Haiti Project Designing Process

DESIGNING PROCESS
2
Harvard University Graduate School of Design Social Agency Lab + Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Architecture & Planning, 2011
DESIGNING PROCESS
Exemplar Community Pilot Project
Zoranje | Port au Prince, Haiti
Harvard University Graduate School of Design

MIT School of Architecture and Planning
2ND EDITION july 2011
3
DESIGNING PROCESS
Editors
Christian Werthmann, Phil Thompson, Dan Weissman, Anya Brickman Raredon
Cover and Book Design

Dan Weissman
Printed in the USA by

Kendall Press
Copyright 2011, The President and Fellows of Harvard College and Massachusetts Institute of Technology
All rights are reserved. No part may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means without permission in
writing from the authors.
The work herein is that of faculty and students at the Harvard Graduate School of Design and MIT School of Architecture and
Planning. It was produced in an educational setting and within a limited period of time. It does not necessarily represent the
views of Harvard or MIT.
All reasonable efforts to secure permissions for the visual material reproduced herein have been made by the authors.
Additional copies of this book are available upon request from www.lulu.com
The Harvard Graduate School of Design is a leading center for education, information, and technical expertise of the built
environment. Its departments of Architecture, Landscape Architecture, and Urban Planning and Design offer masters and
doctoral degree programs and provide the foundation for its Advanced Studies and Executive Education Programs.
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Architecture and Planning includes The Department of Architecture, The
Department of Urban Studies + Planning, The Media Laboratory, The Center for Real Estate, and The Program in Art, Culture
and Technology. We believe that design and policy interventions should be grounded in a commitment to improving individual
human lives, equity and social justice, cultural enrichment and the responsible use of resources through creative problem-
solving and project execution.
Text set in DIN Medium and Georga
4
CONTENT
0 Background
Exemplar Networks | March 2011 Field Trip | Life in Port au Prince | Design Principles
1 Port au Prince
Situation | Strategies | Research Opportunities
2 Zoranje Area
Situation | Strategies | Research Opportunities
3 Zoranje Site
Situation | Case Studies | Strategies | Research Opportunities
4 Social Planning
Port Au Prince, Haiti

Miles
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5
DESIGNING PROCESS
INTRODUCTION Designing Process

The earthquake of January 12 2010 turned the already critical shortage of housing in Haiti into a brutal crisis. Although the
provision of adequate shelters for almost 3 million people is needed in the short term, facilitating long-term sustainable
community solutions requires careful planning and engagement, with an understanding that the most important
immediate deliverables include public structures and infrastructures, as well as houses.
Harvard and MIT were originally charged by Deutsche Bank and the Clinton Foundation with the development of a small
125 unit Exemplar community at the outskirts of Port au Prince. In the face of 500,000 homes needed, we substantially
increased our scope and scale of study. Rather than remaining confined to five hectares and delivering a housing
layout, we strove to design a process for incremental urbanization of the whole north-western periphery of the city. We
expanded our scope to preempt three dangers produced by the strong political push for housing: building houses first
without consideration for ecological forces of soil and water systems on site, second without understanding long-term
infrastructural requirements; and, third without building livelihoods, job opportunities and job training. Failure to address
these three critical issues will cause any new development to fail and set the stage for potential calamity in the long run.
To that end, we propose the following core principles which must be addressed in order to achieve successful, sustainable,
community development:
Weaving, Wiring and Replicability

As academic institutions, Harvard and MIT are concerned above all with developing projects that can serve as effective
models for solving the complex problems of resettlement in the Port au Prince region. A real opportunity exists for
Zoranje to initiate and demonstrate a replicable reconstruction process for more greenfield sites around Port au Prince.
To that end, this proposal weaves and wires the Zoranje site into an integrated community, while also connecting it to
the larger urban development processes, material and energy streams of Port au Prince. It tests this process for one
of the many forms of city development; in this case, new neighborhoods on the periphery of Port au Prince. By pairing
new communities like Zoranje with at-risk and damaged communities within the city, de-densification could occur in a
healthy and replicable manner.
Building Community + Neighborhood Resilience

Infrastructure: Central infrastructures in Port au Prince, such as water, power and sanitation, are intermittent at best,
thus making the provision of decentralized systems crucial to communities on the periphery. The choice of specific
technologies is critical to long-term sustainability, and this document suggests areas of research that can inform the
selection of such techniques and technologies. Moreover, opportunities exist to couple infrastructures with job creation,
as well as other infrastructures, thereby strengthening the community fabric and its resiliency to future shocks. The
development of the communitys infrastructural core has a critical effect on urban form, and a credible site plan cannot
6 be developed without this assessment.
Incremental Construction: Providing houses without careful consideration of building materials, community involvement
and social issues has repeatedly failed in similar circumstances throughout the world. A replicable model must offer
options of housing types and involve Haitian materials and labor. While some families may benefit from receiving a fully
constructed unit, others may be better positioned to build their own houses with the guidance of master builders, if
provided the opportunity and land to do so. It is not feasible financially or physically to meet the current housing need in
Haiti by only providing completed housing units. Other incremental models must be developed and deployed.
Land Ownership: Unclear land ownership is one of the largest obstacles in Haitis reconstruction. From the study of
ecological systems on site it becomes clear that the current piecemeal urbanization approach based on the random
availability of property is destructive to any durable infrastructure and city planning efforts. Although solutions for this
legal conundrum are outside of our study, our design process is grounded in the assumption that new instruments will
come to fruition such as more expedient titling, long term leasing options, or the use of eminent domain in the face of
this major humanitarian crisis.
Empowerment through Employment

Under these circumstances, execution of housing without consideration for job creation is likely to cause significant
problems in the short and long-term. Based on experience and research, an isolated housing development is likely to
quickly devolve into a slum, creating conditions of great hostility among existing residents. No form of urban design
or security forces can make up for deficiency of employment or entrenched social isolation. Therefore, this document
proposes how jobs and job training may be generated through the construction process itself, and can serve as a uniting
element within the broader community.
In order to attain a successful community in the long-term, the design team and community must work holistically.
Therefore, the proposed sites for construction cannot be seen in isolation from the existing Zoranje Community and other
proposed projects in the area. The project design must also account for the larger bio-physical context within which the
site is located, including rivers, soil and climate conditions. It is of the utmost importance to perform proper soil and
water surveys before any construction or planning occurs. If these basic planning principles are abandoned in favor of
building for the sake of building, the next catastrophe is inevitable. In contrast, through the process outlined in this book,
a successful community can be developed in Zoranje, and may further serve as a model for other urbanization attempts
in the periphery of Port au Prince.
We are obviously in the beginning stages of developing this process and many questions remain to be solved. This report
is our first attempt of structuring our thoughts to the extremely complex topic of new housing in the periphery of Port-au-
Prince. It is obviously imperfect and a work in progress; therefore we seek to elicit as many comments as possible. Please
write to: DesigningProcessinHaiti@gsd.harvard.edu
Christian Werthmann
Phil Thompson
Anya Brickman Raredon
Dan Weissman
7
DESIGNING PROCESS
EXEMPLAR NETWORK Haitian Govt.

CIAT
Project Sponsorship Client: Exemplar Committee
Private Sector + Foundations ECD Foundation
Deutsche Bank
Leslie Voltaire
Honorary Chairman
Gary Hattem
DIgicel Foundation Maryse Kedar Zoranje Community Groups

Josefa Gauthier Chairman
2nd VP
IDB: Inter-American Development Bank COO
Arcindo Santos
Greg Mevs
OneXone Land Owner Jean_Frederic Sales
Joey Adler Secretary Legal Advisory
Clinton Foundation Charles Clermont

Greg Milne Treasurer
Other Private Sector Players Concept Design + Research

IBI/DAA
Harvard GSD Social Agency Lab
Rene Hubert MIT School of Architecture + Planning
Frantz Fanfan Verella
Project Managment
Andy Meira
Clinton Foundation
Professional Design Partner

Potential NGO Partners John Mcaslan+ Parners
VivaRio Nick Rutherford
Architecture for Humanity
Pan American Development Fund
YouthBuild International Construction Documentation
AFL/CIO
Oxfam and Observation
TBD
Prodepur
Engineer + Landscape
Civils, Infrastructure, Structure, MEP
8
BACKGROUND
Harvard Graduate School of Design

Dean Moshen Mostafavi
Hashim Sarkis Joyce Rosenthal Anna Clark Baker

Aga Khan Professor of Professor of Urban Planning Master of Landscape Architecure AP, 2012
Landscape Architecture and Process Replicability Bamboo/Agricultures
Urbanism in Muslim Societies
Documentation
Tomas Folch
Master of Landscape Architecure AP, 2012
Project Lead Project Manager
Topography, Drainage
Christian Werthmann Dan Weissman
Associate Professor of Landscape Architecture Master of Design Studies, 2012
Landscape Urban Design
Urban Design Building Technology + Climate Nathan King
Doctor of Design, 2012
Infrastructure Infrastructure
Building Technology
DESIGN
RESEARCH
David Quinn
TEAM Project Lead Project Manager PhD Candidate
Phil Thompson Anya Brickman Raredon Project Phasing
Associate Professor of Urban Politics and Planning Master of City Planning, 2011 Building Technology
Social Dynamics Social Dynamics
Networking Infrastructure
Financing Miriam Solis
Master of City Planning, 2012
Water Technologies
James Buckley Larry Sass
Lecturer in Housing Professor of Architecture
Building Technology Shomon Shamsuddin
PhD Candidate
Social, housing, finance
Emily Lo
MIT School of Architecture + Planning Master of Architecture candidate
Dean Adele Naude Santos
9
DESIGNING PROCESS
INTRODUCTION:
SCOPE OF DESIGN RESEARCH
Harvard and MIT were originally charged by Deutsche Bank with the
development of a small 125 unit Exemplar community at the outskirts of
Port au Prince. In the face of 500,000 units needed in Port au Prince we
decided to substantially increase the scope and scale of the study. Rather
than remaining confined to five hectares and delivering a housing layout,
we strove to design a process for incremental urbanization of the whole
north-western periphery of the city. Through the analysis process, we
identified three scales of engagement, and four territories for which to
investigate and produce a body of research, as illustrated by this diagram.
10
BACKGROUND
Social Ecologies
Delmas 32 PT / JR
Tatiana's Sites - USAID Cuban homes - whos moving in there? Whos living here?
Building Expo - Who will be moving in? Connections back to PaP
Replicability JR
Academic pursuits
Learning and Documentation
Design Budget? PT, CW
People / Numbers
Natural Ecologies
Geology Tree / plant material Dranage Capacities GSD
Hydrology Rivers/Floodplains Micro-topography
Hurricanes + Tsunamis Fertile Soils Micro-Climates
Soils Food Crops
Earthquakes Topography
Flora + Fauna
InfrastructuresCommunity based, independent from Port au Prince.

Transportation Roads MIT
Tap Taps walking/bike paths
Water GSD/ MIT
Cisterns + Storm Drainage Potable Water Systems
MIT Solar desalinization Technology VivaRio
Waste GSD
MSW Collection connected to nutrient cycle
waste remediation facility(s) Methane Harvesting + Fertilizer
compost Waste Composting Toilets
Recycling facility
Energy GSD/ MIT
Renewables vs fossil fuels Daylighting + Natural Ventilation
micro-generation + community scaled micro-grid Plug Loads & Cooking
Spatial Design
landscapes GSD
Agriculture
Greenhouses - commercial growing
Community Gardens
Bamboo
Industries
CNC Fab Lab
building trade vocational school
Alternative Energy manufacture: wind turbines/ other
Architectures + Urbanisms GSD
Public Spaces Residential
church Laundry Facilities
Clinic/hospital
car mechanic/tire repair
grocery/market
Materials GSD/ MIT
CNC local Fab Lab
Bamboo
Concrete, steel, wood, glass, Gabions
Gabions
Reggis DesRoches - Rubble research
Construction LS
AFL/CIO PT
YouthBuild
Hatian American Contractors
Local help for labor + vocational training
Port au Prince Zorange Area Zorange Site

11
DESIGNING PROCESS
SITE VISIT: PORT AU PRINCE MARCH 24-27, 2011

MIT: Phil Thompson, Anya Brickman Raredon
Harvard: Christian Werthmann, Dan Weissman
A team from Harvard and MIT traveled to Port au prince in March 2011 to
meet with stake-holders, potential NGO partners and the community at
Zoranje to understand the existing conditions and challenges. During the
trip, the team also saw the current situation in and around Port au Prince,
including the Caanan camp in the North Pole hills, as well as the NGO
VivaRio, introducing innovative water, sanitation and energy technologies
within Port au Prince.
12
BACKGROUND
Canaan
Zoranje / Exemplar Site
Airport
VivaRio
Delmas 32
Downtown
Hotel Montana
PetionVille

Miles
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13
DESIGNING PROCESS
PORT AU PRINCE
14
BACKGROUND
~3.5 Million in Port au Prince

~70% Unemployed
~680,000 Still in Tents
15
DESIGNING PROCESS
CANAAN TENT CITY

30,000 PEOPLE AND GROWING
The Caanan camp is a sprawling development in the hills north of Port au

Prince (the city is in the distance above). At 30,000 inhabitants and growing,
this camp makes visible the extreme need for sustainable community
development in and around Port au Prince. Likely, this camp will not only
remain, but become solidified as a new urban condition unless superior
options for life become available.
16
BACKGROUND
Canaan
Zoranje

Miles
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17
DESIGNING PROCESS
ZORANJE COMMUNITY MEETING

25 MARCH 2011
A community meeting at the Zoranje site, lead by Maryse Kedar, provided
insight into the desires and urgent needs of the existing residents.
18
BACKGROUND
ANYA BRICKMAN RAREDON

MIT PLANNING
ANDY MEIRA MARYSE KEDAR CHRISTIAN

PROJECT MANAGEMENT
CHAIRMAN | 2ND VP | COO WERTHMANN
CLINTON FOUNDATION GSD LANDSCAPE
PHIL THOMPSON
LESLIE VOLTAIRE MIT PLANNING
HONORARY CHAIRMAN
DAN WEISSMAN ARCHITECT + PLANNER
GSD SOCIAL AGENCY
19
DESIGNING PROCESS
FIVE PRINCIPLES
In the face of emergency and great suffering one has
to bring relief fast. In building a city, rushed housing
construction might bring short term relief, but will
cause long term suffering and in the end result in
further calamity.
Therefore through the development of this document,

the MIT/Harvard Design team has identified five core
principles critical to the success of the Exemplar
project, and the Zoranje community as a whole.
20
BACKGROUND
WEAVING + WIRING
Consider the Larger Context
Protection and Utilization of Natural Capital
500,000 Homes Needed vs 125 Proposed
REPLICABILITY
Self-Replicating
Definition of Process
Documentation and Planning for Hand-Off
BUILDING COMMUNITY
Infrastructure
Public space
Participation
Incremental approach
NEIGHBORHOOD RESILIENCE
Self-Sufficiency
Disaster Preparedness
EMPOWERMENT THROUGH EMPLOYMENT

$$ Vocational Training
Housing + infrastructure Construction as Employment
Farming and regenerative Building Materials
Management of infrastructures and Community Processes
21
DESIGNING PROCESS
DESIGNING RESILIENCE
22
PEOPLE
LAND
WATER
23
DESIGNING PROCESS
01 PORT AU PRINCE
+ Situation
+ Strategies
+ Research Opportunities
183745 | W721910
Mid-Century Port au Prince

Source: The Nature Conservancy
24
25
DESIGNING PROCESS
EARTHQUAKE JAN 12 2010
The earthquake in January 2010 served to exacerbate an already critical

situation of poor housing, lack of access to employment, services in Port au
Prince Haiti. With the epicenter just south of downtown Port au Prince, poorly
constructed buildings on alluvial grounds caused massive destruction. The
research trajectories outlined within this document will seek to provide
alternative building construction methods, technologies and materials for
this earthquake prone area.
Moreover, as has been suggested, the massive erosion due to deforestation

may well have been part of the cause of the earthquake. Therefore,
the reforestation of lands for erosion control critical to the long-term
sustainability of Haiti must be.
26
01.1 PORT AU PRINCE SITUATION
Widespread Damage
Heavy Damage
Zoranje Community
Moderate Damage not heavily effected
Areas Not Mapped
Suburban areas had
mixed levels of devastation

Miles
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Enriquillo-Plantain Garden Fault
Sources:
Map based on data from CNES's SPOT-5, JAXA's ALOS and the U.S.-based GeoEye-1 satellites; processed by SERTIT
7.0 Quake Epicenter
27
DESIGNING PROCESS
LIFE AFTER ONE YEAR
28
Haiti Population In Port au Prince Haitians Effected by Quake Homeless [PaP]

9.7 million 3 Million? 3 million 1.5 Million
Refugees In tents [PaP] Estimated Deaths Injuries Prople Living In Poverty

680,000 220,000 200,000 80%
29
DESIGNING PROCESS
HURRICANES
Beyond the massive earthquake, hurricanes pose a regular and increasing

threat to Haiti as the effects of climate change intensify storms. In 2008
Port au Prince was inundated by Hurricane Ike, and Tomas before that. The
Zoranje site lies between two rivers in a flood plain and will be affected by
future stronger storms.
Port au Prince Devastation after Hurricane Ike, 2008
30
HISTORICAL CATEGORY 5 HURRICANES IN THE CARIBBEAN
31
DESIGNING PROCESS
UNCLASSIFIED
U.S. Department of State
hiu_info@state.gov
http://hiu.state.gov
Haiti: Multi-Hazard Risk, Major Disasters and Severity (1998 - 2010)
H UMA N I TAR IAN IN F OR MATION UNI T
To r t uga TS
Je
Year Month Disaster Killed Affected I s l a nd 200 anne
2010 Jan EQ 230,000 3 mil. (est) 4
2009 Sep-Oct FL/LS 10 2,796
HU Debby - 2000
Area of
Interest
2009 May FL 11 9,910
Nord-
2008 Aug-Sep TS, HU 698 246,056
Ouest
2007 Aug-Dec HU, FL, TS 143 191,028 Cap !
Hatien
TS A
2007 Mar-Jul FL/LS 20 29,014
2006 Aug-Nov HU, FL 16 39,700 Nord
lph
2005 Jul-Nov HU, FL 88 42,061
a
HU
Nord-Est
- 20
2004 Sep HU 2,757 322,094
No
HU
05
!
Gonaves
el
2004 May FL 2,665 31,283 G eor
-
ges
20
2003 Aug-Dec FL/LS 88 162,225
- 199
07
2001 May FL 26 5,081 8 Artibonite
2000 Dec FL 16 1,200
1998 Sep HU 190 12,029
HU - Hurricane, TS - Tropical Storm, FL - Flood, LS - Landslide, EQ - Earthquake TS - Olga - 2007 !
DOMINICAN
Saint-
Centre
Haitis river basins and coastal delta areas
Marc
REPUBLIC
have the highest hazard risk, mostly as a TS Fay
result of flooding from heavy rains, tropical - 2008
storms, and hurricanes. Deforestation and
erosion exacerbates the risk of landslides
associated with floods and heavy rains. !
Arcahaie
HU G G o n ve
Jremi usta I s l a nd
! v -2
00
8 PORT-AU- Zoranje
Leogane PRINCE
Jiman
Grand'Anse Petite-
Gove
!
!
N ippes !
! Ouest Multi-Hazard Risk
Low
Camp
Perrin ! High
Sud-Est
Sud Jacmel !
Earthquake
epicenter (Jan 10)
!
HU Les Cayes Major fault line (approx.)
Er HU/TS track
ne National capital
s to City
- 20 River
06 0 20 40 kilometers
Department
0 20 40 miles
boundary
Names and boundary representation are not necessarily authoritative.
UNCLASSIFIED Sources: EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database (2010); UNEP/UNDP/UN-ISDR/World Bank 2009 Global Risk Data Platform February 23, 2010 - U139 2-10 STATE (HIU)
32
Zoranje
33
DESIGNING PROCESS
Zoranje
34 Source: http://reliefweb.int
Zoranje
35
DESIGNING PROCESS
PORT AU PRINCE DEVELOPMENT PLANS
In recent years multiple plans have been developed by various parties for the
growth of Port au Prince. Even before the earthquake it was well understood
that the density of Port au Prince created a dangerous condition that must
be alleviated. After the earthquake, Duany Plater-Zyberk & Company
developed a series of urban plans aimed at redeveloping downtown Port au
Prince following New Urbanist principles. The plan suggests using rubble
to fill in the bay to create new land, while also developing land to the north
of Port au Prince, as seen here.
2004
Plan-Programme De Development De la Sone Metropolitaine de
Port-Au-Prince Accord Banque Interamericaine de Development -
36 Government Haitien
2010
Duany Plater-Zyberk Plans
c/o IBI/DAA
37
DESIGNING PROCESS

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01.2 PORT AU PRINCE STRATEGIES
1.2 PORT-AU-PRINCE STRATEGIES
39
DESIGNING PROCESS
REPLICABILITY
The primary filter to all strategies proposed within the Exemplar project
must be replicability. With an estimated 500,000 homes needed across Port
au Prince region, it is critical for this project to provide solutions that are
process driven and could be repeated without the presence of our American
Institutions.
40
Homes Needed
500,000
Exemplar Homes
125
41
DESIGNING PROCESS
STRATEGIES FOR DE-DENSIFICATION

Our study for an exemplar community is one of four basic urban
strategies for the de-densification and reconstruction of Port-
au-Prince:
1: REPAIR AND RECONNECT DAMAGED CORE NEIGHBORHOODS
2: REPAIR AND INFILL LOW DENSITY SUBURBAN NEIGHBORHOODS
3. CREATE NEW COMMUNITIES ON SELECT GREEN FIELDS IN THE PERIPHERY
4. STRENGTHEN LIVELIHOOD OF RURAL COMMUNITIES TO ACCEPT FAMILIES FROM P-A-P
ALL FOUR STRATEGIES NEED TO BE PURSUED AT ONCE.
42
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Note: Locations speculative. Study needed to determine optimal locations 43

DESIGNING PROCESS
THESE FOUR STRATEGIES MUST BE CONNECTED.

Given the four strategies, dedensifying Port au Prince is a critical first
step. We propose strategically pairing specific communities within Port au
Prince with sites outside of the central city as a way of maintaining existing
community structures while also targeting the most environmentally
precarious locations within the city.
For example, many neighborhoods throughout Port au Prince contain large

tent camps built on privately owned industrial land, as well as many homes
in various states of destruction, and many located within sensitive riparian
corridors. The possibility exists to survey these families, identify their current
living conditions, and assess appropriate incentives to move out to Zoranje.
44
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DESIGNING PROCESS
COMMUNITY PAIRING
By providing incentives, volunteers

from the crowded Port au Prince
neighborhood within Port au Prince could
move to Zorange, allowing areas within
urban neighborhoods to be redeveloped.
Strategic relocations would be based
on needs for new infrastructures such
as water and sanitation, the addition of
public space, other environmental risk
zones, and social dynamics.
46
47
DESIGNING PROCESS
PROCESS OF DE-DENSIFICATION
LINKING MULTIPLE PORT AU PRINCE COMMUNITIES WITH EXEMPLAR
COMMUNITIES
Over time, this process will be replicated in other communities, creating a

series of new neighborhoods around Port au Prince and across Haiti.
48
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DESIGNING PROCESS

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50
01.3 PORT AU PRINCE RESEARCH
1.3 PORT AU PRINCE RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES

+ Overall reconstruction strategy
+ Major projects inside city fabric
+ Infrastructure plans
+ Rubble clearance strategies
+ NGO structure and activities
51
DESIGNING PROCESS
2 ZORANJE AREA
+ Situation
+ Strategies
52
53
DESIGNING PROCESS Zones A Vocation Non Agricoles
Parcours Extensif Et Bois De Feu
Zones A Vocation Non Agricoles

*Before any construction starts, Zone En Cours D'erosion Acceleree
the fertility of the soils must be tested.
Zones Naturelles
A Conserver Mangrove
ZORANJE
REGIONAL GEOLOGIC + HYDROLOGIC CONDITIONSAgriculture Irriguee
Perimetre A Creer Par Controle De Nappe
Located in alluvial flood plane,
the Zoranje site has primarily
been used as agricultural land,
including sugar cane and banana Agriculture Irriguee
Perimetre A Creer Par Mobilisation Simple
plantations. Silts deposited over
millennia from the limestone
mountains to the north and Zones A Vocation Non Agricoles
south have resulted in a clay- Zone En Cours D'erosion Acceleree
filled lowland. The Zoranje site
is approximately 5 meters above
current sea levels.
Zones Naturelles A Conserver

Mangrove
0M
Agriculture Irriguee
perimetre A Rehabiliter
60
Zone En Cours D'erosion Acceleree
54 Zones A Vocation Non Agricoles

Zone En Cours D'erosion Acceleree
Parcours
Harvard University Graduate School of Design Social Agency Lab + Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Extensif
Architecture Et Bois De2011
& Planning, Feu
02.1 ZORANGE AREA SITUATION
ZORANGE
55
DESIGNING PROCESS
ZORANJE AREA WATER

Before any construction and planning starts the condition and location of
these elements have to be known:
+ Drainage
+ Topography
+ Rivers and streams
+ Flood plains
+ Water table
+ Aquifer
56
HISTORIC SUGAR CANE PLANTATION

SOURCE: THE NATURE CONSERVANCY
57
DESIGNING PROCESS
EXISTING CONDITION
North
58
BIG RISK
RUSHED AND SHORT SIGHTED
HOUSING CONSTRUCTION
OCCUPIES ONE OF THE LARGEST
COHESIVE LANDSCAPES IN THE
PERIPHERY OF THE CITY.
North
59
DESIGNING PROCESS
IF THE FERTILE SOILS OF THIS FLOOD

PLAIN ARE JUST BUILT OVER, THE NEXT
CATASTROPHE IS PROGRAMMED.
60
02.1 ZORANJE AREA SITUATION
UK aid being unloaded and distributed in Haiti from the Royal Fleet Auxillary ship Largs Bay. Photo: DFID.
http://www.imaging-famine.org/blog/index.php/2011/01/haiti-and-the-truth-about-ngos/
61
DESIGNING PROCESS
IF THE WATER SYSTEMS OF THIS

FLOOD PLAIN ARE NOT THE DRIVING
FORCE BEHIND ANY FUTURE URBAN
LAYOUT, THE NEXT CATASTROPHE IS
PROGRAMMED.
62
02.1 ZORANJE AREA SITUATION
http://www.mpphaiti.org/who_we_are/aboutus/
63
DESIGNING PROCESS
IF THE NEW ZORANJE COMMUNITY IS

NOT OFFERED JOBS OR JOB TRAINING,
CRIME AND VIOLENCE ARE PRE-
PROGRAMMED.
64
65
DESIGNING PROCESS
66
2.2 ZORANJE AREA STRATEGIES
67
DESIGNING PROCESS
A RESILIENT URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN ZORANJE

SHOULD FOLLOW THESE STEPS:
68
STEP 1: IDENTIFY NO-BUILD ZONES:

+ FERTILE SOILS
+ FLOOD PLAINS
+ COASTAL AND RIPARIAN ECOSYSTEMS
+ GROUNDWATER INFILTRATION AND HURRICANE MITIGATION ZONES
WATER FLOW
100-300M
50M
INFILTRATION AREAS
1KM North
*Survey required to identify precise no-build zone locations.

This drawing is speculative. 69
DESIGNING PROCESS
STEP 2: DEVELOP URBANIZATION MODEL FOR BUILDABLE ZONES

+ DEVELOP INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGIES
+ INTEGRATION OF HOUSING WITH INFRASTRUCTURES AND AGRICULTURE
70
North

DESIGNING PROCESS
STEP 3: INCREMENTAL BUILD OUT AROUND NO-BUILD ZONES
72
Open land
No-Build Zones
North
1KM
Potential Infiltration Areas
New Urbanization
Existing Urbanization
DESIGNING PROCESS
WATER
TOWER
INFILTRATION AREA URBANIZATION
50 mt
FOREST (BAMBOO) AGRICULTURE

WATER TABLE
INFILTRATION: DRY DAY
WATER TABLE
INFILTRATION: RAINY DAY

74
INFILTRATION ZONES
75
DESIGNING PROCESS
76
2.3 ZORANJE AREA RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES
Land
+ Soil conditions
+ Permeability
+ Fertility of soils
Water + Climate
+ Weather data
+ Flooding data
+ Groundwater levels and quality
Urbanization
+ Existing infrastructures
+ Underground pipes
+ Possible urbanization patterns
+ Block sizes
77
DESIGNING PROCESS
3 ZORANJE SITE
+ Analysis
+ Strategies
78
EXISTING STATUS
+/- 300 Families
= 800-1000 People
+ 112 potential Families in Cuban/Venezuelan Housing
+ Building Expo Site
600M
79
DESIGNING PROCESS
SOUTH DEVELOPMENT
2.75m
14.5m
8.2m
(56) Cuban Built, Uninhabited duplexes

112 Families (to move in)
7m
Closest weather file: Puerto Rico

10m
16.5m 4.5m
(28) 4 Family Units

= 112 Families
2.75m
8m 9.5m
(81) Poor Single Family Homes
80
03.1 ZORANGE SITE SITUATION
NORTH DEVELOPMENT
81
DESIGNING PROCESS
COMMUNITY WATER INFRASTRUCTURE
82
COMMUNITY SPACES
83
DESIGNING PROCESS
IDB/FIES SITE
84
EXPO SITE
NOTHING WILL GROW HERE

DUE TO COMPACTED INORGANIC FILL
NEW POND DUE TO RUNOFF FROM COMPACTED FILL

85
DESIGNING PROCESS
PLAN PROVIDED BY EXEMPLAR COMMITTEE
EXPO
SUMMER 2011
86
We need jobs.
We need running
water! We need
access to food.
We need
a Church!
COMMUNITY DESIRES
87
DESIGNING PROCESS
ZORANJE SITE TRANSPORTATION INTO PORT AU PRINCE
es
ut
in
m
45
s
ur
ur
le
ho
ho
ur
ic
ho
h
5
Ve
2-
1.
1
p
ot
e
Ta
at
cl
Fo
cy
iv
p
By
Pr
Ta
Bi
88
m
10k
ce
P rin
au
rt
Po
to
ce
tan
Dis
89
DESIGNING PROCESS
ZORANJE SITE ANALYSIS EXISTING AMENITIES + SERVICES
90
Community Building
Playground
Sport Field
Small Scale Agriculture
(~100) Middle-Income Homes + Retail Block Banana Farming
Route 9
Kedar Pre-School and Elementary School
Basketball Court Entrance

Amphitheater
(56) Cuban Built, Uninhabited duplexes

For 112 Families
expo
Swimming Pool [currently not working]

New gravel fill
New Pond
Bodega
Sporadic urbanization
(81) Poor Single Family Homes
(28) 4 Family Units = 112 Families
New gravel fill
North
25 50 100 200M
91
Water Source
DESIGNING PROCESS
ZORANJE SITE URBAN DESIGN DEFICITS

Well Structured
Oversized
Edge Missing
Community Entrance?
Undefined Streetscape
Incohesive
placement
expo
of objects
Expo sporadic placement
Public Space Needed
Rte 9
Hole
North
92 25 50 100 200M
ZORANJE SITE NEED FOR CONNECTIONS
expo
Conclusions
The Zoranje site is moderately isolated, a condition both
positive and negative implications. This condition allows for
Rte 9
the community to potentially grow in a somewhat controlled
manner, mediating between an agrarian industry and a small
town community. However, isolation can also be problematic
if residents find themselves without work. Significant
unemployment within the community will only lead to unrest,
and without outlets for easy mobility, unrest may reveal itself
in destructive actions.
North
25 50 100 200M
93
DESIGNING PROCESS
ZORANJE SITE CLIMATE ANALYSIS
Port au Princes climate is similar to much of the Caribbean, with intense

overhead sun, trade winds from the east and heavy rainfall, especially during
Hurricane season. In order to analyze building designs and landscape,
weather files are used. Since Port au Prince does not have the data to
support a weather file, initial studies are being performed with the weather
file from Mayaguez, Porto Rico. However, we suggest that a weather station
be erected on the Zoranje Site to collect data on wind patterns, rain fall, Cuba:
Santiago de Cuba Port au Prince
humidity and solar radiation.
782640 (SWERA) Puerto Rico:
Mayaguez-Eugenio Maria
de Hostos AP 785145
(TMY3)
Available Climate Data
94
Solar Radiation
This chart maps solar Radiation and location in Mayaguez, Puerto Rico,
approximately 540km east of Port au Prince, since no data of this sort has
been collected at Port au Prince. However Assumption that Port au Prince
receives similar sun. The chart shows that in the winter the sun climbs to
DERXW DW QRRQ DQG LQ WKH VXPPHU WKH VXQ LV GLUHFWO\ RYHUKHDG 7KLV
has direct implications on building design, suggesting the need for well
ventilated roofs with generous overhangs. The colors representing solar
radiation indicate the potential for solar photovoltaics, which have been
studied by many NGOs and industries for application in Haiti.
Diagram Created in Ecotect Weather Tool
95
DESIGNING PROCESS
+/- 1300mm / year

ZORANJE SITE RAINFALL 1 5 0 mm
1 0 0 mm
5 0 mm
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Average Precipitation in Port-au-Prince, Haiti
www.weather-and-climate.com, 2009
ROOFTOP COLLECTION POTENTIALS
125 unit calculation:

x 50 m2 (roof surface of 2 story house) 5,460,000 litres/year
= 6000m2 of roof area
x 1300mm (1.3m) Contrast with Average need of 5 person household:
= 7800 m3 125 Units x 100L/day =
x 0.7 (coefficient of capture) 62,500L/Day x 365 =
= 5460 m3
5,460,000 liters/year 22,812,500 Liters/Year NOT ENOUGH
96
ZORANJE SITE WINDS + HURRICANES Winds in the Caribbean generally blow from the east in the summer, with
reversing direction in the winter. Data from Port au Prince's airport over
the past 2 years shows average speeds of 10-20km/h, with gusts up to 40-
50km/h. Verification is needed on site to determine optimal potential for
passive ventilation and energy production.Hurricanes generally move from
the east to northwest.
WInd Rose location: Mayaguez, PR | Created in Climate Advisor
Port au Prince Airport: Wind Data 2009 + 2010: Source: www.wunderground.com
97
DESIGNING PROCESS
98 Drawing by Anna Clark Baker

03.2 ZORANJE SITE STRATEGIES
3.2 STRATEGIES FOR ZORANJE
99
DESIGNING PROCESS
IS IT ONLY ABOUT THE CREATION OF HOUSING?
100
Where can I play?
Where will I work?

Where is my school?
How will I feed my

children?
OR...
...IS IT ABOUT THE CREATION OF LIVELIHOODS?
101
DESIGNING PROCESS
IS IT ABOUT THE LOCATION OF 525 HOUSING UNITS?
102
?
?
expo
? ??
?
Rte 9
?
?
North
25 50 100 200M
103
DESIGNING PROCESS
OR IS IT ABOUT THE CREATION OF A COMMUNITY?
104
Services
+Church
+Medical Clinic
+Vocational school(s)
+Market
Infrastructures
+Sanitation
+Energy
+Water Provisions
+Food Provisions
+Transportation
+Adult and Juvenile Education
Industries
+Material Bank
expo
+Bamboo farm + production facility

+Design/build production space
+Car mechanic/tire repair
+Alternative energy manufacturing
+Food Processing Facility
Rte 9
North
25 50 100 200M
105
DESIGNING PROCESS
HAITIANS HAVE A GREAT CAPACITY TO CONSTRUCT ON THEIR OWN.

With some guidance and instruction Haitians can build safe and sound houses without developers.
$XXX $X,XXX
1 Building Pad with Uitlities 2 Building Pad with Kitchen
$X,XXX $XX,XXX
3 Building Pad with Kitchen 4 Full House

and bath and living room
106
107
DESIGNING PROCESS
WHAT IF WE BUILD A COMMUNITY CENTER, CONSTRUCTION

TRAINING CENTER, WATER AND WASTE REMEDIATION
CENTER FIRST?
THEN, THE FIRST CLASS OF 50 STUDENTS WILL BUILD THE

FIRST 50 HOUSES.
12.2011
6.2011
9.2011
108
PHASE 1
Religious Building
Community Plaza
Expo site used as Material Bank

temporary homes for new
construction students
Recycling center +
Waste Collection
Construction
training school
Agriculture/bamboo forest
water recharge areas
water remediation facility
Exemplar
development
109
DESIGNING PROCESS
THE NEXT CLASS OF 100 STUDENTS WILL BUILD 100

HOUSES, A COMMUNITY CENTER, RELIGIOUS BUILDING
AND FARMING SCHOOL.
THE NEXT CLASS OF 100 STUDENTS WILL BUILD 100 MORE

HOUSES, NEW STREETS, PLAZAS, SEWAGE AND POTABLE
WATER PROVISIONS. 12.2011
6.2011
9.2011
3.2012
110
PHASE 2
Agricultural
training school
New Public and

commercial
buildings
Added Homes
Commercial
Arcade
IDB Homes
completed
111
DESIGNING PROCESS
THE CONSTRUCTION TRAINING CENTER WILL BE

EXPANDED TO TRAIN 200 STUDENTS. 200 MORE HOUSES
WILL BE BUILT. EXPANSION
12.2011
6.2011
9.2011
3.2012
6.2012
9.2012
112
PHASE 3
New homes
develop
Expo site
urbanized
Expansion towards
Rte 9 begins to grow
113
DESIGNING PROCESS
FROM THERE WE CAN GROW FURTHER...
AND FURTHER...
12.2011
6.2011
9.2011
3.2012
6.2012
9.2012
into the future...

114
PRIMARY
STREET
PEDESTRIAN
PATH
SECONDARY
STREET
North
25 50 100 200M
*Survey of agricultural land and water sources required to identify

precise build locations. This drawing is diagrammatic.
115
DESIGNING PROCESS
PHASE 1
+ INHABITABLE HOUSING + BUILDING EXPO +INHABIT EXPO AS TEMPORARY HOMES

+ ELEMENTARY SCHOOL +DIG SWALES +CONSTRUCTION TRAINING
SCHOOL [CTS]
+ INDIVIDUAL FARMING
HOMES
AGRICULTURE
ARCHITECTURE
INFRASTRUCTURE
SOCIAL STRUCTURE Today 50 days
+Existing resident survey
+ Establish incoming resident selection criteria
PHASING +Develop CTS curriculum
+Hire CTS administrator and staff
116
125 NEW FAMILIES
PHASE 2
+EXEMPLAR COMMUNITY +MATERIAL BANK +400 HOMES

+WASTE REMEDIATION +RECYCLING CENTER +RELIGIOUS SPACE: HURRICANE SHELTER
+BAMBOO FARM: WATER INFILTRATION +PERIMETER INDIVIDUAL PLOTS +MARKET + PLAZA
+INITIATE MICROGRID +STREET TREES PLANTED +IMPLEMENT RENEWABLE ENERGY
100 days 150 days 200 days

+ Hire community management office and staff
+ Identify feeder community + survey residents
+ Develop social services provision plan
+ Implement appropriate financial models for incoming residents
+ Identify and engage local partners for implementation of social services
117
DESIGNING PROCESS
525 NEW FAMILIES 1000 NEW FAMILIES
PHASE 3
+INCREMENTALLY CONSTRUCTED HOMES

+HEALTH CLINIC +MUNICIPAL BUILDING +ARCADES
+AGRICULTURAL TRAINING SCHOOL +CAR MECHANIC
+AGRICULTURAL TRAINING PLOTS
+GREENHOUSES
300 days 1 year 400 days 500 days
+ Agricultural training curriculum

+ Maintain and develop social programs
+ Develop and implement long term community government structure
118
2000 NEW FAMILIES 3000 NEW FAMILIES 4000 NEW FAMILIES
PHASE 4
+EXPANSION BACK TOWARD ROUTE 9 +FUTURE CONSTRUCTION SITES

+UPPER SCHOOL BUILT
+EXPAND MARKET +ATERNATIVE ENERGY MANUFACTURING
2 years 4 years 8 years
119
DESIGNING PROCESS
TYPICAL STREET SECTIONS
HOUSING MAIN STREET HOUSING

1m 2.5m 7m 2.5m 1m
SECTION PRIMARY STREET

1:200
120
0.5% SLOPE 0.00
-0.50
STORMWATER SWALE
HOUSING STORMWATER SWALE HOUSING
2m 2,5m 1,5m 8m 2m 1m
PEDESTRIAN CROSSPATH
1:200
Sections by Tomas Folch 121

DESIGNING PROCESS
Kedar School
Meeting Place with

COMMUNITY ENTRANCE solar panels and water
collection
Kedar Schoolon roof
Kedar School
Creating a new entrance plaza to Zoranje is critical to the success of the

community. It acts as a gateway and a banner to show that the community
is thriving. A well designed community religious building will serve as an
anchor on the north end, with a shopping market connecting the educational
facilities on the south with the play park on the north.
122
Multipurpose and
multidenominational
religious building
Zoranje Plaza
123
DESIGNING PROCESS
124
3.3 ZORANJE SITE RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES
125
DESIGNING PROCESS
STUDY GROWTH PATTERNS
expo
126
? North
25 50 100 200M
expo
expo
Rte 9
Rte 9
North North
25 50 100 200M 25 50 100 200M
Grid Property Divisions

expo
expo
Rte 9
Rte 9
North North
25 50 100 200M 25 50 100 200M
Grid Aligned North Radial 127

DESIGNING PROCESS
STUDY THE SEQUENCE AND URBAN COMPOSITION

OF ELEMENTS ON THE SITE
128
129
DESIGNING PROCESS
1. BUILD ARCADES ALONG PRIMARY ROADS INCLUDE WATER, SANITATION AND ENERGY
INFRASTRUCTURES
2. BUILD ANCHOR INSTITUTIONS
3. HOMES AND BUSINESSES WILL GROW OVER TIME
130
STUDY INFRASTRUCTURAL TOOLS SUCH AS INCUBATOR ARCADES
ARCADES HOMES AND

WATER BUSINESSES UNDER
TOWER CONSTRUCTION
WATER
INFRASTRUCTURE
131
DESIGNING PROCESS
$XX $X,
X XXX
1 Building Pad with Uitlities 2 Building Pad with Kitchen
$X, $XX
XXX ,XX
X
3 Building Pad with Kitchen 4 Full House

and bath and living room
132
STUDY INCREMENTAL HOUSING SCHEMES + PRECEDENTS
QUINTA MONROY RESIDENTIAL

DEVELOPMENT
ALEJANDRO ARAVENA OF
ELEMENTAL
PHOTOGRAPHER CRISTOBAL PALMA
SOURCE: WWW.DEZEEN.COM 133
DESIGNING PROCESS
STUDY CULTURAL COMMUNITY LIVING PATTERNS
+ TRADITIONAL SHOTGUN HOME + LAKOU COURTYARDS
+ CLUSTERS OF UNITS VS INDIVIDUAL HOMES?

+ TRADITIONAL SHOTGUN + CAJUN STYLE, LAKOU URBAN LAYOUTS?
134
SPORTS MARKET SQUARE COMMUNITY BUILDING DWELLING ALLOTMENT
AND OTHER GREENFIELD HOUSING PROPOSALS IN HAITI SETTLEMENT STATISTICS OVERALL SETTLEMENT PARCEL 1.0 HECTARE | 125 DWELLINGS | 500 INHABITANTS | 32 SQM FOR SINGLE UNIT PLOT (4M X 8M)
Community building at heart of settlement View towards the market square
RENAISSANCE PROJECT | HOPE FOR HAITI!%,,+((&,%1,-++(1''-+%(1+-5+ 400 POU 100: COMMUNAUT DURABLE
Green spaces between dwellings Inverted roofs collect rainwater for recycling
JOHN MCASLAN + PARTNERS

GERTHY LAHENS + PROFESSOR JAN WAMPLER | MIT JOHN MCCASLAN
INITIAL + PARTNERS [IDB + FIES]
CONCEPT MASTERPLAN DEUTSCHE BANK | DIGICEL | ONEXONE | PRODEV
2010 2011
135
DESIGNING PROCESS
STUDY BUILDING TECHNIQUES, TECHNOLOGIES
136 diagrams from Climate Consultant: www.energy-design-tools.aud.ucla.edu
AND REGENERATIVE BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION

Example: Bamboo Farming and Housing
Varieties currently grown by ORE in Haiti:
Bambusa Burmanica
Bambusa Edulis
Dendrocalamus Giganteus
Dendorcalamus Membranaceus
Gigantichloa Albociliata
Guadua Angustifolia Bicolor
Guadua Chacoensis
Thysosctachys Siamensis
Organizations supporting bamboo production operations in

Haiti
+ Organization for the Rehabilitation of the Environment (ORE)
http://www.oreworld.org/bamboo.htm
+ World Bamboo Organization (WBO)

http://www.worldbamboo.net/
+ CO2 Bambu
http://worldbamboo.net/housing-shelter/haiti-bamboo-housing-project-evolves-update/
+ The Haiti Bamboo Coalition Project

http://worldbamboo.net/housing-shelter/haiti-and-bamboo-one-year-later/
METI Handmade School
+ Developing Bamboo 200406
www.developingbamboo.org Rudrapur, Bangladesh
Anna Heringer and Eike Roswag Image credit: Kurt Hrbst
+ Kleiwerks International
http://www.kleiwerks.org/?s=haiti&x=0&y=0
Research compiled by Anna Clark Baker
137
DESIGNING PROCESS
existing provisions
STUDY WATER PROVISION
SOLAR-POWERED PORTABLE DESALINATION SYSTEM TO USE IN DISASTER ZONES AND REMOTE

REGIONS
138 MIT
AND DECENTRALIZED ENERGY PRODUCTION
Home-made Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Installed in Palestinian settlement by Comet-me NGO
Community, Energy and Technology in the Middle East
http://www.comet-me.org
139
DESIGNING PROCESS
STUDY WASTE COLLECTION AND RECYCLING STRATEGIES
CURRENT WASTE COLLECTION IN PORT AU PRINCE

140
AS WELL AS COUPLING SANITATION WITH ENERGY PRODUCTION
Bio-Digestor
Methane Harvesting
vivaRio
www.vivario.org.br
141
DESIGNING PROCESS
Solar Energy
Nitrogen in
atmosphere [N2]
Assimilation
Animals Plants
STUDY ENERGY, MATERIAL

Dentrifying
bacteria
AND FOOD CYCLES Decomposers

(aerobic and anerobic
bacteria and fungi)
Nitrates [NO3-]
Nitrogen-fixing
bacteria in root nodules
of legumes Ammonification Nitrifying Bacteria
Nitrification
Ammonium
Nitrates [NO2-)
[NH4+]
Nitrogen fixing Nitrifying
soil bacteria Bacteria
VIVARIO ALGAE/FISH POND
142
THROUGH INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGIES
143
DESIGNING PROCESS
STUDY AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
+ What Can Grow on the Site?

+ Soil Composition and Facility
+ Parcel Ownership? Rights to Farm?
+ Burn practices?
+ Profitable Crops?
144
AND THE POTENTIAL FOR COMMERCIAL PLANT GROWTH
145
DESIGNING PROCESS
CASE STUDY OF INNOVATIVE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION:

DIGITAL DESIGN AND FABRICATION
ARCHITECTURE, SELF PRODUCTION AND THE
INFORMATION AGE
LAWRENCE SASS
ARCHITECTURE PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE, MIT
This proposal outlines the potential use of digital fabrication machines
located within the community to create anything rom nic-nacks and toys to
furniture up to full-scale building construction. students quickly learn the

process using freely available software such as Google Sketch-up to create

any imaginable object.
146

!
"

#$%
&

'

&""

&
147
DESIGNING PROCESS
THE LIMITS OF PRE-FAB

Although Prefabrication techniques allow for construction in the factory
setting, generally the labor and materials are sourced at the factory setting
(likely outside of Haiti). Moreover, indirect costs such as transport and
customs make pre-fab an inappropriate choice for an Exemplar community.

(
"&"
THE VIRTUES OF FAB-LAB
Fab-Lab puts the construction technology in the community, creating jobs
and local knowledge.
148
)* '

+, -&.
149
DESIGNING PROCESS
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
The creation of building-scale parts begins by laying out pre-designed
templates in the computer to fit within standard stock, generally plywood.
All important structural moments are created within the material, and do
not rely on construction workers to fabricate. Additionally, other materials
such as plastic may be used in high-stress areas.
After cutting, parts are painted for weather-proofing, and may be assembled
using a mallet.
150
151
DESIGNING PROCESS
>

(
BLIND TO STYLE
(
>

(
Beyond an innovative approach to construction technology, FAB-Lab
offers the potential for re-appropriating vernacular traditions with new
technologies.
(

;

"
<
=
)
=

;

"
<
=
)
=

The Shotgun House: An African American Legacy

John

Vlach, in: Upton& Vlach 'Readings in American Vernacular Architecture," 1986.
152 $

$


153
DESIGNING PROCESS
4 SOCIAL + ECONOMIC PLANNING
154
04 SOCIAL PLANNING
WEAVING AND WIRING

CURRENT AND FUTURE RESIDENT ENGAGEMENT IN ALL ASPECTS OF PLANNING
+ Critical Institutions and Services:
Development of schools, health clinics, recreation facilities, retail opportunities, social services and
access to public transportation must all be considered in the planning process.
+ Develop cooperative ownership strategies for community assets
+ Community workshops and meetings throughout design and development process
+ Integrate job creation and training throughout process
155
DESIGNING PROCESS
HOUSE BAMBOO
FARMING
CONSTRUCTION HARVESTING
BRICK RUBBLE RECYCLING

MAKING CRUSHING + COMPOSTING
METI Handmade School

200406
Rudrapur, Bangladesh
156 Anna Heringer and Eike Roswag Image credit: Kurt Hrbst
04 SOCIAL PLANNING
JOB CREATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

+ PROBLEM: LIMITED ACCESS TO CREDIT
+ RESEARCH/DEVELOP INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS TO MAKING CREDIT MORE

ACCESSIBLE
+ ENCOURAGE PUBLIC/PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS, PARTICULARLY IN

CONSTRUCTION
+ INITIATE ON-SITE TRAINING PROGRAMS FOR CONSTRUCTION AND

MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE
157
DESIGNING PROCESS
HARD TO HOUSE FAMILIES:

ANTICIPATING POTENTIAL CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS
BASED ON A STUDY OF PUBLIC HOUSING IN CHICAGO THESE SERVICES AVERAGED

APPROXIMATELY $3,000/YEAR PER CLIENT. THE MAJORITY OF THE EXPENSES WENT
TOWARDS EMPLOYMENT (WAGE SUBSIDIES) AND DRUG TREATMENT. THE MODEL
ASSIGNED 1 CASE MANAGER FOR EVERY 25 RESIDENTS WITH 4 VISITS PER MONTH.
Source: Popkin, Susan J. Supporting Vulnerable Public Housing

Families: An Evaluation of the Chicago Family Case Management
Demonstration. Urban Institute, 2010. http://www.urban.org/
158 housing/supporting-Vulnerable-Public-Housing-Families.cfm
04 SOCIAL PLANNING
HEALTH CHALLENGES, WEAK OR NON-EXISTENT

PHYSICAL, MENTAL AND EMPLOYMENT
EMOTIONAL DRUG OR ALCOHOL
ABUSE LIMITED WORK SKILLS AND/OR
FORMAL EMPLOYMENT HISTORY
+ Intensive case management, e.g.
weekly meetings with clients + Transitional jobs and job training
+ Relocation counseling + 3 months of subsidized employment
+ Early assessment, connect needy + Regular counseling and advocacy
residents to appropriate services at outset support for new workers
LOW LITERACY LEVELS INABILITY TO QUALIFY

+ Education and financial literacy training
FOR CREDIT
+ Relocation rights contract offered
for those encouraged to move
+ Can be scaled: new unit with monthly
payments, slab with agreement for
construction training and sweat equity
159
DESIGNING PROCESS
160
04 SOCIAL PLANNING
A PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP
$$ FOR A SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY
+ ACTIVE RESIDENT OWNERSHIP AND CIVIC PARTICIPATION
+ COMMUNITY LAND TRUST OWNERSHIP OF SETTLEMENT WITH RESIDENT

PARTICIPATION IN GOVERNANCE
+ LOW MONTHLY OWNERS FEES PROVIDE FOR SETTLEMENT MAINTENANCE,

SECURITY AND COMMUNITY AMENITIES
+ FULL DEEDING AND TITLING OF LAND PARCELS AND STRUCTURES TO ALLOW FOR
OWNERS EQUITY TO BE DOCUMENTED FOR INHERITANCE AND FUTURE LEVERAGE
+ A STRATEGY OF PRIVATE SECTOR INVOLVEMENT AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
+ STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIPS WITH HAITIAN BANKS FOR SERVICING, OWNERSHIP

ASSISTANCE AND PROMOTION OF FINANCIAL LITERACY
+ DEUTSCHE BANK DESIGNED MORTGAGE FINANCE INSTRUMENTS TO ALLOW FOR

AN ECONOMICALLY INTEGRATED COMMUNITY WITH VARIOUS HOUSING PRODUCT
OPTIONS
+ INCREMENTAL HOUSING FINANCE MECHANISM TO ALLOW FOR HOUSING

EXPANSIONS OVER TIME
161
DESIGNING PROCESS HOMES
HOMES HOMES
HOMES
HOMES HOMES HOMES
HOMES HOMES
HOMES HOMES HOMES
AGRICULTURE
ARCHITECTURE HOMES HOMES
INFRASTRUCTURE HOMES
SOCIAL STRUCTURE HOMES HOMES
HOMES
HOMES
HOMES
HOMES HOMESHOMES HOMES
SOCIAL SERVICES PROVISION PLAN
DESIGNING PROCESS IN ZORANJE
HOMES SPORT FACILTIY
HOMES HOMES
HOMES GREENHOUSES HOMES
HOMES HOMES HOMES HOMES HOMES
HOMES
RECYCLING CENTER HOMES AGRICULTURAL TRAINING PLOTSHOMES
HOMES
MICROGRID HEALTH CLINIC HOMES
APPROPRIATE FINANCIAL MODELS FOR INCOMING RESIDENTS HOMES HOMES HOMES
DIG SWALES HOMES AGRICULTURAL TRAINING SCHOOL
HOMES MUNICIPAL BUILDING HOMES
RENEWABLE ENERGY HOMES HOMES HOMES
EXISTING RESIDENT SURVEY COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT OFFICE AND STAFF
HOMES MARKET HOMES
CONSTRURCTION TRAINING CURRICULUM HOMES
AGRICULTURAL TRAINING CURRICULUM
CONSTRUCTION TRAINING SCHOOL PERIMETER INDIVIDUAL PLOTS HOMES HOMES
ESTABLISH INCOMING RESIDENT SELECTION CRITERIA HOMES HOMES HOMES
HOMES RELIGIOUS SPACE HURRICANE SHELTER HOMES HOMES HOMES HOMES
IDENTIFY FEEDER COMMUNITY + SURVEY RESIDENTS HOMES UPPER SCHOOL
WASTE REMEDIATION
HOMES HOMES HOMES HOMES
HOMES MATERIAL BANK HOMES HOMES HOMES
IDENTIFY AND ENGAGE LOCAL PARTNERS HOMES
HOMES
FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF SOCIAL SERVICES ELEMENTARY SCHOOL HOMES
HOMES HOMES
BAMBOO FARM WATER INFILTRATION HOMES HOMES HOMES
HOMES HOMES
HOMES HOMES HOMES
HOMES HOMES HOMES

HOMES
HOMES HOMES
HOMES
HOMES NEW MARKET
HOMES
HOMES HOMES
HOMES
HOMES HOMES
1 2 3 4
HOMES
HOMES
HOMES
HOMES
162
S
163
DESIGNING PROCESS
DESIGNING PROCESSES ACROSS HAITI

A TRUE EXEMPLAR COMMUNITY
$$
164
4
4 3 3
4
3
3
3
4 2 3
2 2
3 2
4 4 3 3
2
2 2
3 2
2
3
20mi
30km
2 2 3
3 2 2
2
2 3
2 2
2 2
2
3
2
2
1
2
1 1 2
1
1 1
1
1 2 3
1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1
2 1
2 1
2
3
Miles
0 0.5 1 2 3 4
3 3

DESIGNING PROCESS
REFERENCES
Port au Prince Data
Duany Plater-Zyberk, Port au Prince Master Plans; IBI/DAA, 2010
Plan-Programme De Development De la Sone Metropolitaine de Port-Au-Prince Accord Banque
Interamericaine de Development - Government Haitien, 2004
Delmas 32 Community Plan; PADF, 2011
Design + Research
Climate responsive building : Appropriate building construction in tropical and subtropical regions. 1st ed. St.
Gallen, Switzerland: SKAT.1993.
Garde, Francois; Adelard, Laetitia; Boyer, H; Rat, C; Implementation and Experimental Survey of Passive
Design Specifications Used in New Los-Cost Housing Under Tropical Climates; Energy and Buildings 36,
2004, 353-366.
Hylkema, Amy L.; Haiti Soil Fertility Analysis and Crop Interpretations for Principal Crops in the Five WINNER
Watershed Zones of Intervention; Department of Soil and Water Science, University of Miami; 5.2011.
Iyer, Sreemathi; Guidelines For Building Bamboo-Reinforced Masonry In Earthquake-Prone Areas In India;
(Thesis) University of Southern California School of Architecture, 2002
3HWHUV &DWKHULQH DQG %RX =HLG (OLH :LQG (QHUJ\ IRU +DLWL 3URMHFW (QJLQHHULQJ 3URMHFWV LQ &RPPXQLW\
Service (EPICS), Princeton University, 2011
Steven Holl; Pamphlet Architecture 31: New Haiti Villages; Princeton Architectural Press, Princeton, NJ, 2011
166
Tantasavasdi, Chalermwat; Srebric, Jelena; Chen, Qingyan, Chen; Natural Ventilation Design for Houses in
Thailand; Energy And Buildings 33, 2001, 815-824.
van Lengen, Johan; The Barefoot Architect: A Handbook for Green Building; Shelter Publications, Bolinas CA,
2008
Social Dynamics
Goethert, Dr. Reinhard; and Tulier, Melody; CHILDREN, PARTICIPATION, GLOBAL CHALLENGES
AND EDUCATIONAL PRIORITIES; The SIGUS Group; School of Architecture and Planning; Massachusetts
Institute of Technology; Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2004.
Popkin, Susan J. Supporting Vulnerable Public Housing Families: An Evaluation of the Chicago Family Case
Management Demonstration. Urban Institute, 2010. http://www.urban.org/housing/supporting-Vulnerable-
Public-Housing-Families.cfm
SIGUS can do: Village Planning; Special Interest Group in Urban Settlement School of Architecture and
Planning; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; web.mit.edu/sigus/www
Statistical and Spatial Information

UNHCR http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49c3646cef.html
UN Food and Agriculture Organization http://www.fao.org/farmingsystems/mapstheme_12_en.htm
UNITAR: UN Institute for Training and Research
ISRIC
World Bank
Harvard Haiti Earthquake Data Portal http://cegrp.cga.harvard.edu/haiti/?q=resources_data
The Nature Conservancy
167
DESIGNING PROCESS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This book is published as the result of a research project initiated by the Deutsche Bank, with the support
of the Clinton Foundation. Thanks to Garry Hattem at Deutsche Bank and Greg Milne for supporting our
collective vision.
The authors wish to thank the Exemplar Executive Committee, including Leslie Voltaire, Maryse Kadar and
Greg Mevs, as well as to Dean Adle Zaud Santos, Dean Moshen Mostafavi and Professors Hashim Sarkis
and Rahul Mehrotra for their continued support and input of this work. Thanks also to Andy Miera for his in-
country support and continued collaboration.
Additional thanks to Frantz Fanfan Verella and Rene Hubert at IBI/DAA, Jeff Kerzner of PADF, Yolette Etienne
of Oxfam, Eric Cesal at Architecture for Humanity and Chris Ward at USAID for time and support in Port au
Prince and Boston.
Thanks to Harvard and MIT students Tomas Folch, Anna Clark Baker, Nathan King, Emily Lo, Eliot Glassman,
Megan Spigle Pablo Prez Ramos and Emily Schlickman for their contributions to the content and research
in this document.
We also thank Herbert Dreiseitl for assisting in envisioning a future site with a healthy relationship to water,
Professor Reinhart Goethert for his insights on incremental housing, and Professor Larry Sass for his Fab-
Lab contribution. Last but not least we thank the community of Zoranje who patiently answered our questions.
168

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DESIGNING PROCESS

Harvard University Graduate School of Design

2ND EDITION july 2011

Cover and Book Design

Printed in the USA by

Text set in DIN Medium and Georga

Port Au Prince, Haiti

INTRODUCTION Designing Process

Weaving, Wiring and Replicability

Building Community + Neighborhood Resilience

Empowerment through Employment

EXEMPLAR NETWORK Haitian Govt.

Project Sponsorship Client: Exemplar Committee

Private Sector + Foundations ECD Foundation

DIgicel Foundation Maryse Kedar Zoranje Community Groups

Clinton Foundation Charles Clermont

Other Private Sector Players Concept Design + Research

Professional Design Partner

Harvard Graduate School of Design

Hashim Sarkis Joyce Rosenthal Anna Clark Baker

Dean Adele Naude Santos

InfrastructuresCommunity based, independent from Port au Prince.

Port au Prince Zorange Area Zorange Site

SITE VISIT: PORT AU PRINCE MARCH 24-27, 2011

Zoranje / Exemplar Site

Port Au Prince, Haiti

~3.5 Million in Port au Prince

~680,000 Still in Tents

CANAAN TENT CITY

The Caanan camp is a sprawling development in the hills north of Port au

Port Au Prince, Haiti

ZORANJE COMMUNITY MEETING

ANYA BRICKMAN RAREDON

ANDY MEIRA MARYSE KEDAR CHRISTIAN

Therefore through the development of this document,

EMPOWERMENT THROUGH EMPLOYMENT

Mid-Century Port au Prince

EARTHQUAKE JAN 12 2010

The earthquake in January 2010 served to exacerbate an already critical

Moreover, as has been suggested, the massive erosion due to deforestation

Port Au Prince, Haiti

Enriquillo-Plantain Garden Fault

LIFE AFTER ONE YEAR

Haiti Population In Port au Prince Haitians Effected by Quake Homeless [PaP]

Refugees In tents [PaP] Estimated Deaths Injuries Prople Living In Poverty

Beyond the massive earthquake, hurricanes pose a regular and increasing

Port au Prince Devastation after Hurricane Ike, 2008

HISTORICAL CATEGORY 5 HURRICANES IN THE CARIBBEAN

PORT AU PRINCE DEVELOPMENT PLANS

Port Au Prince, Haiti

1.2 PORT-AU-PRINCE STRATEGIES

STRATEGIES FOR DE-DENSIFICATION

ALL FOUR STRATEGIES NEED TO BE PURSUED AT ONCE.

Note: Locations speculative. Study needed to determine optimal locations 43

THESE FOUR STRATEGIES MUST BE CONNECTED.

For example, many neighborhoods throughout Port au Prince contain large

Note: Locations speculative. Study needed to determine optimal locations 45

By providing incentives, volunteers

Over time, this process will be replicated in other communities, creating a

Note: Locations speculative. Study needed to determine optimal locations 49

Port Au Prince, Haiti

1.3 PORT AU PRINCE RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES

Zones A Vocation Non Agricoles

Zones Naturelles A Conserver