Wireless Sensor Networks

Intro

Facultatea de Automatic i Calculatoare

Universitatea Politehnica Bucureti

20.02.2013 1
Outline

Pervasive wireless networks and mobile

applications

Challenges facing wireless networks and

mobile computing

Course information

2
The Future of Computing

By 2100, our destiny is to become like the gods

we once worshipped and feared. But our tools
will not be magic wands and potions but the
science of computers, nanotechnology,
artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and most
of all, the quantum theory.
Michio Kaku, Physics of the Future: How
Science Will Shape Human Destiny and Our
Daily Lives by the Year 2100
3
Pervasive Mobile Devices
In many parts of the world, more people have
access to a mobile [wireless] device than to a toilet
or running water. [Time Aug. 2012]

Many industrial countries reach at least 90%

mobile phone subscription penetration rate
[see phone penetration rates sheet]

PEW Internet and American Life Project:

The mobile device will be the primary connection tool
to the Internet for most people in the world in 2020

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Pervasive Wireless Networks

Wireless coverage:
http://www.verizonwireless.com/wireless-
coverage-area-map.shtml
http://www.wireless.att.com/coverageviewer/

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 Mobile Device Usage

Source: O2 6
 Mobile Traffic Growth

Source: Cisco 7
Mobile Computing Changing
Our Lives

Source: TIME mobility survey; June-July 2012

8
 10 Use Cases of Mobile
Computing Changing the World

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Source: TIME survey; June-July 2012
Mobile Computing
Features
with Larger Effects

Source: TIME survey; June-July 2012

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 Mobile Computing Changing
Our Lives

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Source: TIME survey; June-July 2012
 Mobile Computing Changing
Our Lives

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Source: TIME survey; June-July 2012
 Mobile Computing Changing
Our Lives

http://www.time.com/time/interactive/0,31813,2122187,00.html
Source: TIME survey; June-July 2012

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Use Case: Home Networks

satellite
WiFi WiFi
802.11g/n Bluetooth
WiFi NFC
UWB

bluetooth
WiFi

cellular

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Use Case: Mesh Networks

Many users still dont

have broadband
reasons: out of service area;
some consider expensive

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Use Case: Mesh Network for Disaster
Recovery/Military

9/11, Tsunami, Hurricane Katrina,

South Asian earthquake
Wireless communication and
mobile computing capability
can make a difference
between life and death !
http://www.att.com/ndr/
rapid deployment
efficient resource and energy usage
flexible: unicast, broadcast, multicast, anycast
resilient: survive in unfavorable and untrusted
environments

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 Use Case: Seamless Handoff--
Always Best Connected
UMTS Rel. 5 LAN
LAN, WLAN GSM 53 kbit/s 400 kbit/s 100 Mbit/s,
780 kbit/s Bluetooth 500 kbit/s WLAN
54 Mbit/s

UMTS,
DECT
2 Mbit/s

GSM/EDGE 135 kbit/s,

WLAN 780 kbit/s
GSM 115 kbit/s, UMTS Rel. 6
WLAN 11 Mbit/s 400 kbit/s

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Use Case: Traffic Signal
Advisor

http://www.princeton.edu/~ekoukoum/SignalGuru.html

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Use Case: Vehicular
Networks
Traffic crashes resulted in
more than 41,000 lives
lost/year

Establishing
vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V),
vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I)
and
vehicle-to-hand-held-devices
(V2D) communications

More info: http://www.its.dot.gov/intellidrive/index.htm

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Collision Avoidance : V2V
Networks

stalled vehicle blind spots

warning

http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/safety/news_issues/releases/sixthsense_102405.html

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Collision Avoidance at Intersections
Two million
accidents at
intersections
per year in US

Source: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/tfhrc/safety/pubs/its/ruralitsandrd/tb-intercollision.pdf

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Google Glass

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Use Case: Habitat Monitoring
A 15-minute human visit leads to 20% Patch
offspring mortality Network

Gateway

Transit Network

Basestation

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Wireless and Mobile
Computing

Driven by technology and vision

Mobile device capabilities and platforms
Global communication infrastructures

The field is moving fast

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Enabling Infrastructures
Development and deployment of wireless
infrastructures
networking: in-room, in-building, on-campus, in-the-
field, MAN, WAN

Development and deployment of localization

infrastructures
location: GPS, AGPS,

Development and deployment of sensor

networks
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Wireless Bit Rates

1.2 kbps 9.6 kbps 384 kbps 100 Mbps

2 Mbps 1 Gbps

NMT GSM IMT-2000 IMT-Advanced

1981 1992 2001 ~2012
(WCDMA; CDMA)

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Enabling Infrastructure: Networks
Standard Peak Downlink Peak Uplink Tech
GSM GPRS Class 10 0.0856 0.0428
GSM EDGE Evolution 1.6 0.5 TDMA/FDD
CDMA EV-DO Rev. 0 2.458 0.1536 CDMA/FDD
CDMA EV-DO Rev. A 3.1 1.8 CDMA/FDD
CDMA EV-DO Rev. B 4.9 1.8 CDMA/FDD
WiFi: 802.11b 11 11 DSSS
Flash-OFDM: Flash-OFDM 15.9 5.4 Flash-OFDM
WiFi: 802.11g 54 54 OFDM
WiFi: 802.11a 54 54 OFDM
LTE 300 75 OFDMA/MIMO
WiMAX: 802.16m 365 376 MIMO/SOFDMA
WiFi: 802.11n 600 600 OFDM/MIMO
HSPA+ 672 168 CDMA/FDD/MIMO
LTE Advanced (Cat 8) 2998.6 1497.8 MIMO
WiFi: 802.11ac (8aAP; 4a ST) 3470 3470 MU-MIMO
All units are Mbps

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 Enabling Infrastructure:
Measurements

Source: A Close Examination of Performance and Power Characteristics of 4G LTE; Mobisys12

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 Improving Infrastructure: Power
Efficiency

Source: A Close Examination of Performance and Power Characteristics of 4G LTE; Mobisys12

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Enabling Device Capabilities,
Platforms

Improving device capabilities, mobile

application frameworks, applications, e.g.,
android
iphone/ipad
windows phone

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Processing Capability:
Javascript Benchmark

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Processing Capability:
Javascript Benchmark

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Processing Capability:
Javascript Benchmark

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Processing Capability:
Javascript Benchmark

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Processing Capability:
Javascript Benchmark

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Processing Capability:
Javascript Benchmark

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Processing Capability:
Javascript Benchmark

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Sensing Capability (iphone 4)

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Why is the Field Challenging?
Challenge 1: Unreliable and
Unpredictable Wireless Coverage
Wireless links are not reliable: they may vary
over time and space
Reception v. Distance Reception vs. Power

*Cerpa, Busek et. al

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Challenge 2: Open Wireless
Medium

Wireless interference
S1 R1

S2 R1

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Challenge 2: Open Wireless
Medium

Wireless interference
S1 R1

S2 R1

Hidden terminals
S1 R1 S2

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Challenge 2: Open Wireless
Medium

Wireless interference
S1 R1

S2 R1

Hidden terminals
S1 R1 S2

Exposed
R1
terminal
S1 S2 R2

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Challenge 2: Open Wireless
Medium
Wireless interference
S1 R1

S2 R1
Hidden terminals
S1 R1 R2
Exposed terminal
R1 S1 S2 R2
Wireless security
eavesdropping, denial of service,

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Challenge 3: Mobility

Mobility causes poor-quality wireless links

Mobility causes intermittent connection

under intermittent connected networks,
traditional routing, TCP, applications all break

Mobility changes context, e.g., location

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Challenge 4: Portability
Limited battery power
Limited processing, display and storage
Smart phone
data
Sensors,
smaller graphical displays Tablet/Laptop
embedded
802.11/3G
controllers

Mobile phones
voice, data
simple graphical displays
GSM/3G/4G

Performance/Weight/Power Consumption

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Challenge 5: Changing Regulation
and Multiple Communication
Standards

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Challenge 5: Changing Regulation
and Multiple Communication
Standards cordless wireless
cellular phones satellites
phones LAN
1980:
1981: CT0
NMT 450 1982:
1983: Inmarsat-
AMPS 1984:
A
CT1
1986:
NMT 900 1987:
1988: CT1+
Inmarsat- 1989:
C CT 2
1991: 1991: 1991:
1992: CDMA D-AMPS 1992: DECT 199x:
GSM 1993: Inmarsat-B proprietary
PDC Inmarsat-M
1994: 1997:
DCS 1800 IEEE 802.11
1998:
Iridium 1999:
802.11b, Bluetooth
2000: 2000:
analogue GPRS 2001: IEEE 802.11a
IMT-2000
digital
Fourth
Generation
(Internet
based)

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Wireless Communication
Standards

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What Will We Cover?
Class Goals

Learn both fundamentals and applications

of wireless networking and mobile
computing
Obtain hands-on experiences on developing
on wireless, mobile devices
wireless networking: GNU radio
Discuss challenges and opportunities in
wireless networking and mobile computing

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The Layered Reference
Model

Application Application

Transport Transport

Network Network Network Network

Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link

Physical Physical Physical Physical

Radio Medium

Often we need to implement a function across multiple layers.

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Course Topic:
Communications/Connectivity

Physical layer: channel and diversity

Link layer: channel sharing

Network and transport: routing, reliability

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Course Topic: Mobile
Network App Techniques
Informed usage of networks
MatchMaking

Using peer-to-peer connections

Wifi Direct, Microcast, NFC

Hybrid mobile/cloud/server
Cloud messaging
Code partition (MAUI, Cloudlet)
Aggregation (SmartVNC)
Storage partition

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Course Topic: Sensory
Framework/App
Location
Localization (GPS, lateration, acoustic, siganture)
Location based services
Google MapView, Map API

Sensing
Detecting the environment using cameras,
microphones, and collaborations
signalGuru, Darwin Phone

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Course Topics

OS/Application Platform

Communications Sensing Security

(will
not
cover)

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Class Materials

Chapters of reference books

Selected conference and journal papers

Other resources
MOBICOM, SIGCOMM, Mobisys proceedings
IEEE Network, Communications, Pervasive
magazines

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Suggested Reference Books
Fundamentals of Wireless 802.11 Wireless Networks:
Communication, by David the Definitive Guide by
Tse and Pramod Viswanath, Matthew Gast, OReilly
Cambridge University Press (available online)
(available online)

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THE Book

Protocols and Architectures for

Wireless Sensor Networks
Holger Karl, Andreas Willig

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Class Project

Goal: obtain hands-on experience

Well suggest potential topics
You may also choose your own topic
Initial proposal + midterm progress report +
final report + [presentation]
We provide help in obtaining
Mobile devices
Sensor Nodes

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Grading

Project 35%
Assignments 35%
Exam 20%
Class 10%
Participation

More important is what you realize/learn than the

grades
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Questions?
Backup

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Evolution of Mobile Systems
to 3G

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3G Networks

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators_of_the_Americas#United_States

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 Mobile Computing Changing
Our Lives

Source: TIME survey

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IMT Advanced Requirements
All-IP communications.
Peak data rates
100 Mbit/s for high mobility
1 Gbit/s for low mobility
Scalable channel bandwidth, between 5 and 20 MHz,
optionally up to 40 MHz
Peak link spectral efficiency
15 bit/s/Hz (downlink); 6.75 bit/s/Hz (uplink)
System spectral efficiency
3 bit/s/Hz/cell (downlink)
2.25 bit/s/Hz/cell (indoor)

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