RAHUL CLASSES IIT;SCRA NDA

Xkq:Rok dkZ.k (Gravitation)

Xk`g (Planet) :- og vkdkkh; fi.M tks fd lw;Z ds pkjks vksj viuh&viuh d{kkvksa esa pDdj
yxkrs jgSA x`g dyrks gSA x`g la[;k esa 9
gSA lw;Z ls nwjh ds c<+rs dze esa x`g fuEu gSA
1- cq/k ( Mercury), kqd (Venus), i`Foh (Earth), eaxy ( Mars), o`gLifr ( Jupiter) , kfu ( Saturn),
;wjsul (Uranus),
usIp;wu (Neptune), IywVks ( Pluto) A cq/k x`g lw;Z ds lcls lehi ftlds dkj.k bldk rki cgqr mPPk
gksrk gS] tcfd IywVks lcls nwjA
vkSj o`gLifr lcls cM+k rFkk Pluto lcls NksVk x`g gSA
mix`g (Satelites) :- og vkdkkh; fi.M tks fd x`gksa ds pkjksa vkSj pDdj yxkrs gSA mix`g
dgykrs gSA mix`g nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA
1- izkdfrd mix`g (Natural Satelites) 2- dzf=e mix`g (Aartificial Satelites )
1- izkdfrd mix`g (Natural Satelites):- og mix`g tks fd izdfr esa igys ls fo/keku gS izkdfrd
mix`g dgykrk gSA
tSls %& pUnz ek (moon), i`Foh (Earth) x`g dh ifjdek djrk gS vr% i`Foh dk 1 mix`g gSA]
eaxy dks nks mix`g ] o`gLifr ds 63
mix`g gSA kfu ds 31 rFkk Uranus ds 27 mix`g gS rFkk Neptune ds 13 mix`g gSA Ploto ds
dsoy 1 mix`g gSA
2- dzf=e mix`g (Aartificial Satelites ):- og mix`g tksfd euq; }kjk fufeZr dj vUrjh{k LFkkfir
fd;s tkrs gSA dzf=e mix`g
dgryrk gSA tSls %& HkkLdj] vk;ZHkV~V] jksfg.kh] bUlsV A, bUlsV-B etc
lkSj ifjokj (Solar system):- lw;Z] x`gksa rFkk mix`gksa ds leqnk; dks lkSj ifjokj ;k lkSj e.My
dgrs gSA
x`g lEca/kh dSIyj ds fu;e %& l=goh krkCnh esa lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj x`gksa dh xfr ds
lEca/k esa dSIyj
us rhu fu;e fn;sA
1- izFke fu;e %& d{kkvks dk fu;e %& x`g lw;Z ds pkjks vkSj nh/kZ o`kkdkj ekxZ esa
pDdj yxkrs gS
tcfd lw;Z d{kk ds Qksdl ij fLFkj jgrk gSA
2- f}rh; fu;e %& {ks=Qyks dk fu;e (Laws of area) :- fdlh x`g dks lw;Z ls feykus okyh js[kk
leku le; esa leku {ks=Qy dks ikj
djrh gSA vFkkZr x`g dh {ks=h; pky fu;r jgrh gSA
;fn fdlh fn;s x;s leku vUrjky esa x`g A ls B rd tkrk gSA mrus gh le; esa og C ls D ij
igqWprk gSA ekuk fdlh

{k.k t ij x`g fcUnq A ij gS rFkk d{kk ds Qksdl ds lkis{k eku blds funsZkkad (r, ) gSA A
ls B rd lw{e le; & varjky dt
esa lw{e {ks=Qy
1 1 1
( SA) AB rt (rd ) dA r 2 d
SAB 2 2 2
da = ds {ks=Qy = rc x`g dh {ks=h;
pky
dA d 1 2 1 d d dA 1 2
v r d r2 w r w
dt dt 2 2 dt dt dt 2
but (x`g dh dks.kh; pky)
........ (i)
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 RAHUL CLASSES IIT;SCRA NDA

Ekkuk x`g dk lw;Z s ds ifjr% dks.kh; losx L gS rFkk x`g dk nzO;eku m gSA rc L = I.w =
mr2w L = mr2w .......(ii)
dA mr 2 w L

dt 2m 2m
Lkehdj.k (i) o (ii) ........(iii)
Xk`g ij lw;Z }kjk vkjksfir cy gSA blfy, x`g ij lw;Z ds ifjr% cy vk?kw.kZ kwU; gks
rks dks.kh; losx lj{k.k ds fu;e ls dks.kh; losx
dA

dt
fu;r jgrk gSA lehdj.k (iii) ls x`g dh {ks=h; pky fu;r ;gh f}rh; fu;e gSA
r`rh; fu;e %& ifjde.k dky dk fu;e (Law of period) :- fdlh x`g ds ifjde.k
dky ( ,d pDdj yxkus dk le; ) dk oxZ x`g dks lw;Z ls feykus okyh js[kk ds chp
dh nwjh ds r`rh; ?kkr ds lekuqikrh gksrk gSA
T 2 r2
ekuk x`g dk ifjde.k dky T rFkk mldh lw;Z ls nwjh r gks rks
Proof :- ekuk nh/kZ o`kkdkj d{kkk dh v/nZnh/kZ o y/kq& v{k dzek% a rFkk b gSA rc
ab
nh/kZ o`r dk {ks=Qy =
ab

L / 2m
;fn x`g dk ifjde.k dky T gks rks T = nh/kZ o`k dk {ks=Qy@x`g dh {ks=h; pky
2mab
T
L

4 2 m 2 a 2b 2
T2
L2
Squaring both side ...... (i) nh/kZ o`kkdkj d{kk dk v}Z& ukfHkyEc l gS tgkW
s bldh ukfHk gSA
b2
l b 2 la
a
...... (ii) lehdj.k (i) esa (ii) ls eku j[kus ij
4 2 m 2 a 2 la 4 2 m 2la 3 4 2 m 2l
T2 T 2
a 3
Const.
L2 L L

vr% bl fu;e ls LiV gksrk gS fd x`g lw;Z ls ftruh vf/kd nwj gksxk mldk ifjdze.k mRkuk gh
vf/kd gksxkA

r1 r2 OP OQ a q
r
2 2 2 ra T 2 r3
fp= ls x`g dh lw;Z ls vkSlr nwjh rc
T 2 Kr 3

;fn nks x`gksa dh lw;Z ls vkSlr nwfj;kW r1 o r2 rFkk buds ifjde.k dky T1 rFkk T 2 gks rks
2 3
T1 Kr1
.....(i)

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2 3 2 3
T1 Kr1 T1 r
2 3
1
T2 Kr2 T2 Kr2 T2 r2
..........(ii) lehdj.k (i) o (ii) ls
dSIyj ds fu;e ls U;wVu ds fudkZ.k %&
U;wVu us crk;k fd IywVksa dks NksM+dj yxHkx lHkh mix`g lw;Z ds pkjksa vkSj nh?kZ
o`kkdkj d{kk esa pDdj yxkrs gSA ftUgsa pDdj yxkus ds
fy, vfHkdsUnzh; cy dh vko;drk gksrh gSA ge tkurs gSA dSIyj ds f}rh; fu;e ls x`g dh
{ks=ht pky v fu;r jgrh gSA
ekuk m nzO;eku dk dksbZ x`g v pky ls lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj r f=T;k ds o`kh; d{kk ds
pkjksa vkSj pDdj yxkrk gSA rc x`g dk ifjdze.k
T 2r / v v 2r / T F mv2 / r
dky .... (i) rc x`g ij yxus okyk vfHkdsUnzh; cy .....(ii)
2
m 2r 4 2 mr 2 4 2 mr
F F
r T r T 2 T2
lehdj.k (i) ls (ii) eku j[kus ij ......(iii)
T Kr
2 3

rFkk ge tkurs gSA dSIyj ds r`rh; fu;e ls .......(iv) lehdj.k (iii) esa (iv) ls eku j[kus ij
4 2 mr 4 2 m 1 4 2 m m
F
K r2 2 F
Kr 3 K r r2
bl izdkj dSIyj ds fu;e ls U;wVu us fuEu
fudkZ fudkys %&
1- izR;sd x`g ij ,d vfHkdsUnzh; cy dk;Z djrk gS ftldh fnkk lnSo lw;Z dh vksj gksrh gSA
1
F 2 [m const .]
r
2- x`g ij yxus okyk vfHkdsUnzh; cy x`g dh lw;Z ls nwjh ds oxZ ds
O;qRdekuqikrh gksrk gSA
1
F m 2 const .
r
3- x`g ij yxus okyk vfHkdsUnzh; cy x`g ds nzO;eku ij fuHkZj djrk gSA

U;wVu dk lkoZf=d xq:RokdkZ.k dk fu;e %& dSIyj ds fu;eksa ls izkIr fudkkksZ ds

vk/kkj ij lu 1886 bZ0 esa oSKkfud U;wVu us crk;k fd
Ck`Egk.M (Univers) esa izR;sd fi.M ,d nwljs fi.M dks viuh vksj vkdfkZr djrk gSA bl xq.k dks
gh xq:RokdkZ.k dgrs gSA
Xkq:RokdkZ.k ds vk/kkj ij U;wVu us lkoZf/kd xq:RokdkZ.k ds fu;e dk izfriknu fd;kA bl
fu;e ds vuqlkj U;wVu us crk;k fd
fdUgh nks fi.Mksa (d.kksa ) ds e/; yxus okyk xq:RokdkZ.k cy nksuksa fi.Mks ds
nzO;ekuks ds xq.ku Qy ds lekuqikrh ,ao muds chp dh nwjh
ds oxZ ds O;qRdekuqikrh gksrk gSA
ekuk nks d.k ftuds nzO;eku m1 o m2 gS ,d nwljs ls r nwjh ij fLFkr gS
F m1 m2
rc buds chp yxus okyk xq:RokdkZ.k cy F gksrks ......(i)
1
F 2
r
rFkk ......(ii) lehdj.k (i) o (ii) feykus ij

RAHUL CLASSES Pge no:- 3

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m1 m2 m m
F 2
F G 1 2 2
r 21 r 12 r r
........(iii) tgkW G ,d fu;rkad gS] ftldk eku d.kksa dh izdfr]
le;] rki vkfn ij fuHkZj
djrk gS A bldk eku izR;sd LFkku ij 6.6710-11 Nm2/kg2 gksrk gSA
U;wVu ds xq:RokdkZ.k fu;e dk lfnk Lo:Ik %&
Rkc m2 }kjk m1 ij vkjksfir xq:RokdkZ.k cy
Gm1m2 Gm1m2
F 12 2
r21 F 21 r12
r21 r122
......(i) rFkk .....(ii)
Tgk %& J`.kkRed fpag vkdkZ.k dh izdfk dks crkrk gSA

r r
Gm1m2
r12 12 r21 21 F 12 r21
r12 r21
r12 r21 r
r 21
3

but rc lehdj.k (i) o (ii) ls

Gm1m2
F 21 r12
r 3
12 r12 r21 F21 F12
vr%
Gm1m2 F r2
F G
r2 m1m2
G dh ifjHkkkk] ek=d] foehl lw= We have that ;fn m1 =m2 =
1kg, r= 1m
F 12
G G F
11
Rkks ;fn ,adkad nwjh ij fLFkfr nks fi.Mksa ftuds nzO;eku 1 kg gks rks ]
rks muds e/; yxus okyk xq:RokdkZ.k
Cky lkoZf=d xq:Rokdkz.k fu;rkad ds cjkcj gksrk gSA

G
F r2

N m2
N m 2 / kg 2 G
MLT L G m
2 2
1 3
L T 2
m1 m2 Kg Kg m m
G dk ek=d foeh; lw=
G ,d vfnk jkfk gSA
Xkq:Roh; cy dh oS|qr cy ls rqyuk %& vfofkr d.kksa (electron) ds e/; nks izdkj dk cy
dk;Z djrk gSA
1- xq:RokdkZ.k cy 2- oS|qr cy
Gm1m2
Fg
r2
Rkc U;wVu ds vuqlkj xq0 cy ......(i) rFkk dqyke ds fu;e ls oS|qr cy
q1q2
Fe 9 109
r2
.....(ii)

RAHUL CLASSES Pge no:- 4

 RAHUL CLASSES IIT;SCRA NDA

m1m2
6.67 1011
FG r2

Fe qq
9 109 1 2 2
r
Lkehdj.k (i) dk eku (ii) j[kus ij Electron ds fy,
m1 m2 m 9.1 1031 kg FG 6.67 10 20 m 2
2

FG 6.67 10 20 9.0 10 31
2

q1 q2 e 1.6 10 19 c Fe 9 q Fe 9
1.6 1019
2

FG 6.67 1020 81 1062 6.67 81 1044 FG

2.4 10 43 10 43
Fe 9 2.56 10 38 23.04 Fe

Xkq:Ro cy (Gravity force) :- ge tkurs gS fdUgh nks fi.Mksa ds e/; yxus okys cy dks
xq:RokdkZ.k cy dgrs gSA ;fn buesa ls ,d
fi.M i`Foh gksrks i`Foh }kjk nwljh oLrq ij yxus okys cy dks xq:Ro cy dgrs gSA
vFkkZr i`Foh }kjk fdlh oLrq (fi.M) ij yxus okyk cg cy ftlls og ml fi.M dks vius dsUnz dh
vksj vkdfkZr djrh gSA xq:Ro cy
dgykrk gSA ;g oLrq ds Hkkj ds cjkcj gksrk gSA F = W= mg
xq:Roh; Roj.k (Gravity acceleration) :- tc dksbZ oLrq Lora=rk iwoZd uhps fxjrh gS rks
i`Foh ds xq:Ro cy ds dkj.k mlds osx esa
izfr lsd.M gksus okyh o`f} Roj.k dks xq:Roh; Roj.k dgrs gSA bls g ls iznfkZr djrs
gSA leqnz ry ij g dk eku 9.8 m/sec2
gksrk gSA
xq:Roh; Roj.k g rFkk xq:RokdkZ.k fu;rkad G esa lEca/k (Relation between g and G)
%&
ekuk i`Foh dk nzO;eku Me rFkk f=T;k Re gS] rFkk m nzO;eku dh oLrq i`Foh ry ls ux.;
WpkbZ ij gSA rc U;wVuds xq:RokdkZ.k
GM e m
F
Re 2
ds fu;e ls ........(i) bl cy ds dkj.k m nzO;eku dh oLrq esa g Roj.k (xqRoj.k)
mRiUUk gksrk A
GMem
mg
Re 2
xq:Ro cy F = mg .........(ii) lehdj.k (i) o (ii) dh rqyuk djus ij
GMe
g
Re 2
.......(iii) vr% LiV gS fd g dk eku oLrq ds nzO;eku ij fuHkZj ugha djrk A ;fn i`Foh
4
Re 3 d
3
dk ?kuRo d gks rks i`Foh dk nzO;eku Me = V.d = rc lehdj.k (iii) ls
4
G Re 3 d 4
g 3 g Re G.d
Re 2 3

RAHUL CLASSES Pge no:- 5

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Ik`Foh ds nzO;eku rFkk ?kuRo dh x.kuk (Calculation of the mass and density of earth ):-
GMe g Re 2
g Me
Re 2 G
1- Mass of earth formula ...................(i)
Re = 6.4 106 m, G = 6.67 10-11 Nm2/kg , g = 9.8 m/sec2 put in equation (i)

Me

9.8 6.4 106 2

9.8 6.4 6.4 10 23

401.408 10 23
6.67 10-11 6.67 6.67

Me 60.18 10 23 me 6.018 10 24 Me 6.0 1024 Kg

(Approximate)
4 3g 3 9.8
g Re G.d d d
3 4 Re G 4 3.14 6.4 106 6.67 1011
2- Density of earth formula
3 9.8
d 5
5.5 103 Khg / m3
12.56 6.4 6.67 10

Ik`Foh ry ls h WpkbZ mij tkus ij g ds eku esa ifjorZu %&

Ik`Foh ry ls mij tkus ij WpkbZ esa o`f} ds lkFk & lkFk g dk eku ?kVrk tkrk gS ftls fuEu
izdkj ls
le>k;k tk Lkdrk gSA ekuk i`Foh dk nzO;eku Me rFkk i`Foh dh f=T;k Re gS] vkSj i`Foh ry ij
xq:Roh;
Roj.k g gSA rc i`Foh ry Ikj ux.; WpkbZ ij m nzO;eku dh oLrq ij xq:Roh; Roj.k
GMe
g `
Re h 2
g = GMe/Re2 .......(i) rFkk i`Foh ry ls h WpkbZ ij xq:Roh; Roj.k .......(ii)
g ` GMe / Re h Re 2
2

g GMe / Re 2 Re h 2
(ii)/(i) =
2
g` Re g` 1 g
2 g `
g Re [1 h / Re] 2 g [1 h / Re] 2 [1 h / Re] 2

vr% LiV gS] fd i`Foh ry ls h WpkbZ ij tkus ij xq:Roh; Roj.k g dk eku ?kVrk gSA
i`Foh Rky ls h xgjkbZ uhps tkus ij xq:Roh; Roj.k ds eku esa ifjorZu %&
i`Foh ry esa uhps tkus ij xgjkbZ ds c<us ds lkFk&lkFk g dk eku ?kVrk tkrk gSA ftls fuEu
izdkj ls le>k;k tk ldrk gSA
ekuk i`Foh dh f=T;k Re rFkk ?kuRo d gSA vkSj i`Foh ry ij xq:Roh; Roj.k g gSA
4
g Re Gd
3
rc g o G esa lEca/k ls ....... (i) ekuk m nzO;eku dh oLrq i`Foh dh
lrg ls h xgjkbZ ij fLFkr fcUnq p ij fLFkr gS ftldh i`Foh dsUnz ls
4
g ` Re h Gd
3
nwjh (Re-h) gSA rc p fcUnq ij xq:Roh; Roj.k .......(ii)
lehdj.k (ii) esa (i) ls Hkkx yxkus ij

RAHUL CLASSES Pge no:- 6

 RAHUL CLASSES IIT;SCRA NDA

4
g` 3
Re h Gd
g ` Re h Re h
g 4 h
Re Gd g ` g 1
3 g Re Re Re Re

vr% LiV gS fd i`Foh ry esa h xgjkbZ tkus ij xq:Roh; Roj.k g dk eku ?kVrk gSA [g`<g]

i`Foh dh vkdfr ds dkj.k xq:Roh; Roj.k esa ifjorZu (Change in gravity acceleration due to
shape of earth):-
gekjh i`Foh iwoZr% xksy ugh cfYd /kqzoksa ij piVh o Hkwe/; js[kk ij QSyh gqbZ gSA
Hkwe/; js[kk ij bldh f=T;k /kzqoh ij f=T;k ls yxHkx
21 fdeh vf/kd gSA
Gme 1
g 2
g 2
Re Re
Ik`Foh ry ij xq:Roh; Roj.k vFkkZr
1
g 2
Re
ls tc /kqzoksa dh vksj tkrs gS vr% xq:Roh; Roj.k ls
Eku c<+ tkrk gSA vkSj blds foijhr tc Hkwe/; js[kk dh vksj tkrs gSA
rks i`Foh dh f=T;k Re dk eku c< tkrk gS ftlls xq:Roh; Roj.k
1
g 2
Re
dk eku ?kV tkrk gSA vr% /kqzoksa ij xq:Roh; Roj.k dk eku vf/kd vkSj Hkwe/; js[kk
ij de gksrk gSA
Ik`Foh dh ?kw.kZu xfr ds dkj.k xq:Roh; Roj.k Variation of g due to rotation of the Earth :-
Ik`Foh viuh /kzqoh; v{k nksuks /kqzoks dks feyfu okyh js[kk ds ds ifjr% fu;r dks.kh;
osx w = 7.3 10-5 rad/sec ls ifpe ls iwjc
dh vksj ?kwerh gSA ftldk vkorZ dky 24 hour vFkkZr 1 fnu gSa rks ?kw.kZu xfr ds dkj.k
i`Foh ry ij fLFkj izR;sd oLrq o`rkdkj iFk ij
xfr djrh gSA ftlls xq:RokdkZ.k cy dk dqN Hkkx vfHkdsnh; cy ds :Ik esa iz;qDr gksrk gSA

ekuk m nzO;eku dh oLrq i`Foh ry ij p fcUnq ij gS ftldk v{kkak A ekuk i`Foh dk dsUnz 0,
nzO;eku Me o f=T;k Re gSA i`Foh
viuh NS ds ifjr% w dks.kh; osx ls ?kwe jgh gSA vr% oLrq Hkh r f=T;k ds o`kh; iFk ij
mlh dks.kh; osx w ls ?kwe jgh gSA
N
p

r
Fc
F mrw2

;fn ?kw.kZu dh vuqifLFkfr esa p ij xq:Roh; Roj.k g gks

rks oLrq ij yxus okyk xq0 cy
RAHUL CLASSES Pge no:- 7
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F = mg ...... (i) i`Foh dh ?kw.kZu xfr ds dkj.k oLrq vlnzRoh; Qzse es gSA vr% bl ij
vidsUnzh; cy Fc dk;Z djrk gSA

Fc= mrw2 rc cy Fe dk js[kk OP ds vUkqfnkk ?kVd = Fe cos ........(ii)

Rkc oLrq ij dsUn dh vksj usV cy = F Fe cos = mg mrw2cos

;fn uSV xq:Roh; Roj.k g` gks rks U;wVu ds f}rh; fu;e ls mg` = mg mrw cos 2

g` = g- rw2cos
vr% g`<g vr% ?kw.kZu xfr ds dkj.k g dk eku ?kVrk gSA

fokqor js[kk ls /kqzoksa dh vksj tkus ij dk eku c<+rk gSA (cos ) ?kVrk gS
vr% g` dk eku c<+rk gSA

/kqzoksa ij 0
= 90 , cos = 0 ] g` = g pole

fokqor js[kk ij = 0 , cos = 1 rks g = g- Rew2

xq:Roh; {ks= (Gravity field) :-

fdlh fi.M ds pkjksa vksj dk og {ks= ftlesa vU; dksbZ fi.M ykus ij mlds xq:RokdkZ.k
vkdkZ.k cy dk vuqHko djrk gSA xq:Roh;
{ks= dgykrk gSA
Xkq:Roh; {ks= dh rho`rk (Density of gravity field ):-
Xkq:Roh; {ks= ds vUnj ,dkad] nzO;eku ds fi.M ij yxus okys] xq:Roh; {ks= dh rho`rk dgrs
gSA bls I ls iznfkZr djrs gSA
Ekkuk m nzO;eku dk dksbZ fi.M xq:Roh; {ks= esa fLFkr gS ftl ij yxus okyk cy F gksrks
F F
1 I
r mF m m
N/Kg
fdlh fcUnq nzO;eku ds dkj.k xq:Roh; {ks= dh rho`rk %&
ekuk m nzO;eku dk dksbZ fi.M gS ftlls mRiUUk xq:Roh; {ks= esa r nwjh ij fLFkr m
nzO;eku ds fi.M ij yxus okyk xq:RokdkZ.k cy
GMm
F 2
r
...... (i) rc ifjHkkkk ls I = F/m ......(ii) lehdj.k (ii) ls (i) esa eku j[kus ij
GMm / r 2 GM
I I 2 N / Kg
m r
bl lw= ls LiV gS fd
1- xq:Roh; {ks= dh rho`rk] mldks mRiUUk djus okys fi.M ds nzO;eku M ds
vuqdqekuqikrh gksrk gSA
2- fi.M ds dsUnz ls izs{k.k fcUnq dh nwjh ds oxZ ds O;qRdekuqikrh gksrh gSA
MLT 2
I F /m LT 2
M
foeh; lq=
i`Foh ds xq:Roh; {ks= dh rho`rk (Intensity of gravity field of the earth )%& ekuk i`Foh ds
dsUnz ls r nwjh ij m nzO;eku dk

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dksbZ fi.M j[kk gS tgkW ij xq:Roh; Roj.k g gSA vr% i`Foh }kjk bl IkB ij vkjksfir cy F =
oLrq dk Hkkj
F = m.g g = F/m ..... (i) bu by Defination of gravitional Intensity I = F/m ..... (ii) By compare both equation
I=g

Xkq:Roh; foHko (Gravitational Potential) :- fdlh ,dkad nzO;eku ds fi.M dks vUkar ls
xq:Roh; {ks= esa ykus esa fd;s x;s dk;Z dk
Xkq.kkRedeku dks xq:Roh; foHko dgrs gSA bls V ls iznfkZr djrs gSA
vuar ij xq:Roh; foHko kwU; ekuk tkrk gS D;ksfd ogkWa xq:RodkZ.k cy kwU; gksrk
gSA ;fn m nzO;eku ds fi.M dks vuar ls fdlh fcUnq
xq:Roh; {ks= esa ykus esa {ks= }kjk dk;Z W gks rks ml fcUnq ij xq:Roh; foHko
W
V
m

;g ,d vfnk jkfk gSA bldk SI unit J/Kg rFkk foeh; lw= [L2T-2 ] gksrk gSA bldk eku lnSo
J`.kkRed gksrk gSA [vuar ij kwU;
Ekku dj ] D;ksfd W /kukRed gksrk gSA

fdlh fcUnq nzO;eku ds dkj.k xq:Roh; foHko
ekuk m nzO;eku dk fi.M fcUnq O ij fLFkr gSA bl ds xq:Roh; {ks= esa O ls r nwjh ij fLFkr
fcUnq A ij xq:Roh; foHko Kkr djuk gSA
M O A C m B
r dx
x
M ds dkj.k O ls x nwjh ij fLFkr fcUnq B ij j[ks m nzO;eku ds fi.M ij yxus okyk xq0 cy
GMm
F
x2
.... (i)
Ikjh{k.k nzO;eku dks B ls C rd vR;ar lw{e foLFkkiu dx ykus esa dk;Z
GMm
dV1 Fx(dx) dx
x2
r
GMm

dW
x2
dx

Rkc ifjHkkkk ls fi.M dks ls r nwjh rd ykus esa

r

x
2
w GMm dx

r r
x 2 1 x 1 GMm
w GMm w GMm
2 1 1 r
.........(ii)

RAHUL CLASSES Pge no:- 9

 RAHUL CLASSES IIT;SCRA NDA

GMm
V
rm
Rkc A ij xq:Roh; foHko V = -W/m .......(iii) lehdj.k (ii) ls (iii) esa eku j[kus ij
GM
V
r

Xkq:Roh; fLFkfrt tkZ (Gravitation Potantial energy ) :- fdlh ,dkad nzO;eku ds fi.M dks vuar ls
xq:Roh; {ks= esa fdlh fufpr
fcUnq rd ykus esa fd;k x;k dk;Z oS|qr dh fLFkfrt tkZ ds :Ik esa lfpr jgrk gSA bls U ls
iznfkZr djrs gSA
eku i`Foh ds dsUnz ls x nwjh ij dksbZ fcUnw B fLFkr gSA ftl ij m nzO;eku dk dksbZ fi.M
j[kk gqvk gSA ftl ij yxus okyk
GM e m
F
x2
xq:RokdkZ.k cy ...........(i)
rc fi.M dks B ls C rd lw{e foLFkku dx esa dk;Z dw =f(-dx)
GM e m
dw dx
x2
foLFkkiu dh fnkk ?kVus dh fLFkfr esa w gS
W dw
vr% fi.M dks vaur ls r nwjh ,d fcUnq A ij ykus esa dk;Z
r
r
GM e m
r
x 2 1 1 1
W dx GM e
m x 2
dx GM m
e GM e m

x2 2 1 r

GM e m GM e m
W U W
r r
xq:Roh; fLFkfrt tkZ ve gksrh gSA
mix`g(Satelites):- gekjs lkSj ifjokj esa 8 x`g gS tks lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj ifjdek djrs gSA
vr% og vkdkkh; fi.M tks x`gksa ds pkjksa vksj pDdj yxkrs gSA mix`g dgykrs gSA mix`g
nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA
1- izkdkrhd mix`g (Natural Satellites) 2- dzf=e mix`g (Artificial Satellites)
1- izkdkrhd mix`g %& og mix`g tks izkdfrd ds }kjk fufeZr gksrs gSA vFkkZr og mix`g
tks fd izd`fr es igys ls mifLfkr gSA izkdfrd
mix`g dgykrs gSA dqN x`gks o muds mix` fuEu gSA1- i`Foh dk mix`g gS pUnzek
nzO;eku = 7.36 1022 Kg , f=T;k= 1.74 106 m,
i`Foh ls vkSlr nwjh = 3.82 108m, ifjde.k dky = 27.3 days. )
2- eaxy x`g ds & nks mix`g] 3- o`gLifr ds & 63 mix`g] 4- kfu ds & 60 mix`g] 5-
;wfjul ds & 27 mix`g]
6- usIP;wu ds & 13 mix`g
dzf=e mix`g %& og mix`g tks fd ekuo }kjk fufeZr dj varjh{k esa LFkkfir fd;s tkrs gSA
dzf=e mix`g dgykrs gSA
1- foo esa izFke dzf=e mix`g Lpqofud& I lu~ 1957 esa :lh oSKkfudksa }kjk NksM+k
x;kA
2- Hkkjr us viu izFke mix`g vk;ZHkVV lu~ 1975 esa NksM+kA blds Ikpkr HkkLdj]
jksfg.kh] ,iy rFkk bulsV J`[kayk ds vusd dzf=e mix`g
NksM+s x;s gSA
RAHUL CLASSES Pge no:- 10
 RAHUL CLASSES IIT;SCRA NDA

3- orZeku esa foo esa lSdM+ks dzf=e mix`g mix`g i`Foh ds pkjksa vksj fofHkUUk
d{kkvksa esa pDdj yxk jgsa gSA ftudk mi;ksx foKku]
bathfuvfjxa] okf.kT;] euksjatu] Internet vkfn {ks=ksa esa gks jgk gSA
mix`g dh d{kh; pky %& ekuk m nzO;eku dk dksbZ mix`g i`Foh ry ls h WpkbZ ij V0
d{kh; pky ls PkDdj yxkus ds fy,
vfHkdsUnzh; cy dh vko;drk gksrh gS tksfd mix`g dks i`Fkoh ds xq:RokdkZ.k cy ls izkIr
gksrk gSA rc r = (Re+ h)
mV02 GMem GMem GMe
V02
r r2 rm r
vr%
GMe GMe
V0 V0
r Re h
] but r = (Re+ h) rks ......(i)
ysfdu ge tkurs gS g o G esa lEca/k ls GMe= gRe ......(ii)
g Re 2 g
V0 V0 Re
Re h Re h
Lkehdj.k (i) esa (ii) ls eku j[kus ij ........(iii)
vr% LiV gS] (i) fd mix`g dh d{kh; pky mix`g ds nzO;eku ij fuHkZj ugha djrh A
V0 Me
2- mix`g dh d{kh; pky x`g ds i`Foh nzO;eku ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
3- ;fn mix`g i`Foh x`g dh lehi d{kk esa pDdj yxk jgk gks rks h= 0, rks r= Re+0, r = Re
GMe g Re 2
g Re
V0 V0 max Re Re
Rkc .......(iv)
V0 9.8 6.4 106
Now g = 9.8 m/sec2, Re = 6.4 106m, leh (iv) ls = 79.2 102= 7.92103 m/sec

V0 = 7.92 Km/sec 8 Km/sec
mix`g dk ifjdze.k dky (Periadic time of satellites) :-
tc dksbZ mix`g fdlh x`g i`Foh ds pkjksa vksj pDdj yxkrk gS rks mls ,d pDdj yxkus ds fy,
ftruk le; yxrk gSA ifjdze.k dky
dgykrk gSA bls T ls iznfkZr djrs gSA ekuk dksbZ mix`g ry ls h WpkbZ ij d{kk dh
f=T;k r = Re +h) V0 pky d{kh; pky
ls pDdj yxk jgk gS A rc mix`g dk ifjdze.k dky T = o`kh; d{kk dh ifjf/k @ mix`g dh d{kh;
pky
2 Re h 2 Re h Re h 2 Re h Re h 3
1/ 2 3/ 2
2r
2
V0 GMe / Re h Re g Re g g Re 2
T T=
2 (Re h) 3/ 2

Re g
T vr% LiV gS fd 1- vr% mix`g dk ifjdze.k dky mix`g ds nzO;eku (m) ij
fuHkZj ugha djrk cfYd]x`g
i`Foh ds nzO;eku Me ij fuHkZj djrk gSA

RAHUL CLASSES Pge no:- 11

 RAHUL CLASSES IIT;SCRA NDA

(2) mix`g dk ifjde.k dky x`g dh d{kk dh f=T;k vFkok i`Foh ry ls WpkbZ ij fuHkZj
T r3/ 2
djrk gSA vFkok
T (Re h) 3/ 2

(Re 0)3 2 Re 6.4 106

2
9 Re 2 g 9.8
3- i`Foh dh lehi d{kke esa h= o rks T = T= 23.14
2 3.14 8
102 84.6
7 1.4
minut 1.4 hour.
mix`g dh tkZ %& (Energy of satellites) tc dksbZ mix`g fdlh x`g ds pkjksa vksj pDdj yxkrk
gS rks mlesa nks izdkj dh tkZ gksrh
gSA pwWafd mix`g x`g ds pkjksa vksj xfreku jgrk gS ftlds dkj.k xfrt tkZ gksrh gSA nljk
mix`g ds xq:Roh; {ks= esa pDdj yxkrk gSA
ftlls fLFkfrt tkZ gksrh gSA vr% mix`g dh dqy tkZ xfrt tkZ rFkk fLFkfrt tkZ ds ;ksx ds
cjkcj gksrh gSA
E= K+U ......(i) dqy tkZ = x0 tkZ + fLFkfrt tkZ
Ekkuk dksbZ mix`g r f=T;k dh o`kh; d{kk esa pDdj yxk jgk gSA rc xfrt tkZ
2
1 1 GMe
K mv02 m
2 2 r

GMem GMem
K V
2r r
.....(ii) rFkk fLFkfrt tkZ ......(iii) lehdj.k (i) esa (ii) o (iii) ls eku j[kus
ij
GMem GMem GMem
E
2r r 2r

GMem
E
2r
vr% mix`g dh dqy tkZ J`.kkRed gksrh gSA ftldk vFkZ gS fd mix`g i`Foh ds
xq:RokdkZ.k ds dkj.k ca/kk gqvk gSA
vr% mix`g xq:Roh; {ks= ls ckgj rHkh tk;sxk tc bls ckgj ls tkZ nh tk;sA
GMem
E
2 Re
vr% i`Foh dh lehi d{kk esa mix`g dh dqy tkZ (r=Re) ij
mix`g dh ca/ku tkZ (Binding energy of satellites) :-
mix`g dks viuh d{kk ls xq:Roh; {ks= ds ckgj vFkkZr vuar nwjh d tkus ds fy, ftuuh U;wure
tkZ dh vko;drk gksrh gSA mls mix`g
dh ca/ku tkZ dgrs gSA ekuk m nzO; eku dk mix`g i`Foh ds pkjksa vksj r f=T;k dh
o`kkdkj d{kk esa pDdj yxk jgk gS] i`Foh dk
GMem
E
2r
nzO;eku Me o f=T;k Re gSA rc mix`g dh lEiw.kZ tkZ ......(i)

RAHUL CLASSES Pge no:- 12

 RAHUL CLASSES IIT;SCRA NDA

E 0.....(ii ) E E
vuar ij mix`g dh U;wure tkZ rc mix`g dh ca/ku tkZ E =
GMem GMem
E 0 ( ) EB
2r 2r
E= 0-E = i`Foh ry ds lehi d{kk esa r =Re gksrks
GMem
EB Joule
2 Re

Hkw&fLFkj vFkok rqY; dkfydk mix`g %& tc dksbZ mix`g fokqor js[kh; ry esa ,slh
d{kk pDdj yxkrk gSA ftldk ifjdze.k dky i`Foh
dh v{kh; xfr ds ifjde.k dky 24 hours) ds cjkcj gks rFkk mix`g dh xfr dh fnkk
i`Foh dh xfr dh fnkk esa gksrh gSA rks og mix`g i`Foh ds lfi{k fLFkj izrhrNgksrk gSA
,sls mix`g dks Hkw&fLFkj ;k rqY;kdkyh mix`g dykrk gSA fokqor js[kk ij fLFkj fdlh LFkku
ds Bhd ij fLFkj jgus ds dkj.k bldk mi;ksx lapkj esa gksrk gSA vr% bls lapkj mix`g
HkwfLFkj mix`g
Hkh dgrs gSA tSls b&lsV&2B, b&lsV 2C vkfn A egRo iw.kZ fcUnq
1- Hkw&fLFkj mix`g dh d{kk dks ikfdZx d{kk (Parking orbital) dgrs gSA
2- ikfdZx d{kk esa fokqor js[kh; ry esa ifpe ls iwoZ vFkkZr okekorZ dh vksj xfr djrk gSA
Ik`Foh
bldk vkorZ dky 24 ?k.Vs gksrk gSA
3- i`Foh ij [kM+s is{kd ds lfi{k Hkw&fLFkj mix`g dk dks.kh; osx kwU; vFkkZr vkorZ dky
vkuar gksrk gSA
GMe 2GMe
V0 Ve
Re h Re h
mix`g dh d{kh; pky iyk;u osx tgkWa Re i`Foh dh f=T;k Fkk Me
bldk nzO;eku gSA
(a) ;fn V < V0 vFkkZr pky d{kh; xfr ds xfr ds fy, Ik;kZIr ugha gSA rks mix`g i`Foh ij fxj
tk;sxkA bldk iFk &
(i) ijoy;kdkj gksxk ;fn g fu;r jgsA
(b) ;fn V= V0 rks mix`g i`Foh ds pkjks vksj (Re+h) f=T;k dh o`rkdkj d{kk esa pDdj
yxk;sxkA
(c) ;fn V0 < V < Ve rks mix`g nh/kZo`kdkj d{kk esa pDdj yxk;sxk ftlesa i`Foh blds Qksdl
ij gksxhA nh/kZ o`kkdkj d{kk esa
mix`g dh pky cnyfr jgrh gSA

(d) ;fn V Ve rks mix`g iyk;u dj tk;sxk rFkk bldk iFk vfrijoy;k dkj gksxkA
Ikyk;u tkZ (Escape Energy) :- i`Foh ry ls fdlh fi.M dks xq:Roh; {ks= ls ckgj Hkstus ds fy,
vko;d U;wure xfrt tkZ dh
Ekk=k fi.M dh iyk;u tkZ dgykrh gSA ekuk m nzO;eku ds fi.M dh i`Foh ry ij fLFkfrt tkZ
GMem
Vs
Re

V 0 Ve V Vs
rFkk vuar ij rc i`Foh ry ls vuar rd Hkstus ds fy, vko;d iyk;u tkZ

RAHUL CLASSES Pge no:- 13

 RAHUL CLASSES IIT;SCRA NDA

GMem GMem
Ve 0 Ve
Re Re
pWwfd iyk;u tkZ iyk;u osx Ve ls izkIr tkZ vr% xfrt tkZ
1
Ve mve2
2

Ikyk;u osx (Excape Velocity):- fdlh fi.M dks fn;k x;k og i`Foh ds xq:Roh; {ks= dks ikj dj tk;s]
vkSj okil dHkh u vk;sa A
Ikyk;u osx dgykrk gSA bls Ve ls iznfkZr djrs gSA tcfdlh fi.M dh xfrt tkZ iyk;u tkZ ds
cjkcj gks tkrh gSA rks og iyk;u
dj tkrk gSA iyk;u tkZ = xfrt tkZ .....(i)
(B) /kqzoh; mix`g ( Polar Satellites) :- og mix`g tksfd i`Foh ds pkjksa vksj /kqzoh; d{kk
(Polar orbit) esa pDdj yxkrk gSA
/kqzoh; mix`g dgykrk gSA mnkgj.k IRS J`s.kh ds mix`g /kqzoh; mix`g viuh d{kk esa
mkj nf{k.k fnkk esa xfr djrk gSA tc i`Foh bl
d{kk ds vUnj] iwjc ifpe fnkk esa ?kwerh gSA vr% /kqzoh; mix`g i`Foh ds leLr Hkkx dk
losZ{k.k djrk gSA vr% bls nwj losnh mix`g Hkh
dgrs gSA
dzf=e mix`g dks i`Foh dh d{kk esa LFkkfir djukA
dzf=e mix`g ds i`Foh ds ijhr% LFkk;h d{kk esa LFkkfir djus ds y, bls WpkbZ ij
ok;qe.My ls ckgj ys tkdj fu/kkZfjr {kSfrt osx nsdj
NksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA blds fy, cgqde jkWdsV dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
jksdsV dks ladsV dh ukfldk esa j[kdj jksdsV dks ij dh vksj m/okZ/kj fnkk esa NksM+k
tkrk gSA ftlls ;g i`Foh ds la?ku ok;q e.My dks
vYi le; esa ikj dj tk;sA jkWdsV esa ;g O;oLFkk Lopfyr izcU/k gksrk gSA fd ok;qe.M ls
ckgj varjh{k esa igqWapus ij ;g /khjs&/khjs
{kSfrt fnkk esa eqM+rk tkrk gSA
ij tkrs le; tc igys [k.M dk bZ/ku [kRe gks tkrk gSA vkSj ;g Hkkx vyx gks tkrk gSA fQj
nwljk [k.M (II-Stage) dk;Z djus
yxrk gSA tc nwljs [k.M dk bZ/ku lekIr gks tkrk gSA rks og Hkkx Hkh vyx gks tkrk gSA fQj
rhljk [k.M (III-Stage) dk;Z djus
yxrk gSA vkSj ;g [k.M mix`g dks ,d fu;r osx nsdj NksM+ nsrk gSA vkSj mix`g viuh d{kk
esa LFkkfir gks tkrk gSA
i`Fohry ls fdlh WpkbZij {kSfrt osx ls isz{kkfir mix`g dk iFk %&
ekuk fdlh mix`g vFkok fi.M dks i`Foh ry ls h WpkbZ ij ys tkdj {kSfrt osx V ls iz{ksfir fd;k
tkrk gSA h WpkbZ dh d{kk ds fy, A
1 Gmem
K mve2 Ve
2 Re
ekuk m nzO;eku ds fi.M dh xfrt tkZ .......(ii) rFkk iyk;u tkZ .....(iii)
1 Gmem 2Gme 2GMe
mve2 Ve 2 Ve
2 Re Re Re
lehdj.k (i) esa (ii) o (iii) ls eku j[kus ij .......(iv)
2 g Re 2
Ve 2 g Re
Re
but we have that GMe=gRe2 put in equation (iv) rc i`Foh ry ij iyk;u osx dk
eku
RAHUL CLASSES Pge no:- 14
 RAHUL CLASSES IIT;SCRA NDA

2 9.8 6.4 106 2 2 49 64 104

g = 9.8 m/sec2, Re = 6.4 106 m rks Ve =
Ve = 278102 = 112102 m/sec = 11.2 103 m/sec =11.2 Km/sec
vr% LiV gS fd tc fdlh fi.M dks i`Foh ry ls /okZ/kj fnkk ls 11.2 Km/sec ls iz{ksfir fd;k tk;s
rks og i`Foh ds xq:Roh;
{ks= dks ikj dj iyk;u dj tk;sxk vkSj dHkh okil ykSV dj ugha vk;sxkA
pUnzek ij thoulEHko ugha pUnzekij ok;qe.My dh vuqifLFkfr %&
gekjh i`Foh ij xSlksa dk l/ku ok;q e.My gS] D;ksfd i`Foh ry ij 500K rki ij gYds l gYds v.kq
( Hydrogen v.kq) dk osx
2.5 km/sec tcfd i`Foh ry ij iyk;us osx dk eku 11.2 km/sec gSA vr% i`Foh ls xSlsa iyk;u ugha
dj ikrh gSA ftlls i`Foh
Ikj xSlksa dk la?ku ok;q e.My gSA tcfd pUnzek ij dksbZ ok;qe.My ugh gS D;ksa fd pUnzek
ij iyk;u osx dk eku 2.38 km/sec
gSA tc fd gYds v.kq dk osx 2.5 km/sec gSA vr% pUnzek ls xSls iyk;u dj tkrh gSA ftlls
pUnzek ij thou lEHko ugha gSA
Hkkj ghurk %& tc dksbZ O;fDr fdlh Hkh ry ij [kM+k gksrk gS rks O;fDRk dk okLrfod x`g
i`Foh }kjk yxk;s x;s xq:RokdkZ.k cy ds
Ckjkcj gksrk gSA O;fDr dk okLrfod Hkkj W = mg rFkk O;fDr dk vkHkklh Hkkj WAPr = R
Tkc O;fDRk ij yxus okyk izfrfdz;k cy vkHkklh Hkkj R kqU; gks tkrk gS rks mls Hkkj
ghurk dk vkHkkl gksrk gSA
1- i`Foh ds dsUnz ij Hkkj ghurk %& i`Foh ds dsUnz ij xq:Roh; Roj.k g kwU; gksrk gS vr%
ogkWa [kM+s O;fDRk dk okLrfod Hkkj rFkk
vkHkklhHkkj kwU; gksrk gSA ftlds dkj.k O;fDRk dks Hkkj ghurk dk vkHkkl gksxkA
(ii) dzf=e mix`g esa Hkkj ghurk %& ekuk m nzO;eku dk dksbZ mix`g i`Foh ds
pkjksa vksj V0 d{kh; pky ls pDdj yxk jgk gSA rc ml ij yxus okyk
vfHkdsUnzh; cy i`Foh ds xq:RokdkZ.k cy ls izkIr gksrk gSA
2 2
mv0 Gmem v0 Gme
2
r r2 r r
rc [where r = Re + h] .........(i)
ekuk mix`g esa cSBs O;fDr dk vkHkklh Hkj mg1 tks fd izfrfdz;k cy ds cjkcj gSA rc O;fDRk
ij yxkus okyk
2 2
m1v0 Gmem1 v0 Gme R V 2 GMe R
R m1 m1[ 2 ] 0 2
r r2 r r m r r m
uSV vfHkdsUnzh; cy ....(ii)
2 2
V V R R
0
0
2
0
r r m m
lehdj.k (i) ls (ii) esa eku j[kus ij R=0
vr% mix`g esa cSBs O;fDr ij mix`g }kjk yxus okyk izfr fdz;k cy kwU; gksrk gSA ftlls mls
Hkkj ghurk dk vkHkkl gksrk gSA
Hkkjghurk ds vuqiz;ksx %& Hkkjghurk ds dkj.k mix`g ds vUnj
1- ;fn fdlh oLrq dks Mksjh ls yVdk ns rks ruko kwU; gks tk;sxkA
2- ;fn O;fdr fLizax rqyk ij [kM+k gSA rks rqyk dh Hkko kwU; gks tk;sxhA

3- ljy yksyd nksyu ugha djsxk (T= )
4- Xykl ls ty ugha fi;k tk ldrk A
5- O;fDr dks viuh xfr djuk dfBu gksrk gSA
RAHUL CLASSES Pge no:- 15
RAHUL CLASSES IIT;SCRA NDA

RAHUL CLASSES Pge no:- 16