Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SDH Handout
SDH Handout
[1] Introduction:
Telecommunication is a process of transmitting or receiving information over a distance by any electrical or
electromagnetic medium. Telecommunication can be possible in 2 ways
1. Analog Communication- signals that vary continuously amplitude and frequency are used in transmission
media
2. Digital Communication-signal is an electrical signal, which possesses two distinct states, on/off or
positive/negative.
Figure1
2.2 Limitations of PDH:
Because of Plesiochronous transmission & bit interleave TDM at higher levels, mainly problem aroused that is
a. Problem of channel segregation: For adding/dropping of E1, requires demultiplexing and subsequent full
multiplexing of signals.
b. Homogeneity of equipment: Equipment from different manufacturers cannot be interconnected
c. Limited functionality: dont have capability to provide service automatically when there is connection failure.
The STM-n frames are transmitted in left-right and top-bottom manner, i.e. 1st row is transmitted starting from 1x1 byte
and continue upto 1x270 byte, then 2nd row transmitted in same manner, 3rd row,4th row,.7th row.
At Network Node Interface, node derives timing information from the STM-n frames for network node synchronization
so STM-n frame should have sufficient bit timing content (long sequence of 1 or 0 must be avoided). This is done by
Frame synchronous scrambler, which generates alternate 1s & 0s.
Scrambling is performed on 1st row of RSOH bytes, at transmitter side and will be de-scrambled at receiver after
deriving the timing from it.
3.2 Multiplexing Hierarchy:
The Multiplexing hierarchy caters both European & North American hierarchy
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 J1
B1 E1 F1 B3
RSOH
D1 D2 D3
C2
G1
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
HOPOH
F2
D4 D5 D6 H4
MSOH
D7 D8 D9 F3
D10 D11 D12 K3
S1 M1 E2 N1
MSOH Description
B2: BIP-24 Error monitoring over MS & computed over STM frame excluding RSOH bytes.3XN B2 bytes in STM-
N (N=1,4,16,64).
K1 & K2 Automatic Protection Switching (APS channel) K1 & K2 (b1-b5) bytes are allocated for APS signalling
for the protection of the multiplex section. K2 (b6-b8) for communicating Alarm Indication Signal
(AIS) and Remote Defect Indication (RDI).
D4 -D12 MS Data Communications Channel bytes form a 576 kbps message channel from a central location for
DCCM OAM information.
S1 Bits 5 to 8 of byte S1 are allocated for synchronization status messages.
M1 The M1 byte is used for a MS layer remote error indication (MS-REI). Bits 2 to 8 of the M1 byte are
used to carry the error count of the interleaved bit blocks that the MS BIP-24xN has detected.
E2 Local orderwire channel for voice communication in MS, E2 is sent in 4 consecutive frames to initiate
the communication which includes segment no.(00-99) & orderwire no.(000-249).
G1: Path G1 byte is used to convey the path terminating status and performance back to the originating PTE.
status byte 4bits used as Path REI that has 0-8 valid BIP violations; 1bit for HP-RDI, which acknowledgement for
the AU-AIS.
F2 & F3 These bytes are allocated for user communication purposes between path elements and are payload
dependent.
H4: Position H4 byte provides a multi frame and sequence indicator for VC-3/4 generalized position indicator for
& Sequence payloads. In the latter case, the content is payload specific (e.g., H4 can be used as a multiframe
Indicator indicator for VC-2/1 payload). H4 byte can be 00,01,02 or 03 for VC-12 multiframe.
K3 APS signalling is provided in K3 bits 1-4, allocated for protection at the VC-4/3 path levels. K3 bits 5-8
are allocated for future use.
N1: N1 byte is allocated to provide a Higher-Order Tandem Connection Monitoring (HO-TCM) function.
Network At each node the B3 data is copied into N1 & sent and at next node B3 is compared with N1, if they
operator dont match the error is sent back to its previous node as REI, which goes till TC source (terminating
byte node).
LOPOH Description
V5 i) 2 bits allocated for error performance monitoring where BIP-2 scheme is used
which includes POH bytes, but excludes V1, V2, V3, and V4.
ii) 1bit as REI that has 2 valid BIP violations.
iii) 3bits for signal label, 000=Unequipped, 001=equipped-non-specific, all other
values are used by new equipment to indicate specific mapping.
J2 iv) 1bitorder
Lower as LP-RDI as acknowledgement for TU-AIS.
path trace.
N2 N2 byte is allocated to provide a tandem connection monitoring (TCM) function that works similar to
N1, along with V5.
K4 1bit for as extended signal label which works along with signal label of V5 and 2bits as APS signalling
for protection at lower order path level.
3.5 Pointers:
SDH provides payload pointers to permit differences in the phase and frequency of the virtual containers (VC-N) with
respect to the STM-N frame. Lower-order pointers are also provided to permit phase differences between VC-1/VC-2
and the higher-order VC-3/VC-4. On a frame-by-frame basis, the payload pointer indicates the offset between the VC
payload and the STM-N frame by identifying the location of the first byte of the VC in the payload. In other words, the
VC is allowed to float within the STM-N frame capacity.
1+1 MSP is port level protection scheme where traffic catered in one port called as Working port (3-1 or 4-1) as depicted
will be protected by Protecting port (3-2 or 4-2). Each port will be having Tx. & Rx fiber which will be connected to its
adjacent port to Rx. & Tx. respectively, which will be either Working Path (WP) if its for working port & Protecting
Path(PP) if its for protecting port. Both WP & PP will be carrying the signal simultaneously and at the far end the traffic
On single fiber cut if both direction of traffic is switched over from WP to PP then it will be called as Bi-directional
switching. User can configure both switching types.
1+1 MSP can also be configured by user as Revertive or Non-Revertive protection, when provisioned as Revertive
protection, after WP is repaired back, switching takes place PP to WP and traffic will be selected from WP but after
Wait-To-Restore (WTR variable from 5-12min which is user configurable) time is elapsed which ensures proper splicing
in WP.
If Non-Revertive protection is provisioned then traffic will not be switched back from PP to WP even if the WP is
repaired completely, until user forcefully switches the traffic using external commands.
SNCP has to be provisioned only in terminating nodes and PTXC has to be provisioned in intermediate nodes. SNCP is
necessarily follows Unidirectional switching only as the protection directly provided for the traffic separately and if
traffic flowing from 3-1 to 4-1 is affected then traffic will be received from 5-2 in PP. Traffic is still received in A from 3-1
through WP only. If both direction traffic is affected in WP then both direction traffic will switch over to PP. SNCP also
Figure 1 Figure 2
There can be maximum of 16 NEs (0-15) in a ring because every NE is given Node ID for which 4 bits reserved in K1&
K2 byte. Provisioning needs to be done at every NE giving East/West chassis-slot-port, ring ID, node ID and ring map.
a. Clear/Release: clears all external commands applied on any port, which is having the highest priority.
b. Lock Out of Protection (LOP): when maintenance operation has to be carried on the PP, in which case if WP goes on
the toss traffic continuously tries to acquire the PP and selector switch keeps on switching between WP & PP. To avoid
this loop LOP is given so that PP is locked & no traffic will be allowed to go through PP.
c. Forced Switch: Work or Protect: Forcefully switches traffic to intended path; it can be Forced Switch to Work or
Forced Switch to Protect. The switching takes place regardless of condition of the path to which it is switching to
because SF/SD are of lower priority compared to this command.
d. Manual Switch: work or Protect: is similar to Forced switch but main difference is while switching traffic, condition
of path is checked as SF/SD are of higher priority. Hence whenever Manual switch to work is given and WP is having
SF/SD then switching doesnt take place.
Following table illustrates the different types of protection switching schemes.
Protection Topology Uni-Directional / Bi- Revertive / Shared / Dedicated Switching Time
Directional Non-Revertive
Schemes
1+1 MSP Linear Uni / Bi-Directional Revertive / Dedicated Low
Non-Revertive
(Port protection)
1+1 SNCP Ring Uni-Directional Revertive / Dedicated Low
(UPSR) Non-Revertive
(Path protection)
MSSP2F Ring Bi-Directional Revertive Shared Switching time is
(BLSR) more
(Line protection)
MSSP4F Ring Bi-Directional Revertive / Shared Switching time is
(BLSR) Non-Revertive more
(Line protection)
1:N Linear NA Revertive/Non Shared Switching time is
Revertive more
(Card protection)
[5] Synchronization:
Synchronization is required to enable service providers to transport bits of information within and across network
without losing any bits, which can be due to mis-timing (phase variation) inside transmission equipment when data is
regenerated. When mistiming becomes large, errors are produced and the system can become unusable. Even at low
values of mis-timing (phase variation), sensitivity to amplitude and phase variations is increased and performance
suffers. There are 2 types of phase variation Jitter & Wander. Jitter is a short-term variation of the digital signal from its
ideal position in time and its frequency is >10Hz.
a. Priority: Priority of the nominated clock can have range of 0-8. Valid priorities can range from 1-8. 1 is the highest
priority and 8 is the lowest. More than one clock can have the same priority. A 0 Priority, which is also the initial
default, indicates that this clock should not be considered for selecting the timing reference.
b. QL mode: The quality of a clock is automatically detected in case of STM clocks from their S1 byte.
The user can configure the QL label of the BITS/PDH clocks manually. When a PDH/BITS clock is nominated, it comes
up with an INVALID Quality Label. There are mainly 3 quality levels of clock.
b. Alarms:
SM provides following Alarms to indicates the current status of SSM
i. Timing reference failed: nominated clock source has LOS, LOF or AIS or if the Primary or the Secondary clock PPM
offset is higher than +/- 17 PPM.
ii. System clock in holdover mode: This alarm is raised in the following scenarios.
a. Current selected clock received signal fail and no other nominated clock is available for timing reference.
b. Current selected clock PPM offset crosses +/-17PPM
iii. Timing generation entry free run: This alarm will be generated when
a. No clock is nominated for timing reference.
b. Internal clock is selected as reference clock.