Differential Calculus

Differentiation of Algebraic Functions

d
1. dx (c )=0

d
2. (x )=1
dx
d du
3. (u)=
dx dx
d du
4. (cu)=c
dx dx
d du dv
5. (u+ v)= +
dx dx dx
d dv du
6. ( uv )=u + v
dx dx dx
d n du
7. (u )=nu n1
dx dx
du
8. d dx
( u)=
dx 2 u
du dv
vu
9. d u dx dx
( )=
dx v v 2

dy
dy 1 dy du du
10. = = =
dx dx du dx dx
dy du
dy
dy 1 dy du du
11. = = =
dx dx du dx dx
dy du

Differentiation of Logarithmic and Exponential Functions

du
1. d (log a u)= dx
dx u ln a
du du
log e
2. d dx dx
(log u )= =
dx u u ln 10
du
3. d dx
(ln u)=
dx u
d u u du
4. (a )=a ln a
dx dx
d u du
5. (e )=e u
dx dx
 d v du dv
6. (u )=v u v1 +uv ln u
dx dx dx
Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions
d du
1. dx (sin u )=cos u dx

d du
2. (cos u)=sin u
dx dx
d du
3. (tan u)=sec 2 u
dx dx
d 2 du
4. (cot u)=csc u
dx dx
d du
5. (sec u)=sec u tan u
dx dx
d du
6. (csc u )=csc u cot u
dx dx

Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

du
1. d (arcsin u)= dx
dx 1u2
du
2. d dx
(arccos u )=
dx 1u2
du
3. d dx
(arctan u)=
dx 1+ u2
du

4. d dx
(arccot u)=
dx 1+u2
du
5. d dx
(arcsec u)=
dx u u2 1
du

6. d dx
(arccsc u)=
dx u u 1
2

Differentiation of Hyperbolic Functions

d du
1. dx (sinh u)=cosh u dx

d du
2. (cosh u)=sinh u
dx dx
d du
3. (tanhu)=sech 2 u
dx dx
d 2 du
4. (coth u)=csch u
dx dx
 d du
5. (sechu)=sechu tanh u
dx dx
d du
6. (csch u)=cschu coth u
dx dx
Differentiation of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
du
1. d (arcsinh u)= dx
dx u2 +1
du
2. d dx
(arccosh u)= 2
dx u 1
du
3. d dx
(arctanh u)=
dx 1u2
du
4. d dx
(arccoth u)=
dx 1u2
du

5. d dx
(arcsech u)=
dx u 1u2
du

6. d dx
(arccsch u)=
dx u 1+ u2
The Calculus
Calculus is a branch of mathematics which uses derivative to analyze the way in which the
values of a function vary. Developed on 17th century, Calculus has now applications almost in all
areas of human endeavor: engineering, physics, business, economics, astronomy, chemistry,
biology, psychology, sociology, etc. Sir Isaac Newton (1642 1727) and Gottfried Wilhelm
Leibniz (1646 1716), working independently from each other, developed the Calculus in
connections with their work. Newton used Calculus in finding the velocity of a moving body, the
work done by force and the centroid of mass of a body. Leibniz on the other hand focused on
geometric calculation like finding the tangent and normal to a curve, area bounded by two or
more curves, and volume of a solid. Leibniz is the one who initiated the modern notation of dx
and .

Differential Calculus
Calculus is divided into 5 major branches namely: Differential Calculus; Integral Calculus;
Differential Equations; Calculus of Variations; and Calculus of Errors. As for this section, we are
only concerned with the Differential Calculus. Differential Calculus is a branch of Calculus
involving application such as the determination of maximum and minimum points and rate of
change.
Relation and Function

Not all relations are function but all functions are relation. A good example of a relation that is
not a function is a point in the Cartesian coordinate system, say (2, 3). Though 2 and 3 in (2, 3)
are related to each other, neither is a function of the other.

Function is a relation between two variables that inhibits an apparent connection. If the variables
are x and y, then y can be determined for some range of values of x. We call this, y as a function
of x denoted by y = f (x). Differential Calculus is limited only to those relations that are
functions defined by equations.

1. If f ( x )=x 2 x+3 ; find f ( 0 ) , f (2 ) , f (4 ) , f (2 x ) .

Solution:
f ( x)=x 2x +3
f (0)=020+3=3
f ( 2 )=222+3=5
4 2 (4)+3=23
f (4)=
2 2
2 x (2 x)+3=4 x +2 x +3
f (2 x )=

2. If f ( x )=7 2 x + x 2 , find f ( 0 ) , f ( 3 ) , f (2 ) , f ( y ) .

Solution:
2
f ( x )=72 x+x
f ( 0 )=72 ( 0 )+ 02=7
f ( 3 ) =72 ( 3 ) +32 =10
2 2=15
f (2)=72(2)+

y 2=7+2 y + y 2
f (y )=72( y )+

3. If F ( y )= y ( y 3 )2 ; find F , F ( 0 ) , F ( 3 ) , F (1 ) , F ( x +3 ) .

Solution:
y3 2
F( y)= y
2
c3
F( c)=c
 03 2=0
F(0)=0

33 2=0
F (3)=3

13 2=16
F (1)=1
2 2
(x+ 3)3 =x ( x+ 3)
F ( x +3)=( x+3)

( b b2 ) 1
4. If F ( b ) = 2
( 1+ b ) ()
, find F ( 0 ) , F (1 ) , F
2
, F ( tan x ) .

Solution:
2
bb
F ( b )= 2
1+b
2
00
F ( 0) = 2
=0
1+ 0
2
11
F ( 1 )= =0
1+12
1 2

2

1 2

2

1+
1

2
1
F ()
2
=

tan xtan 2 x
F ( tan x )=
1+ tan 2 x
tan x (1tan x)

sec 2 x
sin x sin x
cos2 x ( )(1 )
cos x cos x
sin x (cos xsin x)

5. If g ( x )=4 x 4 3 x 2 +2 x 2, find g ( 2 ) , g (2 ) , g ( 12 ) , g (x )
Solution:
g ( x ) =4 x 4 3 x2 +2 x2
g ( 2 )=4 ( 24 ) 3 ( 22 ) +2 (2 )2=54
2
2 +2(2)2=46
2 43
g (2)=4
1 2 1 3
+2( )2=
2 2 2
1 4
3
2
1
g ( )=4
2
2 4 2
x +2(x)2=4 x 3 x 2 x 2
x 43
g(x)=4
Limits
Theorems on Limits
lim f ( x ) =c .
1. If f ( x )=c , a constant, then x a
lim kf ( x )=k lim f ( x )
2. x a xa k being constant.
lim [ f ( x ) g ( x ) ]=lim f ( x ) lim g ( x )
3. x a x a x a

4. x a [ xa ] [
lim [ f ( x ) g ( x ) ]= lim f ( x ) lim g ( x )
xa ]
lim f ( x )
f (x) x a lim g( x) 0
5. lim [
x a g(x )
]=
lim g(x ) , provided x a
x a

lim n f (x)= n lim f (x)

lim f (x)
n
6. x a x a , provided x a is a real number.
lim sin x
x 0
7. =1 , x is in radians.
x

lim ( x 2 +3 x5 )
1. x4

Solution:
lim ( x 2 +3 x5 ) =4 2+ 3 ( 4 )5=23
x4

lim ( 2 x 2 + x+ 4 )
2. x 1

Solution:
1 21+ 4=5
lim (2 x2 + x +4 )=2
x 1

lim ( y 32 y+7 )
3. y 3

Solution:
lim ( y 32 y+7 )=3 32 ( 3 ) +7=40
y 3

lim ( y3 +5 y 1 )
4. y 2

Solution:
2 3 +5(2)1=19
lim ( y 3 +5 y1)=
y 2

lim 2 t 2 +1
t0
5. 3
t + 3t4
Solution:
lim 2 t 2 +1
t0 2 ( 02 ) +1 1
= =
0 +3 ( 0 )4 4
3 3
t + 3t4

1sec 2 x
6. Evaluate the limit of cosx 1 as x approaches 0.

Solution:
1sec 2 x 2 secx(secxtanx)
=
cosx 1 sinx

2 s ec2 xtanx

sinx

2 sinx

cosxcos 2 xsinx

2 2
= =2
cos x cos 0
3

4 tan 3 x
7. Evaluate the limit of 2 sinxx as x approaches 0.

Solution:
3 2 2
4 tan x 4 (3)tan x sec x
=
2 sinxx 2cosx1

12 sin2 x

cos 2 x cos2 x (2 cosx1)

0 0
= =0
1(21) 1

x +sin 2 x
8. Evaluate lim
x 0 xsin 2 x

Solution:
x +sin 2 x 1+2 cos 2 x
lim =
x 0 xsin 2 x 12 cos 2 x

x +sin 2 x 1+ 2
= =3
xsin2 x 12

lnsinx
9. Evaluate lim
x 0 lntanx
Solution:
lnsinx cos /sinx
lim =
x 0 lntanx sec 2 x /tanx

cosxsinx

sinxcosx sec 2 x

cos2 x=cos 2 0 =1
The Derivative
Derivative of a function is the limit of the ratio of the incremental change of dependent variable
to the incremental change of independent variable as change of independent variable approaches
zero. For the function y = f(x), the derivative is symbolized by y or dy/dx, where y is the
dependent variable and x the independent variable.

1. If y=tanh x find dy/dx

Solution:
y=tanh x
dy
=sech 2 x
dx

2. Find the derivative of y=x x

Solution:
y=x x
ln y=x ln x
1 dy 1
ydx
=x
x ()
+ ln x(1)

x
x
1+ln

1+ln =x x
dy
= y
dx

3. What is the derivative with respect to x of

( x+1 )3 x3 .

Solution:
3 3
y=( x +1 ) x

y '=3 ( x +1 )23( x )2

y '=3 ( x 2 +2 x +1 ) 3( x )2

y '=3 x 2+ 6 x=33 x 2
y=6 x +3

4. Find the second derivative of y=2 x+ 3 ( 4 x +2 )3 when x=1 .

Solution:
y=2 x+ 3 ( 4 x +2 )3

y ' =2+9 ( 4 x+2 )2 (4)

y ' =2+36 ( 4 x +2 )2
 y ' ' =72( 4 x +2)(4)
y =72(4)(6)
y =1728

5. Find the second derivative of y=x2 when x=2 .

Solution:
y=x2
y ' =2 x3
4
y =6 x
6
y =
x4
6
y = =0.375
( 2) 4

6. Find the first derivative of y=2 cos (2+ x2 )

Solution:
y=2 cos (2+ x2 )
' 2
y =2(sin)(2+ x )(2 x)
y ' =4 x sin(2+ x 2)
Application of Maxima and Minima

1. What number exceeds its square by the maximum amount?

Solution:
Let
x = the number and
x2 = the square of the number
y = the difference between x and x2
2
y=xx
y ' =12 x=0
1
x=
2

2. What positive number added to its reciprocal gives the minimum sum?

Solution:

Let
x = the required positive number and
1/x = the reciprocal of the number
y = sum of x and 1/x

1
y=x +
x

1
y=x + x

' 2
y =1x =0

x=1

3. The sum of two numbers is k. Find the minimum value of the sum of their squares.

Solution:

Let
x and y = the numbers
z = sum of their squares
k =x+ y

y=kx

z=x 2+ y 2

k x 2
2
z=x +

dz
=2 x +2 ( kx ) (1 ) =0
dx

2 x k=0

1
x= k
2

1
y=k k
2

1
y= k
2

1 2
k
2
1 2
k +
2
z=

1
z= k 2
2
4. The sum of two numbers is k. Find the minimum value of the sum of their cubes.

Solution:

Let
x and y = the numbers
z = sum of their cubes

k =x+ y

y=kx

3 3
z=x + y

k x 3
z=x 2+

k x 2(1)=0
dz /dx=3 x 2+ 3

x 2( k 2 2 kx+ x 2 ) =0

1
x= k
2

1
y=k k
2

1
y= k
2
 1 3
k
2
1 3
k +
2
z=

1
z= k 3
4

5. The sum of two positive numbers is 2. Find the smallest value possible for the sum of the
cube of one number and the square of the other.

Solution:

Let x and y = the numbers

x+ y=2 Equation (1)

1+ y ' =0

y ' =1

3 2
z=x + y Equation (2)

dz
=3 x 2 +2 y y ' =0
dx

3 x2 +2 y (1 )=0

3 2
y= x
2

From Equation (1)

3
x+ x 2=2
2

2 x +3 x 2=4
 2
3 x +2 x4=0

x=0.8685 &1.5352

Use

x=0.8685

3 2
y= ( 0.8685 )
2

y=1.1315

z=0.86853 +1.13152

z=1.93 5 4

6. Find two numbers whose sum is a, if the product of one to the square of the other is to be
a minimum.

Solution:

Let x and y = the numbers

x+ y=a

x=a y

z=x y 2

z=( a y ) y2

z=a y 2 y 3
 dz
=2ay 3 y 2=0
dy

2
y= a
3

2
x=a a
3

1
x= a
3

The numbers are 1/3 a, and 2/3 a.

7. Find two numbers whose sum is a, if the product of one by the cube of the other is to be a
maximum.

Solution:

Let x and y the numbers

x+ y=a

x=a y

3
z=x y

z=( a y ) y3

3 4
z=a y y

dz 2 3
=3 a y 4 y =0
dy

y 2 ( 3 a4 y )=0
 y=0 (absurd) and3 4 a (use)

3
x=a a
4

1
x= a
4

The numbers are 1/4 a and 3/4 a.

8. Find two numbers whose sum is a, if the product of the square of one by the cube of the
other is to be a maximum.

Solution:

Let x and y the numbers

x+ y=a

'
1+ y =0

y=1

z=x 2 y 3

dz
=x 2 ( 3 y 2 y ' ) + y 3 ( 2 x )=0
dx

'
3 x y + 2 y =0

3 x (1 )+ 2 y =0

2
x= y
3
 2
y + y=a
3

5
y=a
3

3
y= a
5

2 3
x= ( )
3 5
a

2
x= a
5

The numbers are 2/5 a and 3/5 a.

9. Find the two numbers whose sum is 12, if the product of one by the square of the other is
to be maximum.

Solution:
x=one number
12x=other number
P=x ( 12x )2
dP 2
=x (2) ( 12x ) (1 ) + ( 12x ) (1 )=0
dx
2 x ( 12x )=( 12x )2
2 x =12x
3 x=12
x=4
12x=8
The numbers are 48

10. Find the two numbers whose sum is 20, if the product of one by the cube of the other is
to be a maximum.

Solution:
x=one number
20x =other number
 3
P=x ( 20x )
dP
=x ( 3 ) ( 20x )2 (1 ) + ( 20x )3 ( 1 )=0
dx
3 x ( 20x )2= ( 20x )3
3 x=20x
4 x =20
x=5
205=15

The numbers a 515

11. If the sum of the two numbers is 4, find the minimum value of the sum of their cubes.

Solution:
x+y=4
3
S= x + y3
3 3
S= x + (4x )
dS 2 2
dx = 3 x + 3(- x )(-1) = 0

x
3 x2 = 3 (4- 2

x=4x
x=2;y=2
3 3
S = (2) + (2)
S = 16

12. Find two numbers whose sum is 20 and whose product is maximum

Solution:
x = one number
20 x = other number
P= x(20-x)
dP
dx = x (-1) + (20 x) (1) = 0
x= 20 x
2x = 20
x = 10 (one number)
20 x = 10 (other number)

13. Find two numbers whose sum is 36 if the product of one by the square of the other is a
maximum.

Solution:
x = one number
36 x = other number
 2
P = x (36x)
dP 2
dx = x (2) (36 x) (-1) + (36x) (1) =0
2
2x = (36-x) = (36x)
2x = 36 x
3x = 36
x = 12
36 x = 24

14. What should be the shape of a rectangular field of a given area, if it is to be enclosed by
the least amount of fencing?

Solution:

Area:

A=xy

'
0=x y + y

y
y'=
x

Perimeter:

P=2 x+ 2 y

dP
=2+2 y' =0
dx

1+ ( xy )=0
y=x (a square)

15. A rectangular field of given area is to be fenced off along the bank of a river. If no fence
is needed along the river, what is the shape of the rectangle requiring the least amount of
fencing?

Solution:
Area:
 A=xy
0=x y ' + y
y
y'=
x

Perimeter:
P=x +2 y
dP
=1+2 y ' =0
dx

1+2 ( yx )=0
1
y= x
2

width = length

16. A rectangular lot is to be fenced off along a highway. If the fence on the highway costs m
dollars per yard, on the other sides n dollars per yard, find the area of the largest lot that
can be fenced off for k dollars.

Solution:
Total cost:
k =mx+n ( 2 y + x )
k =mx+2 ny +nx
k ( m+ n ) x =2ny
k m+n
y= x
2n 2n

Area:
A=xy

A=x ( 2kn m+n

2n )
x

k m+n 2
A= x x
2n 2n
dA k m+n
= x=0
dx 2 n n
k m+n
= x
2n n
k
x=
2 ( m+n )

y=
k m+n

[
k
2 n 2 n 2 ( m+n ) ]
 k
y=
4n

k k
A=
2 ( m+ n ) 4 n
2
k
A= yard 2
8 n m+n
( )

17. A rectangular field of fixed area is to be enclosed and divided into three lots by parallels
to one of the sides. What should be the relative dimensions of the field to make the amount
of fencing minimum?

Solution:
Area:
A=xy
'
0=x y + y
y
y'=
x

Fence:
P=2 x+ 4 y
dP '
=2+4 y =0
dx

2+4 ( yx )=0
1
y= x
2

width = length

18. Do Ex. 12 with the words "three lots" replaced by "five lots".

Solution:
Area:
A=xy
0=x y ' + y
y
y'=
x

Fence:
P=2 x+ 6 y
dP
=2+6 y ' =0
dx

2+6 ( xy )=0
 1
y= x
3

1
width = length
3

19. A rectangular lot is bounded at the back by a river. No fence is needed along the river
and there is to be 24-ft opening in front. If the fence along the front costs $1.50 per foot,
along the sides $1 per foot, find the dimensions of the largest lot which can be thus fenced
in for $300.

Solution:
Total cost:
300=2 y +1.5 ( x24 )
y=1680.75 x

Area:
A=xy
A=x ( 1680.75 x )

A=168 x0.75 x 2
dA
=1681.5 x =0
dx
x=112 ft

y=1680.75 ( 112 )
y=84 ft

Dimensions: 84 ft 112 ft

20. A box is to be made of a piece of cardboard 9 inches square by cutting equal squares out
of the corners and turning up the sides. Find the volume of the largest box that can be
made in this way.

Solution:
 92 x 2 x
V =
2 3
V =81 x36 x + 4 x
dV
=8172 x+12 x 2=0
dx
2
4 x 24 x+27=0

Using quadratic formula

a=4 ; b=24 ; c=27

b b24 ac
x=
2a
2
24 4(4)(27)


(24 )
x=
24 12
x=
8
x=4.5 and 1.5

Use x = 1.5 inches

Maximum volume:
2
92(1.5) (1.5)
V =
2
V =54 in

21. Find the volume of the largest box that can be made by cutting equal squares out of the
corners of a piece of cardboard of dimensions 15 inches by 24 inches, and then turning up
the sides.

Solution:
 V =( 242 x )( 152 x ) x

V =360 x78 x 2+ 4 x 3
dV
=360156 x +12 x 2=0
dx
x 213 x+30=0
( x10 ) ( x3 )=0
x=10 (meaningless) and 3

V max =[ 242 ( 3 ) ][ 152 ( 3 ) ] 3

V max =486 in 3

22. Find the depth of the largest box that can be made by cutting equal squares of side x out
of the corners of a piece of cardboard of dimensions 6a, 6b, (b a), and then turning up the
sides. To select that value of x which yields a maximum volume, show that
(a+ b+ a ab+b ) 3 b
2 2

Solution:

V =( 6 a2 x )( 6 b2 x ) x

V =36 abx12 ( a+ b ) x2 + 4 x 3
dV
=36 ab24 ( a+b ) x +12 x2 =0
dx
x 22 ( a+b ) x+ 3 ab=0

A=1 ; B=2 ( a+b ) ; C=3 ab

B B24 AC
x=
2A
 2
a+b 4 (1)(3 ab)

4
2 ( a+ b )
x=

2 ( a+ b ) 2 ( a2 +2 ab+b 2 )3 ab
x=
2

x=( a+ b ) + a2ab+b2

x=( a+ b ) a 2ab+b 2

If a = b:
From
x=( a+ b ) + a2ab+b2

x=( b+ b ) + b2b 2+ b2
x=3 b (x is equal to of 6b - meaningless)

From
x=( a+ b ) a 2ab+b 2

x=( b+b ) b 2b2 +b 2

x=b okay

Use x=a+ b a 2ab+b 2

23. The strength of a rectangular beam is proportional to the breadth and the square of the
depth. Find the shape of the largest beam that can be cut from a log of given size.

Solution:
Diameter is given (log of given size), thus D is constant
b2 +d 2=D 2
db
2b +2 d=0
dd
db d
=
dd b

Strength:
S=b d 2
dS db
=b ( 2d ) + d2 =0
dd dd

2 bd+ d 2 ( db )=0
d3
2 bd=
b
2 2
2 b =d
 d= 2 b
Depth = 2 breadth

24. The stiffness of a rectangular beam is proportional to the breadth and the cube of the
depth. Find the shape of the stiffest beam that can be cut from a log of given size.

Solution:
Diameter is given (log of given size), thus D is constant
b2 +d 2=D 2
db
2b +2 d=0
dd
db d
=
dd b

Stiffness:
k =b d 3
dk db
=b ( 3 d 2 ) +d 3 =0
dd dd

3 b d 2+ d 3 ( db )=0
d4
2
3bd =
b
2 2
3 b =d
d= 3 b

Depth = 3 breadth

25. The rectangle of maximum perimeter inscribed in a given circle.

Solution:

Diameter D is constant (circle is given)

x 2+ y 2 =D2
'
2 x +2 y y =0
' x
y=
y
Perimeter
P=2 x+ 2 y
dP
=2+2 y' =0
dx

2+2 ( xy )=0
 y=x

The largest rectangle is a square.

26. If the hypotenuse of the right triangle is given, show that the area is maximum when the
triangle is isosceles.

Solution:

2 2 2
x + y =c
2 x +2 y y' =0
'
y =x / y

Area:
1
A= xy
2
dA 1
= [ x y ' + y ] =0
db 2
'
x y + y=0

x (xy )+ y=0
x2
y=
y
2 2
y =x
y=x
The triangle is an isosceles right triangle.

27. Find the most economical proportions of a quart can.

Solution:
Volume:
1 2
V = d h= 1 quart
4
1
4
dh
[
d 2 +2 dh =0
dd ]
dh 2 h
=
dd d

Total area (closed both ends):

 A T =2 ( 14 d )+ dh
2

1
A T = d 2 + dh
2
1
A T = d 2 + dh
2
dh
dd +h=0
dd

d +d ( 2h
d )
+h=0

d=h
Diameter = height

28. Find the most economical proportions for a cylindrical cup.

Solution:
Volume:
1
V = d2h
4
1
4
dh
[
0= d 2 +2 dh
dd ]
dh 2 h
=
dd d

Area (open one end):

1 2
A= d +dh
4
dA 1
dd 2
dh
= d+ d + h =0
dd [ ]
1 dh
d +d +h=0
2 dd
1 2 h
2
d +d
d ( )
+h=0

1
d=h
2
r=h
Radius = height

29. Find the most economical proportions for a box with an open top and a square base.

Solution:
Volume:
2
V =x y
0=x2 y ' + 2 xy
 2 y
y'=
x

Area:
A=x 2 +4 xy
dA
=2 x+4 ( x y ' + y )=0
dx

2x+4 x
[( ) ]
2 y
x
+ y =0

2 x 8 y+ 4 y =0
2 x =4 y
x=2 y

Aide of base = 2 altitude

30. The perimeter of an isosceles triangle is P inches. Find the maximum area.

Solution:

Perimeter:
P=2 y + x
0=2 y ' +1
' 1
y= =0.5
2

Area:
1
A= xh
2
From the figure:
h= y 2 0.25 x 2

Thus,
1
A= x y 0.25 x
2 2
2

dA 1
= x
dx 2 [(
2 y y ' 0.5 x
2 y 0.25 x
2 2
+ y 2 0.25 x 2 =0
)]
2 ( xy y ' 0.25 x 2)
+ y 20.25 x 2=0
2 y 0.25 x
2 2

multiply both sides of the equation by y 20.25 x 2

' 2 2 2
xy y 0.25 x + y 0.25 x =0
 xy (0.5 ) 0.5 x2 + y 2=0

y 20.5 xy0.5 x 2=0

2 y 2xyx 2=0

Solving for y by quadratic formula: a = 2; b = -x; c = -x2

b b2 4 ac
y=
2a

(x ) x 4 ( 2 ) (x )
2 2
y=
2( 2)

(x ) x 24 ( 2 ) (x 2 )
y=
2( 2)
x3 x
y=
4
1
y=x and x
2

y = - x is absurd, thus use y = x

Therefore

P=2 x+ x=3 x
1
x= y= P
3

h= y 2 0.25 x 2
1 2
P
3
1 1
P 2
3 4

h=

h=
1 2 1 2
9
P P
36

h=
1 2
12
P

1
h= P
23
 1
A= xh
2
1
A= xh
2
1 1 1
A max = ( )(
2 3
P
2 3
P )
1 2
A max = P
12 3

P2
1 3
A max =
12 3 3

A max = P2
3
36

31. The sum of the length and girth of a container of square cross section is a inches. Find
the maximum volume.

Solution:

a=4 x + y
y=a4 x

Volume
V =x 2 y
V =x 2 ( a4 x )
V =a x 24 x 3
dV 2
=2 ax12 x =0
dx
2 x ( a6 x )=0

For 2x = 0; x = 0 (meaningless)

For a - 6x = 0; x = 1/6 a

Use x = 1/6 a

y=a4 ( 16 a)
1
y= a
3
1 2 1
a ( a)
3 3
V max =
32. Find the proportion of the circular cylinder of largest volume that can be inscribed in a
given sphere.

Solution:

From the figure:

D 2=d 2 +h2
dh
0=2d +2 h
dd
dh d
=
dd h

Volume of cylinder:
1
V = d2h
4
dV 2 dh
= d
dh 4 dd [
+ 2dh =0 ]
dh
d +2 h=0
dd

d ( dh )+2 h=0
d2
2 h=
h
2 2
d =2 h
diameter = 2 height

33. In Problem 32 above, find the shape of the circular cylinder if its convex surface area is
to be a maximum.

Solution:

Convex surface area (shaded area):

A=dh
dA dh
dd (
= d + h =0
dd )
dh
d +h=0
dd
 From Solution to Problem 30 above, dh/dd = -d/h
d ( )
dh
dd
+h=0

d2
h=
h
2 2
h =d
d=h
diameter = height

34. Find the dimension of the largest rectangular building that can be placed on a right-
triangular lot, facing one of the perpendicular sides.

Solution:

Area:
A=xy

From the figure:

y b
=
ax a
b
y= ( ax )
a

b
A=x ( ax )
a
b
A=bx x 2
a
dA 2b
=b x=0
dx a
2b
x=b
a
1
x= a
2
b 1
y=
a (
a a
2 )
1
y= b
2

Dimensions: a b
35. A lot has the form of a right triangle, with perpendicular sides 60 and 80 feet long. Find
the length and width of the largest rectangular building that can be erected, facing the
hypotenuse of the triangle.

Solution:

Area:
A=xy
By similar triangle:
r 60
cot = =
x 80
3
r= x
4
s 80
cot = =
x 60
4
s= x
3
r + y + s=100
3 4
x+ y + x=100
4 3
25
y=100 x
12

Thus,
25
(
A=x 100
12
x )
25 2
A=100 x x
12
dA 50
=100 x
dx 12
12
50
x=100
x=24 feet

25
y=100 (24 )
12
y=50 feet

Dimensions: 50 ft 24 ft
36. Solve Problem 35 above if the lengths of the perpendicular sides are a, b.

Solution:

Area:
A=xy

By similar triangle:
r b
cot = =
x a
b
r= x
a
s a
cot = =
x b
a
s= x
b

r + y + s= a2+ b2
b a
x + y + x= a +b
2 2
a b
a2 +b2
y+ x= a 2+ b2
ab
a2 +b2
y= a 2+b 2 x
ab
ab a2 +b 2( a2 +b 2 ) x
y=
ab

y=
a2 +b2 (
abx a2 +b 2)
ab

Thus,
A=x a 2+ b2 ( abx a2+ b2 )
ab

A= a2 +b 2 (
abxx 2 a2+ b2 )
ab

dA a2 +b2 (
= ab2 x a2 +b2 ) =0
dx ab

2 x a2 +b2 =ab
ab
x=
2 a2 +b 2

y=
a2 +b2 ab
ab (
ab
2 a +b
2 2
a2 +b2
)
 a2 +b2 ab
y=
ab ( ab )
2

y=
2 2
a +b ab
ab ( 2 )

y=
a2 +b2
2
Dimensions:

ab a2 + b2
2 a2 +b 2 2

37. A page is to contain 24 sq. in. of print. The margins at top and bottom are 1.5 in., at the
sides 1 in. Find the most economical dimensions of the page.

Solution:

Print Area:

( x2 ) ( y3 )=24
24
y= +3
x2
Page area:
A=xy

24
A=x ( x2 +3 )

24 x
A= +3 x
x2
x2 2


dA ( x2 ) 2424 x ( 1 )
=
dx
2
x2


48

x2 2=0
48+3

x=
48
3
+2

x=6 in

24
y= +3
62
 y=9 in

Dimensions: 6 in 9 in

38. A Norman window consists of a rectangle surmounted by a semicircle. What shape gives
the most light for the given perimeter?

Solution:

Given perimeter:
P=b+ 2 ( hr ) + r
P=b+ 2 h2 r + r
Where:
b=2r
1
r= b
2
Thus,
1
P=b+2 hb+ b
2
1
P=2 h+ b
2
dP dh 1
=2 + =0
db db 2
dh 1
=
db 4

Light is most if area is maximum:

dh 1
=
db 4
1 2 1
b +b( h b)
2 2
1
A=
2
1 1
A= b 2+ bh b2
8 2
1 2
A= ( 4 ) b +bh
8
dA 2 dh
= ( 4 ) b +b + h=0
db 8 db
1 1
bb b +h=0
4 4
h=b
breadth = height
39. Solve Problem 38 above if the semicircle is stained glass admitting only half the normal
amount of light.

Solution:

From Solution of Problem 38

dh 1
=
db 4
1
r= b
2

Half amount of light is equivalent to half of the area.

1
A= r 2 +b(hr )
4
1 2 1
b +b( h b)
2 2
1
A=
4
1 1
A= b 2+ bh b2
16 2
1
A= ( 8 ) b2 +bh
16
dA 2 dh
= ( 8 ) b+b +h=0
db 16 db
1 1
bb b+h=0
8 4
1
(
1+ b+h=0
8 )
1
(
h= 1+ b
8 )
1
( )
h e ight = 1+ breadth
8

40. A cylindrical glass jar has a plastic top. If the plastic is half as expensive as glass, per
unit area, find the most economical proportion of the jar.

Solution:

Volume:
 2
V = r h
2 dh
0= r +2 rh
dr
dh 2 rh
=
dr r
2

dh 2 h
=
dr r

Let
m = price per unit area of glass
m = price per unit area of plastic
k = total material cost per jar
2 1 2
k =m ( 2 rh+ r ) + m ( r )
2
3
k =2 mrh+ m r 2
2
dk dh
dr ( )
=2 m r + h +3 mr=0
dr

dh
2 ( r + h)+3 r =0
dr

[ r )+ h]+3 r=0
2 r(
2 h

2 h=3 r
3
h= r
2
Height = 3/2 radius of base

41. A trapezoidal gutter is to be made from a strip of tin by bending up the edges. If the
cross-section has the form shown in Fig. 38, what width across the top gives maximum
carrying capacity?

Solution:

ba 2 2
h2 +( ) 2
=a
 2
ba


2
a
h=
2
ba
4 a2
1
h=
2

Capacity is maximum if area is maximum:

1
A= ( b +a ) h
2
2
ba
4 a 2( )
1

2
1
A= ( b +a )
2
ba 2
4 a2
1 (take note that 'a' is constant)
A= (b+ a)
4
ba 2

ba 2
2
4 a =0
4 a2
2
2 ( ba )
( b+a )

dA 1
=
db 4
ba 2

ba 2

4 a2

4 a2

2 2 2
ba =b a
2
4 a
4 a2b 2+2aba 2=b2a2
2 b22 ab4 a2=0
b2ab2a 2=0
( b+ a )( b2 a ) =0

For b + a = 0; b = -a (meaningless)
 For b - 2a = 0; b = 2a (ok)

Use b = 2a

42. A 5-m line AD intersect at 90 to line BC at D so that BD is 2 m and DC = 3 m. Point P

is located somewhere on AD. The total length of the cables linking P to points A, B, and C is
minimized. How far is P from A?

Solution:
L=L1 + L2+ L3

L= 22 + y 2+ 3 2+ y 2 + ( 5 y )

L= 4 + y 2 + 9+ y 2 +5 y
dL 2y 2y
= + 1=0
dy 2 4+ y 2 9+ y 2
2

y=1.407 m
L3=5 y
L3=51.407
L3=3.593 m

43. The line y = 2x + 8 intersects the parabola y = x2 at points A and B. Point C is on the
parabolic arc AOB where O is the origin. Locate C to maximize the area of the triangle
ABC.
A. (1.1, 1.21)
B. (1, 1)
C. (0.9, 0.81)
D. (1.2, 1.44)

Solution:
Locate the points A and B
y= y
x 2=2 x +8
x 22 x 8=0
x=4 and 2

For x = 4
y=42=16
The point is (4, 16)

For x = -2
2
2 =4
y =
The point is (-2, 4)

Using the formula for the area polygon by coordinates

 A=
|
1 x1 x2
2 y1 y2
x3
y3
xn x1
yn y1|
Rotate counterclockwise from point A
A=
|
1 x A xC xB x A
2 y A yC yB yA |
A= |
1 2 x 4 2
2 4 y 16 4 |
1
A=
2
[ (2 y+16 x +16 )( 4 x + 4 y32 ) ]
1
A= ( 12 x6 y +48 )
2
A=6 x 3 y+24

Substitute y = x2 of the parabola

A=6 x 3 x 2 +24

Differentiate then equate to zero to maximize the area

dA
=66 x=0
dx
x=1

When x = 1
y=12=1

Thus, point C is at (1, 1). answer: B

44. A tour bus has 80 seats. Experience shows that when a tour costs P28,000, all seats on
the bus will be sold. For each additional P1,000 charged, however, 2 fewer seats will be sold.
Find the largest possible revenue.
A. P29,000
B. P28,500
C. P28,900
D. P28,700

Solution:
Original cost per seat
= 28,000 80 = P350
Additional cost per seat due to P1,000 increase
= 1,000 80 = P12.5

Let x = number of P1,000 additional charges

Additional cost per seat = 12.5x
Cost per seat = 350 + 12.5x
Number of seats sold = 80 - 2x

Revenue, R = cost per seat number of seats sold

R=(350+12.5 x)(802 x)
R=28,000+ 300 x25 x 2
 dR
=30050 x=0
dx
x=6
For Maximum Revenue
Cost per seat = 350 + 12.5(6) = P425
Number of seats sold = 80 - 2(6) = 68
Maximum Revenue = 425(68) = P28,900 [ C] answer

45. Find the area of the largest right triangle whose hypotenuse is fixed at c.

Solution:
a2 +b 2=c 2
b= c 2a2
1
A= ab
2
1
A= a c a
2 2
2
dA 1 2 a
= a
da 2 (
2 c a
2 2
+ c a =0
2 2
)
a2
+ c a =0
2 2

c a
2 2

2
a
c 2a2=
c 2a 2
2 2 2
c a =a
2 a2=c 2
1
a2= c2
2
1
a= c
2

1
b= c 2 c 2
2

b=
1 2
2
c

1
b= c
2

1
A= ab
2
1 1
A max =
2 2( )( 12 c)
c

1
A max = c 2
4
Basic Time Rates
ds
1. Velocity, v = dt , where s is the distance.

dv d 2 s
2. Acceleration, a= = v is velocity and s
dt d t 2 , where is the distance.

dV
3. Discharge, Q= dt , where V is the volume at any time.

d
4. Angular Speed, = dt , where is the angle at any time.

1. Water is flowing into a vertical cylindrical tank at the rate of 24 ft3/min. If the radius of
the tank is 4 ft, how fast is the surface rising?

Solution:
Volume of water:
V = r 2 h= ( 4 2 ) h=16 h
dV dh
=16
dt dt
dh
24=16
dt
dh
=0.477 ft/min
dt

2. Water flows into a vertical cylindrical tank at 12 ft3/min, the surface rises 6 in/min. Find
the radius of the tank.

Solution:
Volume of water:
V = r 2 h
dV dh
= r 2
dt dt
2
12= r ( 0.5 )

r=
12
0.5
=2.76 ft

3. A rectangular trough is 10 ft long and 3 ft wide. Find how fast the surface rises, if water
flows in at the rate of 12 ft3/min.

Solution:
Volume of water:
V =10 ( 3 ) y=30 y
dV dy
=30
dt dt
dy
12=30
dt
 dy
=0.4 ft/min
dt

4. A triangular trough 10 ft long is 4 ft across the top, and 4 ft deep. If water flows in at the
rate of 3 ft3/min, find how fast the surface is rising when the water is 6 in deep.

Solution:
Volume of water:
1
V = xy ( 10 )=5 xy
2

By similar triangle:
x 4
=
y 4
x= y

V =5 y 2
dV dy
=10 y
dt dt

when y = 6 in or 0.5 ft
dy
3=10 ( 0.5 )
dt
dy
=0.6 ft/min
dt

5. A triangular trough is 10 ft long, 6 ft wide across the top, and 3 ft deep. If water flows in
at the rate of 12 ft3/min, find how fast the surface is rising when the water is 6 in deep.

Solution:
Volume of water:
1
V = xy ( 10 )=5 xy
2

By similar triangle:
x 6
=
y 3
x=2 y

V =5 ( 2 y ) y =10 y 2
dV dy
=20 y
dt dt

when y = 6 in or 0.5 ft
dy
12=20 ( 0.5 )
dt
 dy
=1.2 ft/min
dt

6. A ladder 20 ft long leans against a vertical wall. If the top slides downward at the rate of
2 ft/sec, find how fast the lower end is moving when it is 16 ft from the wall.

Solution:
x 2+ y 2 =202
dx dy
2x +2 y =0
dt dt
dx dy
x + y =0
dt dt
dx
x + y (2 )=0
dt
dx
x 2 y=0
dt

when x = 16 ft
2 2 2
16 + y =20
y=12 ft

dx
16 2 ( 12 )=0
dt
dx
=1.5 ft/sec
dt

7. In Problem 6, find the rate of change of the slope of the ladder.

Solution:
From the figure in Solution 6 above
y
m=
x
dy dx
xy
dm dt dt
=
dt x
2

where
x = 16 ft
y = 12 ft
dx/dt = 1.5 ft/sec
dy/dt = -2 ft/sec

dm 16 (2 )12 ( 1.5 )
=
dt 162
dm 50
=
dt 256
 dm 25
= per second
dt 128
dm 25
= per second decreasing
dt 128

8. A man 6 ft tall walks away from a lamp post 16 ft high at the rate of 5 miles per hour.
How fast does the end of his shadow move?

Solution:
sx s
=
6 16
16 s16 x=6 s
10 s=16 x
ds dx
10 =16
dt dt
ds
10 =16 ( 5 )
dt
ds
=8 mi/hr
dt

9. In Problem 8, how fast does the shadow lengthen?

Solution:
s s+x
=
6 16
16 s=6 x +6 s
10 s=6 x
ds dx
10 =6
dt dt
ds
10 =6 ( 5 )
dt
ds
=3 mi/hr
dt

10. A boy on a bike rides north 5 mi, then turns east. If he rides 10 mi/hr, at what rate does
his distance to the starting point S changing 2 hour after he left that point?

Solution:
For 5 miles:
5=10 t
t=0.5 hr
 t0.5 2
2
2 2
d =5 +10
2
t 0.5
25+100
d =
t0.5 2

25+100
2
dd 200 ( t0.5 )
=
dt

t0.5 2

25+100

dd 100 ( t0.5 )
=
dt

when t = 2 hrs
20.5 2

25+100

dd 100 ( 20.5 )
=
dt

dd 150 150 10
= =
dt 250 5 10 10
dd
=3 10 mi/hr
dt

11. A train starting at noon, travels north at 40 miles per hour. Another train starting from
the same point at 2 PM travels east at 50 miles per hour. Find, to the nearest mile per hour,
how fast the two trains are separating at 3 PM.

Solution:
t 2 2
2 2 2 2
s =40 t +50
t2 2
1600 t 2 +2500
s=
2
t2

2
1600 t + 2500
2
ds 3200 t+5000 ( t2 )
=
dt
 2
t2

1600t 2 +2500

ds 4100 t5000
=
dt

at 3 PM, t = 3
32 2

1600(3 2)+2500

ds 4100 ( 3 )5000
=
dt
ds
=56.15 mi/hr
dt

12. In Problem 11, how fast the trains are separating after a long time?

Solution:
After a long time, t =
t2 2

1600t 2 +2500

ds 4100 t5000
=
dt
ds 4100 t5000
=
dt 1600 t +2500 t 210000 t+ 10000
2

1
ds 4100t5000 t
=
dt 4100 t 10000t +10000 1
2

t
5000
4100
ds t
=
dt
4100
10000 10000
t
+ 2
t
5000
4100
ds
=
dt
4100
10000 10000

+
2
ds
=64.03 mi/hr
dt
13. A trapezoidal trough is 10 ft long, 4 ft wide at the top, 2 ft wide at the bottom and 2 ft
deep. If water flows in at 10 ft3/min, find how fast the surface is rising, when the water is 6
in deep.
Solution:
Volume of water:
1
V = [ 2+ ( 2+2 x ) ] y (10 )
2
V =20 y +10 xy

From the figure:

x 1
=
y 2
1
x= y
2

2
V =20 y +5 y
dV dy dy
=20 +10 y
dt dt dt

when y = 6 in or 0.5 ft
dy dy
10=20 + 10 ( 0.5 )
dt dt
dy
=0.4 ft/min
dt

14. For the trough in Problem 13, how fast the water surface is rising when the water is 1
foot deep.
Solution:
From the Solution 13
dV dy dy
=20 +10 y
dt dt dt

When y = 1 ft
dV dy dy
=20 +10 y
dt dt dt
dy dy
10=20 + 10 ( 1 )
dt dt
dy 1
= ft/min
dt 3

15. A light at eye level stands 20 ft from a house and 15 ft from the path leading from the
house to the street. A man walks along the path at 6 ft per sec. How fast does his shadow
move along the wall when he is 5 ft from the house?

Solution:
x x +15
=
y 20
 20 x=xy +15 y
( 20 y ) x=15 y
15 y
x=
20 y

20 y 2

dy
dx
=
(
( 20 y ) 15
dt
15 y )
dy
dt ( )
dt

20 y 2


dx 15 ( 20 y ) +15 y
=
dt

20 y 2


dx 300
=
dt

when y = 5 ft
2
205


dx 300
=
dt
dx
=8 ft/sec
dt
16. In Problem 15, when the man is 5 ft from the house, find the time-rate of change of that
portion of his shadow which lies on the ground.

Solution:
By Pythagorean Theorem:
2 2 2
x + y =s
dx dy ds
2x +2 y =2 s
dt dt dt
dx dy ds
x + y =s
dt dt dt

From Solution 15, when y = 5 ft

dx/dt = 8 ft/sec and
x = 15(5)/(20 - 5) = 5 ft, then
s = (x2 + y2) = (52 + 52) = 52 ft

Thus,
ds
5 ( 8 ) +5 ( 6 )=5 2
dt
ds
=9.9 ft/sec
dt
17. A light is placed on the ground 30 ft from a building. A man 6 ft tall walks from the light
toward the building at the rate of 5 ft/sec. Find the rate at which the length of his shadow is
changing when he is 15 ft from the building.

Solution:
By similar triangle:
y 6
=
30 x
180
y=
x
dx
180
dy dt
=
dt x2

when x = 30 - 15 = 15 ft
dy 180 ( 5 )
=
dt 15 2
dy
=4 ft/sec
dt

The negative sign in the answer indicates that the length of the shadow is shortening.

18. Solve Problem 17, if the light is 10 ft above the ground.

Solution:
By similar triangle:
10 y 4
=
30 x
120
y=10
x
dx
120
dy dt
=
dt x
2

dy 120 dx
= 2
dt x dt

when x = 30 - 15 = 15 ft
dy 120
= (5 )
dt 152
dy 8
= ft/sec
dt 3

19. One city A, is 30 mi north and 55 mi east of another city, B. At noon, a car starts west
from A at 40 mi/hr, at 12:10 PM, another car starts east from B at 60 mi/hr. Find, in two
ways, when the cars will be nearest together.

Solution:
 s= x 2+ 302

s= x 2+ 900

where:
10
x=5540 t60 t ( 60 )
x=65100t

Thus,
65100 t 2+ 900

s=
65100t 2 +900


2
ds 2 ( 65100 t )(100 )
=
dt
2
65100 t +900



ds 100 ( 65100 t )
=
dt

when ds/dt = 0
2
65100 t + 900



100 ( 65100 t )

100 ( 65100 t )=0
100 t=65
t=0.65 hr
t=39 min

Time: 12:39 PM

20. For the condition of Problem 19, draw the appropriate figures for times before 12:39
PM and after that time. Show that in terms of time after noon, the formula for distance
between the two cars (one formula associated with each figure) are equivalent.

Solution:
For time, before 12:39 PM, see the figure in the general solution of Solution 20.
x=65100t
65100 t 2+ 900

s= x + 302=
2
For time, after 12:39 PM, there are three conditions that worth noting. Each are
thoroughly illustrated below.

First condition: (after 12:39 PM but before 1:05 PM)

[60 (t 10/60)x ]+40 t =55

x=60 t10+40 t55
x=( 65100 t )
2
65100 t
2
x =

s= x 2+ 302
2
65100 t + 900
okay
s=

Second condition: (after 1:05 PM but before 1:22:30 PM)

 [ ( ) ]
60 t
10
60
x + 40 t=55

x=60 t10+40 t55

x=( 65100 t )
2
65100 t
x 2=

s= x 2+ 302
65100 t 2+ 900
okay
s=

Third condition: (after 1:22:30 PM)

40 t[x60(t10/60)]=55
x=5540 t 60 t+10
x=65100t
65100 t 2
x 2=

s= x 2+ 302
2
65100 t + 900
okay
s=
21. For Problem 19, compute the time-rate of change of the distance between the cars at (a)
12:15 PM; (b) 12:30 PM; (c) 1:15 PM

Solution:
From Solution 20,
2
65100 t + 900
at any time after noon.
s=

From Solution 19,

2
65100 t +900



ds 100 ( 65100 t )
=
dt

(a) at 12:15 PM, t = 15/60 = 0.25 hr

2
65100(0.25) +900



ds 100 [ 65100 ( 0.25 ) ]
=
dt
ds
=80 mi/hr
dt

(b) at 12:30 PM, t = 30/60 = 0.5 hr

2
65100(0.5) +900



ds 100 [ 65100 ( 0.5 ) ]
=
dt
ds
=44.72 mi/hr
dt

(c) at 1:15 PM, t = 1 + 15/60 = 1.25 hr

65100(1.25) 2+900



d s 100 [ 65100 ( 1.25 ) ]
=
dt
ds
=89.44 mi/hr
dt

22. One city C, is 30 miles north and 35 miles east from another city, D. At noon, a car
starts north from C at 40 miles per hour, at 12:10 PM, another car starts east from D at 60
miles per hour. Find when the cars will be nearest together.

Solution:
 2
30+40 t
2
x +
s=

where:
10
x=3560 t ( 60 )
x=4560 t

2
30+ 40 t
4560 t 2 +

s=
2
30+ 40t

4560t 2 +

2
ds 2 ( 4560t ) (60 )+2 ( 30+ 40t ) ( 40 )
=
dt
60 ( 4560 t ) +40 ( 30+ 40t )=0
3 ( 4560 t ) +2 ( 30+ 40 t ) =0
135+180 t +60+80 t=0
260 t =75
t=0.2885 hr

Time = 12.2885 PM or 12:17:18 PM

23. For the condition of Problem 22, draw the appropriate figure for times before 12:45 PM
and after that time. Show that in terms of time after noon, the formulas for distance
between the two cars (one formula associated with each figure) are equivalent.

Solution:
Before 12:45 PM
For time before 12:45 PM, see the figure in Solution 22.

x=4560 t
2
30+ 40 t
2
4560 t +

s=

After 12:45 PM
30+40 t 2
x 2 +
s=

where:
 10
(
x=60 t
60)35=( 4560 t )

2
4560 t
2
x =

Thus,
30+ 40 t 2
4560 t 2 +

s=

24. For Problem 22, compute the time-rate of change of the distance between the cars at (a)
12:15 PM, (b) 12:45 PM.

Solution:
Solution 23 above shows that the distance s at any time after noon is given by
2
30+ 40 t
4560 t 2 +

s=
2
30+ 40t

4560t 2 +

2
ds 2 ( 4560t ) (60 )+2 ( 30+ 40t ) ( 40 )
=
dt
2
30+ 40 t

2
4560 t +


ds 60 ( 4560 t ) +40 ( 30+ 40 t )
=
dt

30+40 t 2

4560 t 2+


ds 2700+3600t +1200+1600 t
=
dt
2
30+ 40 t

4560 t 2 +


ds 5200 t1500
=
dt

(a) at 12:15 PM, t = 15/60 = 0.25 hr

 30+40(0.25) 2

4560(0.25)2 +


ds 5200 ( 0.25 )1500
=
dt
ds
=4 mi/hr
dt

(b) at 12:45 PM, t = 45/60 = 0.75 hr

2
30+40(0.75)

2
4560(0.75) +


ds 5200 ( 0.75 )1500
=
dt
ds
=40 mi/hr
dt

25. One city E, is 20 miles north and 20 miles east of another city, F. At noon a car starts
south from E at 40 mi/hr, at 12:10 PM, another car starts east from F at 60 mi/hr. Find the
rate at which the cars approach each other between 12:10 PM and 12:30 PM. What
happens at 12:30 PM?

Solution:
Velocity of approach,
v =60 2+ 402
v =72.11 mi/hr

At 12:30 PM
Distance traveled by car from E
= 40(30/60)
= 20 miles

Distance traveled by car from F

= 60 [(30 - 10)/60]
= 20 miles

The cars may/will collide at this time.

26. A kite is 40 ft high with 50 ft cord out. If the kite moves horizontally at 5 miles per hour
directly away from the boy flying it, how fast is the cord being paid out?

Solution:
s 2=x 2 +402
ds dx
2s =2 x
dt dt
ds dx
s =x
dt dt
 when s = 50 ft
502 = x2 + 402
x = 30 ft

Thus,
ds 22
50 =30
dt 3 ( )
ds
=4.4 ft/sec
dt

27. In Problem 26, find the rate at which the slope of the cord is decreasing.

Solution:
Slope
40
m=
x
dm 40 dx
= 2
dt x dt

From Solution 26, x = 30 ft when s = 50 ft

dm 40 22
dt
= 2
30 3 ( )
dm 44
= rad/sec
dt 135

28. At noon a car drives from A (Fig. 48) toward C at 60 miles per hour.
Another car starting from B at the same time drives toward A at 30 miles
per hour. If AB = 42 miles, find when the cars will be nearest each other.

Solution:
By cosine law:
2
4230t 2(60 t )( 4230 t )cos 60
60t 2+
2
s =

s 2=3600 t 2+ ( 17642520 t +900 t 2) ( 2520 t 1800 t 2 )

2 2
s =6300 t 5040 t+1764
s= 6300 t 25040 t+1764
ds 12600 t5040
= =0
dt 2 6300 t 25040 t+1764

12600 t5040=0
2
t=
5 hr
t=24 min

Time = 12:24 PM
29. Solve Problem 28 if the car from B leaves at noon but the car from A leaves at 12:07
PM.

Solution:
By cosine law:
2
4230t 2[60(t7 /60)](4230 t)cos 60
60( t7 /60) 2+
s 2=

s 2=( 3600 t 2840 t+ 49 ) + ( 17642520 t +900 t 2 ) (1800t 2 +2730 t294 )

s 2=6300 t 26090 t+2107
s= 6300 t 26090 t+2107
ds 12600 t 6090
= =0
dt 2 6300 t 26090 t+2107

12600 t6090=0
29
t=
60 hr
t=29 min

Time: 12:29 PM

30. Two railroad tracks intersect at right angles, at noon there is a train on each track
approaching the crossing at 40 mi/hr, one being 100 mi, the other 200 mi distant. Find (a)
when they will be nearest together, and (b) what will be their minimum distance apart.

Solution:
By Pythagorean Theorem:
2
20040 t
2
10040 t +

s=

Set ds/dt = 0
20040 t 2

10040 t 2 +

2
ds 2 ( 10040 t )(40 )+ 2 ( 20040 t )(40 )
=
dt
2 (10040 t ) (40 )+ 2 ( 20040 t )(40 )=0
( 10040 t ) + ( 20040 t )=0
30080t =0
t=3.75 hrs
t=3 hrs 45 min

Time: 3:45 PM
 Minimum distance will occur at t = 3.75,
20040(3.75) 2
10040(3.75) 2+

smin =
s min =70.71 miles

31. An elevated train on a track 30 ft above the ground crosses a street at the rate of 20
ft/sec at the instant that a car, approaching at the rate of 30 ft/sec, is 40 ft up the street.
Find how fast the train and the car separating 1 second later.

Solution:
From the isometric box:
s= x 2+ 302

s= x 2+ 900

where:
x2 = (20t)2 + (40 - 30t)2
x2 = 400t2 + 1600 - 2400t + 900t2
x2 = 1300t2 - 2400t + 1600

s= ( 1300 t 22400 t+1600 ) + 900

s= 1300 t 2 2400 t+2500

ds 2600 t2400
=
dt 2 1300 t 22400 t+2500

ds 1300 t1200
=
dt 1300 t 22400 t+ 2500

after 1 sec, t = 1
ds 1300 ( 1 ) 1200
=
dt 1300 ( 12 ) 2400 ( 1 )+2500

ds
=2.67 ft/sec
dt

32. In Problem 31, find when the train and the car are nearest together.

Solution:
From Solution 31,
ds 1300 t1200
=
dt 1300 t 22400 t+ 2500

1300 t1200=0
12
t=
13 sec
t=0.923 sec
33. From a car traveling east at 40 miles per hour, an airplane traveling horizontally north
at 100 miles per hour is visible 1 mile east, 2 miles south, and 2 miles up. Find when this
two will be nearest together.

Solution:
From the figure:
s= x 2+ 22= x2 + 4

where:
x2 = (1 - 40t)2 + (2 - 100t)2
x2 = (1 - 80t + 1600t2) + (4 - 400t + 10000t2)
x2 = 5 - 480t + 11600t2

Thus,
s= ( 5480 t+ 11600 t ) + 4
2

s= 9480 t +11600 t 2
ds 480+ 23200t
= =0
dt 2 9480 t +11600 t 2

480+23200 t=0
3
t= hr
145
7
t=1 min
29

34. In Problem 33, find how fast the two will be separating after a long time.

Solution:
From the Solution 33,
s= 9480 t +11600 t 2
ds 480+ 23200t
=
dt 2 9480 t +11600 t 2

1
ds 240+11600 t t
=
dt 9480 t+11600 t 2 1
t
240
+ 11600
ds t
=
dt

9 480
t2

t
+11600

after a long time, t

240
+11600
ds
=
dt
9 480

2
+11600

ds 11600
=
dt 11600
 ds
= 11600
dt
ds
=107.7 mi/hr
dt

35. An arc light hangs at the height of 30 ft above the center of a street 60 ft wide. A man 6
ft tall walks along the sidewalk at the rate of 4 ft/sec. How fast is his shadow lengthening
when he is 40 ft up the street?

Solution:
From the figure:
2 2
4 t +30

x=

x= 16 t 2 +900
s x
=
6 24
1
s= x
4
1
s=
4
16 t 2+ 900
ds 1 32 t
=
(
dt 4 2 16 t 2 +900 )
ds 4t
=
dt 16 t 2 +900

when 4t = 40; t = 10 sec

ds 4 ( 10 )
=
dt 16 ( 102 ) +900

ds
=0.8 ft/sec
dt

36. In Problem 35, how fast is the tip of the shadow moving?

Solution:
Triangle LAB,
x x+30
=
6 30
5 x=x+30
x=7.5 ft

Triangle ABC,
s 4t
=
x +30 30
s 2t
=
7.5+ 30 15
 ds
=5 ft/sec
dt

37. A ship sails east 20 miles and then turns N 30 W. If the ship's speed is 10 mi/hr, find
how fast it will be leaving the starting point 6 hr after the start.

Solution:
By cosine law,
10 t 22(20)(10 t)cos 60
s 2=202 +

s= 100 t 2 200 t+ 400

ds 200 t200
=
dt 2 100 t 2200 t+ 400

ds 100 t100
=
dt 100 t 2200 t+400

after 6 hrs from start, t = 6 - 2 = 4 hrs

ds 100 ( 4 )100
=
dt 100 ( 42 ) 200 ( 4 )+ 400

ds 100 ( 4 )100
=
dt 100 ( 42 ) 200 ( 4 )+ 400

ds
=8.66 mi/hr
dt

38. Solve Problem 37, if the ship turns N 30 E.

Solution:
By cosine law,
2
10 t 2(20)(10 t)cos 120
s2 =202 +

s= 100 t 2 +200 t +400

ds 200 t +200
=
dt 2 100 t 2+200 t +400

ds 100 t +100
=
dt 100 t 2 +200 t+ 400

after 6 hrs from start, t = 6 - 2 = 4 hrs

ds 100 ( 4 ) +100
=
dt 100 ( 42 ) + 200 ( 4 ) + 400

ds
=9.45 mi/hr
dt
Maxima and Minima Using Trigonometric Functions

1. Find the shape of the rectangle of maximum perimeter inscribed in a circle.

Solution:
Perimeter of rectangle,
P=2 x+ 2 y

Where:
x=Dcos
y=Dsin

P=2 D cos +2 Dsin

dP
=2 D sin +2 Dcos =0
d
sin+ cos =0
sin =cos
sin
=1
cos
tan =1
=45

x=Dcos 45 =0.707 D
y=Dsin 45=0.707 D

x= y (square)

2. A cylinder is inscribed in a given sphere. Find the shape of the cylinder if its convex
surface area is a maximum.

Solution:
Convex surface area of cylinder,
A=dh

Where:
d=Dcos
h=Dsin

A= ( Dcos ) ( Dsin )

A=D 2 cos sin

dA
=D2 ( cos2 sin 2 ) =0
d
sin2 =cos 2
 2
tan =1
=45

d=Dcos 45 =0.707 D

h=Dsin 45 =0.707 D

diameter=height

3. Find the weight of the heaviest circular cylinder can be cut from a 16-lb shot.

Solution:
A shot is in the form of a sphere and the cylinder is the cylinder of maximum. From the
figure. This is also the figure used in Solution 02:
1 2
V c= d h
4

Where:
d=Dcos
h=Dsin

Thus,
1 2
V c = ( Dcos ( sin ) )
4
1
V c = D3 cos 2 sin
4
dVc 1 3
= D [ cos 2 ( cos )+sin (2 cos sin ) ]
d 4
dVc 1 3
= D ( cos 3 2 sin 2 cos )=0
d 4
2 sin2 cos =cos 3
2 2
2 sin =cos
2 1
tan =
2
1
tan =
2

cos =
2
3
 1
sin =
3
2
2
1 3
V c= D
4 ( )( )
3
1
3
1
V c= D3 Maximum volume of cylinder
6 3

Volume of shot (sphere):

3
D /2
4 4
V s = R 3=
3 3
1
V s= D 3
6

Weight is proportional to the volume, so

Wc Ws
=
Vc Vs
Ws
W c= V c
Vs
16 1
W c= D3
1 6 3
D3
6
W c =9.24 lb

4. The stiffness of a rectangular beam is proportional to the breadth and the cube of the
depth. Find the shape of the stiffest beam that can be cut from a log of a given size.

Solution:
Stiffness,
k =b d 3

Where:
b=Dcos
d=Dsin

k =D 4 cos sin 3
dk
=D4 ( 3 cos 2 sin2 sin4 ) =0
d
3 cos2 sin 2 =0
2 2
sin =3 cos
tan 2 =3
tan = 3
=60
 1
b=Dcos60 = D
2
1
d=Dsin 60 = 3 D
2

depth= 3 breadth

5. The strength of rectangular beam is proportional to the breadth and the square of the
depth. Find the shape of the strongest beam that can be cut from a log of given size.

Solution:
Strength,
S=b d 2

Where:
b=Dcos
d=Dsin

S=D3 cos sin2

S=D 3 cos ( 1cos2 )

S=D 3 ( cos cos 3 )

dS
=D3 (sin +3 cos2 sin )=0
d
2
1+3 cos =0
1
cos 2 =
3
1
cos =
3

1
b=Dcos= D
3
1
d=Dsin = 2 D
3
Depth = 2 breadth

6. A trapezoidal gutter is to be made, from a strip of metal 22 inches wide by bending up

the edges. If the base is 14 inches wide, what width across the top gives the greatest
carrying capacity.

Solution:
A 1=14 ( 4 sin ) =56 sin
1
A 2= ( 4 cos ) ( 4 sin )=8 cos sin
2
 A= A 1+ 2 A2
A=56 sin+ 2 ( 8 cos sin )
dA 2 2
=56 cos + 16 ( cos sin )=0
d

7 cos +2 [ cos ( 1cos ) ]=0

2 2

2
4 cos +7 cos 2=0
( 4 cos 1 ) ( cos +2 )=0

For
4 cos 1=0
1
cos =
4

For
cos +2=0
cos =2 (meaningless)

use
1
cos =
4

a=14+2 ( 4 cos )=14 +8 ( 14 )

a=16 inches

7. Solve Problem 06, if the strip is 13 inches wide and the base width 7 inches.

Solution:
A 1=7 ( 3 sin ) =21sin
1
A 2= ( 3 cos )( 3 sin )=4.5 cos sin
2

A= A 1+ 2 A2
A=21sin +2 ( 4.5 cos sin )
dA 2 2
=21 cos + 9 ( cos sin ) =0
d

7 cos +3 [ cos 2 ( 1cos2 ) ] =0

6 cos 2 +7 cos 3=0

( 3 cos 1 )( 2 cos +3 )=0

For
3 cos 1=0
 1
cos =
3

For
2 cos +3=0
cos =3/2 (meaningless)

1
use cos = 3

a=7+2 ( 3 cos )=7+ 6 ( 13 )

a=9 inches

8. Solve Problem 06 if the strip is 9 inches wide and the base width 3 inches.

Solution:
A 1=3 ( 3 sin )=9 sin
1
A 2= ( 3 cos )( 3 sin )=4.5 cos sin
2

A= A 1+ 2 A2
A=9 sin+ 2 ( 4.5 cos sin )
dA
=9 cos +9 ( cos 2 sin2 )=0
d

cos + [ cos2 ( 1cos2 ) ]=0

2 cos2 +cos 1=0

( 2 cos 1 ) ( cos +1 ) =0

For
2 cos 1=0
1
cos =
2

For
cos +1=0
cos =1 (meaningless)

1
use cos = 2

a=3+2 ( 3cos )=3+ 6 ( 12 )

a=6 inches