Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Reference Manual S-CONCRETE R11 PDF
Reference Manual S-CONCRETE R11 PDF
COPYRIGHT NOTICE
This software documentation is copyright 2011 by Softek Services Ltd.
(Richmond, Canada). All rights reserved.
DISCLAIMER
Considerable time, effort, and expense has gone into the development and
documentation of S-CONCRETE for Windows. It has been thoroughly
tested. However, in using the product (including manuals), the user
understands and accepts that no warranty on the accuracy or reliability of the
product is expressed or implied by the developers or distributors. Users must
understand the assumptions used in the product, know its limitations, and
verify their own results.
Softek Services Ltd. disclaims all warranties with regard to the software
contained on diskette or in printed form, including all warranties of
merchantability and fitness; and any stated or expressed warranties are in
lieu of all obligations or liabilities of Softek Services Ltd. for damages,
including, but not limited to special, indirect or consequential damages arising
out of or in connection with the performance of the software.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Microsoft, MS, and MS-DOS are registered trademarks, and Windows is a
trademark of Microsoft Corporation. AutoCAD is a registered trademark of
AutoDesk Inc.
iii
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Features
ACI 318-05, ACI 318-02, and ACI 318-99 (American Standards), UBC
1997 (American Code), CSA-A23.3-04 & CSA-A23.3-94 (Canadian
Standards), BS 8110:1997 and 1985 (British Standards), and CP65: 1999
(Singapore Standard).
For beams and columns, shear and torsion support for all standards
including both the Simplified and General Method of shear & torsion
design as defined in CSA-A23.3. For wall sections including I-Shapes, T-
Shapes, and L-Shapes, torsion is evaluated and checked against the limit
for torsion to be neglected. For C-Shapes, torsion is resolved into shear
forces applied to the flanges and the panels/flanges are evaluated
separately for shear resistance.
License agreement
Chapter 1 Introduction 3
Fast hard disk (7200 rpm) with at least 200 MB of free disk space
Before using S-CONCRETE, you are expected to be familiar with the basics
of Microsoft Windows. S-CONCRETE uses the mouse for graphical
operations and for selecting menus and commands in the same way as many
other Windows applications. When executed, S-CONCRETE appears on the
screen with a Menu Bar, Vertical and Horizontal Tool Bars, and a Drawing
Window, as indicated in Figure 1.
Every drop-down menu has commands. The mouse offers the simplest way
to use the menus. To choose a menu item, point the mouse to the title of the
menu and click with the left mouse button to open the menu. Drag the
mouse pointer to the command you want and click with the left mouse button.
You can also use the keyboard to select commands by pressing the ALT
button together with the "trigger letter". The trigger letter is underlined.
When you choose a command that is not followed by ellipses (), the
command is performed immediately. When commands with ellipses are
selected, a dialog box appears prompting you for more information. Use the
dialog box to enter additional information. Commands that are currently
unavailable are dimmed.
The Tool Bar provides buttons for quick access to commonly used menu
commands. Clicking a button is equivalent to choosing a command. These
buttons are associated with "Tool Tips". When you point to a button and
pause, the name of the tool will appear. See List of Tools below for a
description of each tool.
The Tool Bar also displays the Overall Status, Shear and Torsion Utilization,
and Axial Load and Moment (N vs M) Utilization. For more information on
Status Levels and Utilizations, refer to Chapter 2.3.
Chapter 2 Getting Started 7
The Tool Bar also contains other information which are described below:
Section Type: This label displays the current section selected in the vertical
tool bar (see below).
Section Name: This text box can be used to enter or edit the name of the
section.
Job #: This text box can be used to enter or edit the job number for
the section.
Visual Editor If checked, you can use the Visual Editor to alter the section
(dimensions, reinforcing, and material properties). You may
want to uncheck this box when youre almost done to prevent
accidental changes.
List of Tools
File Menu
New Create a New Section. This new section also
becomes your default section every time you start
S-CONCRETE.
Open Open an S-CONCRETE file (SCO), B-SECT file
(BSE), C-SECT file (CSE), or W-SECT file (WSE).
If you open a B/C/W-SECT file, you will need to
save it as an S-CONCRETE file (SCO) when done.
Save As Save the current section as a different file.
Print Print the main drawing (send directly to printer).
Print Preview Preview the output to printer.
Export File To create a DXF file that contains the main drawing
(DXF) (AutoCAD Release 14 compatible).
Add to Add the main drawing to the document list for
Document WORD/TEDDS export and add to the list of
pictures for Results Report.
Export to Create a WORD or TEDDS document using the list
WORD/TEDDS of items generated each time you click the "Add to
Document Document" button.
8 Chapter 2 Getting Started
View Menu
Zoom In To magnify the drawing or "Zoom In". To change
the zoom percentage, see Settings Preferences
(Chapter 8.3).
Zoom Out To reduce the drawing or "Zoom Out".
Zoom Extents To view the entire drawing or "Zoom Extents".
Reset Drawing To reset the drawing including text information box
locations.
Zoom Window To view a particular region or window. When
activated, the mouse pointer becomes a cross-hair.
Click and hold to define the upper left corner of the
window. Drag the window to define the lower left
corner and release.
Edit Menu
Section To edit the section parameters including building
standard, bar type, units, material properties,
dimensions, hole size for columns, clear cover,
effective section properties, and slenderness
effects if applicable.
Reinforcing To edit section reinforcing including bar sizes,
tie/stirrup/link bar size and spacing, tie/stirrup/link
configurations, number of bars, splice type if
applicable, zone and panel reinforcing for walls.
Loads To enter factored sectional loads and panel loads
(for walls) including axial loads, torsion, shear
forces, bending moments and slenderness
parameters.
Custom Bars To enter or edit custom bar properties bar
designation, bar diameters, and bar cross-sectional
areas. These bars are only effective if you select
Custom for the bar type in Edit Section.
Settings Menu
Increments To set the increments that will be used in the
Automated Design Process and in the Visual
Editor.
Chapter 2 Getting Started 9
Run Menu
Design To set various design conditions and constraints for
Constraints "Automated Design".
Automated To perform automated design for the section. S-
Design CONCRETE will make changes if and where
required to make the section more efficient and
acceptable according to the chosen building
standard.
Analyze / Code To perform code checking. This command will
Check generate N vs M diagrams and Results Report.
This tool will only be active if the Code Check
Automatically box is unchecked in Settings
Preferences (Chapter 8.3).
Help Menu
Help To display Help Topics.
10 Chapter 2 Getting Started
2.3.1 Utilization
S-CONCRETE computes two types of strength utilizations: (1) shear and
torsion utilization and (2) axial load and moment (N vs M) utilization.
Typically, utilization equals to the applied force or moment divided by the
capacity of the section. However, for shear and torsion, special conditions
apply depending on the building standard chosen.
V Mu
e.g. Utilization = u or
Vr Mr
Chapter 2 Getting Started 11
Not all the text in every information window is an active hot-spot. The
majority of the text is there to display information for reference purposes only.
Some text are active hot-spots where you can change the value with a click
Chapter 2 Getting Started 13
If you drag the outline of the section, S-CONCRETE will change the
dimension in increments, specified in Settings Increments' (Chapter 8).
Similarly, if you click a "hot spot" to change the bar spacing or material
property, S-CONCRETE will change the bar spacing or material property in
pre-determined increments.
Click the "hot spot" with the left mouse button to increase a dimension or
property, add a bar, or decrease the bar spacing. Click the "hot spot" with the
right mouse button to decrease a dimension or property, subtract a bar, or
increase the bar spacing.
Make the choices that best describes the new section and click the Ok
button. S-CONCRETE will generate a new section with the appropriate
parameters initialized. It will also assign default material properties, section
dimensions, and reinforcing configurations. This new section also becomes
your default section every time you start S-CONCRETE.
Note: The Visual Editor (Chapter 2.4) can also be used to adjust the
section parameters including dimensions, reinforcing, and material
properties.
Click the appropriate button on the tool bar to complete the project, for
Automated Design or for Analysis / Code Check if applicable. When
completed, you can review the results. "Design Constraints" can be
changed first before executing "Automated Design" to guide/control the
design process.
When pictures are added to the Report, you can change the location of these
pictures within the Report. You can also perform a Print Preview before
sending the Report to the printer. The Report displays numerous checks and
intermediate values for some of these checks. You can hide some of these
checks to reduce the size of the Report by unchecking the appropriate box at
the top of the Report. You can also hide specific lines in the Report. See
Figure 4 for a sample Report.
16 Chapter 2 Getting Started
File menu commands are located on the menu bar under the key word "File".
The corresponding drop-down menu is indicated below. Some of these
commands can also be found on the tool bar.
FRAME can generate TIM files. The procedure outlined below should be
followed if you plan to use TIM files.
Step Description
1 Create a preliminary section for investigative purposes
including section type, section size, reinforcing configuration,
material properties, etc. Enter a few load cases if you wish
(optional). These load cases will be overwritten if the TIM file is
imported successfully.
2 From the File Menu, choose Import and specify a valid TIM
filename. If no errors are found, S-CONCRETE will populate the
loads spreadsheet and perform a code check.
"zoomed into" a particular region. Furthermore, it will try to use the same
scale as the one depicted on the screen including text size.
You have a number of options when you generate a DXF file and these are
described below. For more information on the use of "layers", please refer to
the reference manual of your drafting software. See Figure 6 for a sample
set of layers and color assignments.
Various layers are defined for your drawing depending on the section type.
The Layer Name must be in upper case and every layer name must be
Chapter 3 File Menu 21
unique. The colors assigned for each layer can be changed in Settings
Colors (Chapter 8.2).
DXF Shading
You have the option to "apply" shading in the drawing when the DXF file is
generated. If you want shading, check the "DXF Shading" box.
After assigning layer names, you are ready to generate the DXF file. Click
the button labeled "DXF File" to create the file. You will be prompted to enter
a filename.
Reset Button
To reset the layer names, click the "Reset" button. S-CONCRETE will re-
assign the layer names to default values.
Drafting Software
To import the DXF file into your drafting software, you should first create a
new drawing and then import the drawing into the application with a "DXFin"
command. The application will then prompt you for a filename with a default
extension of DXF. Enter the filename and the drawing should appear on the
screen. If you import the DXF file into an existing drawing, the layers defined
in the DXF file will be ignored and the scale of the drawing stored in the DXF
file may not match the existing drawing. S-CONCRETE supports AutoCAD
Release 14 and later.
In the "Document Item List" tab, you can edit the list of document items.
Document items are created when you click the "Add to Document" tool at
one of three locations: (1) main drawing, (2) N vs M Diagram, and (3) Results
Report. When you click the "Add to Document" button, S-CONCRETE will
prompt you for a description. These descriptions can also be changed in the
"Document Item List" tab by double clicking the appropriate cell.
There are two types of document items that can be generated picture or
table/text (numerical results). Section drawings and axial load and moment
diagrams are pictures, or more specifically bitmaps, and results report are
numerical tables. When you add an item to the document list, it is a
"snapshot" of the current configuration (picture or table/text). Pictures or
tables/text that are already on the list will not be updated as new document
items are added. You can always change the order of the document list by
clicking the appropriate arrow button (or "move" buttons). The maximum
number of items that can be included in a single document is 25.
Chapter 3 File Menu 23
The active row (or cursor location) is indicated in the spreadsheet in reverse
type. To move the cursor to a different location using a mouse, simply click
on another row. In Figure 7, the cursor location is on item number 2.
To move the contents of the active row up/down by one, click the up/down
arrow button, respectively. To delete the contents of the active row, click the
"Delete" button. To clear the contents of the document list, click the "Clear
All" button.
Styles Tab
Click the "Reset" button to change all the style parameters to default values.
Chapter 4 Edit Menu 25
Edit menu commands are located on the menu bar under the key word "Edit".
The corresponding drop-down menu is indicated below.
4.1 Section
This command is used to edit section parameters including building standard,
bar type, units, material properties, dimensions, hole size or steel shape for
columns, clear cover, effective section properties, and slenderness effects if
applicable. Some parameters apply to all types of sections and other
parameters apply to specific section types. These are described below.
For braced frames, according to the commentary for Clause 8.6.1 of ACI 318,
it is common practice to assign gross EI values for all members or, to use
half the gross EI for beams and the gross EI for columns. For unbraced
frames, a different set of effective section properties should be used for both
beams and columns (see Clause 10.11.1 of ACI 318 or Clause 10.14.1 of
CSA-A23.3).
For beams, S-CONCRETE gives you the option to ignore the flange when
computing the centroid and moment of inertia in the strong direction, Ig (y-y).
Check the box if you wish to ignore the flange for such calculations. If you
choose to ignore the flange, S-CONCRETE will still take into consideration
the flange for moment capacity calculations. However, the location of the
centroid will be that of a rectangular section which, in turn, affects the location
of the applied axial load (if any).
28 Chapter 4 Edit Menu
Material Properties
Ec
Gc =
2 (1 + )
For more information on the values assigned to Ec and Es, see Material
Properties topics in the Help Menu.
Quick Calc (N vs M)
4.1.2 Beams
Dimensions
You can enter or modify the section dimensions numerically. The diagram on
the right side of the screen (Figure 9) illustrates the variable location in the
section. It is also possible to edit the section dimensions graphically using
the Visual Editor (Chapter 2.4).
Clear Cover
Code Check
By default, S-CONCRETE will perform bar spacing checks and crack control
checks. If for some reason you do not want these checks to be performed,
you can switch off these checks by checking the appropriate box.
Exposure
For ACI, UBC, and CSA Standards only, you can specify interior or exterior
exposure for the section. This has implications on the crack control check (if
applicable).
4.1.3 Columns
Dimensions
You can enter or modify the section dimensions numerically. The diagram on
the right side of the screen (Figure 10) illustrates the variable location in the
section. It is also possible to edit the section dimensions graphically using
the Visual Editor (Chapter 2.4).
Outer Clear cover is the concrete cover to the tie or link measured from the
outermost perimeter of the section. If a hole is specified, the Inner Clear
Cover is the concrete cover that should be provided to the main reinforcing
bars measured from the perimeter of the hole. If S-CONCRETE determines
that insufficient inside cover is provided to a vertical bar, that bar will be
rendered ineffective for axial load and moment capacity calculations. The
main drawing will also indicate which bars are ineffective (Figure 11).
Chapter 4 Edit Menu 31
Adjustments
For CSA, ACI, and UBC Standards only, S-CONCRETE can make
adjustments to the axial load and moment interaction diagrams to account for
steel ratios less than 1%. If you do not check this box, the lower limit for steel
ratios is 1% or a warning is issued. Otherwise, if you check this box, the
lower limit for steel ratios goes down to 0.5% and the interaction diagram is
conservatively adjusted according to the building standard.
32 Chapter 4 Edit Menu
For British and Singapore Standards only, you can specify an upper limit for
the axial load capacity, Nu (max) based on Clause 3.8.4.3 or Clause 3.8.4.4.
You can also choose neither clause and specify none for Nu (max).
Minimum Moments
Hole Parameters
To create a custom steel shape, uncheck the box labeled Use Steel Tables if
available (Composite Columns) in Settings Preferences, Chapter 8.3. In this
case, you will be able to specify the exact dimensions of the steel shape (d, b,
w, t) and assign a name to the steel shape.
Slenderness Effects
For columns, BetaD is the ratio of the maximum factored axial sustained
load to the maximum factored axial load (d = 0.6 conservative). This
parameter is used to estimate the effective stiffness (EI) in computing
slenderness effects (ACI, UBC, CSA codes only). See also Moment
Magnification topics in the Help Menu.
4.1.4 Walls
Dimensions
You can enter or modify the section dimensions numerically. The diagram
next to the dimensions in Figure 12 illustrates the variable location in the
section. It is also possible to edit the section dimensions graphically using
the Visual Editor (Chapter 2.4).
Chapter 4 Edit Menu 35
For wall or panel reinforcing with two curtains of reinforcing, the clear cover
specified here is the clear concrete cover provided to the outermost
reinforcing bar (horizontal or vertical whichever is placed outside).
Clear cover for zone reinforcing typically refers to the clear concrete cover
provided for the zone ties or links (if specified).
For wall sections, it is possible to change the orientation. There are four
orientation angles: 0, 90, 180, and 270. The orientation angle is
measured counter-clockwise and illustrated in Figure 13 for an I-Shape.
Changing the orientation does not change the direction of the Y and Z axes.
Section properties are computed with respect to the Y and Z axes and takes
into account the orientation.
For I-Shapes, you can work with rectangular shapes only by checking the
appropriate box. You can also make the I-Shape symmetric in terms of
dimensions and reinforcing by checking the appropriate box. For non-
36 Chapter 4 Edit Menu
seismic regions, you can also code check the wall using the Empirical Design
Method as outlined in the building standard (CSA, UBC, or ACI only) by
checking the appropriate box. See also Empirical Design Method topics in
the Help Menu.
Slenderness Effects
Seismic Parameters
UBC 1997
hw Overall Height of the wall (e.g. from ground floor to roof)
Region Zone 0, 1, 2A, 2B (low or moderate risk seismic zone)
Zone 3 or 4 (high risk seismic zone, Chapter 1921 of UBC)
Nmax 0.05 or 0.10 Agfc Clause 1921.6.6.4
Limit for Boundary Zone Detailing Requirements
Phi (shear) 0.6 or 0.85, strength reduction factor for shear
Clause 1909.3.4.1
Boundary Force (Clause 1921.6.6.4) or
38 Chapter 4 Edit Menu
ACI 1999 (low risk seismic zone only), ACI 2002 and ACI 2005
hw Overall Height of the wall (e.g. from ground floor to roof)
Region / Risk Low risk seismic zone
Moderate risk seismic zone
High risk seismic zone
Phi (shear) 0.6 or 0.85 (1999)
0.6 or 0.75 (2002 or 2005)
strength reduction factor for shear (Clause 9.3.4)
Boundary Stress Method (Clause 21.7.6.3) or
Element Displacement Method (Clause 21.7.6.2)
Method
du / hw du = design displacement
hw = overall height of the wall (see above)
for bending about the y-y or z-z axis.
Duct. Cut-Off 0% to 75% of Mu/Mn, Default = 25%
Ductility Requirement Cut-Off Limit. For the Displacement
Method, the program will evaluate ductility requirements for
load cases that have Mu/Mn greater than the value specified
here. This feature is introduced to filter out load cases that
are not at ultimate from a flexural point of view.
4.2 Reinforcing
This command is used to edit reinforcing parameters including primary and
secondary bar sizes and spacing, tie/stirrup/link configurations, number of
bars, splice type if applicable, zone and panel reinforcing for walls. These are
described below for each section type.
Chapter 4 Edit Menu 39
4.2.1 Beams
Up to five layers of bars can be specified for the top and/or bottom bars. Two
sets of bars can also be specified for each layer of bars. The first set is
typically placed on the outside and the second set on the inside. If there is
insufficient room to place both sets of bars within the outermost stirrup/link
legs, some or all of the second set of bars is placed outside of the stirrup/link
legs. Each set of bars can be a different bar size. You have the option to
nd
show the 2 set of bars by checking the appropriate box. You also have
the option to make every bar the same bar size by checking the appropriate
box. S-CONCRETE will automatically place bars in a reasonable manner
taking into account the number of stirrup/link legs, location of stirrup/link legs,
st nd
number of bars (1 and 2 set), beam width, and clear spacing requirements.
Stirrups / Links
Stirrup/link bar size and spacing can be specified here including hook angle.
If you wish to add stirrups/links to the section, you will need to check the
Apply box. If you want the stirrups/links to be closed, check the box labeled
Closed; otherwise, the configuration will be open stirrups/links. You can
specify as many stirrup/legs as you wish and as low as one stirrup/link leg. A
possible configuration with one stirrup/link leg is illustrated in Figure 15 for a
concrete joist.
When four (4) stirrup/link legs are specified, you have the option to specify
two sets of stirrups/links (Double Set) of the same configuration or two sets of
stirrups/links of different configuration. This is illustrated in Figure 16. Check
the box labeled Double Set if you wish to specify two sets of the same
configuration. The Double Set may be appropriate for small beams and, if
closed, all four legs of stirrups/links will be effective to resist shear and
torsion as opposed to the other configuration where only the exterior legs are
effective to resist torsion.
Face Steel
Face steel or skin steel can be specified here including bar size and spacing.
If you wish to add face steel to the section, you will need to check the Apply
box. If you want the face steel applied to each face of the section (Figure
16), check the box labeled Each Face; otherwise, S-CONCRETE will insert
the face steel at the centre-line of the section only (Figure 15). If you want to
include face steel in the axial load and moment interaction diagram
calculations, check the box labeled N vs M.
In Figure 14 below the Help button, there is a check box labeled Scale
(stirrups or links). If checked, the stirrup/link thickness will be drawn to scale
in the main drawing; otherwise, it will be drawn using one pixel width to
represent the stirrup/link bar size.
42 Chapter 4 Edit Menu
4.2.2 Columns
Vertical Bars
In this part of the window, you can specify the splice type. For a visual
representation of these splice types, see Figure 18. Tangential and radial
splices are lap splices that are applicable to columns subjected to
compression or tension. For bearing splices, the loads are transmitted
directly from bar to bar in end bearing, so it is applicable to columns
subjected to compression only. A mechanical splice may be a tension
coupler or a similar device that is capable of transmitting tension and
compression. To meet bar spacing requirements in a given section, the
bearing or mechanical splice would allow the greatest number of vertical bars
as compared to a tangential splice (least number of vertical bars allowed).
For rectangular tie/link configurations (Figure 17), you can specify one bar
size for all of the vertical bars. You will also need to specify the number of
bars in each direction (Ny and Nz) and the number of layers. Figure 19
Illustrates a relatively large column with two layers of bars. There is an upper
limit to the number of layers before the column is saturated with vertical
bars. If you specify a higher number, S-CONCRETE automatically resets the
number of layers to this upper limit.
Chapter 4 Edit Menu 43
For circular tie/link configurations (Figure 20) or spiral configurations, you can
specify up to two layers of bars and one bar size for each layer of vertical
bars. The first layer is the outermost layer and the second layer is the next
layer separated by the clear distance, dz, between layers of vertical bars.
You can specify a value for dz, or it can be computed by checking the
appropriate box. You can also specify a different number of bars for each
layer. This is illustrated in Figure 21.
Horizontal Bars
In this part of the window, you can specify the horizontal bar configuration
rectangular, circular, or spiral. If the configuration is rectangular (Figure 17
and Figure 19), you will need to specify the tie/link bar size and spacing, hook
angle for the ties/links and for single cross-hooks. When diamond
configurations are implemented, you can switch this option off by unchecking
the appropriate box. S-CONCRETE will then use a more conventional tie/link
configuration. Diamond configurations may provide less shear resistance as
compared to the conventional tie/link configuration. If the configuration is
circular (Figure 20 and Figure 21) or spiral, you will need to specify the tie/link
st nd
or spiral bar sizes for the 1 and 2 layer and the spacing or pitch for each
layer. Horizontal bars for each layer of vertical bars can have different bar
sizes and spacing/pitch.
Chapter 4 Edit Menu 45
In Figure 17 and Figure 20 below the Help button, there is a check box
labeled Scale (ties/links or spiral). If checked, the tie/link/spiral thickness
will be drawn to scale in the main drawing; otherwise, it will be drawn using
one pixel width to represent the bar size.
Zone Parameters
Depending on the zone location in the wall section and the section type, there
are up to three types of zone reinforcing one, two, or three direction zones.
One direction zones are typically located at ends of a single panel. Two
direction zones are typically located at corners where two panels meet.
Three direction zones are typically located at intersections of two panels. Not
all types of zones are made available for a given section; only the ones that
are suitable for the zone location and section type can be selected. For more
information on zone types, see Zone Angles below.
46 Chapter 4 Edit Menu
Every zone type can be oriented at a different angle. See below for more
information on Zone Angles. Some zone types located in a specific location
in a wall section cannot be oriented at a particular angle. As a consequence,
certain angles will not be made available for selection purposes.
You can assign a "Zone Label" to a given zone. This label will be used in the
main drawing for reference purposes. You can also assign a splice type for
the zone tangential, radial, bearing, or mechanical (see Figure 18). Vertical
bar size, tie/link bar size and spacing can be assigned to a given zone. You
can also remove the ties/links for a zone by specifying "None" for the tie/link
bar size.
You can specify the clear spacing limit (Scl) between vertical bars. If
exceeded, every vertical bar shall be laterally supported by the corner of a
tie/link or cross hook; otherwise, every corner and alternate vertical bar shall
be laterally supported. By checking the appropriate box, this clear spacing
limit (Scl) can be computed, instead, based on the building code selected.
Chapter 4 Edit Menu 47
Vertical bars in a given zone are typically placed only along the perimeter in a
given tie/link configuration. S-CONCRETE offers the option to "Fill the zone
with vertical bars (if applicable)" by checking the appropriate box. If checked,
vertical bars will be placed at intermediate locations if the zone supports such
a configuration (normally used in thick panels and/or large zones where many
vertical bars can be utilized effectively). In three direction zones, you have
the option to make these zones symmetrical by checking the box labeled
"Symmetric Zone Reinforcing". For certain wall section types (e.g. T-
Shapes), the three direction zone is always symmetrical.
Zone Angles
As described above, there are three zone reinforcing types one, two, and
three direction zones. Every zone direction type can be oriented at a different
zone angle. The zone angle is measured counter-clockwise with respect to
the horizontal. See below for examples of zone types and angles.
For every zone type, you can assign numbers of bars and bars spacing for
each direction in the zone. Often times a wall panel controls the size of the
zone in a given direction which, in turn, determines the bar spacing.
Sometimes, you have the option to assign the dimensions of the zone and let
S-CONCRETE determine the bar spacing automatically. In Figure 22, there
are up to five sets of bars that can be changed or modified depending on the
zone type. Each bar set has variables that can be changed if applicable and
these are described below.
Variable Description
i Bar Set Number or Index
Ni Number of Bars for Bar i
Si Bar Spacing for Bar i (Computed or Assigned)
Wi Zone Dimension (Wall Thickness or Assigned)
Use Limit (Wi) If checked, S-CONCRETE will use the zone
dimension Wi to determine the bar spacing.
Refer to the figures below for sample sets of zone bars and spacing for all
three zone types at a zone angle of 0 degrees.
50 Chapter 4 Edit Menu
In Figure 22 below the Help button, there is a check box labeled Scale (horz
bars). If checked, the zone tie/link thickness will be drawn to scale in the
main drawing; otherwise, it will be drawn using one pixel width to represent
the bar size.
For each panel, you can specify: a panel label to be used in the main
drawing, vertical and horizontal bar sizes and spacing, number of curtains (1
or 2), and standard hooks at the ends of the horizontal bars (straight,
Chapter 4 Edit Menu 51
Up/Down hooks are typically used to firmly anchor the horizontal bars into
the zone for seismic purposes. The hook is into-the-plane of the drawing
which is illustrated below.
In Figure 26 below the Help button, there is a check box labeled Scale (horz
bars). If checked, the horizontal bar thickness will be drawn to scale in the
main drawing; otherwise, it will be drawn using one pixel width to represent
the bar size. You can also check the box labeled Vertical Bars Outside to
place vertical bars outside of the horizontal bars as illustrated above for two
curtains of reinforcing. It is also possible to include vertical bars in axial load
and moment (N vs M) interaction diagram calculations by checking the
appropriate box. Otherwise, only zone reinforcing will be included in N vs M
diagram calculations.
The contents of the spreadsheet depends on the section type and whether or
not slenderness effects should be computed or not. For T-beams and L-
beams, bending about the strong axis only is permitted plus shear forces,
axial load and torsion (if applicable). For rectangular beams, rectangular
columns, and circular columns, biaxial bending is supported plus shear
Chapter 4 Edit Menu 53
forces, axial load and torsion (if applicable). For walls, biaxial bending is
supported plus shear forces, axial load and torsion (if applicable).
M resultant =
M y2 + M z2 and Vresultant =
Vy2 + Vz2
54 Chapter 4 Edit Menu
M1
where Single Curvature C=
m 0.6 + 0.4
M2
M1
Double Curvature Cm =
0.6 0.4 0.4
M2
M1 = Smaller Factored End Moment
M2 = Larger Factored End Moment = My or Mz
Command Buttons
The Copy button is used to copy the contents of a block of cells or selected
cells to the clipboard. To define a block of cells or selected cells with the
mouse button, click and drag over an area of cells to be selected and then
click the copy button.
S-CONCRETE gives you the option to ignore axial loads when it assesses
the strength of the section for axial load and moment interaction diagrams
and shear/torsion evaluation. If the box is checked, it will assign zero to all
Chapter 4 Edit Menu 55
the axial loads during strength evaluation processes and ignore the axial
loads entered in the spreadsheet.
Load Type
For walls, you will also need to define the load type - wind, seismic, or other -
for each load case (Figure 28). Only the load cases that are designated as
seismic will be used to evaluate seismic provisions, if applicable. Seismic
shear forces entered here may also be magnified (see below).
For walls in seismic regions using the CSA standard, you will also have the
option to magnify the shear forces sectional and panel. If the box labeled
Magnify Shears is checked (Figure 28), the program will use the
Overstrength Factors specified or estimated in Chapter 4.1.4 (seismic
parameters) to magnify the sectional and panel seismic shear forces.
For CSA-A23.3-04 (Rd 1.5), S-CONCRETE will multiply the seismic shear
forces entered in the spreadsheets with the computed overstrength factor
based on the normal resistance of the section.
i.e. Vf (design) = Vf (data) Vf (data)
56 Chapter 4 Edit Menu
For C-Shapes, T-Shapes, and L-Shapes, you can also enter panel loads
(Figure 28). An I-Shape is considered as a single panel so panel loading and
sectional loading are identical for I-Shapes. Panel loading is applied to the
individual panels in a given section. Each panel can be subjected to an axial
load, bending moment about the strong axis, and shear force in the strong
direction. When the program code checks, it will treat each panel as
independent entities and assess the axial load and moment capacity and
shear capacity on a panel-by-panel basis (including seismic provisions). See
Results Report (Chapter 7.1) for more information on wall panel results.
For more information on the use of sectional and panel loading, see Wall
Sectional & Panel Loading Discussion topic in the Help Menu.
Chapter 4 Edit Menu 57
You should assign a "Bar Type" to describe your set of custom bars. You
may want to enter a bar delimiter for bar designations (e.g. 2-No 8 where "-"
is the bar delimiter). You can also add a "space before and after" the
delimiter by checking the appropriate box.
When entering bar diameters, you can get S-CONCRETE to compute the
areas by clicking the "Compute Areas" button. Similarly, when entering bar
areas, you can get S-CONCRETE to compute the diameters by clicking the
58 Chapter 4 Edit Menu
View menu commands are located on the menu bar under the key word
"View". The corresponding drop-down menu is indicated below. These
commands are also located on the Tool Bar.
To toggle on/off an item, choose that item under the View menu until a check
appears beside the item (to toggle the item on) or the check is removed (to
toggle the item off).
Most of the items are displayed in information text boxes located in the main
drawing. You can also close these information text boxes using the Visual
Editor (Chapter 2.4) by clicking on the upper right corner of the window. This
is equivalent to toggling the item off.
Chapter 6 Run Menu 63
Run menu commands are located on the menu bar under the key word
"Run". The corresponding drop-down menu is indicated below.
You can also set lower and upper limits for the size of the top and bottom
bars, stirrups/links, and face steel. In Automated Design, S-CONCRETE will
take into consideration these limits if it becomes necessary to change the bar
size. Many factors should be considered when you set bar sizes such as bar
availability, development or anchorage length, labor costs to assemble
reinforcing cages, etc. You can also Freeze the size of the currently
selected bar in Automated Design by checking the appropriate box.
Chapter 6 Run Menu 65
You can also set lower and upper limits for the gross amount of longitudinal
steel top bars (As/bh) and bottom bars (As/bh). If the amount of steel is
not within the ranges specified here, S-CONCRETE will adjust the reinforcing
and/or beam dimensions if applicable. The limits specified here are only
guidelines. S-CONCRETE will use these guidelines when and if appropriate
in Automated Design to make the section more efficient.
You can set lower and upper limits for the concrete compressive strength (fcu
or fc), yield strength of steel (fy) for longitudinal bars, and yield strength of
steel (fy) for stirrups/links. These limits may be code related or controlled by
other factors such as material availability. In Automated Design, S-
CONCRETE will take into consideration these limits if and when it finds it
necessary to change material properties. You can also Freeze the current
selected material properties by checking the appropriate box.
You can also set lower and upper limits for the size of the column ties/links
and vertical bars. In Automated Design, S-CONCRETE will take into
consideration these limits if it becomes necessary to change the bar size.
Many factors should be considered when you set bar sizes such as bar
availability, development or anchorage length, labor costs to assemble
reinforcing cages, etc. You can also Freeze the size of the currently
selected bar in Automated Design by checking the appropriate box. You can
also Freeze the splice type selected for the column.
Chapter 6 Run Menu 67
You can also set lower and upper limits for the steel ratio (As/Ag). If the
amount of steel is not within the ranges specified here, S-CONCRETE will
adjust the reinforcing and/or column dimensions if applicable. The limits
specified here are only guidelines. S-CONCRETE will use these guidelines
when and if appropriate in Automated Design to make the section more
efficient.
You can set lower and upper limits for the concrete compressive strength (fcu
or fc), yield strength of steel (fy) for vertical bars, and yield strength of steel
(fy) for ties/links. These limits may be code related or controlled by other
factors such as material availability. In Automated Design, S-CONCRETE
will take into consideration these limits if and when it finds it necessary to
change material properties. You can also Freeze the current selected
material properties by checking the appropriate box.
You can set lower and upper limits for the size of the distributed panel and
zone reinforcing bars. In Automated Design, S-CONCRETE will take into
consideration these limits if it becomes necessary to change the bar size.
Many factors should be considered when you set bar sizes such as bar
availability, development or anchorage length, labor costs to assemble
reinforcing cages, etc. You can also Freeze the size of the currently
68 Chapter 6 Run Menu
selected bar in Automated Design by checking the appropriate box. You can
also Freeze the splice type selected for the zone vertical bars.
You can set lower and upper limits for the concrete compressive strength (fcu
or fc), yield strength of steel (fy) for vertical bars, and yield strength of steel
(fy) for horizontal bars. These limits may be code related or controlled by
other factors such as material availability. In Automated Design, S-
CONCRETE will take into consideration these limits if and when it finds it
necessary to change material properties. You can also Freeze the current
selected material properties by checking the appropriate box.
Click the Step button to perform automated design one step at a time. Click
the Auto button to iterate as many times as required. As far as the end
result is concerned, there is no difference between the "Step" option and the
"Auto" option. In other words, if you execute the "Step" option often enough
you will eventually reach the same end result as if you have executed the
"Auto" option.
70 Chapter 6 Run Menu
For slower computers, you may not want to Analyze / Code Check
automatically until the section is fully defined and the load cases are entered
into the spreadsheet. This option allows the user to complete the data
entering process for a new section and then analyzing / code checking the
section at the end only. This sequence may save the user time on a relatively
slow computer.
Chapter 7 Results Menu 73
Results menu commands are located on the menu bar under the key word
"Results". The corresponding drop-down menu is indicated below.
Tool Buttons
Print Preview
To preview the Report, click the Print Preview tool (Figure 37). In this
window, you have a few options. To zoom in and out, point to the page with
your mouse and click. Use the scroll bar to view other pages in the Report.
Click the button labeled Normal View to return to the normal window (Figure
36).
Chapter 7 Results Menu 75
On the left side of the window, you will find the numerical portion of the
Report only and the associated row numbers of each line in the Report. In
76 Chapter 7 Results Menu
this window, you will be able to insert bitmaps into the Report, add page
breaks, and hide rows/lines in the Report.
To add bitmaps to the Report, you must first create a list of bitmaps by
clicking the Add to Document button in: (1) the main window (Figure 1) to
add section drawings and/or (2) the N vs M diagram window (Chapter 7.2) to
add axial load and moment interaction diagrams. By default, section
drawings are inserted at the top of the Report and N vs M diagrams are
Chapter 7 Results Menu 77
added to the bottom of the Report. To modify the names given to these
bitmaps or to delete these bitmaps, you will need to execute File Export to
WORD/TEDDS Document (Chapter 3.5).
When inserting bitmaps into the Report, you must: (1) select a bitmap from
the list box, (2) specify the row number where the bitmap will be inserted, (3)
enter an appropriate size (# rows) for the bitmap, (4) select a justification for
the bitmap (center, left, or right), (5) insert a Page Break at the top of the
bitmap (optional) by checking the box labeled Insert Page Break, and (6)
click the button Assign Bitmap Info to insert the bitmap into the Report.
You can also hide rows/lines of the Report. Simply specify a range of lines
and click the Assign Hidden Rows button. The letter H will appear beside
the row number on the left side of the window (Figure 38). To clear all hidden
rows, click the button labeled Clear All Hidden Rows.
When done, click the Apply button to close the editor and return to the
Results Report window. To close Results Report all together, click the
Close button. Use Print Preview to check the contents of the Report.
Summary
The summary displays the section name, company name, building standards
and design aid references, overall status, shear and torsion (V & T)
78 Chapter 7 Results Menu
utilization, and axial load and moment (N vs M) utilizations for positive and
negative moments if applicable.
Properties
Reinforcing
Reinforcing includes: top and bottom bars, stirrups/links, face steel, clear
cover specified, and for beams not subjected to biaxial bending min/max
areas of steel. See also Min and Max Steel Areas for Beams topics in the
Help Menu.
Design Loads
For beams not subjected to biaxial bending, the design loads represent
bending about the strong axis or y-y axis. For rectangular beams subjected
to biaxial bending, the design loads are displayed which include the biaxial
bending moments but it also displays the resultant moment applied at a
specific angle, theta (measured counter-clockwise with respect to the
horizontal). See Figure 39 for clarification on resultant moment and theta.
Uniaxial Bending
80 Chapter 7 Results Menu
Biaxial Bending
S-CONCRETE will display the governing load case (GLC), status, and
highest utilization detected for axial load and moment. For uniaxial bending,
axial load and moment utilizations are displayed for both negative and
positive moments including the load cases (LC) used for the evaluation. For
biaxial bending, axial load and moment utilizations are displayed for the
resultant bending moment applied at a specific angle Theta subjected to a
factored axial force, Nf, Nu, or N.
Axial utilization is the applied axial force (Nf, Nu, N) divided by the axial load
capacity (Nr, Nn, Nu max) permitted by code. Moment utilization is the
applied moment (Mf, Mu, M) divided by the moment capacity (Mr, Mn, Mu)
evaluated at the applied axial force (Nf, Nu, N). For more information on axial
load and moment utilizations, see Chapter 7.2.
Chapter 7 Results Menu 81
Uniaxial Bending
Biaxial Bending
Intermediate values are displayed for reference purposes including shear and
torsion parameters. The diameter of the corner bars is also evaluated.
Stirrup/link requirements are also evaluated including stirrup/link spacing.
Maximum shear and torsional stress applied is also evaluated. Longitudinal
steel requirements due to torsion and flexure are evaluated and displayed for
top and bottom bars including face steel if applicable.
Clear vertical and horizontal spacing between bars is evaluated when and if
applicable. Clear spacing requirements depend on the building standard.
See also Detailing Requirements topics in the Help Menu.
The top and bottom bar regions are evaluated for crack control requirements
according to the chosen building standard and beam exposure (if applicable).
If the region is subjected to tensile stresses, it will be evaluated accordingly.
Face steel is also evaluated for crack control purposes if applicable.
Chapter 7 Results Menu 83
The specified yield strength of steel (fy) must fall within an acceptable range
of values according to the specified building standard. The specified
concrete strength (fc or fcu) and concrete density (W c or Dc) must also fall
within an acceptable range of values. S-CONCRETE will issue a warning if
these material properties are not within an acceptable range of values. See
also Material Properties topics in the Help Menu.
Reinforcing Bars
84 Chapter 7 Results Menu
List of Messages
At the end of the Report, S-CONCRETE will display messages that are
associated with status levels greater than acceptable. Every message is
assigned a number so you can link the message to a particular segment in
the Report. Where possible, each message also references a particular
clause or clauses in the appropriate building standard. For a complete list of
messages, refer to the appropriate topic in the Help Menu.
Summary
The summary displays the section name, company name, building standards
and design aid references, overall status, shear and torsion (V & T)
utilization, and axial load and moment (N vs M) utilization.
Chapter 7 Results Menu 85
Properties
Reinforcing
Reinforcing includes: vertical bars, ties/links, and clear covers (outside and
inside).
Design Loads
S-CONCRETE will display the governing load case (GLC), status, and
highest utilization detected for axial load and moment. For biaxial bending,
axial and moment utilizations are displayed for the resultant bending moment
applied at a specific angle Theta subjected to a factored axial force, Nf, Nu,
or N.
Axial utilization is the applied axial force (Nf, Nu, N) divided by the axial load
capacity (Nr, Nn, Nu max) permitted by code. Moment utilization is the
applied moment (Mf, Mu, M) divided by the moment capacity (Mr, Mn, Mu)
evaluated at the applied axial force (Nf, Nu, N). For more information on axial
load and moment utilizations, see Chapter 7.2.
Intermediate values are displayed for reference purposes including shear and
torsion parameters. Tie/link spacing is also evaluated based on the
shear/torsion provisions of the code. Maximum shear and torsional stress
applied is also evaluated.
The total area of steel is evaluated and checked if its within an acceptable
range of values. The splice type is also checked. Clear spacing between
Chapter 7 Results Menu 89
The vertical bar diameter is also evaluated for minimum bar diameter. The
minimum number of vertical bars is also evaluated. See also Detailing
Requirements topics in the Help Menu.
Summary
The summary displays the section name, company name, building standards
and design aid references, overall status, shear and torsion (V & T) utilization
and axial load and moment (N vs M) utilization.
90 Chapter 7 Results Menu
Properties
Reinforcing
Design Loads
92 Chapter 7 Results Menu
S-CONCRETE will display the governing load case (GLC) and associated
loading type (sectional or panel loading), status, and highest utilization
detected for axial load and moment. If sectional loading governed the design,
axial load and moment utilizations are displayed for the resultant bending
moment applied at a specific angle Theta subjected to a factored axial
force, Nf, Nu, or N. If panel loading governed the design, the panel number is
also displayed for reference purposes. For CSA 2004 standard, the flange
buckling factor () used to reduce the axial load and moment interaction
diagram is displayed for reference purposes (see Clause 14.4.2.2 of CSA-
A23.3-04). Note that the flange buckling factor is only applicable to sectional
loading not panel loading. See also Dimension Limits for Walls topics in the
Help Menu in particular for CSA-A23.3-04.
Axial utilization is the applied axial force (Nf, Nu, N) divided by the axial load
capacity (Nr, Nn, Nu max) permitted by code. Moment utilization is the
Chapter 7 Results Menu 93
applied moment (Mf, Mu, M) divided by the moment capacity (Mr, Mn, Mu)
evaluated at the applied axial force (Nf, Nu, N). For more information on axial
load and moment utilizations, see Chapter 7.2.
For every panel in the section, the program checks: number of curtains
required, maximum clear cover (if applicable), vertical and horizontal
distributed steel ratios, vertical and horizontal bar spacing and bar size. See
also Detailing Requirements topics in the Help Menu.
Chapter 7 Results Menu 95
Dimension Checks
For every panel in the section, the program will check the minimum and
maximum dimensions (if and where applicable) according to the specified
building standard. See Dimension Limits for Walls topics in the Help Menu.
96 Chapter 7 Results Menu
Ductility Evaluation
directions, maximum tie/link spacing, and maximum tie/link leg spacing. See
also Ductility Requirements topics in the Help Menu.
Anchorage Evaluation
requirements and the anchorage provided (see figure above for a sample).
See also Ductility Requirements topics in the Help Menu.
7.2 N vs M Diagrams
In this window (Figure 40 or Figure 41), the axial load and moment interaction
(N vs M) diagram is displayed. For uniaxial bending in T-beams, L-beams,
and Rectangular beams, the N vs M diagram displays both the negative and
positive moment regions on the same plot (Figure 40). For biaxial bending,
the N vs M diagram displays the interaction diagram for the resultant moment
applied at a particular angle, Theta, with respect to the horizontal (Figure 41).
The diagram plot itself and the options available to the user are described
below (Chapter 7.2.1). See Chapter 7.2.2 on axial load and moment
utilization computations. Refer to Chapter 7.2.3 on the failure envelope itself.
All load cases that have resultant bending moments applied at an angle
Theta are indicated on the same plot as solid circles (for biaxial bending). If
the diagram contains the governing load case, a dashed line will be drawn
that passes through the governing load case. If the axial load and moment
utilization is acceptable, a large circle will be drawn at the failure envelope.
If it is unacceptable, a large X will be drawn. If it is borderline, both a
circle and an X will be drawn.
For biaxial bending conditions, you can view plots at other angles (Theta) by
selecting the appropriate angle, Theta, in the list box.
To Zoom 1/2x or Zoom 2x, right click on the plot at the location where you
want to perform zoom. A pop-up menu will appear with a list of options.
Select the appropriate option Zoom 1/2x or Zoom 2x. S-CONCRETE
will center the plot at the cursor location.
A user defined marker exists on the diagram to help you locate points in the
plot (Figure 42). To move the marker, left click anywhere on the diagram.
The markers location (N, M) will be displayed on the right side of the window.
Note that compression is negative and tension is positive for axial loads.
To move the marker to a point on the failure envelope, right click on the
diagram near the point of interest on the failure envelope. A pop-up menu
will appear with a list of options. Select the failure envelope Normal,
Nominal, or Probable. S-CONCRETE will then move the marker
horizontally to a point on that failure envelope. The markers location (N, M)
will be displayed on the right side of the window. Other diagram values will
also be displayed: the neutral axis depth (C or X), effective depth to the
tension steel (d), effective area of tension steel (As), and the maximum tensile
102 Chapter 7 Results Menu
steel strain in the section (t). These values may be useful if you wish to
confirm/compute the results by hand at that specific diagram location.
To print the N vs M diagram, click the button labeled Print to send the
drawing directly to the printer. S-CONCRETE will confirm the request before
it sends the diagram to the printer.
For C-Shapes, T-Shapes, and L-Shapes, you have additional options (Figure
43). Here, you will need to select the type of N vs M diagram by clicking on
the appropriate tab at the upper left corner: (1) for sectional load cases or (2)
Chapter 7 Results Menu 103
for panel load cases. If you choose sectional load cases, it will look similar to
Figure 42 but for a wall section and the options available are described
above. If you choose panel load cases, it will look similar to Figure 43. The
options available to you are the same as described above but you have one
more option to be able to select the N vs M diagram for a specific panel in
the wall section (using the list box on the right in Figure 43). The N vs M
diagram displayed will be for strong axis bending for an individual panel in the
wall section. This is indicated at the upper right corner of the plot.
For sectional load cases for CSA-A23.3-04, the flange buckling factor () will
be indicated at the upper right corner of the plot. For more information, see
Dimension Limits for Walls topics in the Help Menu for CSA-A23.3-04.
American Standards
Mu Nu Nu
=Utilization or ( for N u 0) or ( for N u > 0)
Mu N r max Tr max
whichever is greater
Canadian Standards
Mf Nf Nf
=Utilization or ( for N f 0) or ( for N f > 0)
Mr N r max Tr max
whichever is greater
For positive moments in T-Beams and L-Beams, the program takes into
account the effective slab width and slab thickness when it applies the stress
block. Face steel will be included in all moment capacity calculations if
permitted. See Face Steel parameters in Edit Reinforcing for beams
(Chapter 4.2.1).
not met, the program will ignore bars in compression for moment capacity
calculations. This will also be indicated on the N vs M diagram plot (Figure
40).
BS 8110: 1985 & 1997, CP65: 1999 (Cl. 3.12.7.1 & 3.12.7.2)
Note: The program assumes the link configuration requirements stipulated in Clause
3.12.7.2 are met when the conditions indicated above are satisfied.
Settings menu commands are located on the menu bar under the key word
"Settings". The corresponding drop-down menu is indicated below.
8.1 Increments
This command is used to assign the increments that may be used in
Automated Design (Chapter 6.2) and in the Visual Editor (Chapter 2.4). The
increments are described below (Figure 45).
Dimension Increments
8.2 Colors
This command is used to change the color scheme used in the main drawing
(Figure 1) and for status levels (Chapter 2.3.2). See figure below for a
sample set of colors for beams (Figure 46).
Status Colors
Every status level (Chapter 2.3.2) can be assigned a different color or the
same color if you wish. Five status levels have been defined: Not Applicable,
Acceptable, Warning, Borderline, and Unacceptable. If you do not like the
current color scheme, click the Reset button to re-assign the default colors.
Chapter 8 Settings Menu 109
Drawing Colors
8.3 Preferences
This command is used to view or modify Preferences including company
name, users name, company address, phone/fax numbers, and fonts used in
the main drawing and N vs M diagrams.
Help menu commands are located on the menu bar under the key word
"Help". The corresponding drop-down menu is indicated below.
9.1 Contents
This command displays the Table of Contents (Figure 48). Each item listed
in this table leads to more information about a particular topic.
9.2 Index
This command leads to an on-line index (Figure 49). Type the first few letters
of the word(s) that you are looking for to activate the searching process of the
index. Click the display button to view the topic.
112 Chapter 9 Help Menu
Adobe Acrobat Reader 6.0 or later must be installed on your system before
this command can be executed. On some computers, you may need to
execute this command twice to view the manual. To install Adobe Acrobat on
your system, insert the installation CD-ROM and click the button labeled
"Install Acrobat Reader" in the CD-browser.
Bibliography
17. Der, Kenneth W., Will, George T., and Casoli, George, "Automated
Design and Drafting of Reinforced Concrete Frames", Third Canadian
Conference on Computing in Civil and Building Engineering, Canadian
Society of Civil Engineering, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 1996.
18. Fanella, D.A. and Munshi, J.A., Design of Concrete Buildings for
Earthquake & Wind Forces According to the 1997 Uniform Building
Code, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, Illinois, 1998.
19. Galambos, Theodore V., Guide to Stability Design Criteria for Metal
Structures, Fifth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY,
1998.
21. Higgins, J.B., and Rogers, B.R., "Designed and Detailed (BS 8110:
1985)", British Cement Association, Crowthorne, Berks, 1992.
Bibliography 117
Index
T V
Tie, 1, 8, 14, 30, 35, 38, 42, 43, 44, Vertical Bar, 30, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46,
45, 46, 47, 50, 53, 66, 67, 84, 86, 47, 51, 52, 66, 67, 68, 69, 84, 86,
88, 91, 95, 97 88, 89, 91
Top Bars, 39, 64, 65, 79, 82 Visual Editor, 1, 2, 7, 8, 12, 14, 29,
Torsion, 1, 2, 6, 8, 10, 11, 14, 19, 27, 30, 34, 62, 63, 107, 108
40, 52, 53, 54, 55, 77, 81, 82, 84,
87, 88, 89, 93
Torsional Constant, 27, 78, 85, 90
W
Walls, 1, 2, 8, 14, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38,
U 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54,
55, 56, 67, 68, 89, 92, 95, 99, 102,
Utilization, 6, 10, 11, 26, 78, 80, 82, 103, 108
84, 87, 89, 92, 93, 99, 100, 103
Z
Zone Reinforcing, 1, 35, 45, 46, 47,
52, 67, 89, 95