Bases Anatòmiques

Basesanatmiquesen
Psicoendocrinologia
Psicoendocrinologia(Curs201617)
Sistemaendocr
Sistemeshipotlamopitutariperifric
Tirodes
Escoraadrenal
Gnades
Altres
Sistemesglandularsindependents
Paratirodes
Pncrees
Tema1: Bases moleculars i anatmiques en psicoendocrinologia
Principalsestructuresimplicadesenelsistemaendocr:
Hipfisi
Tiroides
Paratiroides
Pncrees
Glndulaadrenal
Gnades
"IlluendocrinesystemNew"byUSGovernment Derivedfrom
File:Illu_endocrine_system.jpg,itselffrom
http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit6_3_endo_glnds.html.Licensedunder
PublicDomainviaCommons
"Endocrinecentralnervousen"byLadyofHats mademyselfbasedontheinformationfoundonthe https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Illu_endocrine_system_New.png#/media/File:Illu
wikipediaarticle.LicensedunderPublicDomainviaCommons _endocrine_system_New.png
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Endocrine_central_nervous_en.svg#/media/File:Endocrine_centr
al_nervous_en.svg
Glndulaendocrina Hormona Estructuraqumica Funciprincipal
Pineal Melatonina Deriv.aminocid Ritmicitatbiolgica
EstimulalhormonaTirotropa
TRH(ThyrotropinReleasing
Pptid (Thyrotropin Stimulating Hormone
Hormone)
TSH)
CRH(CorticotropinReleasing EstimulalhormonaAdrenocorticotropa
Pptid
Hormone) (AdrenocorticotropicHormone ACTH)
Hipotlem
GnRH(GonadotropinReleasing Estimulalalliberamentdeles
Pptid
Hormone) gonadotropines(FSHiLH)
GHRH(GrowthHormone Estimulalalliberamentdelhormonadel
Pptid
ReleasingHormone) creixement
Inhibeixlalliberamentdelhormonadel
Somatostatina Pptid
creixement
Actuaestimulantlescontraccions
Oxitocina Pptid
uterinesialalletament
Neurohipfisi
Hormonaantidirticao Actuaregulantlaprduadaiguaper
Pptid
vasopressina lorina
PRINCIPALS TSH Pptid

Estimulalalliberamentdeleshormones
delatiroides
HORMONESILES ACTH Pptid

Estimulalalliberamentdeleshormones
delescorasuprarenal
SEVESFUNCIONS FSH Pptid

Estimulalamaduracidelsfolliclesen
lesdonesilespermatognesienels
home
PRINCIPALS Adenohipfisi
Estimulaelcoslutienlesdonesila
LH Pptid
secrecidetestosteronaenelshomes
Estimulaelcreixementilalliberament
GH Pptid
delasomatomedinapelfetge
Prolactina Pptid Intervenelprocsdalletament

Hormonestirodals Deriv.aminoacdic Regulaelmetabolisme
Tiroides
Calcitonina Pptid Regulaelcalci
Paratiroides Parthormona Pptid Regulaelcalci
Accionsmetabliquesirespostaa
Glucocorticoides Esteroides
lestrs
Escorasuprarenal Mineralocorticoides Esteroides RegulalexcreciurinriadeNa
Intervenlescaracterstiquessexuals
Andrgens Esteroides
secundries
Produeixefectessimilarsalsdelsistema
Medullasuprarenal Adrenalinainoradrenalina Deriv.aminocid
nervissimptic
Testosterona Esteroides Intervenladiferenciacisexual
Gnades(testiclesalhomei Estrgens Esteroides Intervenladiferenciacisexual
ovarisaladona) Importantperalagestaciienlafase
Progestgens Esteroides
ltia
Insulina Pptid Intervenlaregulacidelaglucmia
Pncrees
Glucag Pptid Intervenlaregulacidelaglucmia
Altresestructuresimplicadesenelsistemaendocr:
Sistemanervis(hipotlem,rganscircumventriculars)
Timus
Sistemagastrointestinal
Ronyons
Cor
Adipocits
....
SISTEMANERVISiHORMONES
Ludwig,M.(2011)JournalofNeuroendocrinology,23,381382
Exemples de neurosecreci:
quines hormones en quines zones?
Hipotlem
AC:anteriorcommissurePO:preoptic
nucleusSC:suprachiasmaticnucleus OC:
opticchiasmaTC:tubercinereumAP:
anteriorpituitaryIN:infundibulumPP:
posteriorpituitaryME:median
eminenceAH:anteriorhypothalamic
nucleusSO:supraopticnucleusTH:
thalamusPV:paraventricularnucleus
(nottobeconfusedwithperiventricular
nucleus,whichisnotshown)DM:
dorsomedialnucleusVM:ventromedial
nucleusAR:arcuatenucleus (associated
withperiventricularnucleus,whichis
notshown)LT:lateralnucleusPN:
posteriornucleusMB:mamillarybody
"HypothalamicNuclei".LicensedunderPublicDomainviaCommons
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HypothalamicNuclei.PNG#/media/File:HypothalamicNuclei.PNG
HIPOTLEM
- Funcions:
Regulaci de funcions bsiques de lorganisme (manteniment de l'homestasi) i
de comportaments bsics per a la supervivncia de lindividu i les especies
(fugides, alimentaci, creixement, comportament sexual)
MITJANANT EL CONTROL DEL SISTEMA ENDOCR
-rep informaci per mitj de sinapsis per tamb per comunicaci endocrina (per
la sang)
-Situaci: ventral al tlem, separat en 2 meitats pel tercer ventricle, posterior al

quiasme ptic I anterior als cossos mamillars. En mig, ventral trobem lhipfisi
- Nuclis (veure a continuaci)
-Connexions:
Aferncies:
- diferents parts de lencfal anterior: sistema lmbic (transport
informaci aspectes autonmics i somtics dels estats afectius)
-tronc de lencfal i medulla espinal: (aporten informaci

sensitiva
visceral i somtica)
Eferncies: sn reciproques a aferncies + HIPOFISI
HIPOTLEM
Zonalateral:Agrupacionsdecllules,travessadapelfeixprosenceflic medial.Noshandescritnuclis.
Zonamedial:granquantitatdenuclis.Subdivididaentresregions,dedavantadarrera:
Regiquiasmtica
NucliSupraptic:essintetitzenleshormonesneurohipofisries vasopressinaioxitocina.
NucliParaventricular:presentadueszones,ambdostipuscellulars:
Magnocellulars sintetitzaranlavasopressinailoxitocina.
Parvocellulars sintetitzaranTRH(Thyroid Releasing Hormone),CRH(Corticotropin Releasing
Hormone),VIP(Vasoactive IntestinalPeptide).Lescllulesparvocellulars tambsegreguen
vasopressina,perenaquestcasescoexpressa ambCRHiintervenlaregulacideleixadrenal.
Nuclisupraquiasmtic:directamentrelacionatamblaritmicitat circadiana ilaregulacidelaglndula
pineal.
Regituberal
Nucliarquejat:SintetitzarlaGHRH(Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone),somatostatina,GnRH
(Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone)iladopaminaqueintervindrenlaregulacidelaprolactina
hipofisria.Aquestnuclitambintervdemaneramoltrellevantenlaregulacidelalimentacion
intervindrangranquantitatdepptidscomelneuropptid Y,MSH,...
Nucliventromedial:Tambsintetitzarelspptidsrelacionatsamblaregulacidelhormonadel
creixement,elGHRHilasomatostatina.
Regimamillar
Zonaperiventricular:sunazonaprimaqueessituaaambdscostatsdeltercerventricle.Enaquestazona
podemdestacarennucliperiventricular que,desdunpuntdevistaendocr,fonamentalmentsintetitzar
somatostatina.
HIPFISI
"Gray1180"byHenryGray Bartleby.LicensedunderPublicDomainviaCommons
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gray1180.png#/media/File:Gray1180.png
"Gray1181"byHenryVandykeCarter HenryGray(1918)Anatomyofthe
HumanBody(See"Book"sectionbelow)Bartleby.com:Gray'sAnatomy,Plate
1181.LicensedunderPublicDomainviaCommons
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gray1181.png#/media/File:Gray11
81.png
15x10x6mm;pesaentre500900mg (perpotvariarelseutamany,comdurantlembars)
ADENOHIPFISI
Neuronahipotalmica
sintetitzapptidhipotalmic
viatjaatravsdelfluxaxoplasmtic
entraenelsistemaPorta(circulaci
sangunia)
estimulacllulaadenohipofisria que
sintetitzarhormonaadenohipofisria
Doscllules
Dossistemesdetransport
Doshormones
ADENOHIPFISI
Hormonesadenohipofisries
TRH CRF GnRH PRF DA
+ + + +
TSH ACTH FSH/LH PRL
+ + +
GHRH SS
T3/T4 Gluc. Andr.
Miner. Estro.
+
Proges.
GH "1808TheAnteriorPituitaryComplex"byOpenStaxCollege Anatomy&Physiology,Connexions
Website.http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/,Jun19,2013..LicensedunderCCBY3.0via
Commons
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1808_The_Anterior_Pituitary_Complex.jpg#/media/Fi
le:1808_The_Anterior_Pituitary_Complex.jpg
NEUROHIPFISI
Neuronahipotalmica
sintetitzapptidhipotalmic(hormona
neurohipofisria)
viatjaatravsdelfluxaxoplasmtic
Unacllula
Unsistemadetransport
Unahormona
"1807ThePosteriorPituitaryComplex"byOpenStaxCollege Anatomy&Physiology,
ConnexionsWebsite.http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/,Jun19,2013..Licensed
underCCBY3.0viaWikimediaCommons
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1807_The_Posterior_Pituitary_Complex.jpg#/
media/File:1807_The_Posterior_Pituitary_Complex.jpg
NEUROHIPFISI
Hormonesneurohipofisries
Oxitocina
Vasopressina
RGANSCIRCUMVENTRICULARS
Concepte:Petitesestructureslocalitzadesalentorndel3eridel4art
ventricle.EscaracteritzenperlabsnciadeBarreraHematoEnceflica.
"Bloodvesselsbrainenglish"byArminKbelbeck http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blood_vessels_brain_01.png.LicensedunderCC
BY3.0viaCommons
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blood_vessels_brain_english.jpg#/media/File:Blood_vessels_brain_english.jpg
"Blausen0216CerebrospinalSystem"byBruceBlaus.Whenusingthisimageinexternalsourcesitcanbecitedas:Blausen.comstaff."Blausen
Psicoendocrinologia(Curs201617) gallery2014".WikiversityJournalofMedicine.DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010.ISSN20018762. Ownwork.LicensedunderCCBY3.0via
WikimediaCommons
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0216_CerebrospinalSystem.png#/media/File:Blausen_0216_CerebrospinalSystem.png
LbulintermediiNeuraldelaHipfisi
rganVasculardelaLaminaTerminalis
rganSubfornical
GlndulaPineal
rgansubcomissural
reaPostrema
Eminnciamitjana
GlndulaPineal
"Gray719"byHenryVandykeCarter HenryGray(1918)AnatomyoftheHumanBody(See
"Llibre"sectionbelow)Bartleby.com:Gray'sAnatomy,Plate719.LicensedunderDomini
pblicviaWikimediaCommons
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gray719.png#/media/File:Gray719.png
Psicoendocrinologia(Curs201617) "Slide4ff"byAnatomist90 Treballpropi.LicensedunderCCBYSA3.0viaWikimedia

Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slide4ff.JPG#/media/File:Slide4ff.JPG
GLNDULAPINEAL
Interven:
Ritmicitat
Sistemareproductor(Pubertat)
Aspectesconductuals(memria)
Envelliment
?
"SynthesisofMelatoninfromSerotoninthroughtwoenzymaticsteps"byH.Aksnes UsingChemDoodlePreviouslypublished:
Psicoendocrinologia(Curs201617) 2012.04.18.LicensedunderCCBYSA3.0viaCommons
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Synthesis_of_Melatonin_from_Serotonin_through_two_enzymatic_steps.png#/media
/File:Synthesis_of_Melatonin_from_Serotonin_through_two_enzymatic_steps.png
ALTRESESTRUCTURES
NEUROENDOCRINES
Medullaadrenal
Sistemagastrointestinal
SISTEMAGASTROINTESTINAL
KevinG.MurphyandStephenR.BloomGuthormonesandtheregulationofenergy
homeostasisNature444,854859(14December2006)doi:10.1038/nature05484
DensitiesofendocrinecellsindifferentsegmentsofthegastrointestinaltractasdetectedbychromograninA.
ElSalhy,M.,Mazzawi,T.,Hausken,T.,&Hatlebakk,J.G.(2016).Interaction between diet and gastrointestinalendocrine cells(Review).Biomedical Reports,4,651656.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/br.2016.649
Gastrointestinal endocrine cells may exert their effects via three modes of action: 1, By entering the circulating blood and reaching distant targets (endocrine mode); 2, by
acting locally on nearby structures (paracrine mode); or 3, via synaptic activity.
ElSalhy,M.,Mazzawi,T.,Hausken,T.,&Hatlebakk,J.G.(2016).Interaction between diet and gastrointestinalendocrine cells(Review).Biomedical Reports,4,651656.

http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/br.2016.649 Psicoendocrinologia(Curs201617)
"EndocrineAlimentarysystemen"byLadyofHats mademyselfbasedontheinformationfoundonthewikipediaarticle.LicensedunderPublicDomainvia
Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Endocrine_Alimentary_system_en.svg#/media/File:Endocrine_Alimentary_system_en.svg
TIMUS
"2206TheLocationStructureandHistologyoftheThymus"byOpenStaxCollege Anatomy&Physiology,ConnexionsWebsite.
http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/,Jun19,2013..LicensedunderCCBY3.0viaWikimediaCommons
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2206_The_Location_Structure_and_Histology_of_the_Thymus.jpg#/media/File:2206_The_Location
_Structure_and_Histology_of_the_Thymus.jpg
COR
"Endocrinemiscelaneouses"byEndocrine_miscelaneous_en.svg:LadyofHatsderivativework:Petruss(talk) Endocrine_miscelaneous_en.svg.Licensedunder
DominipblicviaWikimediaCommons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Endocrine_miscelaneous_es.svg#/media/File:Endocrine_miscelaneous_es.svg
ADIPOCITS
Leptina
Visfatina?:Actuariade
manerasemblantalainsulina
TheJournalofClinicalEndocrinology&MetabolismJune1,2004 vol.89 no.6 25482556
Fig.1Obesityinducedchangesinadipokinesecretionandthedevelopmentofinsulinresistance.Expansionofadiposetissueinobesityleads
toincreasedmacrophageinfiltrationandinflammationwithenhancedproductionofproinflammatorycytokinessuch...
SandraGalic,JonS.Oakhill,GregoryR.Steinberg Adiposetissueasanendocrineorgan
MolecularandCellularEndocrinologyVolume316,Issue22010129 139 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2009.08.018
BiologicalroleofcontractioninducedIL6.
PedersenBK,andFebbraioMAPhysiolRev2008;88:13791406
2008byAmericanPhysiologicalSociety
Figure2 Skeletalmuscleisasecretoryorgan
Pedersen,B.K.&Febbraio,M.A.(2012)Muscles,exerciseandobesity:skeletalmuscleasasecretoryorgan
Nat.Rev.Endocrinol. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2012.49
Figure1
showstheeffectsofosteoblastsecretedosteocalcinonglucosehomeostasisanditsnovelroleinregulatingtestosteroneproduction
intheleydigcells.Instage 1,activationofinsulinreceptorcannegativelyregulatetheexpressionofESP(FoxO1andAFT4can
regulateitstranscription).InsulinsignalingcanalsoinhibitOPG(osteoprotegerin),anegativeregulatorofosteoclastogenesis.
Osteocalcin,onceactivated(2),canactonthepancreas(3)(GPCR6A?)andthetestesthroughtheGPCR6Areceptor,whichactivates
theCREBsignalingpathwayleadingtoanincreaseintestosteroneproductionthroughtranscriptionalupregulationofthevarious
enzymesinvolvedinitsbiosyntheticpathway(4).OCNosteocalcin,ESPosteotesticularproteintyrosinephosphatase,OPG
(osteoprotegerin),TCPTP1(TCellProteinTyrosinePhosphatase),GPCR6A(memberoffamilyC,Gproteincoupledreceptor),StAR
(steroidogenicacuteregulatoryprotein),CYP11a1(cholesterolsidechaincleavageenzyme),CYP17(cytochromeP45017a)
EndocrPract.2012SepOct;18(5):758762.
http://www.johnwiley.net.au/highered/interactions/media/Reg
ulation/content/Regulation/body2o/screen0.swf

Bases Anatòmiques

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Basesanatmiquesen

PRINCIPALS TSH Pptid

HORMONESILES ACTH Pptid

SEVESFUNCIONS FSH Pptid

Prolactina Pptid Intervenelprocsdalletament

-Situaci: ventral al tlem, separat en 2 meitats pel tercer ventricle, posterior al

- Nuclis (veure a continuaci)

-tronc de lencfal i medulla espinal: (aporten informaci

TRH CRF GnRH PRF DA

Psicoendocrinologia(Curs201617) "Slide4ff"byAnatomist90 Treballpropi.LicensedunderCCBYSA3.0viaWikimedia

ElSalhy,M.,Mazzawi,T.,Hausken,T.,&Hatlebakk,J.G.(2016).Interaction between diet and gastrointestinalendocrine cells(Review).Biomedical Reports,4,651656.

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