawer as samples 1 5 (see Table 1).
MAKE SURE ALL TEST TUBES ARE DRY!
Table 1. Composition of the calibration standard
Sample Volume of ~1.7 x 10-5 M Volume of
crystal violet (aq) (mL) R.O. water
(mL)
1 1.00 19.0
2 5.00 15.0
3 10.00 10.0
4 15.00 5.00
5 20.00 0.0

2. Clean two burettes. Rinse and fill one of the burettes with R.O. water. Rinse and fill the second
burette with ~1.7 x 10-5 M, crystal violet. These burettes will be used to prepare your
calibration standards as well as the samples for your kinetic runs.
3. To test tube #1, add the required amount of crystal violet and R.O. water as given in Table 1
above. Stopper the test tube and mix the solution thoroughly.
4. Repeat Step 3 to prepare the remaining calibration standards, samples 2 through 5, in the
appropriately labelled test tubes. Consult Table 1 for their respective composition.
5. Determine the absorbance of each solution using a spectrophotometer as follows:
a) Select Scanning. Enter the wavelength of light if needed ( = 590 nm).
b) Make sure reading mode of the spectrophotometer is in Absorbance.
c) Fill one cuvette with R.O. water and place it in position B.
d) Press B on the instrument button wheel. Wait for the cuvette to move into the light path of
the spectrophotometer. Press Measure Blank. Inform the lab instructor if the reading is
not close to zero.
e) Discard the R.O. water and then rinse and fill the cuvette with a CV+ solution to be
measured (start with the most dilute solution). Place it in one of the other 5 positions, e.g.
position 1.
f) Press the rack number on the button wheel that corresponds to step e and wait for the
cuvette to move into the light path. Record the absorbance of the solution.
g) Repeat steps e to f for the remaining solutions.
h) Empty the cuvette and rinse it generously with R.O. water. If the cuvette has a purple tint,
rinse it with methanol to remove all trace of crystal violet.

6. On the graph paper found at the end of your pre-lab assignment (p. 27), construct a plot
of absorbance versus [CV+], and from the slope of the plot determine the value of l. Have
the lab instructor check your plot and l value. If there are any problems with your values, they
should be sorted out before they create more serious difficulties.

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Part II Kinetic runs

You and your lab partner will prepare and measure the absorbance readings for three kinetic runs.
Each kinetic run will have the same concentration of crystal violet, but a different concentration of
NaOH. Your TA will assign you three different runs from the table below.

Table 2. Compositions of the reaction mixtures

Run Volume of ~0.30 M Volume of R.O. Volume of ~1.7 x 10-5 M
NaOH (aq) water crystal violet (aq)
(mL) (mL) (mL)
1 0.80 2.20 7.00
2 1.00 2.00 7.00
3 1.50 1.50 7.00
4 2.00 1.00 7.00
5 3.00 0.00 7.00

1. For each run you will do, label two test tubes with the run number (e.g. 1, 1, 2, 2, 3 and 3).
MAKE SURE ALL THE TEST TUBES ARE DRY.
2. Using the burette you prepared in Part I, transfer the proper amount of R.O. water to one test
tube #X (see Table 2).
3. Using the burette you prepared in Part I, transfer the proper amount of crystal violet to the test
tube #X which already contains the desired amount of water.
[As needed, obtain more crystal violet solution from the side bench.]
4. Rinse the 5 mL graduated pipette prepared at the start with the NaOH solution, then transfer the
proper amount of NaOH to the second test tube #X (which is still empty).

*** You should now have a test tube with proper amounts of CV and H2O and a test tube with
the proper amount of NaOH.***

5. When you are ready to start your first kinetic run, set up the spectrophotometer as follow:
a. Press the button test.
b. Select Kinetics from the Test menu.
c. You can verify the parameters: absorbance mode, wavelength = 590 nm, interval
time = 30 sec (0:30), total run time = 11h.
d. Select Run test. Select Tabular (second bottom from the left) to see the data table
as it is collected.
e. Fill your cuvette with R.O. water and place it in position B in the
spectrophotometer (this position should already be aligned with the beam of light).
Select Measure blank and wait until this data point is collected.
f. Remove your cuvette from the instrument and empty it.
6. To initiate the first reaction, perform the following steps as quickly as possible (within 30-40
seconds):

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 *** Read the following steps (a-e) carefully and make sure that you understand them
before proceeding with the experiment***
a. One student should quickly transfer the content of one test tube #X into the other
test tube #X.
b. While one student combines the content of both test tubes, the other student
must press measure sample on the instrument. This will define time zero of
your reaction, t = 0.
c. Pour the reaction mixture back and forth between the two test tubes (2-3 times) to
make sure everything is well mixed.
d. Pour a bit of the reaction mixture into the cuvette to rinse it. Discard the rinsing
solution.
e. Fill the cuvette with the reaction mixture and insert it in the instrument in position B
(check alignment). Close the cover and start recording the absorbance measurements
in your notebook.
* Note: As soon as you start the run on the instrument, the absorbance reading will
be recorded. If there is no cuvette in the instrument, the reading will be close to 0
(and could also be negative). When analyzing the data collected, you will have to
discard these data points from your graph. Make a note in your notebook of the time
at which you insert the cuvette with the reaction mixture.

7. The absorbance of the solution will be recorded automatically every 30 seconds and the value
will appear on the screen. Important: note that the whole screen will refresh from time to time,
so make sure that you copy those values in your notebook before the screen refresh (if you miss
one of them, you will be able to retrieve them once the run is over, but not while it is in
progress).
8. While you are acquiring your kinetic data, measure the temperature of the reaction mixture
remaining in the test tube (NOT in the cuvette).
9. You can stop the kinetic run (right bottom arrow) once the absorbance reading has reached a
value of ~0.04 (i.e. when the large majority of the crystal violet has reacted). The time required
to reach this absorbance value will depend on the run you are performing, and could vary
between ~10 and ~20 minutes. Once you press stop, the file will be saved automatically on
your USB stick. At this point, you can either browse the data table or see the graph of
absorbance vs time, by going from tabular to graph mode (bottom arrows).
10. Repeat steps 2 to 9 for your second and third kinetic runs. Make sure that you use the amounts
listed in table 1.
* While waiting for a run to finish, you should start measuring the volumes required for
the next run But dont mix CV with NaOH yet!
11. Give a copy of your raw data to your TA and have your TA sign your calibration graph
(Part I) before you leave the laboratory.
12. After completion of the experiment:

Rinse the spectrophotometer cuvettes with copious amounts of RO water

and methanol before returning it to your lab instructor. Make sure that
your rinsing solutions are not purple anymore!

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FORMAL LABORATORY REPORT PREPARATION NOTES
DUE DATE: Your formal report must be submitted before the beginning of your next regularly
scheduled laboratory session. (This means you have ONE week to complete your formal
laboratory report.) Reports must be submitted upon entering the laboratory. Strict penalties are applied
for late or missing reports.

Your formal lab report can be written by hand, in ink, in your self-duplicating notebook or can be
generated electronically. Your graphs and data tables can be generated either by hand or
electronically.

For general instructions on how to prepare a formal laboratory report, refer to the section of the lab
manual entitled OVERVIEW OF LABORATORY REPORTS: Expectations for the content of
formal lab reports (in the introduction).

You must use the general instructions along with the following notes when preparing your report.

Additional notes for writing a report for Experiment 2

Introduction:
Address the following ideas in your introduction:
Why are you performing this experiment? What are you trying to determine in this experiment
(general aims and objectives)? What is the reaction being studied?
What is the technique used to obtain the experimental data you need to study this reaction?
Why is this technique well-suited for studying this reaction?
In addressing the points above, use chemical relationships, theories, equations, etc. to make links
between the experimental ideas and the chemical reasoning behind them. For this experiment, that will
include ideas about kinetics (rate laws, integrated rate laws), spectrophotometry, and Beers law.

Procedure:
This experiment involves many steps, increasing the likelihood you may unknowingly deviate from the
procedure as written (e.g. different order of addition of reagents). Reflect on the notes you took during
the lab period and include a comment on any places you strayed from the procedure as written, even if
these notes are seemingly minor. (If you did not deviate in any way, state this clearly to make it obvious
that you did consider your own experiment when writing your report).
Include information about the instrument used (spectrophotometer).

Results:
A summary of the visual observations you collected should be included.
Beside presenting sample calculations, tabulate all your data including the measured absorbencies (done
in the lab), the corresponding reading times and calculated [CV+]t as well as all the numbers required to
plot the different integrated rate laws for each kinetic run. Your data can be divided into more than one
table, but make sure that it can easily be found by the grader. Data tables can be generated either by
hand or electronically and then attached to your report.
For runs 1-3, all times values should be converted to seconds (not min:sec).

Part I:
Include the calibration curve used to determine the value for l for crystal violet at 590 nm.
Include a sample calculation.

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Part II:
Include a sketch or graph of the absorption spectrum of crystal violet, including the main
features observed.
For your 1st run (slowest):
o Using the value of l from Part I, calculate:
a) [CV+]t for your recorded times (include one sample calculation)
Then, determine:
b) ln ([CV+]t) for your recorded times
c) 1 / ([CV+]t) for your recorded times
o Referring to the integrated rate law equations [4], [5] and [6], plot a), b) and c) as a
function of time (expressed in seconds). For comparison purposes, all graphs should
have the same size and you should arrange your axes so that your data span the majority
of the graph.
* If graphing manually: it is suggested to plot all three curves on the same graph using
3 different y axes. You can also discard a few equally spaced data points, but your final
graph must contain at least 15 data points. For example, if your run took ~15 min, only
keep the data points recorded after every 60 seconds interval.
o Determine which of your three plots is the most linear. The plot which is linear will
give you the value of m for this reaction. 1
For your second and third runs:
o Using the value of l from Part I, calculate:
[CV+]t for your recorded times AND the data required to generate the desired linear
plot (based on the results of your first run, it could be either [CV+]t, ln ([CV+]t) or 1/
[CV+]t )
o Calculate the slopes of your linear plots for 2nd and 3rd runs to determine the pseudo rate
constant value (k') for these runs.
Part III:
To determine the true rate constant (k) and the order of reaction with respect to OH (n):
o Calculate and tabulate the following data:
o Determine the hydroxide ions (OH) concentration in each of your kinetic runs (based
on the mixture composition found in Table 1).
o Calculate ln[OH] and ln k for each of your kinetic run.
o Prepare a graph of ln k as a function of ln[OH]. Draw a line of best fit and determine
its slope and y-intercept. Refer to the background section for more information about
determining the k and n from this graph. Remember than n should be an integer, which
means you will have to round your experimental value to the closest integer when
reporting the complete rate law.

1
If none of your plots stand out as being most linear, then use the values of your y-intercepts to
determine which plot is linear.

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Discussion:
Analyze your observations and results to address the following points in your discussion (i.e. focus on
keeping descriptions concise and brief):
What reaction was studied? Why are you using a wavelength of 590 nm in this experiment?
What important value was obtained in Part I? Quote the actual number, with appropriate units,
and mention what (data, chemical relationships) you used to arrive at this number.
What did the value from Part I allow you to calculate for each run in Part II?
What final values did you determine for the reaction you studied in Parts II and III? Quote the
actual numbers, with appropriate units. Also quote at which temperature these values were
obtained.
Compare the pseudo rate constants (k) obtained in the different kinetic runs. Explain the
differences between the values. Are they expected to be similar or different?
Although no standard deviations can be determined for this experiment, analyze your graphs
and comment on the uncertainty associated with your k values. Is the linear fit better for one of
your data set (slower or faster run)? Comment on possible sources of error associated with each
run.
State your hypothesis about the complete rate law for this reaction. What is the order with
respect to each reactant? What is the overall order? What is the rate constant?

Conclusions:
Restate the reaction that was studied, the experimentally determined values of k, m and n, and what
these values tell you about the reaction. Comment succinctly on whether or not this was a successful
experiment.

References:
Minimally, should include reference to the lab manual, lab technician and lab partner(s). References
should be numbered and listed according to the order in which they were cited in-text (see Appendix H).

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Afterthoughts
Once any laboratory experiment is completed you should have picked up a number of skills and
information to use and/or discuss in your laboratory report. More importantly, you should also be able
to use them towards solving problems of a related nature or questions that may even appear on your
midterm or final exam! These questions will help you think about it:

1. How could the experimental conditions be improved to increase the accuracy of your
experiment?

2. Based on the experiment conditions involved in this experiment, was the ionic strength kept
constant for all kinetic runs? Did you have the same concentration of cations and anions? Could
this have affected your results? How could this be adjusted?

3. Would it be useful to perform more kinetic runs using different concentrations of CV+ or
NaOH?

4. What additional information could you obtain if you repeated the same reaction but at a few
different temperatures?

5. Can you relate your findings about this reaction to collision theory?

6. Which other techniques would be suitable to follow a change in concentration as a function of

time in different types of reactions? (i.e. other than spectrophotometry)

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 Complete this pre-lab assignment before your lab session and present your
answers to your TA as you enter the laboratory.

PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT & NOTEBOOK PREPARATION

1. What is the reaction being studied in this experiment?

2. What is the expression for the overall rate law for the reaction being studied in this experiment?

3. How is this rate law mathematically simplified in experiment 2?

4. Why can we simplify the rate law? Which condition(s) in our experimental design allow(s) us to do
such a simplification?

5. Sketch the important procedural steps to be performed for one kinetic run (excluding how to use the
spectrophotometer). Your complete diagram shouldnt contain more than 20 words or short
expressions (NO full sentences!).

Chemistry 213 Winter 2017 25

 6. Why do we measure the absorbance of crystal violet at a wavelength equal to 590 nm?

Hint: What do you know about visible light and the electromagnetic spectrum? What are
complementary colours?

7. Notebook Preparation:

You will need to construct tables for the data you will collect in Parts I and II. When deciding on
what information you need to collect, refer to the steps of the procedure. Once you have decided on
a format for the table(s), copy the tables into your self-duplicating notebook. These tables will be
used to collect raw data during your lab period.

Tables to collect raw data do not need to be painstakingly neat, but should be legible and written in
pen. If you make an error, cross it out with a single line. (Do not use white-out in a laboratory
notebook).

Leave some space after your table(s) to allow room to do a few calculations while you are in the
lab.

Additional information for the preparation of the Table for Part I: Look-up the stock solution
for crystal violet posted on Desire2Learn. Use the concentration of the stock solution provided
and the values in Table 1 to determine the CV+ concentrations for the solutions that you will
be preparing and whose absorbance you will be measuring in the laboratory. This will enable
you to immediately graph your results to determine the value of l and proceed quickly onto
Part II.

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Graph paper for Part I - Determination of l

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