sursaTis regulireba

evrokavSirSi

sursaTis
higiena

saqarTvelos strategiuli kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis centri

Tbilisi, delisis I Sesaxvevi 5a
tel/faqsi: (995 32) 399018
office@csrdg.ge www.csrdg.ge Tbilisi _ 2013
 es statia meorea sursaTis sferoSi evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobis qa-
rTulenovani mimoxilvis seriidan, romelic 2013-2014 wlebSi gamoicema
evrokavSirisa da SvedeTis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebisa da TanamSromlo-
bis saagentos mier dafinansebuli proeqtis farglebSi. saqarTveloSi
sursaTis uvneblobis sferoSi ganxorcielebul reformebSi samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis CarTulobis xelSewyoba. proeqts axorcielebs evraziis
TanamSromlobis fondi saqarTvelos strategiuli kvlevebisa da ganvi-
Tarebis centrTan TanamSromlobiT. Sinaarsze pasuxismgebelia avtori.
statia ar gamoxatavs evraziis TanamSromlobis fondis, evrokavSirisa da
SvedeTis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebisa da TanamSromlobis saagentos ofi-
cialur pozicias.

statia xelmisawvdomia veb-gverdze www.momxmarebeli.ge

avtori lia Todua

saqarTvelos
strategiuli
kvlevebisa da
ganviTarebis centri

saavtoro uflebebi daculia da ekuTvnis saqarTvelos

strategiuli kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis centrs.

saqarTvelos strategiuli kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis centri, 2013 w.

 sursaTis higienaSi moiazreba sursaTis warmoeba-dis-
tribucia-moxmarebis ganmavlobaSi gasatarebeli yvela im
RonisZiebaTa erToblioba, romelic sursaTis uvneblobasa da
adamianTa kvebisTvis vargisianobas uzrunvelyofs.
90-ani wlebis bolos sursaTis higiena evrokavSirSi regu-
lirdeboda ori aTeuli vertikaluri1 da ori horizonta-
luri tipis2 direqtiviT, romelTagan erTi sursaTis higienis
zogad moTxovnebs3, meore ki sursaTis uvneblobis oficial-
uri kontrolis wesebs4 adgenda. 1995-2005 wlebSi am kanonmde-
blobam mniSvnelovani struqturuli cvlilebebi ganicada. 16
direqtiva5 (ix. danarTi 1) gauqmda da Canacvlebul iqna ori
ZiriTadi da ori damxmare regulaciiT:6 ZiriTadi regulacie-
bidan erTi adgens higienis erTian zogad wesebs, meore ki am
moTxovnebis dacvis oficialuri kontrolis wesebs. ori damx-
mare regulaciiT dadginda damatebiTi specialuri wesebi/
moTxovnebi cxoveluri sursaTis higienisa da kontrolisaT-
vis. ramdenime kerZo sakiTxs (monitoringi, mikrobiologiuri
moTxovnebi) damatebiTi 3 regulacia aregulirebs (ix. dia-
grama 1).
Tumca garegnul cvlilebebze mniSvnelovani, cxadia, am
aqtebis Sinaarsobrivi nawilia. am mxriv kanonmdeblobam sx-
vadasxvagvari cvlileba ganicada _ zog SemTxvevaSi gamkacrda
(mag., gavrcelda ara mxolod sursaTis warmoeba-distribuci-
aze, aramed agreTve e.w. pirvelad warmoebaze7), zog SemTx-

1 evropul kanonmdeblobaSi vertikalur harmonizaciad miiCneva

evrokavSiris mier gamocemuli normatiuli aqti, romelic calkeuli tipis
produqtebis an maTi warmoeba-distribuciis moTxovnebs adgens.
2 evropul kanonmdeblobaSi horizontalur harmonizaciad miiCneva
is normatiuli aqtebi, romelic sxvadasxva tipis produqtebis/procesebis
saerTo maxasiaTebelTa harmonizaciazea mimarTuli.
3 igulisxmeba Tanamegobrobis sabWos 93/43/EEC direqtiva sursaTis
higienis Taobaze (Council Directive 93/43/EEC on the hygiene of foodstuffs).
4 Tanamegobrobis sabWos 89/397/EEC direqtiva sursaTis oficialuri
kontrolis Taobaze (Council Directive 89/397/EEC on the official control of foodstuffs)
5 direqtiva ar warmoadgens, uSualo moqmedebis normatiul aqts,
aramed saWiroebs erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi gadatanas, transpozicias.
6 direqtivisgan gansxvavebiT, evrokavSirSi regulacia pirdapiri
moqmedebis normatiuli aqtia, mas erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi gadatana ar
sWirdeba.
7 pirveladi warmoeba niSnavs pirveladi produqtebis warmoebas,
vevaSi Serbilda (mag., mikrobiologiuri normebis nawili gau-
qmda, ix. danarTi 5), zog sakiTxSi ufro SemzRudavi gaxda (mag.,
detalurad gaiwera kontrolis zomebis dafinansebis sakiTxe-
bi), zogSi met Tavisuflebas iZleva (mag., qveynebs aqvT ufleba
garkveul SemTxvevaSi Searbilon moTxovnebi, ix. qvemoT).

9 10

11 12

13 14 15

kanonmdeblobis aseTi, erTi SexedviT, winaaRmdegobrivi cv-

lileba sursaTTan kavSirSi myofi politikebis ori, garkveul-
wilad urTierTsawinaaRmdego dinebiT iyo ganpirobebuli:8

moSenebas an gazrdas, maT Soris mosavlis aRebas, wvelasa da fermis cxovelebis

warmoebas dakvlamde. igi agreTve moicavs nadirobas, Tevzaobasa da veluri
produqtebis mosavlis aRebas (178/2002 regulacia, muxli me-2, punqti me-17).
pirveladi produqti moicavs niadagis produqtebs, fermis produqtebs, nad-
irobisa da Tevzaobis produqtebs (852/2004 regulacia, muxli me-2, punqti 1,
qvepunqti b).
8 evrokavSiris parlamentisa da sabWos #178/2002 regulacia sursaTis
kanonis ZiriTadi principebisa da moTxovnebis dadgenis, sursaTis uvneblobis
evropuli saagentos dafuZnebisa da sursaTis uvneblobis uzrunvelyofis
procedurebis dawesebisTvis (Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 of the European Parliament
and of the Council of 28 January 2002 laying down the general principles and requirements of
food law, establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down procedures in mat-
ters of food safety).

2
 dineba 1: meti sifrTxile, kontroli,
gamWvirvaloba9101112131415

kanonmdeblobis gamkacreba da pirvelad warmoebaze gan-

vrcobas 90-ani wlebSi evrokavSirSi ganviTarebuli sursaTTan
dakavSirebuli mTeli rigi skandalebiT iyo gamowveuli. am-
aTgan yvelaze dramatuli, rogorc am seriis pirvel statiaSi

9 evrokavSiris parlamentisa da sabWos # 882/2004 regulacia sur-

saTisa da cxovelTa sakvebis kanonmdeblobis, cxovelTa janmrTelobisa da
keTildReobis wesebis dacvis Semowmebis mizniT ganxorcielebuli oficial-
uri kontrolis Taobaze (Regulation (EC) No 882/2004 of the European Parliament and of
the Council of 29 April 2004 on official controls performed to ensure the verification of compli-
ance with feed and food law, animal health and animal welfare rules).
10 evrokavSiris parlamentisa da sabWos # 852/2004 regulacia sasur-
saTo produqtebis higienis Taobaze (Regulation (EC) No 852/2004 of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the hygiene of foodstuffs).
11 evrokavSiris parlamentisa da sabWos # 853/2004 regulacia cxove-
luri warmoSobis sursaTis specialuri higienuri wesebis dasadgenad (Regu-
lation (EC) No 853/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004
laying down specific hygiene rules for food of animal origin).
12 evrokavSiris parlamentisa da sabWos # 854/2004 regulacia adamia-
nis mier moxmarebisTvis gankuTvnili cxoveluri warmoSobis sursaTis ofi-
cialuri kontrolis specialuri wesebis dasadgenad (Regulation (EC) No 854/2004
of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 laying down specific rules for
the organisation of official controls on products of animal origin intended for human consump-
tion).
13 evrokomisiis #2075/2005 regulacia xorcSi triqinelas kontrolis
specialuri wesebis dasadgenad (Commission Regulation (EC) No 2075/2005 of 5 De-
cember 2005 laying down specific rules on official controls for Trichinella in meat).
14 evrokomisiis #2074/2005 regulacia 853/2004 regulaciiT reguli-
rebuli zogierTi produqtisTvis 854/2004 da 882/2004 regulaciebiT gaT-
valiswinebuli oficialuri kontrolis ganxorcielebis zomebis dasadgenad
(Commission Regulation (EC) No 2074/2005 of 5 December 2005 laying down implement-
ing measures for certain products under Regulation (EC) No 853/2004 of the European Parlia-
ment and of the Council and for the organisation of official controls under Regulation (EC) No
854/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Regulation (EC) No 882/2004 of
the European Parliament and of the Council, derogating from Regulation (EC) No 852/2004 of
the European Parliament and of the Council and amending Regulations (EC) No 853/2004 and
(EC) No 854/2004).
15 evrokomisiis #2073/2005 regulacia sasursaTo produqtebis mikro-
biologiuri normebis Taobaze (Commission Regulation (EC) No 2073/2005 of 15 No-
vember 2005 on microbiological criteria for foodstuffs).

3
aRvwereT16, e.w. BSE17 skandali gaxldaT. miuxedavad imisa, rom
am skandalTan dakavSirebuli daavadebiT18 daRupul adamianTa
ricxvi didi ar aris19, swored es iyo is gardamtexi movlena,
romelmac evrokavSirSi sursaTis uvneblobisadmi midgomebi
Secvala. am krizisma gamoavlina evrokavSirSi sursaTis regu-
lirebis rogorc instituciuri, aseve normatiuli naklovane-
bebi: arasaimedo aRmoCnda sursaTis erovnuli regulirebisa
da kontrolis urTierTndobis/ urTierTaRiarebis midgoma.
Sokis momgvreli iyo is garemoebac, rom susti rgoli aR-
moCnda Tanamegobrobis ara is wevri-qveynebi, sadac sursaTis
uvneblobis regulireba-kontroli susti iyo, aramed didi
britaneTi, qveyana sadac sursaTis uvneblobis mecnierebac da
praqtikac sakmaod maRal doneze iyo ganviTarebuli, Tumca
mewarmeTa lobirebam mecnierTa saRi azri da politikosTa si-
frTxile mainc gadawona20. krizisma gamoavlina naklovanebebi
evrokomisiaSic _ araadekvaturi aRmoCnda evrokomisiisTvis
samecniero rCevebis miwodebis instituciuri mowyoba samec-
niero komitetebis saxiT, romelTa warmomadgenlebs wevri
qveynebis mTavrobebi irCevdnen (da afinansebdnen [29]). ro-
gorc praqtikam aCvena, aseTi institucia Zalze advilad mo-
eqca erTi mTavrobis gavlenis qveS (vinaidan man meti eqsperti
waradgina da daafinansa), ris Sedegadac, kritikul momentSi,
evrokomisia obieqturi mecnieruli rCevebis gareSe darCa da
mTeli rigi araswori gadawyvetilebebi miiRo21. aseve arae-

16 http://momxmarebeli.ge/images/file_246141.pdf
17 Bovine Spongiform Encelophathy, msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis
Rrublisebri encelopaTia, e.w. Zroxebis sigiJe.
18 igulisxmeba kroicfeld-iakobis daavadeba (Variant Creutzfeldt-
Jakob disease), romelic gamowveulia adamianis mier BSE-daavadebuli xorcis
miRebiT. daavadeba dakavSirebulia nervuli sistemis Zalze mZime dazianebas-
Tan, ar ikurneba da 6 TveSi (zogjer 2 weliwadSi) pacienti iRupeba. meti
detalebisTvis ix. am seriis pirveli broSura, http://momxmarebeli.ge/images/
file_246141.pdf.
19 2011 wlis mdgomareobiT kroicfeld-iakobis daavadebiT 224 adami-
ania gardacvlili. daavadebis piki 2000 wels iyo. wyaro: http://www.who.int/me-
diacentre/factsheets/fs180/en/index.html .
20 saubaria did britaneTze, sadac warmoiSva da politikosTa umoqm-
edobis gamo mTels msoflioSi gavrcelda es daavadeba, romelic sasikvdiloa
ara mxolod cxovelebisTvis, aramed adamianebisTvisac.
21 miuxedavad safrangeTisa da germaniis moTxovnisa, evrokomisia didx-

4
feqturi aRmoCnda (savaraudod, isev da isev lobirebis gamo)
evrokomisiis mier misive gadawyvetilebebisa Tu normatiuli
aqtebis adgilebze Sesrulebis kontroli22.
BSE skandals evrokavSirSi sursaTis regulirebaze miwisZ-
vrismagvari efeqti hqonda [70]. sazogadoeba iTxovda Zireul
cvlilebebs. ramdenimewliani ganxilvis Semdeg Seicvala ev-
rokomisiis Sesabamisi struqturebis instituciuri mowyoba
_ sursaTis sferoSi samecniero mosazrebebisa da daskvnebis
momzadebis mizniT Seiqmna23 damoukidebeli instituti EFSA24,
romelzec arc evrokomisias da arc wevri-qveynebis mTavro-
bebs zegavlenis arc ufleba da arc meqanizmebi aRar gaaCnia.
am institutis mier samecniero daskvnebis mosamzadeblad mec-
nierTa daqiraveba xdeba Ria da gamWvirvale konkursis gziT,
yvela angariSi da daskvna qveyndeba institutis veb-gverdze.
institutisTvis dakveTis micemis ufleba aqvs ara marto ev-
rokomisias, aramed evroparlamentsac da wevri-qveynebis mTav-
robebsac. instituti geografiuladac ki daSorebulia evro-
komisiisgan _ igi italiaSi, qalaq parmaSia ganTavsebuli.
garda amisa, miRebul iqna zomebi, rom sursaTis evropuli

ans ewinaaRmdegeboda britanuli saqonlis xorcis eqsportis akrZalvis dawe-

sebas.
22 magaliTad, 92/102/EEC direqtiviT, did britaneTs evaleboda
kompiuteruli aRricxvis saSualebiT erTmaneTisgan gaemijna daavadebuli
da jansaRi fermebi, Tumca direqtivis aRsruleba zerele iyo, mTeli rigi
xvrelebi gaaCnda, romelTa Sedegad daavadebuli cxovelebi, maTi xorci da
Zvlis fxvnili mTels msoflios moedo.
23 garda amisa, moxda sursaTis uvneblobis sferoSi evrokomisiis damx-
mare samecniero komitetebis reorganizacia. kerZod, gauqmda veterinariis
samecniero komiteti (romelmac mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa evrokomisiis
mier BSE-sTan dakavSirebiT araswori gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi) da mis
sanacvlod dafuZnda 3 axali komiteti: cxovelTa kvebis komiteti, cxovelTa
janmrTelobisa da keTildReobis komiteti da sazogadoebriv jandacvasTan
dakavSirebuli veterinaruli zomebis komiteti (Commission decision 97/579/EC of
23 July 1997 setting up Scientific Committees in the field of consumer health and food safety).
garda amisa, Seiqmna sazedamxedvelo samecniero komiteti, romelic afasebda
da amowmebda sxva komitetebis muSaobas da agreTve exmareboda evrokomisias,
yovel konkretul problemasTan dakavSirebiT sworad SeerCia adresati samec-
niero komitet(eb)i da adekvaturad Camoeyalibebina maTTvis dasmuli kiTxva/
moTxovna (Commission Decision 97/404/EC of 10 June 1997 setting up a Scientific Steering
Committee).
24 evropis sursaTis uvneblobis saagento, European Food Safety Agensy.

5
kanonmdeblobis Sesrulebis Semowmeba Tanmimdevruli da gamW-
virvale gamxdariyo. dRes mas axorcielebs evrokomisiis sur-
saTisa da veterinariis ofisi25, romelic aseve geografiulad
daSorebulia evrokomisiis sxva ofisebisgan (ganTavsebulia
irlandiaSi, patara dasaxleba granJSi) da yvela misi auditis
programa da angariSi internetis saSualebiT xelmisawvdomia
sazogadoebisTvis.
Tumca mTavari cvlilebebi ara instituciur, aramed nor-
matiul sferoSi unda momxmdariyo. aSkara iyo, rom erTiani
bazrisadmi momxmareblis Seryeuli ndobis aRdgena mxolod
erTiani da erTnairi regulirebis saSualebiT iqneboda Ses-
aZlebeli. pirvel rigSi gadawyda, rom sursaTis uvneblobis
sakiTxebi evrokavSirSi unda daregulirebuliyo ara direq-
tivebiT26, romelTa transpozicia erovnul kanonmdebloba-
Si SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvari iyos, aramed erTiani evropuli
kanonebiT _ regulaciebiT. aseve aSkara iyo, rom sursaTis
uvneblobis uzrunvelyofa mxolod sasursaTo warmoeba-dis-
tribuciis stadiebis regulireba-kontrolis saSualebiT Seu-
Zlebelia _ BSE krizisis mizezi xom ara xorcis damuSavebaSi,
aramed fermaSi, kerZod ki, im sakvebSi iyo, romelsac pirutyvs
aWmevdnen27. amitom gasagebi gaxda, rom sursaTis regulaciebma
Tu e.w. pirveladi warmoeba (anu fermebi) ar moicva, uvne-
beli sursaTis uzrunvelyofa ver moxerxdeba. garda amisa,
sursaTis uvneblobaze gavrcelda e.w. winmswrebi sifrTxilis
principi, romelic ar aZlevs SesaZleblobas politikosebs
TavianTi umoqmedoba mecnieruli monacemebis naklebobiT an
arasaTanado sizustiT daasabuTon _ Tu potenciuri safrTxe
didia, politikosi valdebulia imoqmedos maSinac ki, roca
safrTxis albaToba mecnierulad dazustebuli ar aris.

25 Food and Veterinary Office, FVO.

26 evrokavSirSi direqtiva ar warmoadgens pirdapiri moqmedebis norma-
tiul aqts. igi aris Taviseburi miTiTeba wevri-qveynebis mTavrobebisadmi,
romlis safuZvelzec am mTavrobebma erovnuli kanonmdebloba unda SeimuSa-
on.
27 msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis Rrublovani encelopaTiis gamomwvevia
e.w. prioni (cilis kristali), romelic cxovelebis sakvebSi amave saxeobis
cxovelebis Zval-xorcis fxvnilis Serevis Sedegad xvdeba.

6
 dineba 2: mxolod dasabuTebuli moTxovnebi

zustad amave periodSi msoflioSi viTardeboda movlenebi,

romelic sursaTis kanonmdeblobas zemoT aRwerilis sawinaaR-
mdego mimarTulebiT _ meti pragmatizmisa da dasabuTebulo-
bisken ubiZgebda. kerZod, 1994 wels dasrulda saerTaSoriso
molaparakebebis e.w. urugvais raundi28 da 1995 wels Seiqmna
msoflio savaWro organizacia29 (WTO). evrokavSiri misi erT-
erTi damfuZnebeli wevria. msoflio savaWro organizaciis
sadamfuZneblo SeTanxmebebSi Sedis SeTanxmeba sanitariuli
da fitosanitariuli zomebis30 gamoyenebis Sesaxeb (e.w. SPS Se-
Tanxmeba31), romlis mixedviTWTO-s wevrebs sasoflo-sameur-
neo produqciis import-eqsportis Tavisi Sida sanitariuli
da fitosanitariuli moTxovnebiT SezRudva mxolod im Sem-
TxvevaSi SeuZliaT, Tuki es SezRudvebi am qveyanaSi adamianTa,
cxovelebis an mcenareebis janmrTelobisTvis aucilebelia. am
`aucileblobis ZiriTad kriteriumad ki SeTanxmeba miiCnevs
am zomebis Sesabamisobas saerTaSoriso standartebTan, reko-

28 saerTaSoriso vaWrobis maregulirebeli 1947 wlis tarifebisa da

vaWrobis Sesaxeb generaluri SeTanxmebis farglebSi gamarTuli mravalmxrivi
molaparakebebis me-8 raundi. grZeldeboda 1986 wlidan 1994 wlis CaTvliT.
29 World Trade Organization, WTO
30 sanitariuli da fitosanitariuli zomebi moicavs kanonebs, regu-
laciebs, normebs, procedurebs, romelic mimarTulia: qveynis teritoriaze
adamianTa janmrTelobis an sicocxlis dasacavad iseTi daavadebebisgan, ro-
melic cxovelebis an mcenareebis, an maTgan damzadebuli produqtebiT ga-
daitaneba; adamianTa da cxovelebis sicocxlisa da janmrTelobis dasacavad
iseTi riskebisgan, romelic dakavSirebulia sursaTsa da cxovelTa sakvebSi
sakvebdanamatebis, damabinZureblebis, toqsinebis an daavadebaTa gadamtani
agentebis arsebobiT; cxovelebisa da mcenareebis dasacavad mavneblebis, daa-
vadebebis an maTi Semcveli organizmebis Semotanis Sedegad daavadebebis an
mavneblebis gavrcelebisgan. es zomebi SeiZleba moicavdes produqtisTvis an
warmoebis meTodisTvis dawesebul moTxovnebsa da kriteriumebs, Semowmebebsa
da inspeqtirebebs, sertificirebis an damtkicebis procedurebs, skarantino
moTxovnebsa da procedurebs, statistikuri informaciis mogrovebis meTodo-
logias, sinjebis aRebis meTodikas, riskebis Sefasebis meTodikas, moTxovnebs
SefuTvisa da etiketirebisadmi (igulisxmeba mxolod uvneblobis aspeqti) da
sxva. Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, danarTi A, punqti
1-s mixedviT.
31 Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures.

7
mendaciebTan an saxelmZRvanelo principebTan.32 SPS SeTanx-
meba konkretulad uTiTebs sam saerTaSoriso organizacias,
romelTa mier damtkicebuli standartebi an sxva saxelmZR-
vanelo dokumentebi am mizniT unda iqnes gamoyenebuli. esenia:
sursaTis uvneblobis sakiTxebSi _ `kodeqs alimentari-
usis~ komisia;33
cxovelTa janmrTelobisa da zoonozuri daavadebebis
sferoSi _ epizootiebis saerTaSoriso ofisi34 (2003 wlidan
organizacias hqvia cxovelTa janmrTelobis msoflio orga-
nizacia35);
mcenareTa dacvis sferoSi _ mcenareTa dacvis saerTa-
Soriso konvenciis36 sekretariati.
iseT sferoebSi, romelzec am sami organizaciis kompeten-
cia ar vrceldeba, dasaSvebia sxva, Sesabamisi saerTaSoriso
organizaciis mier gamoqveynebuli standartebis, rekomenda-
ciebis an saxelmZRvanelo principebis gamoyeneba37.

SPS-SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, Tuki qveyana apirebs SemoiRos (an

SemoRebuli aqvs) ufro mkacri sanitariuli da fitosanitari-
uli zomebi, vidre amas saerTaSoriso standartebi, rekomen-
daciebi Tu saxelmZRvanelo dokumentebi iTvaliswinebs, maSin
man am zomebis aucilebloba adamianTa janmrTelobis riskebis

32 Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, muxli 3.3.

33 organo, romelic kurirebs gaerTianebuli erebis sursaTisa da
soflis meurneobis organizaciis (UN Food and Agriculture Organization, FAO) da
msoflio jandacvis organizaciis (World Health Organization, WHO) mier 1961-1963
ww-Si Camoyalibebul sursaTis standartebis erTobliv programas, ,,kodeqs
alimentariuss. komisiis muSaoba finansdeba FAO-WHO-s mier erToblivad.
ZiriTadi samuSao xorcieldeba komisiis daqvemdebarebul organoebSi (Sub-
sidiary bodies) - komitetebSi. 10 maTgani zogad sakiTxebze momuSave komite-
tia, 5 - konkretuli tipis sursaTze muSaobs, 6 ki - regionuli komitetia.
komitetebis muSaoba wevri-qveynebis mier (rogorc wesi, komitetis xelmZR-
vaneli qveynis mier) finansdeba. organizaciis oficialuri veb-gverdia www.
codexalimentarius.org .
34 International Office of Epizootics, OIE.
35 World Organisation for Animal health, dasaxelebis Secvlis miuxedavad, or-
ganizacia inarCunebs Zvel akronims: OIE.
36 International Plant Protection Convention.
37 Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, danarTia,
punqti me-3.

8
mecnieruli analizis safuZvelze unda daasabuTos38, am das-
abuTebisTvis gamoyenebuli riskis Sefasebis meTodologia ki
isev saerTaSoriso organizaciis mier unda iyos SemuSavebuli.
eqsportior qveyanas SeuZlia moiTxovos aseTi ganmartebebi da
dasabuTeba importis qveynisgan. eqsportior qveyanas agreTve
SeuZlia daasabuTos, rom mis mier gamoyenebuli gansxvavebuli
sanitariuli zomebi adamianTa/cxovelebis/mcenareebis dacvis
TvalsazrisiT, aseTive efeqturia da amitom maTi gamoyenebiT
warmoebuli sursaTi mimRebma qveyanam uvneblad unda miiCnios
(ufro detalurad ix. qvemoT).
im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki arsebuli samecniero monacemebi ris-
kis dasabuTebisTvis sakmarisi ar aris, qveyanas ufleba aqvs
SemoiRos droebiTi sanitariuli da fitosanitariuli zome-
bi39, im pirobiT, rom igi ar daiSurebs mcdelobas damatebiTi
samecniero monacemebis mosapoveblad, riskis ufro zustad da
obieqturad Sefasebis mizniT.40
mokled rom vTqvaT, msoflio savaWro organizaciis SPS
SeTanxmebis xelmoweris Semdeg, WTO-wevrebis mier sakuTar
teritoriaze sursaTis uvneblobis mizniT, (fito)sanitari-
uli zomebis dawesebis an SenarCunebisTvis aucilebeli iyo es
zomebi kodeqs alimentariusis mier damtkicebuli saxelmZ-
Rvanelo dokumentebis Sesabamisi yofiliyo. winaaRmdeg Sem-
TxvevaSi am qveyanas/Tanamegobrobas mecnierulad unda daesab-
uTebina maTi SemoRebis mizanSewoniloba.

higienis zogadi moTxovnebi da HACCP

1991 wlidan msoflio savaWro organizaciis Sesaqmnelad

mimdinare molaparakebebis fonze, roca ukve cnobili iyo, rom
sursaTis uvneblobis moTxovnebis saerTaSoriso referen-

38 Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, muxlebi

3.3, 5.1 da 5.2.
39 sagulisxmoa, rom, miuxedavad evrokavSiris mcdelobisa [20], winms-
wrebi sifrTxilis princips (Precautionary Principle) msoflio savaWro orga-
nizacia ar aRiarebs da misi gamoyeneba (fito)sanitariuli zomebis dasab-
uTebisTvis SeuZlebelia.
40 Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, muxli 5.7.

9
tuli wyaros roli, savaraudod, kodeqs alimentariusis~
komisias daekisreboda, am ukanasknelma Tavisi standartebisa
da rekomendaciebis mowesrigeba daiwyo. sursaTis higienis
zogadi principebi kodeqs alimentariuss jer kidev 1969
wels hqonda damtkicebuli [1]. 1991 wels sursaTis higienis
komitetma daayena misi gadamuSavebis sakiTxi, ZiriTadad im-
isTvis, rom dokumentSi saTanadod asaxuliyo sursaTis uvne-
blobis uzrunvelyofis axali midgoma _ safrTxis analizisa
da kritikuli wertilebis kontrolis sistema, e.w. haspi [6].
1997 wels kodeqs alimentariusis~ komisiam safrTxis anal-
izisa da kritikuli wertilebis kontrolis sistemis aRwera
da misi gamoyenebis saxelmZRvanelo principebi sursaTis hi-
gienis zogadi principebis danarTis saxiT daamtkica [16].

haspis istoria 1959 wels iwyeba, roca aSS-s aeronav-

tikisa da kosmosis erovnulma administraciam~41 momavali as-
tronavtebisTvis sakvebis SemuSaveba daiwyo [71]. am sakvebisad-
mi ori moTxovna iyo wayenebuli: garda imisa, rom igi kvebiTi
Rirebulebis TvalsazrisiT srulfasovani unda yofiliyo, igi
amasTanave absoluturad saimedo unda yofiliyo uvneblobis
TvalsazrisiT. male gairkva, rom sursaTis uvneblobis uzrun-
velyofis tradiciuli meTodi _ mza produqtis laborato-
riuli Semowmeba, Sedegs ar moitanda. dasaxuli maRali stan-
dartis misaRwevad aseT SemowmebebSi imdeni produqti unda
daxarjuliyo, rom kosmosSi gasagzavnad aRaraferi darCebo-
da. amitom am amocanis dasaZlevad raRac axali midgomis mo-
Zebna iyo saWiro.
am sakiTxze momuSave mecnierebs gamosavali Tavad NASA-
s gamocdilebam ukarnaxa _ sabrZolo amuniciis saimedoobis
uzrunvelsayofad aq ukve danergili iyo sawarmoo procesis
kritikuli wertilebis gamovlenisa da kontrolis midgoma.
msgavsi midgoma dainerga astronavtebis sakvebis momzadebisa-
sac. midgoma imdenad warmatebuli aRmoCnda, rom pilsburis
(Pillsbury) sasursaTo kompaniam, romelic NASA-s kontraqtori
iyo astronavtebis sakvebis mosamzadeblad, Zalian swrafad
igi Tavis sxva warmoebebzec ganavrco.

41 The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).

10
 1970-71 wlebSi aSS-Si moxda botulizmis ramdenime af-
eTqeba, romlis mizezsac sursaTis konservebi warmoadgenda.
aSS-s sursaTisa da wamlebis administraciam42 pilsburis kom-
panias sTxova misi inspeqtorebisTvis konservebis uvneblobis
uzrunvelyofis is meTodi eswavlebina, rac am ukanasknelma
NASA-s dakveTis Sesrulebisas aiTvisa. kompaniam saxelmwifo
inspeqtorebs sam-kviriani treningi Cautara da saguldagulod
gaacno es axali meTodi, romelsac man safrTxis analizisa
da kritikuli wertilebis kontrolis sistema43, SemoklebiT
HACCP uwoda. es meTodi safuZveli gaxda sursaTisa da wamlis
administraciis mier momzadebuli axali regulaciisa, romel-
mac sursaTis konservebis uvnebloba mniSvnelovnad gazarda.
1975 wlidan haspis danergva daiwyes ara mxolod kon-
servis mwarmoebelma, aramed sxva progresulad moazrovne sa-
sursaTo kompaniebmac. am meTodis Taobaze dadebiTi daskvna
moamzada aSS-s mecnierebaTa akademiamac. sxvaTa Soris misi
rekomendacia iyo, sursaTis mwarmoebelTa saxelmwifo in-
speqtireba sawarmos haspis sistemis auditiT Canacvlebu-
liyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom es rekomendacia ar Sesrulebula,
Semdegi 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi meTodma TandaTan sul ufro
meti momxre moipova. 90-ani wlebisTvis ki haspze msjeloba
daiwyo kodeqs alimentariusis sursaTis higienis komisiaSic,
romelsac aSS xelmZRvanelobda (da afinansebda). 1997 wels
haspi kodeqs alimentariusis~ mier rekomendebuli higienis
zomebis nawili gaxda.

haspis midgomis arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: yoveli

konkretuli sawarmoo xazis Seswavlisa da analizis safuZ-
velze xdeba masSi iseTi stadiebis (wertilebis) gamovlena,
romelzec raime Secdomam, moufrTxileblobam, SemTxveviTo-
bam, uniaTobam an sxva garemoebam SeiZleba saboloo produqtis
dabinZureba an gafuWeba gamoiwvios. yvela aseTi etapi war-
moadgens (saboloo produqtis uvneblobisTvis) kritikul
wertils, romelzec mudmivi kontroli unda damyardes, anu
unda SemuSavdes procedura, romliTac mudmivad, rutinulad

42 Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

43 Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points System.

11
Semowmdeba, moxda Tu ara is Secdoma (moufrTxilebloba, Sem-
TxveviToba da a.S.), romelic am etapisTvis kritikulia. amisT-
vis unda dadgindes konkretuli Sesamowmebeli parametri (mag-
aliTad, temperatura, mikrobiologiuri maxasiaTeblebi, an
Tundac samacivre ganyofilebis karis Riaobis xangrZlivoba)
da misi kritikuli mniSvneloba _ zRvari, romlis gadacilebis
SemTxvevaSi sursaTis uvnebloba darRveulad CaiTvleba. aseve
winaswar unda dadgindes is zomebi, romelic gatardeba, Tuki
kritikuli zRvari dairRva (magaliTad, sursaTis es partia
xelaxla gadamuSavdes, an moixarSos, an ganadgurdes, an sxva).
meti saimedoobisTvis ki dgindeba SemowmebaTa regularobis
rutinuli gadamowmebisa da yovelive amis aRricxva-dokumen-
tirebis procedura.
kodeqs alimentariusis terminologiiT, haspis sistema
7 princips eyrdnoba [2]:
1. SesaZlo safrTxeebis gaanalizeba;
2. kritikuli sakontrolo wertilebis dadgena;
3. kritikuli (parametris) zRvrebis gansazRvra;
4. kritikuli wertilis kontrolis monitoringis siste-
mis awyoba;
5. im RonisZiebis dadgena, romelic kritikuli zRvris
gadacilebis SemTxvevaSi unda ganxorcieldes (gamosworebis
zomebi, corrective actions);
6. proceduris dadgena, romelic mudmivi monitoringis
ganxorcielebis gadamowmebis saSualebas iZleva;
7. yvela etapis dokumentireba-aRricxvis daweseba.
kodeqs alimentariusis~ mier dadgenili zogadi higienisa
da haspis principebi evrokavSiris higienis paketSi srulad
gadavida. haspis sistemis danergva dRes sursaTis mwarmoe-
blebisTvis savaldebulo moTxovnaa (detalebi ix. qvemoT). ar-
sebiTad es regulirebis nakleb detalizacia-dawvrilmanebas
da, aqedan gamomdinare, mewarmeTaTvis, erTi mxriv, meti Tavi-
suflebis micemas, meore mxriv ki, meti pasuxismgeblobis da-
kisrebas niSnavs.

12
 dacvis saTanado done

kidev erTi sakiTxi, romelic sursaTis regulirebaSi

msoflio savaWro organizaciis amoqmedebam Semoitana, sur-
saTis mikrobiologiuri normebisadmi damokidebulebis cv-
lilebas exeba. tradiciulad, sursaTis higienis mTavari
mizani sursaTis mikrobiologiuri dabinZurebisgan dacva
iyo. Sesabamisad, higienis zomebis saTanadod ganxorcieleba
saboloo produqtis mikrobiologiuri Semowmebebis saSuale-
biT dgindeboda. miuxedavad amisa, sursaTis saerTaSorisod
aRiarebuli mikrobiologiuri normebi dRemde dadgenili ar
aris. Sesabamisad, Tuki WTO-wevri qveynebi apireben, rom ase-
Ti normebi hqondeT da daicvan (da Sesabamisad, maT qveynebSi
sursaTis Semomtanebsac mosTxovon am normebis dacva), maT am
normaTa mizanSewoniloba unda daasabuTon. aseTi dasabuTebis
safuZveli ki unda iyos am qveyanaSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobis
janmrTelobis dacvis saWiroeba.
aq gasaTvaliswinebelia erTi mniSvnelovani momenti _ qvey-
nebi gansxvavdebian imiT, Tu ramdenad zrunavs xelisufleba
sakuTari mosaxleobis janmrTelobaze. msoflio savaWro
organizacia ver daavaldebulebs maT ufro metad an ufro
naklebad izrunon _ es am organizaciis mandats scildeba.
Sesabamisad, SPS-SeTanxmeba aRiarebs, rom WTO-wevrebi Tavisu-
falni arian TviTon airCion/daadginon sazogadoebrivi janmr-
Telobis dacvis done maT teritoriaze, maT Soris daculoba
sursaTiT gamowveuli daavadebebisgan. Tumca es done ar unda
iyos Teoriuli, miuRwevadi da qveyanas unda SeeZlos imis
demonstrireba, rom mis mier dawesebuli (fito)sanitariuli
zomebi am donis miRwevas realurad uzrunvelyofs.
igive rom aRvweroT SPS-SeTanxmebis mier SemoRebuli ter-
minologiiT: yvela qveyanas ufleba aqvs daawesos Tavisi sani-
tariuli/fitosanitariuli dacvis saTanado done~, e.w. ALOP44.
SPS-SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, es aris dacvis is done, romelic
sanitariuli an fitosanitariuli zomebis damwesebel qveyanas
miaCnia saTanadod mis teritoriaze adamianTa, cxovelebis an

44 Appropriate level of sanitary or phytosanitary protection, xSirad literaturaSi

moixsenieba mokled - Appropriate level of protection

13
mcenareebis sicocxlisa da janmrTelobis dasacavad45. kodeqs
alimentariusma~ ganmarta [34], rom es cneba arsebiTad igivea,
rac sursaTiT gamowveuli daavadebebis riskis misaRebi done
am konkretul qveyanaSi, anu sursaTiT gamowveul daavadebaTa
wliuri sixSire, romelsac am konkretuli qveynis sazogadoeba
misTvis dasaSvebad (an am etapze dasaSvebad/misaRebad) miiCnevs
[50]. rogorc aRvniSneT, ALOP doned qveyanas ar SeuZlia miuR-
wevadi maCvenebeli daadginos (magaliTad, sursaTiT gamowveu-
li daavadebebis sruli aRmofxvra qveyanaSi), SPS-SeTanxmeba
iTxovs, rom es done iyos realuri, miRwevadi. SPS-SeTanxmebis
zemoT aRwerili debuleba imis Taobaze, rom eqsportior
qveyanas ufleba aqvs moiTxovos ganmartebebi importis qvey-
nis mier dawesebul sanitarul/fitosanitarul zomebTan da-
kavSirebiT, faqtobrivad niSnavs, rom importis qveyanas unda
SeeZlos imis demonstrireba, rom mis mier dadgenili (fito)
sanitariuli zomebi mis mierve dadgenili ALOP donis miRw-
evas an SenarCunebas uzrunvelyofs.
mas Semdeg, rac qveyana sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis
misTvis misaReb (da miRwevad) dones daadgens, man am donis
misaRwevad iseTi (fito)sanitariuli regulirebis zomebi unda
SearCios, romelic yvelaze naklebad iqneba Semaferxebeli vaW-
robisTvis46. SPS-SeTanxmebaSi ganmartebulia, rom qveynis mier
ganxorcielebuli zoma CaiTvleba yvelaze naklebad Semafer-
xeblad vaWrobisTvis, Tuki ar arsebobs sxva, alternatiuli
zoma, romelic vaWrobas naklebad zRudavs da amave dros, te-
qnikur-ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiTac miuRebeli ar aris (mis-
aRebia gonivrul farglebSi)47. praqtikulad es niSnavs, rom
importis qveynis mier dawesebuli ama Tu im SezRudvis gadasa-
laxad eqsportior saxelmwifos SeuZlia gamoiyenos is faqti,

45 Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, danarTi A,

punqti me5.
46 ... saTanado dacvis donis misaRwevi sanitariuli an fitosanitari-
uli zomebis dadgenis an SenarCunebisas wevri-qveynebi uzrunvelyofen, rom es
zomebi ar iyos imaze metad SemzRudavi vaWrobisTvis, vidre es am donis miR-
wevisTvis aucilebelia, teqnikuri da ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis gaTval-
iswinebiT. Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, muxli
me5, punqti me6.
47 Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, me-3 sqo-
lio.

14
rom arsebobs sxva zoma, romelic naklebi zianis momtania eko-
nomikurad an saerTaSoriso vaWrobis TvalsazrisiT (da ami-
tom eqsportiori qveynisTvis ufro misaRebia),da amave dros,
igi sursaTis uvneblobis imave dones uzrunvelyofs, rac im-
portis qveyanas deklarirebuli aqvs. am safuZvliT SeiZleba
eqsportiorma qveyanam msoflio savaWro organizaciis davaTa
ganxilvis organos winaSe vaWrobis Semaferxebeli zomis sxva,
naklebad Semaferxebeli zomiT Canacvlebis sakiTxi daayenos.
2003 wels kodeqs alimentariusma~ sagangebo saxelmZ-
Rvanelo dokumenti SeimuSava importiori da eqsportiori
qveynebis mier gansxvavebuli sanitariuli zomebis gamoyenebis
SemTxvevaSi maTi ekvivalenturobis dasadgenad [34]. dokumen-
tSi aRniSnulia, rom sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sanitariuli zomebi
xSirad gansxvavebulia da amis mizezia sursaTis uvneblobis
safrTxeebis, am safrTxeebis marTvisadmi midgomebis an
ubralod, sursaTis uvneblobis kontrolis sistemebis isto-
riuli ganviTarebis gansxvavebuloba. Tumca Sedegis, anu ALOP
uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT, es zomebi SesaZloa ekvivalen-
turi iyos. imisTvis, rom formaluri gansxvaveba procedureb-
Si ar gaxdes am qveynebs Soris sasursaTo produqtebiT vaWro-
bis Seferxebis safuZveli, kodeqs alimentariusi adgens [34]:
miuxedavad imisa, rom ALOP donis arCevanSi qveynebi Tavisuf-
alni arian, maT unda SeeZloT es done cifrobrivad an xarisxo-
brivad aRweron da aCvenon/daasabuTon, rom maT mier dawese-
buli sanitariuli zomebi am ALOP dones uzrunvelyofs. am
informaciis safuZvelze ki eqsportior qveyanas Tavis mxriv
SeuZlia daasabuTos, rom mis mier gatarebuli (gansxvavebuli)
sanitariuli zomebic imave ALOP dones uzrunvelyofs, anu
importis qveynis moTxovnebis ekvivalenturia da amitom misi
sasursaTo produqtebis Setanas Seferxeba ar unda Seeqmnas.
amdenad, kodeqs-alimentariuss SemuSavebuli aqvs konkre-
tuli meTodika, romelic saSualebas iZleva sxvadasxva qvey-
nebis mier gatarebuli sanitaruli zomebi erTmaneTs Sedardes
maTi Sedegianobis TvalsazrisiT. Tumca am meTodikis praqti-
kulad gamosayeneblad unda arsebobdes informacia da mona-
cemebi, romelic zemoT aRwerili maCveneblebis mniSvnelobaTa
dadgenas SesaZlebels gaxdis. da es monacemebi safuZvliani da
sando unda iyos.
15
 riskebis analizi

1991 wels sursaTisa da soflis meurneobis saerTaSoriso

organizaciisa (FAO) da janmrTelobis dacvis saerTaSoriso
organizaciis (WHO) TaosnobiT gaimarTa sakmaod warmomad-
genlobiTi konferencia sursaTis standartebsa da sursaTiT
vaWrobis sakiTxebze48. konferencias kodeqs alimentariusis~
komisiis yofili Tavmjdomare, edi kimbeli49 xelmZRvanelob-
da [5]. am konferenciam miiRo mTeli rigi rekomendaciebi imis
Taobaze, Tu rogor unda gaumjobesebuliyo kodeqs alimen-
tariusis muSaoba imisTvis, rom mas saerTaSoriso referen-
tuli wyaros roli ekisra da saTanadod Seesrulebina. kon-
ferenciis erT-erTi rekomendacia `kodeqs alimentariusis~
standartebis ufro met safuZvlianobis uzrunvelyofaSi md-
gomareobda. kerZod, ganimarta, rom, vinaidan mosalodneli
iyo, rom msoflio savaWro organizaciis wevr-qveynebs, miuxe-
davad imisa, eTanxmebodnen isini kodeqsis standartebs Tu ara,
mouwevdaT adamianis janmrTelobaze sursaTis zemoqmedebis
sakiTxebSi swored am standartebiT exelmZRvanelaT, an, Tuki
gansxvavebul pozicias airCevdnen, daesabuTebinaT es gansx-
vaveba, aucilebeli iyo Tavad kodeqsis standartebs myari da
saimedo samecniero safuZveli hqonoda [5].
1995-2003 wlebSi kodeqs alimentariusma~ SeimuSava wese-
bi imis uzrunvelsayofad, rom WTO wevr-qveynebs misi stan-
dartebis Tu miTiTebebisadmi ndoba hqonodaT. 1995 wels
dadginda, rom kodeqsis standartebis, miTiTebebis an reko-
mendaciebis safuZveli myari samecniero analizi iqneboda50.
1997 wels es debuleba ufro dakonkretda da dadginda, rom
kodeqsis gadawyvetilebaTa is aspeqtebi, romelic (adamianTa)
janmrTelobasa da (sursaTis) uvneblobas exeba, daeyrdnoba51

48 konferenciis sruli dasaxeleba iyo FAO/WHO Conference on Food Stan-

dards, Chemicals in Food and Food Trade [17].
49 Mr Eddie F. Kimbrell (USA) [5].
50 ...shall be based on the principle of sound scientific analysis. wyaro: [10], APPEN-
DIX 2, Statements of Principle Concerning the Role of Science in the Codex Decision-Making
Process and the Extent to which Other Factors are Taken into Account.
51 wyaro: [16], Appendix to the Procedural Manual: General decisions of the Commis-
sion, Section, B. Statements of principle relating to the role of food safety risk assessment.

16
riskebis Sefasebas, romelic dafuZnebuli iqneba myar, raode-
nobriv mecnierul monacemebze, iqneba gamWvirvale da srulad
dokumentirebuli.
es gadawyvetileba, detaluri ganxilvisas, sakmaod serio-
zul kiTxvebs badebs. pirveli maTgania: ra xdeba, Tuki mec-
nieruli monacemebi arasakmarisia, Tumca mainc aSkaraa, rom
SesaZlo riski Zalze didi SeiZleba iyos (anu iseT SemTxvevaSi,
rogoric BSE krizisi iyo. ix. zemoT)? iTvaliswinebs Tu ara
kodeqs alimentariusi e.w. winmswrebi sifrTxilis prin-
cips? es sakiTxi kodeqs alimentariusSi~ mwvave debatebis
sagani gaxda. 2001 wels moxerxda SeTanxmebis miRweva imis
Taobaze, rom aseT SemTxvevebSi kodeqsi daadgens ara saval-
debulo dokumentebs, rogoricaa standartebi, aramed ufro
sarekomendacio xasiaTis dokumentebs, mag., kargi praqtikis
kodeqsebs[25];
kidev erTi sakiTxi, romelic am periodSi mwvave debatebis
sagani gaxda, exeboda imas, rom realuri gadawyvetilebebi
ar aris da arc SeiZleba iyos mxolod mecnierul mosazre-
bebze dafuZnebuli. yvela gadawyvetilebis mimRebi valdebu-
lia gaiTvaliswinos sxva garemoebebic, garda mecnierulisa _
ekonomikuri, socialuri, politikuri, SesaZloa kulturuli
sakiTxebic ki. sad aris am faqtorebis ganxilvis adgili ris-
kis analizis zemoT SemoTavazebul sqemaSi? ramdenad sworia
politikosebis funqcia da pasuxismgeblobebi mTlianad mec-
nierebs gadavakisroT? da xom ar iqneba amis Sedegi mecnierebis
politizireba?
2001 wels miRweuli iqna SeTanxmeba imis Taobaze, rom kod-
eqsis standartebis dadgenis procesi Sedgeba ori stadiisgan.
erTi maTgania wminda mecnieruli ganxilvebis stadia (Semdgom-
Si amas daerqva riskis Sefaseba), meore ki _ gadawyvetilebis
miRebis stadiaa (riskis marTva). swored am meore stadiaze
daSvebulia ara mxolod mecnieruli mosazrebebis, aramed
momxmarebelTa janmrTelobasTan an samarTlian vaWrobasTan
dakavSirebuli sxva, aramecnieruli faqtorebis gaTvaliswine-
bac.Tumca, yvela SemTxvevaSi am meore procesma zemoqmedeba
ar unda moaxdinos riskebis analizis mecnierul nawilze. es
ukanaskneli saimedod unda iyos gamoyofili riskebis marTvis
procesisgan da misi miukerZoebloba da obieqturoba eWvs ar
17
unda iwvevdes52. amisTvis ki orive procesis maqsimaluri gamW-
virvaloba aris aucilebeli.
2003 wels kodeqsma daamtkica kodeqs alimentariusis
farglebSi riskis analizis gamoyenebis samuSao principebi,
sadac zemoT aRwerili SeTanxmebebi Tanmimdevrulad aris Cam-
oyalibebuli [73]. kerZod, dadginda rom riskis analizi Sedge-
ba sami mkafiod gamijnuli procesisgan:
1. riskis Sefaseba (risk assessment) _ es aris mecnieruli
Sefasebebis procesi. kodeqsis farglebSi mas axorcieleben (an
mis ganxorcielebisTvis mecnierul rCevebs iZleva) FAO/WHO
damoukidebel eqspertTa organoebi. dResdReobiT sami aseTi
organo funqcionirebs:
sursaTis danamatebze momuSave eqspertTa erToblivi
komiteti (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, JEC-
FA);
sursaTSi pesticidebis narCenebze momuSave eqspertTa
erToblivi kreba (Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues,
JMPR);
mikrobiologiuri riskebis Sefasebis eqspertTa erTo-
blivi Sexvedrebi (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meetings on Microbiologi-
cal Risk Assessment, JEMRA)
Tavis mxriv, riskebis Sefaseba oTx Tanmimdevrul etaps
moicavs: safrTxis53 gamovlena, daxasiaTeba, eqspoziciis Se-
faseba da riskis daxasiaTeba (ix. diagrama 2).
2. riskebis marTva (risk management) es aris gadawyvetile-
baTa miRebis procesi riskis Semcirebis an Sekavebis mizniT
regulirebis zomis dasadgenad. aq xorcieldeba riskis pre-
venciis an regulirebis sxvadasxva alternativis ganxilva da
Sesaferisi zomis SerCeva.
3. riskebis komunikacia (risk communication) _ es aris infor-
maciis gacvlis procesi riskebis analizSi monawile da daintere-
sebul yvela mxares Soris: riskis Semfaseblebs, mmarTvelebs,

52 wyaro: [25], Appendix II, Amendment to the Statements of principle on the role of
science in the Codex decision-making process and the extent to which other factors are taken
into account.
53 safrTxe (Hazard) niSnavs biologiur, qimiur an fizikur obiqts sur-
saTSi, an sursaTis iseT mdgomareobas, romelsac SeuZlia adamianis janmrT-
elobaze uaryofiTi zemoqmedeba iqonios [73].

18
 JECFA);


(Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues,
JMPR);

momxmareblebs,
mewarmeebs, samecniero
(Joint FAO/WHO da sxvaonwreebs
Expert Meetings Soris.Risk
Microbiological
komunikacia moicavs
Assessment, dainteresebuli mxareebisTvis detaluri
JEMRA)
ganmartebebis
, miwodebas riskis Sefasebis
Sedegebisa
da riskis
:
marTvisas
miRebuli
53 , gadawyvetilebebis safuZvlebis
, Sesaxeb.

(. 3).

(Hazard identification)
?
? ?

(Hazard characterization) (Exposure assessment)

? ?
?
?

52 : [25], Appendix II, Amendment to the Statements of principle on the role of science in the Codex decision-

making process and the extent to which other factors are taken into account.
53 (Risk
(Hazard) , characterization)
,

,
?

[73].
?
15
?
?

2: . :
diagrama2: http://www.fao.org/ag/agn/jemra
riskebis Sefasebis procesis sqema.
wyaro:http://www.fao.org/ag/agn/jemra
2. (risk management)
riskebis
analizis yvela
etapi (procesi)
Tanmimdevrulad

da gamWvirvaled unda xorcieldebodes da srulad dokumen-
.
tirebuli unda iyos. aseve aucilebeli moTxovnaa riskis Se-
.
fasebisa da marTvis etapebis funqcionalurad gamijvna, anu
3. (risk communication) -
maTi ganmaxorcielebeli pirebis funqciebis mkafiod dadgena
konfliqtis
da interesTa
SesaZleblobis acileba.
Tavidan
: , ,
, , .


19
.

()

.
,

.

diagrama 3: riskis16analizis sqema.

wyaro: http://www.who.int/foodsafety/micro/riskanalysis

erT-erTi moTxovnaa agreTve, rom riskis SefasebisTvis

gamoyenebul iqnes mTeli xelmisawvdomi samecniero infor-
macia _ raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi, msoflios sxvadasxva
kuTxidan. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania gamoyenebul iqnes ep-
id-zedamxedvelobis monacemebi, agreTve monacemebi eqspozi-
ciis54 Sesaxeb msoflios sxvadasxva regionSi.

rogori unda iyos sursaTis mikrobiologiuri normebi

riskis Sefasebisadmi aRwerili safuZvliani midgoma sak-

maod warmatebiT gamoiyeneba sursaTis ama Tu im qimiuri kom-

54 sursaTis saSualebiT an sxva gziT adamianis organizmSi safrTxis

moxvedris albaToba [73].

20
ponentebis dasaSvebi odenobebis Sesafaseblad55. Tumca sur-
saTis mikrobiologiuri maxasiaTeblebis dadgena am meTodiT
mTel rig sirTuleebs awydeba. pirvel rigSi, problemaa saim-
edo informaciis mopoveba sursaTiT gamowveuli infeqciuri
daavadebebis sixSirisa da gavrcelebis Taobaze56 _ msoflio
jandacvis organizacia dResac aRiarebs, rom sando infor-
macias am daavadebaTa Sesaxeb ar flobs57 garda amisa, Zalze
rTulia erTmniSvnelovani kavSiris dadgena sursaTSi mikrobis
raodenobasa da mis mier gamowveuli daavadebis simwvavesa da
gavrcelebas Soris _ es faqtori damokidebulia am daavadebi-
sadmi konkretuli teritoriis mosaxleobis mgrZnobeloba-
ze da rogorc aRmoCnda, msoflios regionebisa da qveynebis
mixedviT Zalian mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba58. aseve Zalze
rTuli mosapovebelia informacia safrTxisadmi eqspoziciis
Sesafaseblad, anu sxvadasxva populaciaSi ama Tu im mikrobis
Semcveli sursaTis59 moxmarebis Sesaxeb.60
amitom, miuxedavad imisa, rom jer kidev 1991 wlis zemoT

55 sakvebdanamatebis dasaSvebi koncentraciebis dadgenis meTodika ufro

detalurad ix. am seriis Semdgom statiebSi.
56 pirvel rigSi, imitom, rom daavadebis msubuqi formis SemTxvevaSi
adamianebi ar mimarTaven samedicino dawesebulebebs. garda amisa, am daavadebaTa
msgavsi siptomebisa da mkurnalobis msgavsi meTodebis gamo Zalian xSirad
(sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxva sixSiriT) ar xdeba maTi saTanado diagnostireba
(paTogenis dadgena) da aRricxva [24].
57 http://www.who.int/foodsafety/foodborne_disease/general/en/index.html
58 magaliTad 2012 wels kodeqs alimentariusis mier damtkicebul
saxelmZRvanelo dokumentSi sursaTSi virusebis kontrolis mizniT sursaTis
higienis zogadi principebis gamoyenebis Taobaze (Guidelines on the application
of general principles of food hygiene to the control of viruses in food, CAC/GL79-2012,
Sesavali, p.6) aRwerilia sxvadasxva qveynis mosaxleobis gansxvavebuli
mgrZnobeloba a-hepatitisadmi: im qveynebSi, sadac es infeqcia endemuria,
mosaxleobis umetesobas igi adreul bavSvobaSi, usimptomod aqvs gadatanili
da amitom zrdasrul asakSi am infeqciisadmi mdgradia. im qveynebSi ki, sadac
infeqcia farTod modebuli ar aris (magaliTad, imis gamo, rom sasmeli wyali
sufTaa), zrdasruli adamianebi virusisadmi mgrZnobiareni arian da daavadebac
aq ufro mZimed mimdinareobs. Sesabamisad, a-hepatitis afeTqebis saSiSroeba am
ukanasknel qveynebSi ufro maRalia.
59 1992 wlidan evrokavSirma daawesa sawarmos operatorebis mier
zoonozuri daavadebebis gamomwvevi baqteriebis sistematuri monitoringis da
angariSgebis valdebuleba daklul cxovelebSi, xorcsa da xorcproduqtebSi,
agreTve msxvil mefrinveleobis fermebSi (250 frinvelze meti) [7].
60 wyaro: http://www.who.int/foodsafety/micro/about_mra/en/

21
moxseniebul konferenciaze sursaTis mikrobiologiuri dabi-
nZurebis regulireba kodeqs alimentariusis~ muSaobis pri-
oritetad iqna dasaxelebuli61, konkretuli normebis62 (zRvru-
li mniSvnelobis) dadgena romelime mikrobis mimarT kodeqs
alimentariusis~ doneze dRemde ver moxerxda da arc axlo
momavalSi aris mosalodneli. sanacvlod, kodeqs alimenta-
riusma SeimuSava da daamtkica is midgomebi, romelic mikro-
biologiuri moTxovnebis (kriteriumebis) dadgenis safuZveli
unda iyos63, agreTve miiRo rigi saxelmZRvanelo dokumentebi
(ix. danarTi 3), romelmac evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobaze mniS-
vnelovani zemoqmedeba iqonia.
kodeqs alimentariusis~ mier damtkicebul sasursaTo
produqtebis mikrobiologiuri normebis dadgenisa da gam-
oyenebis principebSi [15] ganmartebulia sursaTis mikro-
biologiuri Semowmebis is Taviseburebani, romelic mikro-

61 es mimarTuleba prioritetad rCeboda Semdeg wlebSic. magaliTad, 2007

wlis dokumentSi [53] aRniSnulia, rom mikrobuli safrTxeebi msoflio donis
problemas warmoadgens da bolo ramdenime dekadis ganmavlobaSi msoflios
bevr regionSi sursaTiT gamowveuli daavadebebis zrda aRiniSneba. amis
mizezebad dasaxelebulia mikrobebis adaptacia (antibiotikebisadmi), sursaTis
warmoebis sistemebis cvlileba (maT Soris agronomiis, cxovelTa moSenebisa
da kvebis, sursaTis gadamuSavebis teqnologiebis), saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa
da adamianTa gadaadgilebis zrda da gafarToeba, cxovrebis stilisa da
momxmarebelTa moTxvnebis, adamianTa demografiisa da qcevis cvla, agreTve
sasursaTo bazrebis globalizacia, romelmac am riskebis marTva kidev ufro
gaarTula.
62 winamdebare naSromSi termini microbiological criteria naTargmnia, rogorc
mikrobiologiuri norma. sursaTis mikrobiologiuri normebi (kriteriumebi)
adgens procesis, produqtis an sursaTis partiis dasaSvebobas masis, moculobis
an farTis erTeulSi mikroorganizmebis arsebobis, raodenobis, an maTi
toqsinebis/metabolitebis raodenobis mixedviT~ ([14], punqti 2).
63 igulisxmeba sursaTis mikrobiologiuri maxasiaTeblebis dawesebisa
da gamoyenebis principebi (Principles for the Establishment and Application of
Microbiological Criteria for Foods, CAC/GL 21 1997 [15] (amJamad kodeqs alimenta-
riusis~ sursaTis higienis komitetis mier dasamtkiceblad momzadebulia am
dokumentis ganaxlebuli varianti. ix. komitetis bolo Sexvedris angariSi
http://www.codexalimentarius.org/download/report/787/REP13_FHe.pdf , gv 43.), agreTve
mikrobiologiuri riskebis Sefasebis principebi da saxelmZRvanelo
miTiTebebi (Principles and Guidelines for the Conduct of Microbiological Risk Assessment,
CAC/GL 30-1999 [22]) da mikrobiologiuri riskebis marTvis principebi da saxelmZRvanelo
miTiTebebi (Principles and Guidelines for the Conduct of Microbiological Risk Management
(MRM), CAC/GL 63-2007 [53]).

22
biologiuri normebis dawesebasa da gamoyenebas kidev ufro
arTulebs. ZiriTadi problema mdgomareobs imaSi, rom sasur-
saTo produqtSi mikroorganizmebi araTanabrad aris ganawile-
buli64. Sedegad sursaTis partiidan aRebuli sinjis warmo-
madgenlobiToba saTuoa _ yovelTvis arsebobs SesaZlebloba,
apriorulad dabinZurebuli produqtis Semowmebisasac ki, _
rom sursaTSi arsebuli mikrobebi arc erT aRebul sinjSi ar
moxvdes65. es ki imas niSnavs, rom sursaTidan aRebuli sinjebis
Sesabamisoba mikrobiologiur normebTan sursaTis uvneblobis
garantias ar warmoadgens.66 Sesabamisad, imis dasabuTeba, rom
am normebis kontroliT adamianTa janmrTelobis dasaxuli
done miiRweva, uaRresad rTulia.
mikrobiologiuri analizebis kidev erT naklovane-
bas warmoadgens maTi xangrZlivoba, ris gamoc malfuWebadi
produqtebis SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia maTi moxmarebis Sesaxeb
gadawyvetileba analizis pasuxis mixedviT miiRo _ analizis

64 kidev erTi aspeqti, romelic sursaTis mikrobiologiuri

Semowmebebis gamoyenebas arTulebs, mdgomareobs imaSi, rom gansxvavebiT
sxva damabinZureblebisgan, mikrobebis raodenoba sursaTSi damokidebulia
im pirobebze, romelSic sursaTis es konkretuli porcia inaxeboda an
imyofeboda (wyaro: http://www.who.int/foodsafety/micro/about_mra/en/). amitom,
gasayidad gamotanili sursaTis romelime erT sinjSi mikrobebis raodenobiT
SeuZlebelia daskvnis gakeTeba sursaTis mTeli partiis (anu imave dRes
warmoebuli produqtis, romelmac transportireba-Senaxvis gansxvavebuli
pirobebi gaiara) mavneobis an uvneblobis Sesaxeb (gansxvavebiT qimiuri
damabinZureblebisgan, romelic sursaTSi damzadebis procesSi xvdeba,
sursaTis mTel partiaSi, rogorc wesi, Tanabrad nawildeba da amitom erT
sinJSi damabinZureblis arseboba didi albaTobiT mis mTel partiaSi arsebobas
niSnavs).
65 ufro metic _ produqtSi mikrobebis araTanabari ganawilebis gamo
Semowmebis Sedegebze Zalian didi gavlena aqvs sinjebis zomasa da raodenobas
_ rac meti sinji mowmdeba sursaTis erTi partiidan da rac ufro didia
TiToeuli sinjis moculoba, miT metia mikrobiologiuri dabinZurebis
aRmoCenis albaToba.
66 gaTvlilia, rom sasursaTo produqtSi raime mikrobis ararsebobis
100%-iani sizustiT dadgena (sinjebis Semowmebis saSualebiT) Teoriuladac
ki SeuZlebelia. magaliTad, sursaTidan Tu 5 cal sinjs aviRebT da arc erTSi
mikrobi ar aRmoCndeba, maTematikurad es niSnavs, rom 95%-iani sizustiT
am produqtis naxevarze meti sufTaa. erTi da imave partiidan aRebuli
sinjebis raodenoba 300 calamdec ki rom gavzardoT da mikrobi arc erTSi
ar aRmoCndes, produqtis 100%-ian sisufTavis garantias mainc ver miviRebT
_ Sedegebis mkacri formaluri interpretaciis mixedviT es Sedegi mxolod
imas niSnavs, rom 95%-iani sizustiT partiis dabinZureba 1%-ze naklebia [22].

23
dasrulebis momentisTvis aseTi produqtebis vargisianobis
vada, rogorc wesi, gasulia67.
aRwerili mizezebis safuZvelze `kodeqs alimentariusi~
askvnis, rom sursaTis mikrobiologiuri kontroli sursa-
Tis uvneblobis uzrunvelyofis efeqturi meTodi ara aris68
da adgens, rom savaldebulo mikrobiologiuri normebi unda
dawesdes mxolod [15]:
iseTi sursaTis da warmoebis mxolod im etapebisTvis,
sadac sxva ufro efeqturi saSualeba ar arsebobs;
Tuki arsebobs am zomis dawesebis aSkara saWiroeba (mag-
aliTad, Sesabamis daavadebaTa dinamika);
Tuki aseTi zomis daweseba momxmarebelTa janmrTelo-
bis dacvis TvalsazrisiT Sedegiania, anu am parametris kon-
troliT momxmarebelTa dacvis xarisxi sagrZnoblad imatebs;
iseTi mikroorganizmebisTvis, romelic farTod aRi-
arebulia, rogorc paTogeni (daavadebis gamomwvevi), dabi-
nZurebis indikatori an sursaTis gafuWebis mimaniSnebeli
organizmebi. paTogenuri organizmebis aRmoCenas upiratesoba
unda mieniWos indikatorul organizmebTan SedarebiT. indi-
katoruli organizmebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi unda mieTi-
Tos, risi indikatoria igi _ aradamakmayofilebeli higienis
Tu janmrTelobis safrTxis.
kodeqs alimentariusis~ mixedviT [15], Tuki produqtisT-
vis mikrobiologiuri norma mainc dadgindeba, mikrobis daS-
vebul raodenobasTan erTad unda dadgindes sinjebis raode-
noba, romelic TiToeuli partiidan aiReba, sinjebis zoma,
sinjis aRebisa da testirebis meTodika da sursaTis warmoeba-
distribuciis (e.w. sasursaTo jaWvis~) konkretuli stadia,
romelzec Semowmeba unda ganxorcieldes _ am maxasiaTeblebis
dazustebis gareSe mikrobiologiuri testebis Sedegebi Se-
darebadi ar aris. garda amisa, normiT unda dadgindes gamo-

67 amitom rekomendebulia mikrobiologiuri testirebis swrafi

meTodebis gamoyeneba, romelTa Sedegi droulad iqneba cnobili, sanam
produqts moxmarebis vada ar gasvlia.
68 kodeqs alimentariusis~ mixedviT, am mxriv ufro sando da saimedo
midgomas haspis saSualebiT (ix. zemoT) sursaTis dabinZurebis prevencia
warmoadgens, Tumca mikrobiologiuri gamokvleva kargi saSualebaa imave
haspis, an higienis sxva normebis Sedegianobis gadasamowmeblad.

24
sworebis zomebi, anu is qmedebebi, romelic mikrobiologi-
uri normis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi unda ganxorcieldes (mag.,
produqtis gadamuSaveba, ganadgureba, dabinZurebis mizezebis
kvleva).

sursaTis mikrobiologiuri normebi evrokavSirSi

msoflio savaWro organizaciis moTxovnebis dasakmayo-

fileblad 90-an wlebSi evrokomisiam Tanamegobrobis sursaTis
kanonmdeblobis gadaxedva da mowesrigeba daiwyo, maT Soris,
sursaTis mikrobiologiuri kontrolis wesebisa da normebi-
sac. am periodSi evrokavSirSi sursaTis mikrobiologiuri
normebi da Semowmebis wesebi am statiis me-5 danarTSi miTiTe-
buli direqtivebiT regulirdeboda. garda amisa, TiToeul
wevr-qveyanaSi moqmedebda damatebiTi moTxovnebi sursaTis
mikrobiologiuri maxasiaTeblebisadmi. 1998 wels gamoqveyn-
da evrokomisiis dakveTiT momzadebuli e.w. SCOOP69 angariSi
sursaTis mikrobiologiur SemowmebebTan dakavSirebiT [16],
romelSic aRniSnuli iyo, rom wevr-qveynebSi realurad dan-
ergili sursaTis mikrobiologiuri kontrolis sistemebi
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisgan ara marto imiT,
Tu romeli mikroorganizmebis gamovlena xdeboda da romeli
tipis sursaTSi, aramed, agreTve mikroorganizmebis gamovle-
nis an maTi raodenobis dadgenis meTodikiT, sinjebis aRebis
meTodikiT, TiToeuli tipis sursaTidan asaRebi sinjebis zo-

69 sursaTis sferoSi mecnierebis sakiTxebSi wevri-qveynebis mxridan

evrokomisiis daxmarebis meqanizmi. Camoyalibda 1993 wels 93/5/EEC
direqtiviT (Council directive 93/5/EEC of 25 February 1993 on assistance to the
Commission and cooperation by the Member States in the scientific examination of questions
relating to food). 1994 wels 94/652/EC gadawyvetilebiT (Commission decision of 20
September 1994 establishing the inventory and distribution of tasks to be undertaken within
the framework of cooperation by Member States in the scientific examination of questions
relating to food) damtkicda am meqanizmis farglebSi Sesasrulebeli davalebebis
CamonaTvali. #2.1 davaleba exeboda sursaTis mikrobiologias, kerZod,
evrokomisia iTxovda arsebuli samecniero da meTodologiuri informaciis
Sejamebasa da Sejerebas sursaTTan dakavSirebuli mikrobiologiuri riskebis
Sesafaseblad. davalebis Sesrulebis xelmZRvaneloba safrangeTma iTava. im
periodSi davalebis Semsrulebel jgufSi evrokavSiris wevri yvela qveyana
Sevida, garda luqsemburgisa.

25
miTa da raodenobiT da SemowmebaTa sixSiriT. anu, sursaTis
mikrobiologiuri kontrolis arsebuli sistema kodeqs ali-
mentariusis~ zemoT aRweril moTxovnebs namdvilad ar akmayo-
filebda da misi safuZvliani gardaqmna iyo saWiro.
am mizniT evrokomisiam mis damxmare samecniero komitetebs70
mosazrebaTa warmodgena daavala. suraTis samecniero komitet-
ma 1996-97 wlebSi warmoadgina rekomendaciebi sursaTis mikro-
biologiuri normebis Taobaze [11, 14], romlebic faqtobrivad
kodeqs alimentariusis~ mier dadgenili principebis analo-
giuri iyo. damatebiT am dokumentebSi miTiTebulia, rom mik-
robiologiuri agentebiT gamowveuli riskebis analizi axali
sferoa da misi amoqmedebisTvis damatebiTi ganxilvaa saWiro~.
1998 wels evrokomisiam sazogadoebriv janmrTelobas-
Tan dakavSirebuli veterinaruli RonisZiebebis samecniero
komitets sursaTis uvneblobis mxriv evrokavSirSi moqmedi mi-
krobiologiuri normebis adekvaturobisa da maTi gamoyenebiT
sursaTis Semowmebis mizanSewonilobis ganxilva daavala [44].
sakiTxis Seswavlis Semdeg, 1999 wels, komitetma daaskvna [19],

70 1997-2003 wlebSi sursaTis uvneblobis sferoSi evrokomisias 6

samecniero komiteti exmareboda (Commission decision of 23 July 1997 setting up
Scientific Committees in the field of consumer health and food safety mixedviT):
1. sazedamxedvelo samecniero komiteti (Scientific Steering Committee,
dafuZnebulia 97/404/EC gadawyvetilebiT);
2. sursaTis samecniero komiteti (Scientific Committee on Food, dafuZnebulia
95/273/EC gadawyvetilebiT);
3. cxovelTa kvebis samecniero komiteti (Scientific Committee on Animal Nutrition,
Caanacvla 81/651/EEC gadawyvetilebiT dafuZnebuli veterinariis
mecnieruli komitetis cxovelTa kvebis seqcia);
4. cxovelTa JanmrTelobisa da keTildReobis samecniero komiteti
(Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare, Caanacvla 81/651/
EEC gadawyvetilebiT dafuZnebuli veterinariis mecnieruli komitetis
cxovelTa JanmrTelobis da cxovelTa keTildReobis seqciebi);
5. sazogadoebriv JandacvasTan dakavSirebuli veterinaruli zomebis
samecniero komiteti (Scientific Committee on Veterinary Measures relating to Public
Health, Caanacvla 81/651/EEC gadawyvetilebiT dafuZnebuli veterinariis
mecnieruli komitetis veterinaruli sazogadoebrivi Jandacvis seqcia);
6. mcenareebis samecniero komiteti (Scientific Committee on Plants, Caanacvla
78/436/EEC gadawyvetilebiT Seqmnili pesticidebis samecniero komiteti);
2003 wlidan eqvsive komiteti gauqmda da maTi kompetencia specializebul
samecniero dawesebulebas _ evropis sursaTis uvneblobis organos (European
Food Safety Authority, EFSA) gadaeca.

26
rom im periodSi evrokavSirSi moqmedi sursaTis uvneblobis
mikrobiologiuri normebi ar eyrdnobida arc riskebis Sefase-
bas da arc kodeqs alimentariusis~ mier dadgenil principebs;
mikrobiologiuri normebis nawili (magaliTad, aerobuli mik-
roorganizmebis raodenoba an koliformebis raodenoba71), ada-
mianTa janmrTelobis TvalsazrisiT, saerTod arafris momtani
iyo. sxvebTan dakavSirebiT ki ar arsebobda monacemebi imis
Taobaze, Tu ramdenad xSiri iyo maTi darRveva produqtebSi
da, Sesabamisad, ramdenad hqonda azri am maxasiaTeblebis kon-
trols adamianTa janmrTelobis riskis SemcirebisaTvis. gar-
da amisa, ar arsebobda miTiTebebi imis Taobaze, gamosworebis
ra zomebi unda gatarebuliyo dabinZurebis aRmoCenis SemTx-
vevaSi, rogorc amas kodeqs alimentariusi~ iTxovda.
komitetis rekomendacia iyo SemuSavebuliyo sursaTis
uvneblobis axali, ufro adeqvaturi mikrobiologiuri norme-
bi, romelic momxmarebelTa janmrTelobis dacvas ufro efeq-
turad uzrunvelyofda. maTi SemuSavebisTvis aucilebeli iyo
riskis analizis Tanmimdevruli midgomis gamoyeneba [20]. Tum-
ca, miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobda zogadi monacemebi imis
Taobaze, rom WHO-s evropul regionSi72 sursaTiT gamowveu-
li daavadebebiT yovelwliurad 130 milioni adamiani (anu mo-
saxleobis 15%) avaddeboda73, es monacemebi, maTi zogadi xasi-

71 orive SemTxvevaSi izomeba mikroorganizmebis didi Jgufi, romelic

moicavs rogorc uvnebel, aseve paTogenur (anu daavadebis gamomwvev) baqteriebs.
testi gamoiyeneba produqtis gafuWebis procesis an sanitariul-higienuri
mdgomareobis Sesafaseblad. produqtis mavneobis Taobaze erTmniSvnelovani
daskvnis saSualebas ar iZleva.
72 regioni moicavs 53 qveyanas: avstria, azerbaiJani, albaneTi, andora,
belarusi, belgia, bosnia da hercogovina, bulgareTi, germania, dania, didi
britaneTisa da Crdilo irlandiis gaerTianebuli samefo, espaneTi, estoneTi,
TurqeTi, TurqmeneTi, irlandia, islandia, israeli, italia, kiprosi, latvia,
litva, luqsenburgi, makedonia, malta, moldovas respublika, monako,
montenegro, niderlandebi, norvegia, poloneTi, portugalia, rumineTi,
ruseTis federacia, saberZneTi, san marino, safrangeTi, saqarTvelo, serbeTi,
slovakeTi, slovenia, somxeTi, tajikeTi, uzbekeTi, ukraina, ungreTi, fineTi,
xorvatia, SvedeTi, Sveicaria, CexeTis respublika, yazaxeTi, yirgizeTi.
73 2003 wels evrokavSirSi zoonozuri daavdebebiT adamianTa
(registrirebuli) daavadebis SemTxvevebis wliuri maCveneblebi aseTi iyo:
salmonelozi _ 135546 SemTxveva; kampilobaqteriozi _ 135974; iersiniozi
(fsevdotuberkulozi) 9399; verotoqsigenuri E. coli infeqcia 2607
laboratoiulad dadasturebuli SemTxveva; brucelozi _ 1094; listeriozi _

27
aTis gamo, sursaTis mikrobiologiuri riskebis safuZvliani
SefasebisTvis ar gamodgeboda74. amdenad, komitetma daaskvna,
rom sursaTis mikrobiologiuri riskebis safuZvliani anal-
izis ganxorcieleba axlo momavalSi mosalodneli ar iyo [20]
da evrokomisias SesTavaza droebiTi zomebis gatareba arse-
buli normis gamartivebis TvalsazrisiT, kerZod, zogierTi
uazro normis gauqmeba, nawilis sarekomendacio kategoriaSi
gadayvana, nawilSi ki sinjebis aRebis gegmis cvlileba (ix dan-
arTi 5). aseve rekomendebuli iyo mkafiod gamijnuliyo saval-
debulo normebi sarekomendacio xasiaTis miTiTebebisgan.
Semdgom wlebSi sursaTis mikrobiologiuri riskebis Se-
fasebis meTodebi da praqtika ixveweboda, Tumca ama Tu im mi-
krobiologiuri riskis srulfasovani (raodenobrivi) analizi
jer kidev erTeulovania. 2005 wels evrokomisiis mier gamoce-
mul sadiskusio dokumentSi Tanamegobrobis kanonmdeblobiT
mikrobiologiuri normebis dadgenis strategiis Taobaze
aRniSnulia, rom mikrobiologiuri riskebis raodenobrivi
Sefaseba kvlav ganviTarebis fazaSia da amitom gamarTlebu-
lia, droebiT, sursaTis mikrobiologiuri normebi e.w. riskis
profilebis75 mixedviT dadgindes [61]. paralelurad, rogorc
amas SPS-SeTanxmeba iTxovs, gagrZeldeba Zalisxmeva srul-
fasovani (raodenobrivi) riskis Sefasebebis Casatareblad,
romelTa safuZvelze momavalSi mikrobiologiuri normebi
Seswordeba.

1048; toqsoplazmozi _ 408; eqinokokozi _ 374; tuberkulozi -57; triqinelozi

_ 56; cofi _ 0 [39].
74 aRsaniSnavia, rom sursaTiT gamowveuli daavadebebis didi nawili
statistikur monacemebSi saerTod ar xvdeba, vinaidan daavadebis msubuqi
formis SemTxvevaSi adamianebi eqims ar mimarTaven [24].
75 kodeqs alimentariusis ganmartebiT, riskis profili niSnavs sursaTis
uvneblobis problemisa da misi konteqstis aRwerilobas [39]. SeZlebisdagvarad
igi unda Seicavdes informacias mikrobiologiuri safrTxisa da im
sursaTis Sesaxeb, romelic safrTxis Semcvelia. kerZod, safrTxis (mikrobis)
virulentoba, Termuli gamZleoba, antibiotikebisadmi gamZleoba, safrTxiT
gamowveuli daavadebis daxasiaTeba, epidemiologia, Sesabamisi sursaTis
warmoeba-distribuciis JaWvi, safrTxis moxvedris an gamravlebis savaraudo
etapi da meqanizmi. aqve SesaZloa miTiTebul iqnes is sakiTxebi, romelic riskis
formaluri Sefasebis proceduriT unda gairkves [38].

28
 oTxi prioritetuli mikrobi

80-90-ian wlebSi evrokavSiris yvela qveyanaSi sursaTiT

gamowveuli infeqciuri76 daavadebebis zrda aRiniSneboda [24].
2000 wels sazogadoebriv janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli
veterinaruli RonisZiebebis samecniero komitetma~ sursaTiT
gamowveuli infeqciebis evropisTvis prioritetuli zoono-
zuri77 agentebi daasaxela [24]. am CamonaTvalSi moxvda 4 baq-
teriuli agenti78:
salmonela (Salmonella sp.);
kampilobaqteri (Campylobacter sp.);
verotoqsinis warmomqmneli eSerixia koli (verotoxigenic
Escherichia coli, VTEC);
listeria (Listeria monocytogenes).
logikurad, sursaTis mikrobiologiuri normebis re-
forma, romelic am periodSi mimdinareobda, swored am oTxi
ZiriTadi daavadebis gamomwvevi baqteriis garSemo unda gan-
viTarebuliyo. asec moxda, Tumca am gansxvavebul baqteriaTa
sruliad gansxvavebuli Tvisebebisa da sasicocxlo ciklis
gamo maTi regulirebisadmi midgomac sruliad gansxvavebuli
aRmoCnda:
salmonela (Salmonella sp.) aris baqteriaTa jgufi, rom-
lebic janmrTeli cxovelebisa da frinvelebis nawlavebSi
budoben, xSirad raime daavadebis gamowvevis gareSe. rogorc
2000 wels evrokavSiris sazogadoebriv jandacvasTan dakav-
Sirebuli veterinaruli zomebis komitetma daaskvna, adami-
anTa daavadebis ZiriTad wyaros Sinauri frinvelebis xorci
da kvercxi warmoadgens [24]. Tavis mxriv, frinvelTa fermeb-
Si baqteria xvdeba ara sakvebidan an garemodan79, aramed im

76 infeqciuria daavadeba, romelic gamowveulia adamianis sxeulSi

biologiuri organizmebis moxvedriTa da gamravlebiT (http://www.merriam-
webster.com )
77 zoonozuri ewodeba daavadebas an infeqcias, romelic adamians SeiZleba
bunebrivad gadaedos cxovelebisgan [6].
78 prioritetul zoonozebSi dasaxelebul iqna agreTve 3 parazituli
organizmi: kriptosporidiumi (Cryptosporidium sp.), eqinokoki (Echinococcus granu-
losus/multilocularis ) da triqinela (Trichinella spiralis).
79 rogorc es, magaliTad, kampilobaqteris SemTxvevaSia (ix. qvemoT).

29
kvercxebidan, romlebidanac qaTmebi iCekeba80. amdenad, Tuki
sanaSene kvercxSi salmonela ar aris, ferma infeqciisgan Ta-
visufldeba.

Salmonella _ Cxirismagvar baqteriaTa jgufi (gvari), rom-

lebic adamianis an cxovelebis nawlavebSi ibudeben. sal-
monelas ori saxeoba (S.typhi da S.paratyphi) specializebulia
mxolod adamianebze da iwvevs sakmaod mZime daavadebebs _
muclis tifsa da paratifs; salmonelas ramdenime saxeoba
budobs mxolod cxovelebSi da adamianze saerTod ar ga-
dadis. salmonelas sxva saxeobebi ki (20-ze meti), romelic
konkretul patronze specializebuli ar aris, adamianebSi
kuW-nawlavis SedarebiT msubuq daavadebas _ salmonelozs
iwvevs [24]. daavadeba iwyeba dabinZurebuli produqtis miRe-
bidan 12-24 saaTSi da grZeldeba 2-7 dRe. axasiaTebs kuWis
aSliloba, pirRebineba, muclis tkivili, maRali tempera-
tura. sikvdilianobis maCvenebelia 1-2% [24]. salmoneliT
daavadebis yvelaze xSiri wyaroa kvercxi da qaTmis xorci.
baqteria agreTve SeiZleba iyos sxva xorcSi, nedl rZeSi,
arapasterizebul wvenebSi, gaRvivebul TeslebSi. Termuli
damuSaveba (70-75C) baqterias klavs. 2004 wels evrokavSirSi
salmonelozis 196 aTasi SemTxveva dafiqsirda (42/100000 mo-
saxleze) [54]. amis Semdeg daavadebis sixSirem iklo da 2011
wels 95,5 aTasze Camovida (20/100000 mosaxleze) [78].

gasagebia, rom baqteriis am Taviseburebidan gamomdin-

areobs masTan brZolis gzac. pirvel rigSi, baqteria unda aR-
moifxvras sanaSene fermebSi (magaliTad sanaSened mxolod im
frinvelebis datovebiT, romelTa fekaliebSi salmonela ar
aRmoCnda), amis Semdeg ki saxorce da kvercxismdebi qaTmebis
fermebis gasufTavebac moxerxdeba. swored es gza iqna samec-
niero komitetis daskvnebSi rekomendebuli.
1998 wels evrokavSirSi dawesda81 qaTmis sanaSene fermebis

80 anu baqterias axasiaTebs vertikaluri gadacema: qaTmidan kvercxsa da

wiwilaze.
81 direqtiva 92/117/EE (Council Directive 92/117/EEC of 17 December 1992 con-
cerning measures for protection against specified zoonoses and specified zoonotic agents in ani-
mals and products of animal origin in order to prevent outbreaks of food-borne infections and

30
savaldebulo kontroli salmonelaze _ yvela sanaSene fermis
mepatrone valdebuli iyo regularulad Seemowmebina ferma
salmonelas arsebobaze da infeqciis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi, ec-
nobebina Sesabamisi saxelmwifo uwyebebisTvis, romelTac fer-
ma dauyovnebliv unda gamoekvliaT. infeqciis dadasturebis
SemTxvevaSi, unda momxdariyo yvela frinvelis ganadgureba
da Senobebis/teritoriis dezinfeqcia82. am RonisZiebaTa Sede-
gad 2004 wels evrokavSirSi qaTmebis sanaSene fermebis sul 5
procentiRa iyo salmoneliT inficirebuli [41]83. sagrZnoblad
Semcirda saxorce qaTmebis fermebis inficirebulobac84, Tum-
ca kvlav maRali iyo salmoneliT inficirebuli kvercxismdeb-
el qaTmis fermebis wili, kerZod, zog wevr-qveyanaSi igi 50%-
sac ki aRemateboda. amitom 2003 wels evrokomisiam moTxovnebi
gaamkacra85: cxovelTa da frinvelTa fermebis salmonelis-
gan etapobrivi gawmenda/ganTavisuflebis konkretuli vadebi
daawesa86 da yvela wevr-qveyanas maTi Sesrulebis gegmebisa87
da angariSebis regularuli warmodgena mosTxova88. damatebiT

intoxications), muxli 10 da danarTi III).

82 am RonisZiebaTa xarJebis (maT Soris ganadgurebuli frinvelis
Rirebulebis) naxevari Tanamegobrobis biuJetidan ifareba, danarCeni _
erovnuli biujetidan [4].
83 Tumca didi iyo gansxvaveba wevr-qveynebs Soris: 0%-dan (SvedeTi)
34%-mde (purtgalia) [41].
84 2005-2006 wlebSi evrokavSirSi broileris fermebis 23% salmoneliT
iyo inficirebuli [60].
85 Regulation (EC) No 2160/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council
of 17 November 2003 on the control of salmonella and other specified food-borne zoonotic
agents. es regulacia adgens salmoneliT inficirebis Semcirebis konkretuli
miznebis dawesebisa da Sesrulebis ganrigs, aseve pasuxismgeblobebs. TviTon
konkretuli miznebi (ricxobrivi mniSvneloba) dadginda evrokomisiis Semdegi
regulaciebiT: sanaSene qaTmebisTvis _ (EC) No 1003/2005 [48] da (EU) No 200/2010
[67], kvercxismdebi qaTmebisTvis _ (EC) No 1168/2006 [51] da (EU) No 517/2011 [74],
broilerebisTvis _ (EC) No 646/2007 [54], indaurebisTvis _ (EC) No 584/2008 [58].
konkretuli miznebi Rorebis fermebisTvis jer kidev SemuSavebis stadiaSia.
86 salmoneliT inficirebis maCvenebeli (prevalentoba) ar unda
aRematebodes 1%-s sanaSeno qaTmebSi 2010 wlidan, broilerebSi _ 2011 wlidan,
indaurebSi -2013 wlidan; kvercxismdebel qaTmebSi 2008 wlidan dawyebuli
salmoneliT inficirebuli fermebis raodenoba yovelwliurad unda Semcirdes
sul cota 10%-iT manam, sanam 2%-ze dabali ar gaxdeba.
87 aseTive programebi unda warmoadginon sxva qveynebma, Tuki apireben
frinvelis an gamosaCeki kvercxis imports evrokavSirSi.
88 Tanamegobrobis biuJetidan sagangebo finansebi gamoiyofoda am
gegmebis Sesrulebis TanadafinansebisTvis. mag., 2008 wels salmonelas

31
dawesda SezRudvebi Tanamegobrobis farglebSi cocxali fr-
invelisa da sanaSene kvercxis gadaadgilebaze _ maT partiis
Tanmxleb janmrTelobis sertifikatSi aucileblad Tan unda
miTiTebuliyo salmonelaze Semowmebis Sedegebi..
paralelurad mimdinareobda bazarze ganTavsebuli sur-
saTis mikrobiologiuri normebis gamkacrebac: 2073/2005 reg-
ulaciiT yvela met-naklebad saSiSi produqtisTvis (xorcis
farSi, naxevarfabrikatebi, xorcproduqtebi, kvercxi, yveli,
nayini, gaRvivebuli Teslebi, arapasterizebuli wvenebi, saW-
melad gamzadebuli xili da bostneuli) dawesda erTnairi
mkacri norma _ produqtidan aRebul 5 cal 25-gramiani sinji-
dan arc erTSi salmonela ar unda aRmoCndes. droebiT (2010
wlamde) SedarebiT rbili moTxovna (10gramiani sinjebi) daSve-
bul iqna iseTi xorcis farSis, naxevarfabrikatebisa da xor-
cproduqtebisTvis, romelic moxmarebis win ixarSeba. Tumca
dawesda moTxovna, rom am produqtebze datanili yofiliyo
mkafio miTiTeba imis Taobaze, rom Wamamde aucilebelia maTi
saguldagulo Termuli damuSaveba89. 2011 wlis 1 dekembridan
ki mkacri norma dawesda bazarze ganTavsebul90 frinvelTa (qa-
Tami da indauri) xorcisTvisac91.
am strategiam Sedegi gamoiRo: 2004 wlidan moyolebuli
evrokavSirSi adamianebis salmoneloziT daavadeba yovelwli-
urad klebulobs. 2011 wlis daavadebis maCvenebeli 2004 welT-
an SedarebiT orjer Semcirebulia (ix. CanarTi). mniSvnelovnad
iklo fermebis inficirebis maCvenebelmac: maSin, rodesac 2004
wels qaTmis sanaSene fermebis 5% salmonelis matarebeli iyo,
2011 wels es maCvenebeli 0,1%-mde Semcirda. 2005-2006 ww-Si
Tu salmonela broilerebis fermebis 23%-Si iyo, 2011 wels

aRmofxvris RonisZiebebze evrokavSiris biujetidan 30 mln evro daixarja

[60].
89 regulacia 2073/2005, muxli me-6.
90 dakluli frinvelisTvis, romelic sasaklaozea, 2006 wlis norma
ufro rbili iyo _ 50 cali 25-gramiani sinJidan salmonelas arseboba 7 sinJSi
daiSveboda. SemdgomSi es norma gamkacrda: salmonelis Semcveli sinJebis
raodenoba Semcirda 5-mde broilerebisTvis 2012 wlidan da indaurebisTvis
2013 wlidan.
91 Commission Regulation (EU) No 1086/2011 of 27 October 2011 amending Annex II
to Regulation (EC) No 2160/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Annex
I to Commission Regulation (EC) No 2073/2005 as regards salmonella in fresh poultry meat.

32
is mxolod 3,2%-Si aRmoCnda da a.S92. sasursaTo produqtebSi
salmonelis monitoringis Sedegebi ki aseTia: 2011 wels sal-
moneliT dabinZurebuli iyo axaldakluli qaTmebis 6,7%, ax-
aldakluli Rorebis 0,7%, kvercxebis 0,1%, qaTmis xorcis
farSisa da naxevarfabrikatebis 6,8% (Semowmebuli sursaTis
partiebis 2,4%), sxva xorcis farSisa da naxevarfabrikatebis
1,1% (1,4%), qaTmis xorcisgan damzadebuli produqtebis 1,1%
(0,7%), cocxali orsagduliani moluskebis 1,6% (0,8%) [72].
ramdenad SesaZlebelia am midgomiT salmonelozis sruli aR-
mofxvra, amas momavali gviCvenebs.

o daaxloebiT msgavsi tipis baqteriaa kampilo-

baqteri (Campylobacter sp.) _ igi, ZiriTadad, frinvelebisa da
cxovelebis nawlavebSi budobs da rogorc wesi, maT daavade-
bas ar iwvevs. Tumca gansxvavebiT salmonelisgan, es baqte-
ria ar gadadis vertikalurad (anu frinvelidan kvercxSi)93,
salmonelaze naklebad virulentulia (saWiroa meti baqteria
adamianis daavadebisTvis) da mis mier gamowveuli daavadebac
bevrad msubuqia. garda amisa, baqteria iRupeba ara mxolod
Termuli damuSavebiT, aramed gayinviTac, Tumca Tbil sezonze
sakmaod didxans Zlebs wyalSi. dResdReobiT kampilobaqte-
riozi evrokavSirSi sursaTiT gamowveul daavadebaTa Soris
pirvel adgilzea da igi sazogadoebas sakmaod Zviri ujdeba.
am fonze gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa is faqti, rom axlandeli
mdgomareobiT 2073/2005 regulaciaSi kampilobaqteris regu-
lirebis zomebi saerTod ar figuriebs. saqme imaSia, rom am
riskis marTvis realuri varianti sazogadoebriv jandacvis
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli veterinaruli zomebis komitet-
ma 2000 wels evrokomisias ver SesTavaza da ganacxada, rom
baqteriis gavrceleba-gadacemis gzebis Semdgomi Seswavla iyo
saWiro [23]. Sesabamisi kvlevebi 2003 wlidan evropis sursaTis
uvneblobis organos (EFSA) farglebSi daiwyo da dReisaTvis

92 2011 wlis salmoneliT inficirebis maCvenebeli kvercxismdebeli qaT-

mis fermebisTvis iyo 4,2%, broileris fermebis sanaSene indauris fermebisT-
vis -3,5% da saxorce indauris fermebisTvis _ 10%.
93 kvercxsa da axalgamoCekil wiwilebSi kampilobaqteri ar aris da
saxorce qaTmebis (broilerebis) kampilobaqteriT inficireba fermebSive
xdeba [76]. riskis faqtorebia: dabinZurebuli mowyobiloba, wyali, mwerebi,
adamianebi.
33
daavadebis riskis srulfasovani Sefaseba ganxorcielda. mov-
lenaTa mimdevroba ki aseTi iyo:

Campylobacter _ spiraluri formis baqteriebis klasi, ro-

melic Tanamedrove etapze ganviTarebul qveynebSi adamianTa
nawlavuri infeqciebis ZiriTad gamomwvev agentad miiCneva.
daavadeba iwyeba baqteriis organizmSi moxvedridan 2-5 dRe-
Si da rogorc wesi, sakmaod msubuqi formiT mimdinareobs.
ZiriTadi simptomebia: gulis revis SegrZneba, pirRebineba,
faRaraTi, Tavisa da muclis tkivili, sxeulis temperatu-
ris mateba. daavadeba grZeldeba 3-6 dRe da, rogorc wesi,
specialuri mkurnalobis gareSe gadis. garTulebebis alba-
Toba 1%. letaluri Sedegi Zalze iSviaTia da mxolod Cvil,
moxuc an imunitetdaqveiTebul adamianebSi dgeba [40]. 2011
wels evrokavSirSi kampilobaqteriozis 190 aTasi SemTxveva
iyo registrirebuli. Tumca Sefasebulia, rom es maCvenebeli
daavadebulTa ricxvis mxolod mcire nawilia _ EFSA Sefase-
biT am daavadebiT evrokavSirSi yovelwliurad daaxloebiT
9 milioni adamiani avaddeba (anu yoveli 50 mosaxlidan erTi)
da sazogadoebas daavadeba weliwadSi daaxloebiT 2,4 mili-
ardi evro ujdeba (igulisxmeba sazogadoebrivi jandacvis
sistemis xarjebi da adamianTa Sromisunarianobis daqveiTe-
biT gamowveuli danakargi). baqteria siTbosmoyvarulia, misi
ganviTarebis optimaluri temperaturaa 42C. baqteria bu-
dobs Sinauri frinvelebisa da cxovelebis nawlavebSi, xSirad
raime gamovlinebis gareSe. adamianis sakvebSi igi ZiriTadad
xvdeba mza saWmelebis frinvelis um xorcTan erTad Senaxvi-
sas, e.w. jvaredini dabinZurebis Sedegad an sakvebis momza-
debisas um xorcTan Sexebis Sedegad dabinZurebuli xele-
bidan [40]. baqteriis ganadgureba SesaZlebelia produqtis
Termuli damuSavebiT an xangrZlivi gayinviT.

o 2005 wlisTvis moxerxda im mTavari sasursaTo

produqtis dadgena, romelis Semdgomi kvlevebi unda ganxor-
cielebuliyo. kerZod, EFSA-m daaskvna, rom miuxedavad imisa,
kampilobaqteri adamianis organizmSi SeiZleba sxvadasxva ti-
pis sakvebiT moxvdes, misi Zireuli wyaro qaTmebia da qaTmis
fermebsa da qaTmis xorcSi baqteriis Semcireba-mospobiT ada-

34
mianTa daavadebis maCvenebeli mniSvnelovnad Semcirdeba [40].
o 2007 wels evrokavSirSi dainerga fermis qaTmebSi da
gasayid qaTmis xorcSi kampilobaqteris sistematuri da koor-
dinirebuli gazomvis meTodika da daiwyo regularuli moni-
toringi94.
o 2008 wels ganxorcielda cocxal qaTmebSi kampilo-
baqteris gavrcelebis e.w. sabaziso donis kvleva. kvlevam aCve-
na, rom evrokavSirSi dakluli broileris qaTmebis 75%95 am
baqteriiTaa inficirebuli. Sesabamisad, bazarze moxvedrili
yoveli 10 qaTmis tan-xorcidan 8 kampilobaqteriiTaa dabi-
nZurebuli [61].
o 2011 wlisTvis ganxorcielda kampilobaqteriozis ris-
kis raodenobrivi Sefaseba. kerZod, SemuSavda maTematikuri
modeli96, romelic, fermis frinvelTa dabinZurebis donidan
gamomdinare, adamianTa daavadebis mosalodneli maCveneblis
prognozirebis saSualebas iZleva.97 am modelis safuZvelze
dadginda, rom, Tuki evrokavSiris yvela wevr-qveyanaSi kampi-
lobaqteriT dabinZurebuli broilerebis fermebis (partiebis)
maCvenebeli 25%-mde Camova, adamianTa daavadebis maCvenebeli
Semcirdeba 2-jer, xolo, Tuki kampilobaqteriT dabinZure-
bul iqneba broileris fermebis (partiebis) ara umetes 5%-
sa, adamianTa daavadebis maCvenebeli 10-jer Semcirdeba. Se-

94 wyaro: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/campylobacter.htm
95 ufro zustad: Semowmda axaldakluli broilerebis 10132 partia
evrokavSiris 26 wevr-qveynis, agreTve norvegiisa da Sveicariis sasaklaoebidan
(sul _ 561 SemTxveviT SerCeuli sasaklao). kampilobaqteris aRmoCena xdeboda
TiToeuli partiidan aRebul ori tipis sinJSi: 1) axaldakluli qaTmis swori
nawlavis SigTavsSi (aTi qaTmidan); 2) dakluli da damuSavebuli qaTmis gul-
mkerdisa da yelis kanze (erTi qaTmidan). qaTmebis swori nawlavis SigTavsSi
baqteria aRmoCnda Seswavlili partiebis 71%-Si, qaTmebis kanze ki baqteria
aRmoCnda Seswavlili partiebis 75%-Si. Tumca Seswavlili partiebis mxolod
45%-Si baqteriebis raodenoba aRemateboda 500 kwe/gr-s da partiebis mxolod
15%-Si 1000 kwe/gr-s [61] (rogorc Semdgomma kvlevebma aCvena [76], adamianTa
daavadebisTvis baqteriebis swored es raodenobebia mniSvnelovani).
96 Quantitative microbiological risk assessment model (QMRA).
97 kvlevebma aCvena, rom damokidebuleba dasaklavi broilerebis
partiebSi dabinZurebuli partiebs wilsa da adamianTa daavadebis maCvenebels,
iseve rogorc gasayidi qaTmis xorcSi dabinZurebuli produqtebis wilsa da
adamianTa daavadebis maCvenebels Soris wrfivia, xolo adamianTa daavadebis
maCveneblis kavSiri dabinZurebul produqtSi baqteriebis raodenobasTan ki
ufro rTul funqcias warmoadgens [76, 61].

35
fasda agreTve gasayidi qaTmis xorcis kampilobaqteriT
dabinZurebis sxvadasxva dasaSvebi zRvris dawesebis gavlena
adamianTa janmrTelobis riskze. kerZod, dadginda, rom, Tu
gasayidi qaTmis kanze am baqteriaTa daSvebuli raodenobis98
maqsimalur zRvrad 1000kwe/gr dawesdeba, adamianTa daavadebis
ricxvi ganaxevrdeba, xolo, Tuki norma 2-jer gamkacrdeba da
500 kwe/gr-s Seadgens, adamianTa daavadebebis ricxvi 10-jer
iklebs.

2011 wels gamoqveynebul mecnierul daskvaSi EFSA-m

agreTve ganixila broilerebSi baqteriis prevenciis an Sem-
cirebis sxvadasxva saSualeba da maTi Sedegianoba Seafasa [76].
magaliTad, fermis doneze efeqtur RonisZiebad aris miCneuli
buzebisgan damcavi badeebis damontaJeba (dabinZurebis riski
mcirdeba 2-10-jer), frinvelis dasaklavi asakis Semcireba 28
dRemde (dabinZurebis riski mcirdeba 2-jer) da e.w. partiis
SeTxelebis99 praqtikis Sewyveta (dabinZurebis riski mcird-
eba 1,3-jer).100 dakvlis Semdgom, sasaklaoebSi baqteriis sruli
mospoba SesaZlebelia uklebliv mTeli xorcis moxarSviT an
dasxivebiT, xolo dabinZurebis 10-jer Semcreba SesaZlebelia
misi 2-3 kviriani gayinviT. ufro moklevadiani (2-3 dRe) gay-
inva, xorcis damduRvra an qimiuri damuSaveba naklebad efeq-
turia da dabinZurebas 2-jer an cota metjer amcirebs. imisT-
vis, rom aseTi damuSaveba ara yvela daklul qaTams, aramed
mxolod dabinZurebul partiebs Cautardes, rekomendebulia
dasaklavi qaTmebis partiebis savaldebulo winaswari Semow-
meba (dakvlamde 4 dRiT adre).
amJamad evrokomisiaSi mimdinareobs kampilobaqteriT
dabinZurebis Semcirebis am SemoTavazebuli zomebis xarj-
efeqturobis Sefaseba, rac gadawyvetilebis mimRebebs yvelaze

98 dabinZureba izomeba qaTmis kisrisa da mkerdis kanze.

99 SeTxeleba (thinning) niSnavs fermaSi qaTmebis erTi da imave partiidan
frinvelebis periodul gamoxSirvasa da dakvlas, danarCeni frinvelebisTvis
meti farTis dasatoveblad. es operacia xorcieldeba xeliT. riskis faqtorad
miCneulia frinvelTa damWeri brigadebi, romlebic fermidan fermaSi gadadan,
rogorc wesi, samosisa da xelsawyoebis gamocvlis an gauvnebelyofis gareSe.
iTvleba, rom baqteria fermaSi ZiriTadad swored aseT stumrebs SeaqvT [76].
100 Seswavlis procesSia baqtericinebis, baqteriofagebisa da acrebis
efeqturoba [76].

36
efeqturi zomis arCevisa da misi ganxorcielebis ganrigis
dadgenis saSualebas miscems. amis Semdeg moxdeba saTanado
samarTlebrivi meqanizmis SerCeva da daweseba.

Verotoxigenic Escherichia coli, VTEC _ verotoqsinis warmomqm-

neli eSeriqia koli _ aris adamianisa da cxovelebis nawlavebSi
mcxovrebi uvnebeli baqteriis, eSeriqia kolis, ramdenime sero-
tipi (nairsaxeoba), romelic adamianisaTvis momwavlel Zlier to-
qsins _ verotoqsins gamoimuSavebs. toqsini azianebs sxvadasxva
organos (pirvel rigSi nawlavebis, magram xSirad agreTve Tirk-
melebis, zogjer filtvis) wvril sisxlZarRvebs da sisxldenas
iwvevs. amitom daavadebis yvelaze sayuradRebo simptomia sisx-
liani faRaraTi. xSiria daavadebis orfaziani ganviTareba, roca
ramdenime dRian iol fazas (muclis tkivili da faRaraTi) mos-
devs 1-2 dRiani gaumjobeseba da Semdeg iwyeba meore, sisxliani
faRaraTis faza [24]. 8%-10% SemTxvevebSi (riskis jgufia bavS-
vebi da moxucebi) damatebiT viTardeba Zalze mZime garTuleba
_ hemoliTur-uremiuli sindromi, romelic xasiaTdeba anemiiT,
sisxldeniT, Tirkmlis mwvave ukmarisobiT (damaxasiaTebelia
sisxli SardSi), nevrologiuri darRvevebiT da 5% SemTxvevebSi
sikvdiliT mTavrdeba.
baqteria adamianis sxeulSi wyliT, sursaTiT an daubaneli
xelebidan xvdeba. daavadebisTvis sakmarisia baqteriis Zalze
mcire raodenoba (10 cali baqteriuli ujredi [33]). daavadeba
iwyeba baqteriis organizmSi moxvedridan 3-4 (iSviaTad _ 8) dRe-
Si. cxovelebSi es baqteriebi daavadebas ar iwvevs da aRmoCenil-
ia bevri sxvadasxva cxovelis nawlavSi (m.S. Cliqosnebi, katebi,
ZaRlebi). rogorc yvela eSeriqia koli, baqteriis es nairsaxe-
obac swrafad iRupeba wylis aduRebiT an sursaTis Termuli
damuSavebiT. amitom saSiSia is produqtebi, romelic saTanado
Termul damuSavebas ar gadis: nedli rZe da misgan damzadebuli
produqtebi (xaWo, Wyinti yveli), umi xorcisgan damzadebuli
produqtebi (mag., Zexvi saliami), xilisa da bostneulis arapas-
terizebuli wvenebi, gaRvivebuli Teslebi da sxva [33].
2007-2010 wlebSi daavadebis wliuri maCvenebeli evrokav-
SirSi 3,2-3,6 aTas kacs Seadgenda. 2011 wels ki germaniaSi daa-
vadebis did afeTqebas hqonda adgili, romelmac 3,8 aTasi adami-
ani moicva. am afeTqebas hqonda hemoliTur-uremiuli sindromiT
garTulebisa da sikvdilianobis sakmaod maRali maCvenebeli (845
da 54 SemTxveva Sesabamisad). sul evrokavSiris masStabiT daa-
vadebis maCvenebelma 2011 wels 9,5 aTasi Seadgina, garTulebebis
raodenobam 1004, xolo sul gardaicvala 56 adamiani [78].

37
 komitetis mier prioritetul zoonozebisadmi mikuT-
vnebuli danarCeni ori baqteria (verotoqsinis warmomqmneli
eSeriqia koli da listeria) sxva xasiaTisaa. maT mier gamowveu-
li daavadebebis sixSire sakmaod mcirea, kerZod, evrokavSiris
mTel teritoriaze sul ramdenime aTasi SemTxvevaa weliwad-
Si, magram samagierod maRalia daavadebis garTulebebisa da
sikvdilianobis maCveneblebi (8-12%).

verotoqsinis warmomqmnel eSeriqia kolis (Verotoxigenic

Escherichia coli, VTEC) SemTxvevaSi adamianis daavadebas iwvevs
zogadad uvnebeli baqteriis _ eSeriqia kolis (Escherichia coli)
ramdenime Stami101. miuxedavad imisa, rom am daavadebis afeTqeba
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi 1982 wlidan sistematurad aRiricxeba [33],
samecniero wreebSi dRemde ver Sejerdnen imaze, Tu ra maxa-
siaTebliT moxdes paTogenuri E. coli-s gamovlena. saqme ima-
Sia, rom daavadebis sxvadasxva afeTqebas baqteriis sxvadasxva
Stami iwvevs da mecnierebi dRemde amaod cdiloben daadginon,
Tu ra aqvT maT saerTo. 90-an wlebSi paTogenuri baqteriebis
gamovlenas garegani TvisebebiT (ujredis zedapirze ganTavse-
buli antigenebiT) cdilobdnen. Semdeg aRmoCnda, rom erTi
da imave antigenebis mqone baqteria SeiZleba iyos paTogenuri
da SeiZleba ara [33]. amitom baqteriis gamovlenis ufro saim-
edo meTodad masSi Semavali genebis gamovlena CaiTvala. Tum-
ca arc es maxasiaTebeli aRmoCnda saimedo _ dReisTvis ukve
aSkaraa, rom daavadebas ramdenime genis erToblivi moqmedeba
iwvevs da am genebis sxvadasxva nakrebis SemTxvevaSi daavadebis
xasiaTi gansxvavdeba _ sxvadasxvaa virulentoba, sxvadasxvaa
hemoliTur-uremiuli sindromis albaToba, erT SemTxvevaSi
daavadebas epidemiuri xasiaTi aqvs, sxva SemTxvevaSi _ spora-
diuli afeTqebebis [79]. sxvadasxvaa agreTve paTogenis wyaro
_ sasursaTo produqti, romliTac baqteria adamianis orga-
nizmSi xvdeba (xSirad _ sasmeli wyali). 102

101 Stami niSnavs erTi baqteriis STamomavlebs. usqeso gamravlebis

SemTxvevaSi Stami sawyisi baqteriis zusti aslebisgan (klonebisgan) Sedgeba.
102 garda amisa, mikrobiologiuri Semowmebebis damaxasiaTebeli naklo
vanebebi (ix. zemoT) gansakuTrebiT mkafioa iSviaTi mikrobebis SemTxvevaSi,
romelTa gavrceleba bunebaSi (an garkveuli tipis sursaTSi) 1%-ze mcirea.
aseT SemTxvevebSi SemowmebaTa efeqturoba riskis Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT,

38
 aRwerili garemoebis gamo sazogadoebriv janmrTelobas-
Tan dakavSirebuli veterinaruli zomebis komitetma 2003 wels
VTEC-Tvis raime mikrobiologiuri normis daweseba mizanSeu-
wonlad miiCnia [33]. Sesabamisad, 2073/2005 regulaciis pirvan-
del variantSi VTEC-regulireba saerTod ar Sesula. Tumca
2011 wels germania-safrangeTSi am daavadebis afeTqebis Semdeg
baqteriis gadamtani sursaTi _ aRmocenebuli Teslebi daa-
vadebis gavrcelebis wyarod CaiTvala [74] da ukve 2013 wlidan
regulaciaSi Sevida cvlileba, kerZod,bazarze ganTavsebuli
aRmocenebuli TeslebisTvis dawesda norma, romlis mixedvi-
Tac produqtis partiidan aRebul sinjebSi E.coli-s 6 ZiriTadi
paTogenuri serotipis arseboba unda Semowmdes.
axlo momavalSi, daavadebis SeswavlasTan erTad, VTEC
regulirebis meTodebis daxvewas unda movelodeT.

Listeria monocytogenes _ garemoSi mcxovrebi Cxirismagvari

baqteria, romelic adamianis organizmSi didi odenobiT mox-
vedris SemTxvevaSi iwvevs daavadeba listeriozs. infeqcia
gadadis listeriis Semcveli sursaTis moxmarebiT an avad-
myofTan SexebiT. listeria iRupeba 65C temperaturaze
sursaTis gacxelebis Sedegad, Tumca SesaZlebelia meo-
reuli dabinZureba (baqteriis gadasvla produqtze sxva
produqtebTan kontaqtis Sedegad). marili am baqterias ar
klavs, macivarSi ki is mravldeba kidec. baqteria cxovrobs
niadagSi, wyalSi, cxovelebsa da mcenareebze. SesaZloa daabi-
nZuros nebismieri produqti. daavadebis gavrcelebis wyaro
yvelaze xSirad aris civad Sebolili Tevzi an xorci, rbili
yveli an umi bostneuli. adamianTa daavadeba sakmaod iSvia-
Tia. riskis jgufia fexmZimeebi, axalSobilebi, moxucebi da
susti imunitetis mqone adamianebi. daavadebis gamovlineba
varirebs gulisreva-pirRebineba-kuWaSlilobidan meningita-
mde. sakmaod maRalia sikvdilianobis maCvenebeli. 2011 wels
evrokavSirSi listerioziT daavadda 1470 adamiani, maTgan
12% gardaicvala.

gansakuTrebiT aradamajerebelia ([33], danarTi II).

39
 yvela ganxiluli baqteriisgan gansxvavebiT, listeria
(Listeria monocytogenes) cxovelTa nawlavebis binadari ar aris,
aramed garemoSi cxovrobs da mravldeba. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom es baqteria garemos Cveulebrivi komponentia. misi mox-
vedra sursaTze swored garemodan xdeba, sursaTis warmoe-
ba-moxmarebis nebismier etapze. mcire odenobiT miRebisas am
baqterias Cveni organizmi iolad umklavdeba [23]. daavadeba
listeriozi viTardeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu adamianis
mier miRebul sursaTSi am baqteriis raodenoba Zalze didia.
amitom listeriis regulirebisas mTavari aqcenti unda iyos
ara imaze, rom baqteria produqtSi ar moxvdes (vinaidan amis
Tavidan acileba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia), aramed imaze, rom
baqteria produqtSi ar gamravldes da ar miaRwios im zRvars,
rac adamians wamlavs [23].
swored amgvari rCevaa Camoyalibebuli sazogadoebriv
janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli veterinaruli RonisZie-
bebis samecniero komitetis 1999 wlis samecniero daskv-
naSi listeriasTan dakavSirebiT [23]. komiteti akonkretebs,
rom baqteriebis usafrTxo raodenoba Seadgens 100 kwe103
TiTo gram sursaTSi. uvneblobis uzrunvelyofis RonisZie-
bebi mimarTuli unda iyos imaze, rom listeriis raodenoba
produqtSi amaze meti ar gaxdes. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
sWirdeba sursaTs, romelic moxmarebis win Termul damuSave-
bas ar ganicdis104 (anu saWmelad gamzadebuli sursaTi) da ro-
melic listeriis gamravlebas xels uwyobs105. axalSobilebisa

103 koloniawarmomqmneli erTeuli, anu cocxali da gamravlebis unaris

mqone baqteria.
104 listeria sursaTis 65C gacxelebisas iRupeba, ix. CanarTi.
105 listeria ar mravldeba produqtebze, romlis mJavianoba (pH) 5-ze
dabalia (anu mJave produqtebze) da wylis aqtivoba (aw) 0,94-ze naklebia (anu
mSral produqtebze). agreTve iTvleba, rom listeria gamravlebas ver aswrebs
produqtebSi, romelTa Senaxvis vada 5 dReze naklebia (2073/2005 regulacia,
danarTi A, pirveli Tavi, me-8 sqolio). sxva produqtebisTvis ki mewarmem
konkretulad unda Seamowmos, uwyobs produqti listeriis gamravlebas
xels Tu ara. 2006 wels evrokomisiam gamosca saxelmZRvanelo dokumenti am
sakiTxSi mewarmeTa dasaxmareblad [57]. garda amisa, 2073/2005 regulaciiT
(danarTi A, pirveli Tavi, me-4 sqolio) listeriis Semowmeba saWiro ar aris
purSi, namcxvrebSi, marilSi, SaqarSi, Taflsa da tkbileulSi, alkoholur da
ualkoholo sasmelebSi, nedl, daumuSavebel bostneulSi (garda gaRvivebuli
Teslebisa), cocxal orsagdulian moluskebSi da agreTve iseT produqtebSi,

40
da imunitet-daqveiTebuli adamianebis kvebisTvis gankuTvnil
produqtebSi ki listeria, sasurvelia, saerTod ar iyos. es
rekomendaciebi srulad gaTvaliswinebulia 2073/2005 regula-
ciaSi (ix. danarTi 5).

sursaTis higienis paketis zogadi aRwera

zemoT Cven aRvwereT is faqtorebi, romelmac 2000-2005 wlebSi evroka-

vSirSi sursaTis higienis regulirebis reforma da saboloo Sedegi anu e.w.
sursaTis higienis paketi ganapiroba. higienis paketi sursaTis uvneblobis
uzrunvelyofis sam komponents adgens:
1. minimalur savaldebulo higienur moTxovnebs;
2. maTi Sesrulebis kontrols saxelmwifos mier;
3. mewarmeTa regularuli TviTSemowmebis/TviTkontro-
lis valdebulebas.
higienis paketis moqmedeba vrceldeba mxolod sawarmoe-
bze, anu saqmianobaze (sulerTia komerciuli Tu arakomerculi
xasiaTis), romelic garkveuli donis organizaciuli struq-
turiTa da qmedebaTa ganmeorebadobiT xasiaTdeba106. Sesabam-
isad, es moTxovnebi ar vrceldeba sakuTari moxmarebis mizniT
sursaTis warmoebaze107, agreTve sursaTTan dakavSirebul iseT
saqmianobebze, romelTac arastruqturirebuli, sporadiuli
xasiaTi aqvT, magaliTad, kerZo pirebis mier sursaTis momza-
deba da gayidva saeklesio, saskolo an soflis bazrobebze, an
moxaliseebis mier sursaTis momzadeba da darigeba saqvelmo-
qmedo RonisZiebebis farglebSi108.
higienis paketSi Semavali regulaciebis moqmedebisTvis
mniSvneloba aqvs ara mxolod saqmianobis regularobas, ar-
amed mewarmis distancirebulobas saboloo momxmareblisgan.
regulaciebi ar vrceldeba iseT SemTxvevebze, rodesac Tavad
mewarme yidis Tavisi fermidan sakuTar pirvelad produqts
(magaliTad, Tafls, nedl rZes, sokos, xil-bostneuls109) an ax-

romelmac Termuli damuSaveba saboloo SesafuT masalaSi moTavsebis Semdeg

gaiara.
106 Regulation (EC) 852/2004 on the hygiene of foodstuffs, Sesavali, punqti (9)
107 Regulation (EC) 852/2004 on the hygiene of foodstuffs, Sesavali, punqti (9)
108 wyaro: [42] punqti 3.8.
109 wyaro: [64], pasuxebi #7, 9, da 10 kiTxvebze.

41
aldakluli frinvelis an kurdRlis xorcs, an nanadirevs110, an
awvdis am produqtebs axlomaxlo mdebare adgilobriv bazars
an maRazias (Tuki miwodebuli produqtis raodenoba mcirea111).
aseTi SemTxvevebi ara evrokavSiris, aramed erovnuli donis
regulaciebs eqvemdebareba (Tuki aseTi arsebobs)112. Tumca,
Tuki pirveladma produqtma gadamuSaveba gaiara, magaliTad,
igive fermeri Tavis mezoblebs awvdis mis fermaSi momzadebul
yvels, wnils, murabas, wvens113, an Tundac aduRebul rZes an
SefuTul/dafasoebul kvercxs,114 es ukve pirvelad warmoebad
aRar iTvleba, gamonaklisi aRar moqmedebs da fermeri val-
debulia evro-regulaciebiT dadgenili moTxovnebi srulad
daicvas.
higienis paketiT sursaTis warmoeba-gadamuSavebaSi
monawile yvela biznes-operatori valdebulia daicvas yvela
is wesi da moTxovna, rac dawesebulia im operaciebisTvis,
romelsac igi iyenebs da im produqtebisTvis, romelsac igi
amzadebs. regulirebis zogadi logika amgvaria:
1. dawesebulia erTiani moTxovnebi yvela sasursaTo bi-
znesisTvis115. es moicavs registracias, higienis zogadi wesebis
dacvas da haspis SemuSavebas (detaluri aRwera ix. qvemoT).
2. dawesebulia damatebiTi moTxovnebi cxoveluri war-
moSobis sursaTis warmoebisTvis. es moTxovnebia: sawarmos
damtkiceba, saidentifikacio niSani (an janmrTelobis damRa)
produqtze da higienis specialuri wesebis dacva (detaluri
aRwera ix. qvemoT).

110 853/2004 regulacia, muxli 1-li, punqti 3d.

111 is, Tu TiToeuli tipis produqtis SemTxvevaSi konkretulad
ra raodenobaa mcire raodenoba, Tanamegobrobis wevrma-qveynebma unda
gansazRvron. wyaro [38], punqti 3.2.
112 Regulation (EC) 852/2004 on the hygiene of foodstuffs, Sesavali, punqti (10). Tu
erovnuli regulacia dadgenili ar aris, maSin sawarmo evroregulaciebs unda
daemorCilos.
113 wyaro [64], pasuxebi # 5 da 11 kiTxvebze.
114 rZis Termuli damuSaveba da kvercxis SefuTva/dafasoeba pirvelad
warmoebaSi ar Sedis. wyaro: [42], punqti 3.6.
115 sasursaTo biznesi (food business) niSnavs samewarmeo saqmianobas
(sulerTia momgebiani iqneba Tu arakomerciuli, kerZo Tu saJaro), romelSic
xorcieldeba sursaTis warmoebis gadamuSavebis an distribuciis romelime
stadiasTan dakavSirebuli raime saqmianoba (178/2002 regulacia, muxli 3,
punqti 2).

42
 3. daSvebulia gamonaklisebi an moTxovnaTa Serbilebis
SesaZleblobani pirveladi warmoebisTvis, tradiciuli war-
moebebisTvis, zogierTi tipis savaWro, satransporto an sa-
sawyobo obieqtebisTvis (ix. qvemoT).
sagulisxmoa, rom gamkacrebuli moTxovnebis dawese-
ba damokidebulia ara biznesis profilze (anu, qarxanaa igi,
restorani Tu maRazia) an mis zomaze (mcire biznesia116 Tu
didi), aramed im konkretul operaciebze, romelic am sawar-
moSi sruldeba. patara xorcis maRazia da xorcis gadama-
muSavebeli didi sawarmo erTnairad arian valdebuli gaiar-
on damtkicebis procedura da daicvan higienis specialuri
moTxovnebi. mxolod haspis danergvis TvalsazrisiT, SeiZle-
ba patara maRaziisTvis moTxovnebi odnav Serbilebuli iyos117
(detalebi ix. qvemoT).
sainteresoa regulireba narevi produqtebis warmoe-
bis SemTxvevaSi, anu produqtebisa, romelic Seicavs rogorc
cxoveluri, aseve mcenareuli warmoSobis ingredientebs. ase-
Ti procesebi zogjer regulirdeba zogadi wesebiT, zogjer
ki _ gamkacrebuli wesebiT. yvelaferi damokidebulia imaze,
Tu ra gamoiyeneba am produqtis warmoebis nedleulad. ufro
sworad ki, ramdenad damuSavebuli iyo is cxoveluri produq-
ti, romelic am Sereuli produqtis damzadebisas nedleulad
gamoiyenes [59]. Tu es nedleuli warmoadgenda gadaumuSaveb-
el118 xorcs, auduRar rZes an um kvercxs, maSin es warmoeba
cxoveluri wamoSobis produqtis gadamuSavebas warmoadgens
da Sesabamisi mkacri wesebiT regulirdeba. xolo, Tu Sereuli
produqtis warmoebisTvis nedleulad gamoiyeneba ukve gada-
muSavebuli cxoveluri warmoSobis produqti, magaliTad: Zex-
veuli, an pasterizebuli rZe, an kvercxis, an rZis fxvnili, _

116 `higienis paketis moTxovnebis Sesasruleblad misi amoqmedebis

momentisTvis arsebul mcire sawarmoebs oTxwliani gardamavali periodi
miecaT (2010 wlamde) [64].
117 wyaro [64], pasuxi #4 kiTxvaze.
118 gadamuSaveba (processing) niSnavs qmedebas, romelic produqts
mniSvnelovnad cvlis, magaliTad, Termuli damuSaveba, Sebolva, damarileba,
gamoSroba, momwifeba (daZveleba), damwnileba, eqstraqcia, gamoxda da sxva
(regulacia 852/2004, muxli 2, punqti 1m). gadaumuSavebelia, magaliTad, nedli
xorci (axali an gayinuli), xorcis farSi, e.w. momzadebuli (Sezavebuli) xorci
(ix. am broSuris II sqolioebi 170 da 171).

43
es warmoeba ar miiCneva cxoveluri warmoSobis produqtis war-
moebad da mas mxolod zogadi wesebis dacva moeTxoveba. Tumca
is damuSavebuli nedleuli, romelic am warmoebam gamoiyena,
Tavis mxriv, cxadia, cxoveluri warmoSobis sursaTisTvis dad-
genili wesebis dacviT unda iyos miRebuli. magaliTad, higie-
nis specialuri moTxovnebis dacva saWiro ar aris maionezis im
warmoebisTvis, romelic nedleulad kvercxis fxvnils iyenebs,
an iseTi nayinis momzadebisTvis, romelic rZis fxvnilisgan
mzaddeba, picis an salaTebisTvis, romelSic Zexveuli gamoiy-
eneba119 da sxva.

ZiriTadi moTxovnebi

ufro detalurad, sursaTis higienis paketis regula-

ciebiT sursaTis sferoSi moqmed biznes-operatorebs Semdegi
valdebulebebi/pasuxismgeblobebi ekisrebaT:
1. sursaTis yvela operatori valdebulia ganaxorcielos
sawarmos registracia. ufro zustad _ droulad miawodos Se-
sabamis erovnul sajaro organos informacia mis gankargule-
baSi arsebuli sursaTis warmoebis, gadamuSavebis an distri-
buciis yvela obieqtis registraciisTvis120, agreTve droulad
ganaaxlos es informacia, Tuki sawarmoSi raime mniSvnelovani
modifikacia ganxorcielda an daixura. droulad miwodebuli
informaciis safuZvelze saxelmwifo registraciaSi sawarmos
droulad gatarebaze ki pasuxs Sesabamisi saxelmwifo orga-
noebi ageben. Tumca ikrZaleba cxoveluri warmoSobis sasur-
saTo produqtis bazarze gatana, Tuki misi gamomSvebi sawarmo
registrirebuli ar aris121.
2. yvela sawarmosTvis, romelSic am broSuris me-2 dan-
arTSi CamoTvlili saqmianoba xorcieldeba (anu cxoveluri
warmoSobis produqtebis mwarmoebeli sawarmoebi), garda reg-
istraciisa, agreTve savaldebuloa damtkiceba (approval) Sesa-
bamisi organos mier122. damtkiceba faqtobrivad warmoadgens

119 wyaro: [59], punqti 3.4.

120 852/2004 regulaciis muxli 6, punqti me-2.
121 853/2004 regulaciis muxli 4, punqti 1b.
122 niSandoblivia, rom pasuxismgebloba registraciisa da damtkicebis
moTxovnis Sesrulebaze ara saxelmwifo organoebs, aramed uSualod

44
saqmianobis nebarTvas _ operatori valdebulia ar dauSvas
sawarmos operireba123 manam, sanam is ar aris damtkicebuli, an
Tuki damtkiceba ama Tu im mizezis gamo SeuCerda, an droebiTi
(pirobiTi) damtkiceba124 ar gaugrZelda125.
sawarmos damtkiceba (agreTve pirobiTi damtkicebis
gagrZeleba) sawarmoSi saTanado saxelmwifo organos warmo-
madgenlis sul cota erT vizits gulisxmobs. damtkicebul
sawarmoebs eniWebaT damtkicebis unikaluri nomeri da maTi
sruli CamonaTvali xelmisawvdomia internetSi evrokomisiis
veb-portalze misamarTze http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/biosafety/es-
tablishments/.
damtkiceba ar esaWiroeba sawamoebs, Tuki maTSi xorciel-
deba mxolod Semdegi saqmianobebi:
sursaTis pirveladi warmoeba;
sursaTis transportireba;
iseTi sasursaTo produqtebis Senaxva/dasawyobeba,
romelsac gaciveba ar sWirdeba;
saboloo momxmareblisTvis sursaTis miyidva/miwodeba
(damuSavebis gareSe).
magram, Tuki sawarmoSi am saqmianobebTan erTad xorciel-
deba me-2 danarTSi CamoTvlili saqmianobebidan romelime
mainc, sawarmos damtkiceba savaldebuloa.

damtkiceba ar esaWiroeba, magaliTad:

fermebs, romelSic pirveladi produqtis mxolod
moyvana/moSeneba/miReba xdeba, Semdgomi gadamuSavebis gareSe126;

mewarmeebs daekisraT. kerZod, mewarme valdebulia droulad waradginos

sabuTebi registraciis an damtkicebisTvis da agreTve ar awarmoos cxoveluri
warmoSobis produqti, sanam damtkicebas ar miiRebs. Tavis mxriv, sajaro
organoebi valdebulni arian awyobili hqondeT registraciisa da damtkicebis
sistema, raTa mewarmis moTxovnaze drouli reagireba iqonion.
123 damtkicebis gareSe operirebis dawyebis ufleba ar aqvT im sawarmoebs,
romlebic 2006 wlis Semdeg amoqmedda.
124 sawarmos pirobiTi damtkiceba xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sawarmos
infrastuqtura da mowyobiloba yvela dadgenil normas akmayofilebs. pirobiTi
damtkiceba xdeba 3 Tvis vadiT da misi gagrZeleba SesaZlebelia maqsimum 6
Tvemde (882/2004 regulacia, muxli 31-e, punqti 2d).
125 853/2004 regulaciis muxli me-4, punqtebi me-2, me-3 da me-4.
126 gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom gadamuSavebad iTvleba, magaliTad, rZis

45
 marcvleulis elevatorebs;
xil-bostneulis distributorebs;
sasursaTo maRaziebs (Tuki maRazia mxolod yidis
produqts, damuSavebis gareSe).
3. sursaTis yvela biznes-operatorma unda daicvas hi-
gienis zogadi moTxovnebi. es moTxovnebi gansxvavebulia (ga-
martivebulia) pirveladi warmoebisTvis. aseve gansxvavebuli
(gamartivebuli) moTxovnebia dadgenili mobiluri, avtomatu-
ri an droebiTi savaWro nagebobebis an mowyobilobebisa da
sacxovrebeli saxlebisTvis, Tuki maTSi regularulad mzad-
deba bazarze gasayidi sursaTi.
zogadi higienis moTxovnebi moicavs127:
moTxovnebs sawarmos/obieqtis an misi calkeuli saTav-
soebis mowyobisadmi. magaliTad aseTs: sawarmos teritoriaze
obieqtebis adgilmdebareoba, ganlageba, aRWurva da zoma unda
iZleodes maTi regularuli SekeTebis, dasufTavebis da dez-
infeqciis saSualebas; sawarmoSi unda iyos sakmarisi raodeno-
bis sapirfareSoebi da isini sursaTis damuSavebis saTavsoebs
uSualod ar unda ukavSirdebodes; agreTve unda iyos sakma-
risi raodenobis xelsabanebi, civi da cxeli wyliT, sapniT
da xelis gaSrobis saSualebebiT; im saTavsoebSi, sadac sur-
saTi mzaddeba, iataki, kedlebi, karebebi da sxva zedapirebi
damzadebuli unda iyos gluvi masalisgan, romelsac ar aqvs
Sewovis unari, advilad irecxeba da eqvemdebareba dezinfeq-
cias. fanjrebi, Weri da danadgarebi mowyobili unda iyos ise,
rom gamoiricxos sadme WuWyis dagroveba, an kondensatis war-
moqmna, an obis zrda; Tu fanjrebi iReba, isini aRWurvli unda
iyos mwerebisgan damcavi badeebiT, romelTa moxsna da gaw-
menda unda SeiZlebodes; sursaTTan SexebaSi myofi zedapirebi
da inventari damzadebuli unda iyos koroziamdgradi da ara-
toqsikuri masalisgan; sawarmos ventilacia da drenaJi mowyo-
bili unda iyos ise, rom haeri da siTxeebi moZraobdes ufro
sufTa teritoriidan ufro dabinZurebulis mimarTulebiT,

aduReba, kvercxis SefuTva-dafasoeba, salaTis foTlis SefuTva. Tumca,

magaliTad, Taflis dafasoeba, Tuki igi fermaSi xorcieldeba, gadamuSavebad
ar iTvleba, aramed pirvelad warmoebaSi Sedis [59, 64].
127 852/2004 regulaciis II danarTis mixediT. aRwera ar imeorebs danarTis
struqturas, aramed gadaJgufebulia avtoris mier.

46
magram ara piriqiT; unda arsebobdes sakmarisi saTavsoebi (Tu
saWiroa _ macivrebi) nedleulisa da damuSavebuli an mza sur-
saTis erTmaneTisgan gancalkevebiT Sesanaxad, da sxva.
moTxovnebs sawarmos operirebisadmi. magaliTad aseTs:
sawarmos mTeli teritoria, agreTve is Senobebi da saTavsoebi
sadac sursaTi mzaddeba, unda iyos mowesrigebul mdgomareo-
baSi (ar saWiroebdes SekeTebas), regularulad sufTavdebodes
da utardebodes dezinfeqcia im sixSiriT, rac aucilebelia
sursaTis dabinZurebis Tavidan asacileblad. aseve regularu-
lad unda sufTavdebodes instrumentebi, xelsawyoebi da sxva
inventari. nedleuli, SesafuTi masala da sxva ingredientebi
unda inaxebodes da gamoiyenebodes ise, rom maTi dabinZureba
an gafuWeba gamoiricxos, m.S. aucilebelia e.w. civi jaWvis
(cold chain, anu uwyveti dabali temperatura) dacva. droulad
unda xdebodes sursaTis narCenebis gatana sursaTis momza-
debis saTavsoebidan da moTavseba cxovelebisa da mwerebisgan
dacul daxurul konteinerebSi, romlebic agreTve saTanado
sixSiriT unda iclebodes, sufTavdebodes da utardebodes
dezinfeqcia. aRkveTili unda iyos Sinauri cxovelebis daSveba
sawarmoSi. sawarmos personals unda ecvas sufTa tansacmeli
(sasurvelia spectansacmeli), zedmiwevniT unda icavdes pirad
higienas, unda iyos janmrTeli, ar iyos sursaTiT gadatanadi
daavadebebis matarebeli. sursaTTan SexebaSi myofi pirebi
unda gadiodnen regularul instruqtaJs da wvrTnas sursa-
Tis higienis sakiTxebSi, da sxva.
moTxovnebs gamoyenebuli nedleulis an masalisadmi.
magaliTad aseTs: sursaTTan SexebaSi myofi an sursaTSi dasa-
matebeli wyali, yinuli an orTqli unda warmoadgendes sa-
smeli xarisxis wyals (gamonaklisis saxiT, daumuSavebeli zR-
vis cxovelebi SeiZleba imyofebidnen ubralod sufTa wyalSi);
dauSvebelia iseTi nedleulis an ingredientebis gamoyeneba,
romelic gafuWebulia, an dabinZurebulia, Tuki Cveulebrivi
damuSavebis Sedegad am safrTxeebis saimedo ganetraleba ar
xdeba; sursaTis SesafuT masalad an tarad unda iyos gamoy-
enebuli mxolod iseTi masala, romelic sursaTis dabinZure-
bas ar gamoiwvevs; meoradi tara SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu SesaZlebelia misi adeqcaturad ga-
sufTaveba da dezinfeqcia, da sxva.
47
 852/2004 regulaciiT pirveladi warmoebisTvis dadgenili zogadi
higienis normebis magaliTi:
cxovelebis fermebisTvis dadgenili zogadi higienis normebi sak-
maod zogadia. kerZod , moTxovnebi aseTia (852/2004 regulaciis I dan-
arTis mixedviT):
yvela obieqti, mowyobiloba, xelsawyo, konteineri, manqana-da-
nadgari SenarCunebuli unda iyos sufTa mdgomareobaSi da saWiroebis
mixedviT Cautardes dezinseqcia;
SeZlebisdagvarad uzrunvelyofili unda iyos dasaklavi
cxovelis sisufTave;
gamoyenebuli unda iyos sufTa an sasmeli wyali;
uzrunvelyofili unda iyos momsaxure personalis janmrT-
eloba da minimaluri ganaTleba janmrTelobis riskebis Taobaze;
SeZlebisdagvarad aRkveTili unda iyos cxovelebis an paraz-
itebis mier gamowveuli dabinZureba;
narCenebi da saSiSi nivTierebebi Senaxuli/ganTavebuli unda
iyos ise, rom dabinZureba gamoiricxos;
sworad iyos gamoyenebuli cxovelebis sakvebdanamatebi da
vetpreparatebi;
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos cxovelebisTvis Catarebuli ana-
lizebis Sedegebi;
sifrTxile unda iyos daculi axali cxovelebis SeZenisas da
yovelgvari saeWvo daavadebis aRmoCenis Taobaze ecnobos saTanado or-
ganoebs.
garda amisa, fermis operatori valdebulia Caiweros da Seinaxos
Semdegi informacia:
cxovelebisTvis miwodebuli sakvebis saxe da warmomavloba;
gamoyenebuli vetpreparatebi;
cxovelebis mier gadatanili daavadebebi;
Catarebuli analizebi an Semowmebebi da maTi pasuxebi.
Tumca, Tu fermaSi cxovelebs ara marto zrdian, aramed wvelian
kidec, maSin saWiroa ara mxolod zogadi higienis, aramed specialuri
higienis wesebis dacvac, magaliTad, aseTis (853/2004 regulaciis III da-
narTis me-9 danarTis mixedviT):
mowvelis procesSi monawile personals unda ecvas sufTa
tansacmeli, zedmiwevniT unda icavdes pirad higienas, maTTvis xelmis-
awvdomi unda iyos xelebisa da mklavebis dabanis saSualeba;
mowvelis win cxovelis sarZeve jirkvali da mimdebare qso-
vilebi unda gasufTavdes;
obieqtze unda arsebobdes gancalkevebuli saTavsi rZis Ses-
anaxad, macivriT. mowvelisTanave rZe gadatanil unda iqnes am saTavsSi
da gagrildes 6-8C temperaturamde;
rZis transportirebisas civi jaWvi Seuferxeblad unda iqnes
SenarCunebuli ise, rom produqtis temperatura 10C-ze maRali ar
iyos;
yoveli Zroxisgan aRebuli rZe unda Semowmdes organolepti-
kurad an fiziko-qimiurad. garda amisa, regularulad unda xdebodes
rZis mikrobiologiuri Semowmeba; da sxva
.

48
 konkretuli qveynis pirobebTan adaptaciis mizniT, wevr-
qveynebs SeuZliaT Searbilon regulaciiT dadgenili higienis
zogadi moTxovnebi. rogorc wesi, es cvlileba unda Semoifar-
glebodes sawarmos Senoba-nagebobebis, sawarmoo procesebis
ganawileba-ganTavsebis an mowyobilobisadmi moTxovnebis Ser-
bilebiT128. Tumca, Tuki saqme exeba sursaTis warmoebis gada-
muSavebis an distribuciis tradiciuli meTodebis129 SenarCune-
bas, an iseT sawarmoebs, romelic, geografiuli TvalsazrisiT,
rTul regionebSia ganTavsebuli, adaptaciis zomebi SeiZleba
higienis sxva moTxovnebzec gavrceldes.130 magaliTad, Sesa-
Zloa gauqmdes iatakis, kedlebisa da Weris sigluvisa da ko-
roziagamZle masalisgan damzadebis moTxovna da daiSvas miwis
an qvis zedapirebi. Sesabamisad, dasaSvebia dasufTavebisa da
dezinseqciis RonisZiebaTa Serbileba da maTi sixSiris Sem-
cireba adgilobrivi floris SesanarCuneblad. aseve daiSveba
moTxovnaTa Serbileba im masalisadmi, romlisganac damzadeb-
ulia aseT sawarmoebSi gamosayenebeli instrumentebi da mowy-
obiloba. Tumca instrumentebis sisufTavisa da mowyobilobis
gamarTulobis moTxovnebi, cxadia, ZalaSi rCeba131. yvela Sem-
TxvevaSi moTxovnebis Semarbilebeli erovnuli aqti winaswar
(damtkicebamde 3-4 TviT adre) SesaTanxmeblad egzavneba evro-
komisiasa da sxva wevr-qveynebs da mtkicdeba mxolod im Sem-
TxvevaSi, Tuki arc erT mxares komentari ar aqvs. komentar-
ebis SemTxvevaSi SemoTavazebuli cvlileba ganixileba 178/2002
regulaciiT Seqmnil, wevri-qveynebis warmomadgenlebisgan Sem-
dgar sasursaTo jaWvisa da cxovelTa janmrTelobis mudmiv

128 852/2004 regulaciis muxli me-13, punqti 4b.

129 igulisxmeba sawarmoebi, romelic awarmoeben iseT produqts,
romlisTvisac registrirebulia e.w. garantirebuli tradiciuli maxasia
Teblebi (Traditional Specialities Guaranteed, TSG, registrirebuli unda iyos
509/2006 regulaciiT dadgenili procedurebis mixedviT), an warmoSobis daculi
miTiTeba (Protected Designation of Origin, PDO, registrirebuli unda iyos 510/2006
regulaciiT dadgenili procedurebis mixedviT), an daculi geografiuli
aRniSvna (Protected Geographical Indications, PGI, registrirebuli unda iyos 510/2006
regulaciiT dadgenili procedurebis mixedviT). yvela am registrirebuli
produqtebis CamonaTvali xelmisawvdomia internetSi, e.w. DOOR monacemTa
bazaSi, misamarTze http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/quality/door/list.html.
130 852/2004 regulaciis muxli me-13, punqti 4a.
131 wyaro [64], pasuxi #2 kiTxvaze.

49
komitetSi (Standing Committee on the Food Chain and animal Health).
gadawyvetilebebi komitetSi miiReba kvalificiuri umravle-
sobiT132. komitetis uaryofiTi gadawyvetilebis SemTxvevaSi
sakiTxi SeiZleba damtkicdes mxolod evrokavSiris sabWos an
parlamentis Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, iseTi pirveladi sawarmoebi-
sTvis (fermebisTvis), romlebic awarmoeben mcire odenobiT
pirvelad produqts da maT, gadamuSavebis gareSe133, mxolod
adgilobriv bazars awvdian, higienis paketis moTxovnebi (maT
Soris zogadi higienis moTxovnebi) SeiZleba Canacvlebul
iqnes erovnuli kanonmdeblobiT. amisTvis sakmarisia aseTi
warmoebis maregulirebeli erovnuli normebi arsebobdes.
Tuki erovnuli normebi ar arsebobs, maSin aseT sawarmoebze
evrokavSiris regulaciiT dadgenili zogadi da specialuri
higienis normebi vrceldeba134.
4. sursaTis yvela biznes-operatori, romelic am
broSuris me-2 danarTSi CamoTvlil saqmianobas axorcielebs
(anu cxoveluri warmoSobis produqtebis mwarmoeblebi), val-
debulia, garda zogadi higienisa, agreTve higienis specialuri
wesebic daicvas. es wesebi 853/2004 regulaciiT aris dadge-
nili. isini exeba iseT moTxovnebs, rogoricaa: sawarmos dageg-
mareba da organizeba (zonireba), mowyobiloba, ventilacia,
gamoyenebuli wyali da orTqli, narCenebis marTva, sawarmosa
da mowyobilobis gamarTuloba, dasufTaveba da dezinfeqcia-
dezinseqcia, parazitebis kontroli, personalis piradi hi-
giena da unar-Cvevebi, nedleulis kontroli, nedleulisa da
produqtebis Senaxva da transportireba.

132 kvalificiuri umravlesobis gamoangariSebis wesi dadgenilia

evrokavSiris sadamfuZneblo xelSekrulebis 205-e (amJamad 238-e) muxliT.
2009 wlamde kvalificiuri umravlesoba iangariSeboda TiToeuli wevr-
qveynis warmomadgenlis xmisTvis garkveuli winaswar dadgenili koeficientis
miniWebiT. 2009-2014 wlebSi kvalificiuri umravlesoba da ubralo
umravlesoba erTmaneTs gautolda. 2014 wlis noembridan kvalificiuri
umravlesoba, rogorc wesi, niSnavs wevr-qveynebis sul cota 72%-s, romelic
evrikavSiris mosaxleobis sul cota 65%-s warmoadgens.
133 dasaSvebia Sinauri frinvelisa da bocverisnairebis dakvla-gatyaveba
da momxmareblisTvis miwodeba, agreTve mcire odenobiT nanadirevis miwodeba-
gayidva, uSualod monadiris mier. sxva xorcze es gamonaklisi ar vrceldeba
(regulacia 853/2004, muxli 1, punqtebi me-3 da me-4).
134 853/2004 regulaciis pirveli muxlis 3-4 punqtebi, agreTve [53], pasuxi
#7 kiTxvaze.

50
 5. me-2 danarTSi miTiTebuli mewarmeebi valdebulni ari-
an maT warmoebul cxoveluri warmoSobis sursaTze daitanon
saidentifikacio niSani135. dauSvebelia cxoveluri warmoSobis
produqtma am niSnis gareSe datovos sawarmo. niSani Sedgeba 3
komponentisgan:
1. im qveynis dasaxeleba136, sadac mdebareobs sawarmo;
2. sawarmos damtkicebis dokumentis nomeri;
3. Tu sawarmo evrokavSirSi mdebareobs, aRniSvna unda
Seicavdes EC warweras inglisur an sxva enaze137.
saidentifikacio niSani unda iyos mkafio, kargad ikiTxe-
bodes da ar iSlebodes. SesaZlebelia, datanili iyos uSua-
lod produqtze an SefuTvaze, etiketze, an warmoadgendes
gamZle masalisgan damzadebul iarliys, romelic myarad aris
mimagrebuli produqtze.
Sinauri Cliqosani cxovelebisa da veluri ZuZumwovrebis138
(garda kurdRlisnairebisa) axal an gayinul xorcze139 said-
entifikacio niSnis magivrad daitaneba janmrTelobis damRa.
janmrTelobis damRa daitaneba saxelmwifo veterinaris mier
an misi zedamxedvelobis qveS140, sasaklaoebze an nanadirevis
miReba-damuSavebis punqtebSi. janmrTelobis damRa imis dam-
adasturebelia, rom produqtma gaiara dadgenili oficial-
uri kontrolis procedura141 da naklovanebebi ar aRmoCnda142.
janmrTelobis damRa warmoadgens ovals, romelSic Cawerilia
qveynis dasaxeleba, sasaklaos damtkicebis mowmobis nomeri da

135 853/2004 regulaciis muxli me-5, punqti 1-li.

136 sruli dasaxeleba an orasoiani kodi: BE, BG, CZ, DK, DE, EE, GR, ES,
FR, IE, IT, CY, LV, LT, LU, HU, MT, NL, AT, PL, PT, SI, SK, FI, RO, SE an UK (853/2004
regulaciis danarTi II, seqcia I, punqti me-6).
137 es aRniSvnebia: CE, EB, EF, EG, EK, EO, EY, ES, E, EK, WE (853/2004
regulaciis danarTi II, seqcia I, punqti me-8).
138 igulisxmeba moSenebuli an velurad mcxovrebi veluri cxovelebis
nanadirevi (853/2004 regulaciis danarTi I, punqti 1.7 da 1.8.)
139 853/2004 regulaciis mixedviT (danarTi I, punqti 1.10) rogorc axali,
aseve gayinuli xorci moculia erTiani terminiT Fresh meat.
140 854/2004 regulaciis muxli me-5, punqti me-2.
141 854/2004 regulaciis muxli me-2, punqti 1(i). es procedurebi moicavs:
saxelmwifo veterinaris mier pirutyvis kvebis Sesaxeb informaciis Semowmebas,
pirutyvis dakvlamde da dakvlisSemdgom veterinarul Semowmebas, cxovelis
humanuri mokvdinebis moTxovnebis dacvas, dakvlisa da dakvlisSemdgomi
higienuri moTxovnebis dacvas (zogadi da specialuri).
142 854/2004 regulaciis muxli me-5, punqti me-2.

51
evrokavSiris aRniSvna (SesaZlebelia, miTiTebuli iyos vet-
erinaric). damRa daitaneba melniT an amowvis saSualebiT tan-
xorcze garedan, agreTve tan-xorcis naxevar, meoTxed an me-
eqvsed nawilebze143.

diagrama 4: saidentifikacio niSnis (janmrTelobis damRis)

magaliTi.

6. regulaciebiT dadgenili higienis zogadi da spe-

cialuri moTxovnebi sursaTis uvneblobis e.w. savaldebulo
winapirobebs (prerequisite requirements) warmoadgens. isini sak-
maod zogadia. maTi konkretuli ganxorcielebisTvis saWiroa
ufro detaluri instruqciebi, e.w. kargi praqtikis sax-
elmZRvaneloebi. romelic, rogorc wesi, Tavad mewarmeebis
gaerTianebebis mier unda momzaddes, Semdeg ki Sefasebul da
mowonebul unda iqnes wevr-saxelmwifos an mTlianad Tanamego-
brobis mier (procedura _ ix. zemoT). erovnul doneze damt-
kicebuli saxelmZRvaneloebi waredgineba evrokomisias, gadis
registracias da xelmisawvdomia http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/bio-
safety/establishments/list_en.htm veb-gverdze. Tanmegobrobis mier
mowonebuli procedurebi qveyndeba evrokavSiris oficialur
JurnalSi (seria C) da xelmisawvdomia sazogadoebisTvis.
sursaTis higienis savaldebulo winapirobebi moicavs
iseT moTxovnebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, momsaxure persona-
lis mier piradi higienis dacva, mowyobilobisa da Senobebis
sisufTave da gamarTuloba, yvela operaciisTvis mxolod sa-
smeli wylis gamoyeneba, gacivebuli an gayinuli produqtebis
dabali temperaturis uwyvetad SenarCuneba, produqtis sin-
jebis regularulad aReba mikrobiologiuri analizebis Casa-
tareblad (sixSire damokidebulia produqtsa da saqmianobaze)
da sxva.

143 854/2004 regulacia, danarTi I, seqcia I, Tavi III,

52
 7. garda savaldebulo winapirobebis dacvisa, sursaTis
yvela biznes-operatori (garda pirveladi warmoebisa) valde-
bulia danergos sursaTis uvneblobis marTvis sistema zemoT
aRwerili haspissaxiT, anu winaswar aRmoaCinos potenci-
uri safrTxeebi da miiRos zomebi maTi prevenciis an drouli
ganeitralebisTvis.
sursaTis iseTi biznesis SemTxvevaSi, romelic ar aris
dakavSirebuli sursaTis momzadebasTan an gadamuSavebasTan,
safrTxeebis kontrolisTvis sakmarisia higienis savaldebu-
lo winapirobebis dacva. aseTi biznesebisTvis SeiZleba CaiT-
valos, rom haspis pirveli etapi (safrTxeebis analizi) ganx-
orcielda da gakeTda daskvna, rom Semdegi etapebis saWiroeba
ar arsebobs144. Tumca es ar unda ganxorcieldes zereled,
Tuki konkretul SemTxvevaSi sursaTis uvneblobis uzrunvel-
sayofad aucilebelia raime moTxovnis (magaliTad, produqtis
Senaxvis temperaturis) mudmivi monitoringi, gadamowmeba (da
aRricxva), saTanado procedura unda SemuSavdes da ganxor-
cieldes145.
aseTi biznesebia:
bazrebi da bazrobebi;
mobiluri savaWro manqanebi;
barebi da kofe-Sopebi, sadac momxmareblebs ZiriTa-
dad sasmelebiT umaspinZldebian;
mcire sabaylo maRaziebi;
winaswar dafasoebuli da aramalfuWebadi produqtebis
(sabaylo saqonlis) Senaxva, transportireba da realizacia.
haspis konkretuli proceduris SemuSavebisas maqsim-
alurad unda iqnes gamoyenebuli kodeqs alimentariusis~ Se-
sabamisi miTiTebebi. Tumca aucilebelia mewarmeebs hqondeT
haspis~ principebis konkretul sawarmoze moqnilad morgebis
SesaZlebloba. moqnili unda iyos haspis~ ganxorcielebis
yoveli nabijis dokumentirebis moTxovnebic, raTa, magaliTad,
Zalian mcire bizness es moTxovna did tvirTad ar daawves146.
8. rac Seexeba sursaTis mikrobiologiur normebs, aRsan-

144 wyaro: [43], punqti 6.1.

145 iqve, punqti 6.2.
146 852/2004 regulaciis Sesavali, punqti me-15.

53
iSnavia, rom, miuxedavad imisa, ALOP done raodenobrivad jer-
jerobiT arc erT qveyanas (da arc evrokavSirs) dadgenili ar
aqvs, sursaTis ZiriTadi kanoniT _ 178/2002 regulaciiT gan-
isazRvra, rom sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis dacvis maRali
done sursaTis kanonis fundamentur mizans warmoadgens147. SPS-
xelSekrulebis terminologiiT es niSnavs, rom evrokavSiris
ALOP done sakmaod maRali iqneba (Tumca misi raodenobrivi
maCvenebeli jerjerobiT ucnobia). regulacia miuTiTebs, rom
sursaTiT gamowveul daavadebaTa mTavar wyaros mikrobiolo-
giuri safrTxeebi warmoadgens148 da ayalibebs sursaTis uvne-
blobis mizans am safrTxesTan mimarTebaSi _ sursaTi ar unda
Seicavdes mikroorganizmebs an maT toqsinebs iseTi odenobiT,
romelic adamianTa janmrTelobisTvis dauSvebel (dasaSvebze
maRal) risks iwvevs149.
am miznis misaRwevad higienis paketis Semadgeneli 2073/2005
regulacia adgens ori tipis normas (CamonaTvali ix. me-5 da-
narTSi): 1) sursaTis uvneblobis normebs _ es aris savalde-
bulo mikrobiologiuri maxasiaTeblebi bazarze ganTavsebuli
sursaTisTvis (vargisianobis vadis gasvlamde), romlis dar-
Rvevis SemTxvevaSi sursaTi bazridan amoRebul unda iqnes150;
2) procesis higienurobis Sefasebis kriteriumebs, romlis
darRvevis SemTxvevaSi sursaTis operatori valdebulia dauy-
ovnebliv gaataros gamosasworebeli zomebi (gaaumjobesos hi-
giena, gaamkacros kontroli, Seamowmos Termuli xazis gamar-
Tuloba, Seamowmos an ukeT SearCios nedleuli da sxva)151.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, erT-erTi mTavari garemoe-
ba, ramac mTels msoflioSi sursaTis mikrobiologiuri
normebis gadaxedva ganapiroba, sursaTis uvneblobis uzrun-
velyofis ufro saimedo meTodis _ haspis danergvaSi md-
gomareobs. haspis farglebSi sursaTis operatorma Tavad

147 2073/2005 regulaciis preambula, pirveli punqti, pirveli winadadeba.

148 iqve, bolo winadadeba.
149 2073/2005 regulaciis preambula, meore punqti.
150 sursaTis mwarmoebels ufleba aqvs bazridan amoRebuli produqti
sxva, gansxvavebul produqtSi gadaamuSaos _ 2073/2005 regulacia, muxli 7,
punqti 2, meore abzaci.
151 romelime am normis darRvevis aRmoCenas yovelTvis Tan unda sdevdes
mizezebis gamokvleva, momavalSi am darRvevis aRmofxvris an gamoricxvis
mizniT [48].

54
unda gansazRvros is etapebi (kritikuli wertilebi) sur-
saTis damuSavebisa Tu distribuciis jaWvSi, roca safrTxis
(maT Soris mikrobiologiuri organizmis) sursaTSi moxvedra
an gamravleba SesaZlebeli an mosalodnelia. am etapis gamov-
lenis Semdgom sursaTis operatori valdebulia SeimuSaos
zomebi sursaTSi mikroorganizmebis moxverdis an gamravlebis
prevenciis an (Tu es SeuZlebelia an gaumarTlebelad rTulia)
maTi Semdgomi ganadgurebisTvis. sursaTis operatori valde-
bulia gaakontrolos, rom mis mier dadgenili es zomebi efeq-
turia _ mikroorganizmebi sursaTSi aRar xvdeba an saimedod
nadgurdeba. maT Soris, man mikrobiologiuri analizic unda
Caataros. aseTi Semowmebebis sixSire, sinjebis raodenoba,
zoma, analizis meTodi _ sursaTis operatorma misi sawarmos
konkretuli maxasiaTeblebidan gamomdinare unda SearCios,
raTa darwmunebuli iyos, rom mis mier bazarze ganTavsebu-
li sursaTi srulebiT uvnebelia. amitom realurad mewarmem
SesaZloa rutinulad gamoiyenos mikrobiologiuri Semowmebis
sul sxva sqema da meTodebi, vidre es 2073/2005 regulaciiT
aris dadgenili, magram imisTvis, rom evrokavSiris mTel teri-
toriaze sursaTis uvneblobis kontroli erTgvarovani iyos,
saWiroa dadgindes sursaTis inspeqtirebisas gamosayenebeli
erTgvarovani kriteriumebi. swored maT adgens 2073/2005 reg-
ulacia.152 es aris is minimaluri sqema, romliTac sursaTis
sawarmos mikrobiologiuri Semowmeba unda xorcieldebodes
rogorc Tavad mewarmis, aseve inspeqtoris mier.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, mewarme (sursaTis operatori)
valdebulia Tavad daadginos sawarmoSi is etapebi, sadac mik-
robiologiuri analizebis Catareba saWiroa, airCios saanal-
izo mikroorganizmi, meTodi, sinjebis aRebis sixSire, sinjebis
raodenoba da zoma, analizis meTodi, raTa bazarze gansaT-
avsebeli produqtis uvnebloba uzrunvelyos. amasTan mis mier
gatarebuli am da sxva zomebis (higienis, haspis) efeqturo-
ba/Sedegianoba man regularulad unda Seamowmos 2073/2005
regulaciaSi dadgenili procesis higienis kriteriumebis
gamoyenebiT153. Tu mikrobiologiurma analizebma dadgenil

152 2073/2005 regulaciis preambulis 23-e punqtis mixedviT.

153 2073/2005 regulacia, muxli me-4, punqti 1.

55
normasTan/kriteriumTan Seusabamoba aCvena, mewarme valdebu-
lia regulaciis imave danarTSi miTiTebuli gamosasworebeli
zomebi gaataros154. xolo, rodesac masTan inspeqtori miva,
igi am TviTSemowmebis proceduris regularuli Catarebis
damadasturebel dokumentebs moiTxovs, Seamowmebs da Tu mT-
lad kmayofili ar darCa, Tavadac Caatarebs mikrobiologiur
Semowmebas, ra Tqma unda, swored 2073/2005 regulaciiT dad-
genili sqemiT155 [48].
2073/2005 regulaciaSi sagangebod aris miTiTebuli, rom
mecnierebis, teqnologiebisa da meTodologiebis ganviTarebis
kvaldakval, agreTve riskebis SefasebaTa Sedegebis mixedviT
an axali paTogenuri mikroorganizmebis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi
regulacia gadaixedeba156. rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, dRes-
dReobiT rogorc evrokavSirSi, aseve msoflio jandacvis or-
ganizaciis farglebSi intensiurad mimdinareobs sursaTTan
dakavSirebuli mikrobiologiuri riskebis kvleva. amitom mo-
mavalSi sursaTis mikrobiologiuro normebis mudmivi cvli-
leba da daxvewa aris mosalodneli.

154 mewarme agreTve valdebulia Seamowmos Tavisi mikrobiologiuri tes-

tebis Sedegebis cvalebadoba droSi da maTi gauaresebis SemTxvevaSi, agreTve
dauyovnebliv miiRos gamosworebis zomebi (2073/2005 regulacia, muxli 9).
155 inspeqtors SeuZlia sxva, damatebiTi mikrobiologiuri analizebic
Caataros, Tuki eWvi aqvs, rom sursaTi mavnea, an sawarmoo procesis ufro
guldasmiT Semowmeba miaCnia mizanSewonilad, an es riskebis analizisTvis aris
saWiro (2073/2005 regulacia, muxli 1, pirveli abzaci, bolo winadadeba).
156 2073/2005 regulacia, muxli me-10.

56
 danarTi 1

evropuli Tanamegobrobis direqtivebi,

romelic 2004 wlis higienis paketiT gauqmda157

1. 64/433/EEC direqtiva xorcis warmoebasa da sabazro brunv-

asTan dakavSirebul janmrTelobis pirobebis Sesaxeb (Council
Directive 64/433/EEC of 26 June 1964 on health conditions for the
production and marketing of fresh meat. direqtivis Tavdapirveli
dasaxeleba iyo Council Directive 64/433/EEC of 26 June 1964 on
health problems affecting intra-Community trade in fresh meat);
2. 71/118/EEC direqtiva TanamegobrobaSi qaTmis xorciT vaW-
robasTan dakavSirebuli janmrTelobis problemebis Sesaxeb
(Council Directive 71/118/EEC of 15 February 1971 on health problems
affecting trade in fresh poultry meat);
3. 72/461/EEC direqtiva TanamegobrobaSi xorciT vaWrobasTan
dakavSirebuli janmrTelobis problemebis Sesaxeb (Council
Directive 72/461/EEC of 12 December 1972 on health problems affect-
ing intra-Community trade in fresh meat) 2005 wlidan vrceldeba
mxolod cocxali cxovelebis importze;
4. 77/96/EEC direqtiva mesame qveynebidan Semotanil Roris
xorcSi triqinelis Semowmebis Sesaxeb (Council Directive 77/96/
EEC of 21 December 1976 on the examination for trichinae (trichinella
spiralis) upon importation from third countries of fresh meat derived
from domestic swine);
5. 77/99/EEC direqtiva TanamegobrobaSi xorcproduqtebiTa da
cxoveluri warmoSobis zogierTi sxva produqtis bazarze
brunvasTan dakavSirebuli janmrTelobis problemebis Ses-
axeb (Council Directive 77/99/EEC of 21 December 1976 on health
problems affecting the production and marketing of meat products and
certain other products of animal origin. direqtivis Tavdapirveli
dasaxeleba iyo Council Directive 77/99/EEC of 21 December 1976
on health problems affecting intra-Community trade in meat products).
6. 80/215/EEC direqtiva Tanamegobrobis farglebSi xorc-

157 es direqtivebi gauqmda 2004/41/EC direqtiviT (Directive 2004/41/EC of the

European Parliament and the Council of 21 April 2004 repealing certain Directives concerning
food hygiene and health conditions for the production and placing on the market of certain prod-
ucts of animal origin intended for human consumption and amending Council Directives 89/662/
EEC and 92/118/EEC and Council Decision 95/408/EC)

57
 produqtebiT vaWrobasTan dakavSirebuli cxovelTa janmr-
Telobis problemebis Sesaxeb (Council Directive 80/215/EEC of
22 January 1980 on animal health problems affecting intra-Community
trade in meat products);
7. 89/362/EEC direqtiva rZis sawarmoebSi higienis zogadi piro-
bebis Sesaxeb (Commission Directive 89/362/EEC of 26 May 1989 on
general conditions of hygiene in milk production holdings);
8. 89/437/EEC direqtiva kvercxis produqtebis warmoebasa da
bazarze ganTavsebasTan dakavSirebuli higienisa da janmrT-
elobis problemebis Sesaxeb (Council Directive 89/437/EEC of 20
June 1989 on hygiene and health problems affecting the production and
the placing on the market of egg products);
9. 91/492/EEC direqtiva cocxali orsagduliani moluskebis
warmoebasa da bazarze ganTavsebasTan dakavSirebuli janmr-
Telobis pirobebis Sesaxeb (Council Directive 91/492/EEC of 15
July 1991 laying down the health conditions for the production and the
placing on the market of live bivalve molluscs);
10. 91/493/EEC direqtiva Tevzproduqtebis warmoebasa da bazar-
ze ganTavsebasTan dakavSirebuli janmrTelobis pirobebis
Sesaxeb (Council Directive 91/493/EEC of 22 July 1991 laying down
the health conditions for the production and the placing on the market
of fishery products);
11. 91/494/EEC direqtiva qaTmis xorciT TanamegobrobaSi vaWro-
basa da mesame qveynebidan importTan dakavSirebuli cxov-
elTa janmrTelobis pirobebis Sesaxeb (Council Directive 91/494/
EEC of 26 June 1991 on animal health conditions governing intra-Com-
munity trade in and imports from third countries of fresh poultry meat);
12. 91/495/EEC direqtiva bocverisa da moSenebuli gareuli
cxovelebis xorcis warmoebasa da bazarze ganTavsebasTan
dakavSirebuli sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobisa da cxovelTa
janmrTelobis problemebis Sesaxeb (Council Directive 91/495/
EEC of 27 November 1990 concerning public health and animal health
problems affecting the production and placing on the market of rabbit
meat and farmed game meat);
13. 92/45/EEC direqtiva veluri cxovelebis mokvlisa da maTi
xorcis bazarze ganTavsebasTan dakavSirebuli sazogadoe-
brivi janmrTelobisa da cxovelTa janmrTelobis proble-
mebis Sesaxeb (Council Directive 92/45/EEC of 16 June 1992 on public
health and animal health problems relating to the killing of wild game

58
 and the placing on the market of wild-game meat);
14. 92/46/EEC direqtiva, romelic adgens janmrTelobis wesebs
nedli rZis, Termulad damuSavebuli rZis da rZisgan warmoe-
buli produqtebis warmoebasa da bazarze ganTavsebisaTvis
(Council Directive 92/46/EEC of 16 June 1992 laying down the health
rules for the production and placing on the market of raw milk, heat-
treated milk and milk-based products);
15. 92/48/EEC direqtiva, romelic adgens minimalur higienur
moTxovnebs 91/493/EEC direqtivis 3(1)(a)(i) qvepunqtiT gaT-
valiswinebuli garkveuli tipis TevzsaWeri gemebisaTvis
(Council Directive 92/48/EEC of 16 June 1992 laying down the mini-
mum hygiene rules applicable to fishery products caught on board certain
vessels in accordance with Article 3(1)(a)(i) of Directive 91/493/EEC);
16. 94/65/EC direqtiva, romelic adgens moTxovnebs gatare-
buli xorcisa da xorcproduqtebis warmoebasa da bazarze
ganTavsebasTan dakavSirebiT (Council Directive 94/65/EC of 14
December 1994 laying down the requirements for the production and
placing on the market of minced meat and meat preparations);

59
 danarTi 2

saqmianobebi, romelTaTvisac aucilebelia

damtkiceba da 853/2004 regulaciiT dadgenili
higienis specialuri wesebis dacva158

1. Sinauri cxovelebis/frinvelebis cocxlad transportireba

dasaklavad159, dakvla-gatyaveba, xorcis daWra da Zvlebis mo-
Soreba, xorcis Senaxva da transportireba; agreTve nanadi-
revis miReba-damuSaveba bazarze ganTavsebis mizniT;
2. dakepili (gatarebuli) xorcis160, momzadebuli (Sezavebuli)
xorcis161 an Zvlebidan meqanikurad gamocalkevebuli xor-
cis162, an xorcproduqtebis warmoeba;
3. cocxali orsagduliani moluskebis moSeneba-mogroveba163,
damuSaveba, SefuTva, transportireba.
4. Tevzis moSeneba164, daWera165, mokvla, gamoSigvna, gayinva, Se-

158 CamonaTvali momzadebulia 853/2004 regulaciis III danarTis mixedviT.

159 Tu biznes-operatori mxolod am saqmianobas axorcielebs, mas ar
sWirdeba damtkiceba. sakmarisia registracia. Tumca am saqmianobisTvis
dadgenili higienis specialuri wesebi man unda daicvas.
160 Minced meat, niSnavs Zvalgaclil nedl xorcs, romelic mcire
fragmentebad aris daqucmacebuli da damatebuli aqvs mxolod marili, 1%-mde
(853/2004 regulacia, danarTi I, punqti 1.13).
161 Meat preparations, niSnavs nedl xorcs (maT Soris mcire fragmentebad
daqucmacebuls), romelic Sezavebulia sxva produqtebiT, saneleblebiT an
sakvebdanamatebiT an romelsac ar gauvlia iseTi gadamuSaveba (processing,
ix. sqolio 129), romelic kunTis Sinagan struqturas daarRvevda da amdenad,
SenarCunebuli aqvs nedli xorcis Tvisebebi (853/2004 regulacia, danarTi I,
punqti 1.15).
162 Mechanically separated meat, MSM. es aris Zvlebze narCeni xorci,
romelic specialuri meqanikuri saSualebebiT Sordeba. saboloo produqti
warmoadgens wvril dispersul pastas, romelic sxvadasxva xorcproduqtSi
danamatad gamoiyeneba.
163 warmoadgens pirvelad warmoebas, amitom damtkicebas ar saWiroebs,
Tumca am procesisTvis dadgenili higienis specialuri wesebis dacva
savaldebuloa.
164 warmoadgens pirvelad warmoebas, amitom damtkicebas ar saWiroebs,
Tumca am procesisTvis dadgenili higienis specialuri wesebis dacva
savaldebuloa.
165 igive.

60
 fuTva, transportireba166, damuSaveba, files an meqanikurad
gamocalkevebuli xorcis warmoeba, Tevzproduqtebis war-
moeba;
5. Sinauri Cliqosani cxovelebis wvela167, rZis mogrove-

ba, Termuli damuSaveba, SefuTva, transportireba, rZis
produqtebis warmoeba;
6. kvercxis warmoeba,168 SefuTva-dafasoeba, kvercxis pro
duqtebis wamoeba;
7. bayayis fexebisa da lokokinebis damuSaveba-momzadeba adamia-
nis mier moxmarebisTvis;
8. cxovelis cximebis gadadnoba. Jelatinisa da kolagenis war-
moeba.
9. kuWis, Sardis buStis, nawlavebis damuSaveba bazarze gan-

Tavsebis mizniT.

166 Tuki Tevzebis mokvla, gamoSigvna, gayinva, SefuTva, transportireba

Tavad TevzsaWer gemze xorcieldeba, es procesebi miiCneva pirveladi
warmoebis Tanmdev saqmianobad da damtkicebas ar saWiroebs. Tumca maTTvis
dadgenili higienis specialuri wesebis dacva savaldebuloa.
167 warmoadgens pirvelad warmoebas da amitom damtkicebas ar saWiroebs
(sakmarisia registracia), Tumca am procesisTvis dadgenili higienis specialuri
wesebis dacva savaldebuloa.
168 kvercxis warmoeba pirveladi warmoebaa. specialuri moTxovnebidan
masze mxolod kvercxisTvis dadgenili higienis damatebiTi moTxovnebi
vrceldeba.

61
 danarTi 3
kodeqs alimentariusis~ mier 1991-2012 wlebSi
miRebuli da gadamuSavebuli saxelmZRvanelo 3

dokumentebi
" sursaTis higienis
1991-2012 sferoSi

CAC/RCP 23-1979 1993
(Code of Hygienic
Practice for Low-Acid and Acidified Low-Acid Canned Foods)
CAC/RCP 39-1993 1993
(Code of
Hygienic Practice for Precooked and Cooked Foods in Mass
Catering)
CAC/RCP 40-1993 1993
(Code of
Hygienic Practice for Aseptically Processed and Packaged Low-Acid
Foods)
CAC/RCP 42-1995 1995
(Code of Hygienic Practice for
Spices and Dried Aromatic Plants)
CAC/GL 21-1997 1997
(Principles for the
Establishment and Application of Microbiological Criteria for Foods)
CAC/RCP 46-1999 1999

(Code of Hygienic Practice for Refrigerated Packaged Foods with
Extended Shelf-Life)
CAC/GL 30-1999 1999
(Principles and Guidelines for the Conduct of
Microbiological Risk Assessment)
CAC/RCP 47-2001 2001
(Code of
Hygienic Practice for the Transport of Food in Bulk and Semi-
Packed Food)
CAC/RCP 48-2001 2001
/ (Code of
Hygienic Practice for Bottled/Packaged Drinking Waters (Other
than Natural Mineral Waters)
CAC/RCP 43R-1995 ( 2001
)
(Regional Code of Hygienic Practice for the
Preparation and Sale of Street Foods (Latin America and the
Caribbean)
CAC/RCP 1-1969 (General Principles of 2003
Food Hygiene)
CAC/RCP 58-2005 (Code of Hygienic 2005
Practice for Meat)
CAC/RCP 15-1976 2007
(Code of Hygienic Practice for Eggs and Egg
Products)
62
CAC/GL 62-2007 2007
(Working Principles for Risk
Analysis for Food Safety for Application by Governments)
CAC/GL 53-2003 2008

(Guidelines on the Judgement of
Equivalence of Sanitary Measures associated with Food Inspection
and Certification Systems)
CAC/GL 63-2007 2008
(Principles and Guidelines for the Conduct of
Microbiological Risk Management)
CAC/GL 69-2008 2008
(Guideline for the Validation of Food Safety
Control Measures)
CAC/RCP 57-2004 2009
(Code of Hygienic Practice for Milk and Milk
Products)
CAC/GL 61-2007 2009
Listeria monocytogenes-
(Guidelines on the Application of General Principles of Food
Hygiene to the Control of Listeria monocytogenes in Ready-to-Eat
Foods)
CAC/RCP 66-2008 2009
(Code of Hygienic Practice
for Powdered Formulae for Infants and Young Children)
CAC/RCP 53-2003 2010
(Code of Hygienic Practice for Fresh Fruits
and Vegetables)
CAC/GL 73-2010 2010

Guidelines on the Application of General
Principles of Food Hygiene to the Control of Pathogenic Vibrio
Species in Seafood
CAC/GL 78-2011 2011
(Guidelines for the Control of
Campylobacter and Salmonella in Chicken Meat)
CAC/RCP 36-1987 2011

(Code of Hygienic Practice for the Storage and Transport of Edible
Oils and Fats in Bulk)
CAC/RCP 33-1985 2011
,
(Code of Hygienic Practice for Collecting,
Processing and Marketing of Natural Mineral Waters)
CAC/GL 79-2012 2012
(Guidelines on the
Application of General Principles of Food Hygiene to the Control of
Viruses in Food)

63
 danarTi
4 4

64
higienis paketiT dadgenil
valdebulebaTa Semajamebeli
cxrili
852/2004
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2001/471/EC
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(Scientific Committee on Veterinary Measures relating to Public Health).
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coli-), , Salmonella, Shigella (
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listeria monocytogenes

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Salmonella )
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65C)
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68
 ,
,
Enterobacteriaceae


Staphylococcus Aureus
.
Staphylococcus aureus

Clostridium

perfringens
1999/724/EC
Salmonella

. .



,

Listeria
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monocytogenes

Listeria
, - -
monocytogenes
( )

-
Escherichia coli - -
-

Salmonella - -

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Salmonella - -
Enterobacter sakazaki - -
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69
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