Paranoid personality disorder 
is a psychiatric diagnosis characterized by paranoia and instability in mood; black and white thinking, or splitting; chaotic and
a pervasive, long-standing suspiciousness and generalized mistrust of others.
Those with the condition are hypersensitive, are easily slighted, and habitually relate
to the world by vigilant scanning of the environment for clues or suggestions to
validate their prejudicial ideas or biases. They tend to be guarded and suspicious and
have quite constricted emotional lives. Their incapacity for meaningful emotional
involvement and the general pattern of isolated withdrawal often lend a quality
[1]
ofschizoid isolation to their life experience.
Schizoid personality disorder (SPD) is a personality disorder characterized by a lack of
interest in social relationships, a tendency towards a solitary lifestyle, secretiveness,
[1]
and emotional coldness.  There is increased prevalence of the disorder in families
withschizophrenia. SPD is not the same as schizophrenia, although they share some
similar characteristics such as detachment or blunted affect.
Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD or APD) is defined by the American Psychiatric
Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual as "...a pervasive pattern of disregard
for, and violation of, the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence
and continues into adulthood."[1]
To be diagnosed, an individual must be age 18 or older, as well as have a documented
history of a conduct disorder before the age of 15.[1]People having antisocial
personality disorder are sometimes referred to as "sociopaths" and "psychopaths."
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a personality disorder defined in DSM-IV and
described as a prolonged disturbance of personality function in a person (generally
over the age of eighteen years, although it is also found in adolescents), characterized
by depth and variability of moods.[1] The disorder typically involves unusual levels of
unstableinterpersonal relationships, self-image, identity, and behavior; as well as a
disturbance in the individual's sense of self. In extreme cases, this disturbance in the
sense of self can lead to periods of dissociation.[2]
As an example, clinicians note that “splitting” in BDP sufferers can cause them to
perceive loved ones as enemies. These beliefs may reverse again subsequently.
p50,53,54: I Hate You, Don't Leave Me: Understanding the Borderline
Personality (1991) ISBN 978-0-380-71305-9
The disturbances comprising BPD can have a pervasive negative impact on many or all
of the psychosocial facets of life. This includes difficulties maintaining relationships in
work, home, and social settings. Self-harming is a marked symptom and even
attempts at or suicide itself are possible, especially without proper care and effective
therapy.[3]
There is an ongoing debate among clinicians and patients worldwide
about terminology and the use of the word borderline,[4] and some have suggested
that this disorder should be renamed.[5] The ICD-10 manual has an alternative
definition and terminology to this disorder, called Emotionally unstable personality
disorder.
There is related concern that the diagnosis of BPD stigmatizes people and supports
pejorative and discriminatory practices.[6] It is common for those suffering from
borderline personality disorder and their families to feel compounded by a lack of
clear diagnoses, effective treatments, and accurate information. This is true especially
because of evidence that this disorder originates in the families of those who suffer
from it[7] and has a lot to do with Axis IV factors, rather than belonging strictly in Axis
II. Conceptual, as well as therapeutic relief may be obtained through evidence that
BPD is closely related to traumatic events during childhood and to Post-traumatic
stress disorder (PTSD), about which much more is known.[8]
Histrionic personality disorder (HPD) is defined by the American Psychiatric
Association as a personality disorder characterized by a pattern of excessive
emotionality and attention-seeking, including an excessive need for approval and
inappropriate seductiveness, usually beginning in early adulthood. These individuals
are lively, dramatic, enthusiastic, and flirtatious.
They may be inappropriately sexually provocative, express strong emotions with an
impressionistic style, and be easily influenced by others. Associated features may
include egocentrism, self-indulgence, continuous longing for appreciation, feelings
that are easily hurt, and persistent manipulative behavior to achieve their own needs.
Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) is a personality disorder which
involves an obsession with perfection, rules, and organization. People with OCPD may
feel anxious when they perceive that things are not right. This can lead to routines
and rules for ways of doing things, whether for themselves or their families.
Avoidant personality disorder (AvPD)[1] (or anxious personality disorder[2]) is
a personality disorder recognized in the DSM-IV TRhandbook in a person over the age
of eighteen years as characterized by a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings
of inadequacy, extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation, and avoidance of social
interaction.
People with AvPD often consider themselves to be socially inept or personally
unappealing, and avoid social interaction for fear of being ridiculed, humiliated,
rejected, or disliked.
AvPD is usually first noticed in early adulthood, and is associated with perceived or
actual rejection by parents or peers during childhood. Whether the feeling of
rejection is due to the extreme interpersonal monitoring attributed to people with the
disorder is still disputed.
Dependent personality disorder (DPD), formerly known as asthenic personality
disorder, is a personality disorder that is characterized by a pervasive psychological
dependence on other people.
The difference between a 'dependent personality' and a 'dependent personality
disorder' is somewhat subjective, which makes diagnosis sensitive to cultural
influences such as gender role expectations.
In physics, mass–energy equivalence is the concept that the mass of a body is a
measure of its energycontent. In this concept the total internal energy E of a body at
rest is equal to the product of its rest mass mand a suitable conversion factor to
transform from units of mass to units of energy. If the body is not stationary relative
to the observer then account must be made for relativistic effects where m is given by
the relativistic mass and E the relativistic energy of the body. Albert Einstein proposed
mass–energy equivalence in 1905 in one of his Annus Mirabilis papers entitled "Does
the inertia of a body depend upon its energy-content?"[1] The equivalence is described
by the famous equation
William James Jackson