alias creates shortcuts for lenghty commands

bg if a command is stopped, you can start it again in the background

bunzip2 expands the compressed file
bzip2 compresses a file
cal displays a calendar
- creates short text files;
cat
- displays content of a text file to the standard output.
cd changes directory
chgrp alters group membership on files and directories
chmod alters permissions on files and directories
chown alters ownership on files and directories
cp duplicates a file or a directory
date displays the current time or set the system time
df displays the disk space usage on all mounted filesystems
dif finds diferences between content of text files and prints them line-by-line on
the screen
- determines which files or directories need to be deleted;
du
- summarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories.
echo lists something/a variable
env lists only environment variables
- makes a variable global;
export
- lists only environment variables.
fg bring any of the commands on the job lists to foreground
file determines a file type
find searches the filesystem for files that match a specified pattern
displays the user login name, real name, terminal name and write status, idle
finger
time, login time, office location and office phone number
shows breakdowns of the amounts and totals of free and used memory,
free
including your swapfile usage
fuser identifies and outputs the process IDs of processes that are using the files or
local filesystems
get downloads a file from the FTP server
grep finds stuf in files (global regular expression print)
groupadd adds a group
groupdel deletes a group
gunzip expands the compressed file
gzip compresses a file
halt shuts down the system
head displays the first few lines of a text file
history views your history list of commands
id finds out information about your identity
info similar to man, but is more in-depth
init changes run levels
jobs check which commands you have running in the background
kill stops running programs
killall kills running processes by name rather than by PID
last verifies users logged on the system
less opposite of more
ln creates a link
provides a faster way for finding files, but depends on a database that it creates
locate
and refreshes at regular intervals
lp prints files
lpr submits print jobs
ls lists the contents of a directory/file
lsof finds out what programs are using what files
- provides documentation for commands;
man
- formats page.
mkdir creates directory
more displays the contents of a long text file one page at a time
- copies a file or a directory to an alternate location and deletes the original file or
mv directory;
- changes the name of a file or directory.
nl displays the contents of the scripts along with associated line numbers
ps lists current running processes
pstree displays the tree of running processes
put uploads a file on the FTP server
pwd displays your current location in the tree
reboot shuts down and then reboots the system
rm deletes files and directories
rmdir removes a directory that is empty
runlevel displays the previous and the current rc levels
service to start, stop, discover the status of a process
set lists current values for all shell variables, including local and environment
variables
shutdown stops all services, processes and daemons in a sequential and consistent fashion
stat displays a files or a file systems statistical information
strings finds and displays legible information embedded within a non-text or binary file
su switches user
tac displays files in reverse order (begin with last line and end with first)
tail displays the last few lines of a text file
tar collects several files and/or directories in one file
top provides a dynamic real-time view of a system
touch creates an empty file
traceroute displays each host that a packet travels throughas it tries to reach its
destination
umask displays the current user mask value
unalias unsets alias
uniq identifies and duplicates line entries in a file or input provided
unset unsets a variable
unzip extracts the contents of a file
uptime shows how long Linux has been running, how many users are on and 3 system
load averages
useradd allowes you to specify the groups to which the new user will belong
userdel deletes a user
usermod changes shell permanently
V1=exam sets a variable
ple
- edits/opens up text in the vi editor for modification;
vi
- creates shell scripts.
vmstat general-purpose monitoring program
first shows the same information as uptime and then lists what currently
w
logged-in users are doing
whatis displays short description of commands
which tells the path to the command
- see information about your current login session;
who
- checks the current and previous rc levels of the system.
zip compresses a file