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Cement Org PDF
Cement Org PDF
High-Strength Concrete
Not until the 1900s did engineers however, as high-rise buildings like
Volume 15/Number 1
and materials technologists become 311 South Wacker Drive (see Fig. 1)
March 1994 involved in optimizing the strength create striking visual impressions.
of concrete, though concrete has This structure, at 969 ft (295 m), was
5420 Old Orchard Road been used throughout history as a the worlds tallest concrete building
building material. With
Skokie, Illinois 60077-1083 each successive develop-
ment and corresponding
Phone: (847) 966-6200
strength increase, the defini-
Fax: (847) 966-9781 tion of high strength was
revised. Of course, there is
no exact point of separation
between normal-strength
and high-strength con-
Contents crete. According to the
American Concrete
Institute, high strength is
High-Strength Concrete defined as that over 6000
psi (41 MPa) compressive
Autoclaved Cellular strength.(1) This value was
Concrete Update adopted by ACI in 1984,
but is not yet hard and fast,
Concrete in a Marine because ACI recognizes
Environment that the definition of high-
strength varies on a geo-
Performance Standards
graphical basis. Prof. J.
are Coming
Francis Young of the
University of Illinois at
New Research Results Champaign-Urbana has
Announced developed a strength classi-
fication system that, though
not yet adopted by a recog-
nized authority, is a helpful
tool for describing high-
strength concretes (see
Table 1).
Advantages
A versatile material, high-
strength concrete (HSC) Fig. 1. At 969 ft (295 m) and 71 stories,
possesses desirable proper- Chicagos 311 South Wacker Drive (right) was
ties other than high the tallest concrete building in the world
strength. The most dramat- when completed in 1989. Photo: George
ic and memorable applica- Lambros, courtesy of Kohn Pedersen Fox
tions stem from this aspect, Associates PC.
R e t u r n To I n d e x
Concrete Technology Today
Mineral admixtures Not necessary Fly ash Silica fume** Silica fume**
Permeability coefficient (cm/s) > 10-10 10-11 > 10-12 < 10-13
Freeze-thaw protection Needs air entrainment Needs air entrainment Needs air entrainment No freezable water
when completed in 1989, utilizing through smaller vertical members amount of formwork needed and
concrete with compressive strengths and has also often proven to be the result in further cost savings.
of up to 12,000 psi (83 MPa). most economical alternative by
HSC is specified where reduced reducing both the total volume of Structural Lightweight Concrete
weight is important or where archi- concrete and the amount of steel Structural lightweight concretenot
tectural considerations require required for a load-bearing member. necessarily high-strengthis well-
smaller load-carrying elements. In Also, formwork is a large portion of suited to many special applications.
high-rise buildings, HSC helps to the cost of constructing a column; This material, typically at strengths
achieve more efficient floor plans smaller column sizes reduce the around 3500 psi (24 MPa), has found
Building Building
Height, ft Height, m
12,000
1000 12,000 psi (82.7)
(82.7 MPa)
300
12,000
900 (82.7)
12,000
(82.7) 19,000
800 17,000
(131.0) 250
(117.2)
500
150
14,000
(96.5)**
400
100
300
200
50
100
0 0
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may be produced by intergrinding companies far more leeway in for- American Society for Testing and
or other blending processes. C1157 mulating their product, concedes Materials, 1916 Race Street,
does require that the ingredients of Kosmatka. For the first time, man- Philadelphia, PA 19103, Phone: 215-
the blended cement be reported and ufacturers can truly optimize 299-5400, Fax: 215-977-9679.
that the ingredients, including pro- cements, using ingredients available
cessing and functional additions, to them without the limitations of
independently meet any applicable recipe specifications.
specifications. Ultimately, performance-specified
This really is a unique develop- blended cements could spawn a new
ment, notes Steven Kosmatka, who breed of productsspecial formula- New Research
as PCAs manager of research and
development tracks specifications
tions that address specific customer
needs such as resistance to alkali-
Results
and standards in the cement indus- aggregate reaction and sulfate reac- Announced
try and serves on several ASTM tion, to name two. The following new research and
committees. For the cement indus- There are also environmental con- development bulletins are now
try, its our first foray into perfor- siderations. Blending portland available. To purchase any of these
mance specifications. cement with materials such as fly bulletins in the United States, con-
ash, ground granulated blast-furnace tact Portland Cement Association,
Six Types slag, kiln dust, or limestone means Order Processing, P. O. Box 726,
C1157 sets physical requirements for less embodied energy and reduced Skokie, IL 60076-0726; telephone 1-
the following six types of blended carbon dioxide emissions. And in 800/868-6733, or fax 708/966-9666
cement, mirroring the attributes of the case of kiln dust, slag, fly ash, (24 hours a day, 7 days a week). In
ASTMs C150 cement types: and other mineral byproducts, its a Canada please direct requests to the
way to recycle waste materials into nearest regional office of the
Type GUBlended cement for gen- cement.
eral construction use Canadian Portland Cement
when a specialized type Association (Halifax, Montreal,
is not required Acceptance? Toronto, and Vancouver).
Type HEHigh Early Strength But dont expect an overnight shift
from recipe to performance specifi-
Type MSModerate Sulfate cations; publication of the standard
Resistance is only the beginning. It has yet to
Type HSHigh Sulfate Resistance be accepted by ASTM C94
Specification for Ready-Mixed Concrete,
Type MHModerate Heat of
the ACI 318 Building Code, ACI 301
Hydration
Specifications for Structural Concrete
Type LHLow Heat of Hydration for Buildings, and other important
standards and codes organizations, a
In addition, any of the above types process that could take the rest of
may be designated with Option R this decade. Moreover, acceptance
Low Reactivity with Alkali-Reactive may be only the first hurdle.
Aggregates. If Option R is invoked, Historically, U.S. specifiers have
the cement should be tested using shied away from blended cements,
ASTM Test Method C227, which perhaps finding a tandem set of
uses crushed borosilicate (Pyrex) cement types confusing. Adding a Guide Specification for
glass as the reactive aggregate. The third setC1157to the existing Concrete Subject to Alkali-
expansion during this test should C150 and C595 specifications may Silica Reactions, IS415T
not exceed 0.020% at 14 days or further complicate cement choices. This 8-page document, authored by
0.060% at 56 days. Additionally, In any case, if use of a blended the Portland Cement Associations
pozzolans used in any blended cement under ASTM C1157 is con- Alkali-Silica Reactivity/Pavement
cement also should be tested using templated, or an order is placed, a Durability Task Group, provides
C227 with a nonreactive sand to request should be made for the man- specifiers and engineers guidance
determine whether they have any ufacturers certification, which is dis- with state-of-the-art approaches to
potential for alkali-reactivity. cussed in Section 14 of the standard. control alkali-silica reactivity (ASR).
This section requires the manufac- The guide is compiled from the best
Optimizing Cements turer to provide results of tests and of U.S., Canadian, and European
As noted earlier, the new standard chemical analyses and a list of spe- approaches, including the Strategic
does not replace ASTMs existing cific constituents and functional Highway Research Program.
C595 standard; the new designations additions, if any, contained in the Alkali-silica reactivity (ASR) has
for six types of blended cement are cement specified. been reported worldwide since 1940.
simply an additional way to specify Copies of ASTM Designation Fortunately most concrete is not
blended cements. It gives cement C1157-92 may be purchased from affected by this condition. Although
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sured fire endurances were 2 hours bined axial and lateral loads
33 minutes for Beam A and 3 hours while loaded to deflected shapes
48 minutes for Beam B. In the sum- well beyond wall cracking and
mary, authors T. D. Lin and R. G. first yield of reinforcement.
Burg noted that the beam designed Walls reinforced with two layers
to ACI 318-89 provisions was in of reinforcing bars, one layer
good agreement with values current- located near each face, provide a
ly accepted by the three U. S. model stiffer wall with higher ductility
building codes for the fire endurance when compared to a wall with an
of beams with non-coated bars. equivalent total amount of rein-
forcement placed in one layer at
the panel midthickness.
Tilt-Up Walls Test Results, A decrease in the size of isolated
footings did not have a significant
RP322D effect on the observed behavior or
This 20-page research report pre- reinforcement, isolated footings, con-
centrated loads, and panels with measured capacity of the tilt-up
sents the results of experimental wall specimens.
tests to supplement existing physical openings. Authors A. Azzinamini, J.
test data on various slender tilt-up D. Gilkin, and R. G. Oesterle made
walls. Furthermore, this work three significant conclusions based
expands available test information on these tests:
through a series of experimental
tests to include other types of tilt-up It was found that tilt-up walls
walls commonly seen in practice, with aspect ratios, h/t, as large as
such as walls with two layers of 60 can continue to sustain com-
PL941.01B
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