Bài giảng Hóa đại cương A - ThS. Đặng Đình Khôi PDF

TRNG AI HOC TON C THANG
KHOA KHOA HOC NG DUNG

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MON HOC
HOA AI CNG A
GIANG VIEN: ThS. ANG NH KHOI
Bai giang HOA AI CNG Gii thieu
E CNG CHI TIET MON HOC

HOA AI CNG A
1. Ten hoc phan: Hoa ai Cng A

2. So tn ch: 3.
3. Trnh o: Cho sinh vien nam th 1.
4. Phan bo thi gian: (2 ly thuyet, 1 bai tap)
5. ieu kien tien quyet: khong
6. Muc tieu cua hoc phan: Cung cap cho sinh
vien nhng kien thc ai cng ve hoa hoc
1
7. Mo ta van tat noi dung hoc phan:

Mon Hoa ai Cng A cung cap cho sinh vien
nhng kien thc ai cng can thiet ve cau tao
chat (cau tao nguyen t, phan t, lien ket hoa
hoc) c xay dng ng da tren ly thuyet c hoc
lng
ng t hien ai, va ve cac qui luat dien ra
cua cac qua trnh hoa hoc (ong ng lc, chieu,
mc o, toc o, c che, cac ieu kien xay ra)
tren c s cac ly thuyet nhiet ong
ng hoc.
3
8. Nhiem vu cua sinh vien:

- D lp
- Lam bai tap
9. Tai lieu hoc tap:
- Sach
ch, giao trnh chnh:
[1] BAI GIANG NG TOM TAT HOA HOC AI
CNG A
Nguyen nh Soa, Khoa KHD,
Trng
ng HBC Ton c Thang
ng, 2001.
4
2
[2] BAI TAP HOA HOC AI CNG

Nguyen Kim Phung ng, Lng Th Su, Khoa KHD,
Trng
ng HBC Ton c Thang ng, 2001.
10. Tieu chuan anhnh gia sinh vien:
- Thi gia hoc ky (2 lan): chiem 30% iem hoc
phan.
- Thi cuoi ky: 70% iem hoc phan.
11. Thang iem : 10
12. Noi dung chi tiet hoc phan:

CHNG I
Cau tao nguyen t va he thong
ng tuan hoan cac
nguyen to hoa hoc.
CHNG II
Lien ket hoa hoc va cau tao phan t.
3
CHNG III: Nhiet ong lc hoc cua cac qua

trnh hoa hoc.
CHNG IV: ong hoc cua phan ng hoa hoc.
CHNG V: Dung dch
CHNG VI: ien hoa hoc
CHNG I
CAU TAO NGUYEN T
VA HE THONG
NG TUAN HOAN
CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC
8
4
1.1 NHNG KHAI NIEM VA NH LUAT C S

CUA HOA HOC
1.1.1 Nguyen t va phan t
1.1.2 Khoi lng nguyen t, khoi lng phan
t va khai niem mol
1.1.3 Nguyen to hoa hoc
1.1.4 Chat hoa hoc
1.1.5 n chat va hp chat
9
1.1.6 nh luat bao toan khoi lng

1.1.7 nh luat thanh phan khong oi
1.1.8 nh luat ty le boi
1.1.9 nh luat ty le the tch
1.1.10 nh luat Boyle-Mariotte va
Charler-Gay-Lussac
1.1.11 nh luat Avogadro
10
5
1.1.12 NG LNG VA NH LUAT

NG LNG
ng lng cua mot nguyen to, mot hp

chat la so phan khoi lng cua nguyen to hay
hp chat o ket hp hoac thay the va u vi
1,008 phan khoi lng hydro hoac 8 phan khoi
lng oxy.
11
nh luat ng lng:
Cac nguyen to hoa hoc ket hp vi nhau theo

nhng lng khoi lng ty le vi ng lng cua
chung:
m A A
=
m B B
12
6
Trong mot ng hoa hoc so ng lng

cua cac chat tham gia phan ng phai bang
nhau hoac trong cac phan ng hoa hoc mot
ng lng cua chat nay ch ket hp hoac thay
the mot ng lng chat khac ma thoi.
A
=
n
13
ng lng cua mot nguyen to phu thuoc vao

KLNT va trang thai hoa tr cua nguyen to:
ng lng hp chat va so ion trao oi co quan
he: M
=
n
M, n la khoi lng va so ion hoa tr (So e trao
oi) phan t cua hp chat.
ng lng gam cua mot chat la lng tnh bang
gam cua chat o co so o bang ng lng cua no.
14
7
1.1.13 PHNG TRNH TRANG THAI KH

oi vi kh ly tng :
m
PV = nRT hay PV = RT
M
oi vi kh thc:
a
P + 2 (V b) = nRT
V
15
1.1.14 XAC NH KHOI LNG NGUYEN T

VA PHAN T
a. Theo ty khoi cua kh va hi.
b. Da tren phng trnh:
Clapeyron Mendeleev.
c. Xac nh khoi lng phan t chat tan.
+ Phng phap nghiem soi va nghiem ong.
+ Phng phap tham thau.
d. Phng phap sc cang be mat.
16
8
1.1.14 XAC NH NG LNG

a. Da theo nh ngha ng lng.
b. Da tren nh luat ng lng.
c. Da theo moi lien quan gia ng lng ,
khoi lng nguyen t A va hoa tr n.
d. Xac nh ng lng cua axit va baz.
e. Xac nh ng lng cua muoi.
f. Xac nh ng lng cua chat oxy hoa va
kh.
17
1.2 KHAI NIEM VE NGUYEN T VA QUANG

PHO NGUYEN T
1.2.1 NGUYEN T VA QUANG PHO NGUYEN
T a. Nguyen t va cac hat electron (e), proton,
neutron:
Nguyen t gom 2 thanh phan chnh: hat nhan va e:
Hat nhan mang ien tch dng.
Electron mang ien tch am
Trong nguyen t cac e chuyen ong trong xung
quanh hat nhan tao nen lp vo e.
18
9
Trong mot nguyen t trung hoa:

So e = so proton (Z) = so hieu nguyen t (Z)
= tr so ien tch hat nhan nguyen t (Z)
Khoi lng hat nhan = (Z+N) vC.
Khoi lng nguyen t = (Z+N)x1vC + ex549.10-6 vC.
Tnh gan ung :
Khoi lng nguyen t = (Z+N)x1vC = (Z+N) vC.
So khoi = Tong so hat Proton va Neutron:
A
ZX
A = Z + N.
Ky hieu nguyen t :
19
Khoi lng ien tch

Hat
Tng Tng
Tuyet oi Tuyet oi
oi oi
n
Kg vC Culong Culong n v e
v
Electro
9,109390.10 -31 0,000549 -1,602177.10 -19 -4,802298.10 -10 -1
n
Proton 1,672623.10 -27 1,007277 +1,602177.10 -19 +4,802298.10 -10 +1
Neutro
1,674929.10 -27 1,008665 0 0 0
n
20
10
b. Khai niem ve quang pho nguyen t

Quang pho cua nguyen t la quang pho vach,
ngha la gom mot so vach rieng biet co mau sac
nhat nh tng ng vi nhng tia bc xa co bc
song xac nh, ac trng cho nguyen to o.
21
1.3 CAU TAO NGUYEN T THEO C HOC

LNG T
Ly thuyet cau tao nguyen t hien ai c s
tren c hoc lng t (CHLT), ra i vao au the ky
XX .
1.3.1. CAC LUAN IEM C BAN CUA CH LT
22
11
a. Ban chat song - hat cua cac hat vi mo:

-Hat vi mo (co kch thc r, khoi lng m vo
cung nho be, co toc o chuyen ong v rat ln) nh
anh sang (photon), electron, nguyen t, phan t
va co ban chat hat (ac trng bang m, r, v), va
co ban chat song (ac trng bang bc song , toc
o v), the hien trong bieu thc:
h
=
mv
23
h: hang so Planck; m, v: khoi lng, toc o hat vi mo;

: bc song.
Phat bieu:
Hat vi mo co khoi lng m khi chuyen ong vi
toc o v se tao nen song truyen i vi bc song .
b. Nguyen ly bat nh Heisenberg:
Khong the xac nh chnh xac ong thi ca toc o
lan v tr cua hat vi mo:
h h
x v =
2m m
24
12
h
x, v: o bat nh ve v tr va toc o; =
2
-Ket luan: hat vi mo khi biet chnh xac toc o chuyen
ong th khong the biet c chnh xac ng i, ch
co the biet c xac suat co mat cua no cho nao o
trong khong gian ma thoi.
c. Phng trnh song Schrdinger:
- Y ngha, vai tro:
- Phng trnh song Schrdinger mo ta s chuyen
ong cua mot hat vi mo trong trng the nang V:
25
2 2 2 8 2 m
2
+ 2
+ 2
+ 2
[E V ] = 0
x y z h
x, y, z: toa o;
m: khoi lng hat vi mo;
h: hang so Planck.
E: nang lng toan phan;
V: the nang cua hat vi mo phu thuoc x, y, z.
: ham song (oi vi cac bien x, y, z)
mo ta s chuyen ong cua hat vi mo .
26
13
-Y ngha: ac trng cho trang thai

chuyen ong cua hat vi mo lien quan vi
xac suat co mat cua hat vi mo: dv xac
nh xac suat co mat cua hat vi mo trong
the tch dv va xac nh mat o xac suat
co mat cua hat vi mo.
27
1.3.2. TRANG THAI E TRONG NGUYEN T

HYRO VA CAC HAT TNG T (HE+, LI2+)
Giai phng trnh song Schrdinger oi vi he

nguyen t nay. Ket qua: trang thai cua e trong
nguyen t hyro c xac nh bi cac so lng t
va c ac trng bang khai niem am may e.
a. am may e:
- Khai niem:
- nh ngha:
28
14
b. Cac so lng t va y ngha

Cac so lng t la nhng so nguyen khong co
so o, xac nh ham song (trang thai chuyen ong
cua e) va gom co: so lng t chnh n, so lng t
orbital l, so lng t t ml , so lng t spin ms .
* So lng t chnh n va mc nang lng, lp e:
- Xac nh nang lng cua e:
2
18 Z Z2
E n = 2,818.10 x 2 J = 13,6x( 2 ) eV
n n
29
- n co gia tr nguyen, dng, t 1 en : 1 , 2 , 3 ,

, . Gia tr cua n gian oan.
- Trang thai nang lng cua e c xac nh bang
gia tr nhat nh cua n c goi la mc nang lng.
Mc nang lng co gia tr tang theo gia tr cua n.
n 1 2 3
En E1 < E2 < E3 < E
Nguyen nhan xuat hien quang pho vach nguyen t.

V du: quang pho nguyen t hyro.
30
15
E =0.00 J
n=
n=4
E = -1.36*10 -19J
4
n=3
E = -2.42*10 -19J
3
n=2
E = -5.45*10 -19J
2
E = -2.18*10 -18J
n=1 1
Lyman Balmer Paschen Bracket Pfund 31
- Cac e co cung mc nang lng hop thanh lp e hay

lp lng t. Hien co 7 lp e, c ky hieu nh sau:
n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
K.h. K L M N O P Q
* So lng t orbital l va hnh dang am may e,
phan mc nang lng va phan lp e:
- So lng t l xac nh hnh dang am may e.
- l co gia tr nguyen, dng t 0 en n 1: gia tr
cua n co n gia tr cua l cung nh co n hnh dang am
may e. V du: ng vi n=3 co 3 gia tr cua l la 0, 1, 2 (3
1) va co 3 hnh dang am may e. 32
16
- oi vi nguyen t nhieu e, l con xac nh ca

trang thai nang lng cua e: goi la phan mc nang
lng.
- Cac e trong moi lp lng t co cung phan
mc nang lng hop thanh phan lp e hay phan lp
lng t.
Cac phan lp e c ky hieu:
l 0 1 2 3 4 5
Ky hieu s p d f g h
33
- Hnh dang cac am may e:

ng vi l = 0 (s): am may e co dang khoi cau.
ng vi l = 1 (p): am may e co dang 2 khoi cau
bien dang tiep xuc nhau.
ng vi l = 2 (d): cac am may a so co dang 4
khoi ca
z
u bien dang tiep xu
z
c nhau. z
y y y
x x x
s p d
34
17
* So lng t t ml va s nh hng cua am may e,

khai niem orbital nguyen t:
- So lng t ml xac nh s nh hng trong khong
gian cua am may e.
- ml co gia tr nguyen, dng hay am, t 0 en l
: moi gia tr cua l co 2l +1 gia tr cua ml va do o
co 2l +1 cach nh hng cua am may e.
V du: ng vi l = 2 ml co 5 gia tr (2 , 1, 0 , +1,
+2 ) va co 5 cach nh hng cua am may e tng
ng.
35
- ml ac trng cho tng tac cua t trng ngoai

(tac dung len nguyen t ) vi t trng cua e.
- Khai niem orbital electron nguyen t hay orbital
nguyen t (AO):
AO la trang thai cua e trong nguyen t c xac
nh bi cac so lng t n , l , ml hay bi ham song
cha cac thong so n , l , ml (n,l,m) .
Moi lien he gia cac so lng t n, l, ml va cac
lp, phan lp e, so AO, ky hieu (ten goi) cua AO:
36
18
Lp Phan A
lp O
So
Ky Ky
n l ml Phan L Ky hieu
hieu hieu
lp p
1 K 0 s 0 1 1 1s
0 s 0 1 2s
2 L p 0, 1 3 4 2pz, 2px, 2py
1
0 s 0 1 .3s
3 M 1 p 0, 1 3 9 3pz, 3px, 3py
2 d 0, 1, 2 5 3dz ,3dxz, 3dxz, 3dyz,3dx2-y2
2
37
Cach nh hng cua cac AO tng ng vi n=2:

px,, py, pz: nh hng theo cac truc x, y, z.
dxy, dxz, dyz: nh hng theo cac ng phan giac
cua cac goc tao bi cac truc ky hieu tng ng.
dx2 y2 : nh hng theo cac truc x, z.
dz 2 : nh hung chu yeu truc z.
38
19
z y
s
z z z
y y y
x x x
p py pz
x
39
z z z
y y y
x x x
dx2 y2 dxz
dz2 z - z
y y
x x
d dxy
yz
40
20
So lng t spin hay spin ms:

- Spin ms xac nh trang thai
chuyen ong rieng cua e: la s t
quay cua e xung quanh truc cua
mnh.
- ms ch co 2 gia tr:
+1/2(chieu thuan)
1/2(chieu ngc).
41
1.3.2. TRANG THAI ELECTRON TRONG

NGUYEN T NHIEU ELECTRON
a. Nang lng e va cac hieu ng chan, xam nhap :
- Trang thai cua e cung c xac nh hoan toan
bi 4 so lng t va cac AO cung co dang nh trong
nguyen t hyro.
- E cua e trong nguyen t nhieu e phu thuoc ca vao
so lng t l. Ngoai lc hut gia hat nhan va e con
co them lc ay gia cac e vi nhau. Xuat hien 2
hieu ng: chan va xam nhap.
42
21
Hieu ng chan:
Z* = Z S
Z* la ien tch hieu dung, S la hang so chan.
Hieu ng chan phu thuoc vao n, l : tang len
khi so lp e tang.
Hieu ng xam nhap:
Hieu ng xam nhap cung phu thuoc vao n, l.
43
- S phan bo cac phan mc nang lng nh sau:

*2
18 Z Z *2
E n,l = 2,18.10 x 2 J = 13,6 x ( 2 ) eV
n n
1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s <
4d < 5p < 6s < 4f 5d
b.S sap xep e trong lp vo e nguyen t, cau hnh
e nguyen t:
Da tren c s cac nguyen ly, quy tac sau:
Nguyen ly vng ben:
- Trang thai ben vng nhat cua e trong nguyen
t la trang thai co nang lng thap nhat.
44
22
Nguyen ly ngoai tr Pauli:

- Trong nguyen t khong the co 2 electron co 4
so lng t nh nhau. (1) (2)
Quy tac Hund:
- S sap xep e vao cac AO trong cung phan mc
nang lng sao cho gia tr tuyet oi cua tong spin la
cc ai.
V du: s sap xep e tren cac phan lp 1s, 2s, 2p
cua N:
1s 2s 2p 45
Quy tac Kleshkovski:
- Quy tac I: S sap xep e vao cac AO theo chieu tang

Z xay ra theo th t t nhng AO co tong gia tr (n+l)
nho hn en nhng AO co tong gia tr o ln hn.
- Quy tac II: S sap xep e vao cac AO co tong gia tr

(n+l) nh nhau se xay ra theo hng tang dan gia tr n.
46
23
s2 p6 d10 f14
(K) 1 1s
(L) 2 2s 2p
(M) 3 3s 3p 3d
(N) 4 4s 4p 4d 4f
(O) 5 5s 5p 5d 5f
(P) 6 6s 6p 6d 6f
(Q) 7 7s 7p 7d 7f
47
Cau hnh e nguyen t:

z
- Theo ky hieu phan lp
y e.
2s2 - Theo o lng t.
x V- Theo
du: caAO.
u hnh e nguyen t
1 cua N (Z = 7): 1s2 2s2 2p3
2p1y 2p x
2p1z
1s 2s 2p
48
24
1.4 HE THONG TUAN HOAN CAC NTHH

1.4.1. NH LUAT TUAN HOAN VA Y NGHA
1.4.2. HE THONG TUAN HOAN VA CAU TRUC
E NGUYEN T.
- Cau truc HTTH.

- Quy luat sap xep e vao lp vo e nguyen t cac
nguyen to theo chieu tang Z, theo chu ky, theo nhom.
49
- Moi lien he gia cau truc HTTH va cau truc e

nguyen t:
* Chu ky:
+ Gom day lien tuc cac nguyen to, bat au t
nguyen to s, ket thuc bang nguyen to p, gia co
the la nhng nguyen to (nt) d va f.
Chu ky tong quat gom co:
2 nts (ns)-1ntd [(n-1)d]-14ntf [(n-2)f]-
-9ntd [(n-1)d]-6ntp (np)
50
25
+ So th t chu ky bang so lng t n ac

trng cho lp electron ngoai cung cua nguyen to
trong chu ky.
+ Tong so nguyen to trong 1chu ky: 2n2
51
* Nhom:
+ Gom cac nguyen to co:
So e lp ngoai cung (PNC) hoac
So e phan lp ngoai cung (PNP)
giong nhau va bang so th t nhom.
Nhng e nay c goi la e hoa tr v co kha
nang tham gia tao lien ket hoa hoc.
52
26
+ So e hoa tr bang so th t cua nhom.

+ Cau hnh e cua nhom:
Nhom I II III IV V VI VII VIII

s+p ns1 ns2 ns2 np1 ns2 np2 ns2 np3 ns2 np4 ns2np5 ns2np6
d (n1)d10ns1 (n1)d1ns2 (n1)d3ns2 (n1)d5ns2
(n1)d ns
10 2 (n1)d ns
2 2 (n1)d ns1
5 (n1)d6,7,8ns2
53
* Phan nhom:
+ Gom cac nguyen to co cau truc e lp ngoai cung
(PNC) hoac cua nhng phan lp ngoai cung (PNP)
giong nhau.
+ Cau truc e:
nsx hoac ns2npx2(PNC); (n1)dx2ns2 (PNP).
+ Co mot so ngoai le cac PNP:
IB, IIB, VIB, VIIIB.
54
27
* O:
+ V tr cu the cua nguyen to trong HTTH.
+ So th t cua o = Z
= So e = So proton
= So th t cua nguyen to.
55
1.4.3 CAC TNH CHAT BIEN OI TUAN

HOAN CUA CAC NGUYEN TO.
* Ban knh nguyen t va ion (r):

- La ai lng quy c xac nh da tren
khoang cach gia cac hat nhan cua cac nguyen t
tng tac (d).
oi vi kim loai va phi kim loai: r = d;

oi vi ion: d = rc + ra.
56
28
- Quy luat bien oi:

Theo chu ky:
T trai sang phai: giam.
Theo PNC:
T tren xuong: tang.
Theo PNP:
T nguyen to th 1 en th 2: tang,
sang nguyen to th 3: khong tang.
57
* Nang lng ion hoa (I):

- La nang lng can e bt e khoi nguyen t
khong b kch thch trang thai kh thanh ion
dng: X0 (k) + I = X+ (k) +1e.
- I ac trng cho kha nang nhng e (tnh kim
loai) va c o bang n v Kj / ntg hay eV/ nt.
- Quy luat bien oi:
Theo chu ky, t trai sang phai, tang;
Theo PNC, t tren xuong di, giam.
58
29
* A lc e (F ) :
- La nang lng thoat ra hay thu vao khi ket
hp them e vao nguyen t the kh thanh ion am:
X0 (k) + 1e = X (k) F.
- F ac trng cho kha nang nhan e (tnh phi
kim loai) va cung c o bang n v giong I.
59
- Quy luat bien oi:

Theo nhom, t tren xuong di, giam;
Cac nguyen to p nhom VII co F ln nhat,
Cac nguyen to co cau hnh e lp ngoai cung:
s2, p3, s2p6 co F nho nhat.
60
30
* o am ien ( ):
- ac trng cho kha nang cua nguyen t mot
nguyen to hut mat o e ve pha mnh khi tao lien
ket vi nguyen t cua nguyen to khac.
- c xac nh bang nhieu phng phap,
trong o ang chu y la:
Phng phap Mullinken: = ( F + I ) .
61
Phng phap Pauling: da tren nang

lng lien ket (E) cua cac chat (A2, B2, AB):
E = const ( A B )2 vi
E = E A B E A A E B B
e tnh, Pauling chon o am ien cua Flo bang 4
lam n v so sanh. Thang o am ien tng oi
cua Pauling c s dung rong rai.
- Quy luat bien oi:
Theo nhom, t tren xuong di, giam.
62
31
CHNG II
LIEN KET HOA HOC VA
CAU TAO PHAN T
63
1.1 NHNG KHAI NIEM C BAN VE LIEN KET

HOA HOC
T oc e hieu c ve:
- Ban chat lien ket va cac loai lien ket hoa hoc.
- Cac ac trng lien ket hoa hoc: o dai lien ket,
nang lng lien ket, goc hoa tr.
- S lc ve s phat trien cua ly thuyet lien ket
hoa hoc.
64
32
2.2. LIEN KET CONG HOA TR

2.2.1. Phng phap lien ket hoa tr (VB).
a- Noi dung c ban:
* Khai niem ve lien ket cong hoa tr (LKCHT):
- LKCHT c s tren cap e gop chung do cac
nguyen t tng tac ong gop ( lien ket 2 e 2 tam).
- LKCHT c tao thanh do s che phu nhau
gia cac AO cha cac e gop chung cua cac nguyen
t tham gia tao lien ket .
65
- o ben cua LKCHT phu thuoc vao o che

phu cua cac AO: phu thuoc vao kch thc, hnh
dang cua AO, hng che phu.
o che phu cang ln lien ket cang ben va lien
ket c tao thanh khi o che phu at cc ai.
- LKCHT trong cong thc c bieu dien bang
2 cham hay gach noi.
V du: lien ket trong phan t hyro:
H : H hay H H
66
33
V du: s che phu cap oi gia 2 AO s va 2 AO p.
S S P P
- LKCHT trong cong thc c bieu dien bang 2

cham hay gach noi.
V du: lien ket trong H2 : H:H hay H - H
67
* Kha nang tao LKCHT cua nguyen to va tnh bao

hoa cua LKCHT:
- C che va kha nang tao LKCHT cua nguyen to:
C che ghep oi: Lien ket c hnh thanh do
s che phu lan nhau gia 2 AO hoa tr cha cac e
oc than.
V du: S tao thanh lien ket trong phan t
hyro:
H. + H. H:H
68
34
Kha nang tao LKCHT c quyet nh bi

so e hoa tr oc than cua nguyen t nguyen to (hay
bi so AO hoa tr cha e hoa tr oc than). Tuy
nhien, so e hoa tr oc than cua nguyen t nguyen
to co the thay oi (tang hay giam do s kch thch).
. + . . .
69
V du: cau hnh e cua cacbon trang thai bnh

thng (C) va kch thch (C*):
1 1 0
C: 1s2 2s2 2p2 (2 p x 2 p y 2 p z )
C* : 1s2 2s1 2p3 (2 p1x 2 p1y 2 p1z )
70
35
Lien ket tao thanh khi mc o che phu

cua cac AO at cc ai:
Cac AO phai che phu nhau theo hng nhat
nh.
Lien ket phai c tao thanh theo hng
nhat nh va phan t tao thanh co cau hnh
khong gian nhat nh.
71
V du: phan t H2Te co cau hnh

dang goc vi goc hoa tr la H Te H = 90 o do
2 lien ket H Te c tao thanh do s
che phu cua cac AO 1s (cua H) vi 5p (cua
Te) doc theo cac truc toa o (hng che
phu cc ai).
72
36
V du: S tao thanh lien ket gia phan t NH3

(chat cho) va ion H+ (chat nhan):
H3N: + H+ [ H3N : H ]+
- Tnh bao hoa cua LKCHT:
So LKCHT cc ai cua nguyen to bang so
AO hoa tr cua no: tnh bao hoa cua LKCHT.
* Tnh nh hng cua LKCHT va s lai hoa cac
AO:
73
- S lai hoa cac AO:

1s H
Trong thc te co nhieu hp co
cau hnh khong gian phan t
khong the c giai thch bang s 5p 1s H
che phu thong thng cua cac Te 5p
AO s ,p , d , f tao nen cac lien
ket trong nhng hp chat o.

V du: cac hp chat H2O (dang goc, HOH = 104,5o ),

o
NH3 (dang thap tam giac,HNH

= 107 ,3 ),
CH4 (dang t dien eu, HCH = 109o 28, ).
74
37
e giai thch Pauling va Slater a ra

thuyet lai hoa cac AO:
Cac nguyen t khi tng tac vi nhau
co the dung nhng AO tron lan mi c
tao thanh do s t che phu nhau gia cac AO
s, p, d, f trong noi bo nguyen t cua mnh
(s lai hoa cac AO) e che phu vi cac AO
cua nguyen t khac tao lien ket.
75
S lai hoa co cac ac iem sau:

Orbital lai hoa tao thanh co hnh dang, nang
lng hoan toan giong nhau, nhng khac vi
cac AO tham gia lai hoa.
So orbital lai hoa tao thanh bang so AO tham
gia lai hoa va phan bo rat oi xng trong
khong gian.
Co nhieu kieu lai hoa khac nhau: sp, sp2,
sp3, sp3d
76
38
ieu kien lai hoa ben: cac orbital tham gia

lai hoa co: nang lng gan nhau, mat o e
ln, mc o che phu ln.
Z
y
77
- Xet mot so kieu lai hoa:

Lai hoa sp :
Mot orbital s che phu vi orbital p tao thanh
2 orbital lai hoa sp phan bo oi xng tren
mot ng thang, ngha la di mot goc
180o.
78
39
V du: phan t BeH2 co dang ng

thang vi goc hoa tr 180O.
Giai thch: nguyen t Be trung tam s
dung 2 orbital lai hoa sp (c tao thanh t
s t che phu cua 1 orbital 2s vi 1 orbital 2p)
che phu vi cac orbital 1s cua 2 nguyen t H
tao thanh 2 lien ket BeH.
79
y 180o
S sp sp
X
X
P
sp sp 180 o
s s
Be H Be H
H H
80
40
Lai hoa sp2:

Mot orbital s che phu vi hai orbital
p va tao thanh 3 orbital lai hoa sp2 phan
bo oi xng tren mat phang theo hng
en 3 nh cua mot tam giac eu, ngha
la di nhng goc 120o.
81
V du: phan t BCl3 co dang tam giac eu

vi goc hoa tr 120O.
Giai thch: nguyen t B trung tam s dung
3 orbital lai hoa sp2 (c tao thanh t s t che
phu cua mot orbital s vi 2 orbital 2p) che phu
vi cac orbital 3p cua 3 nguyen t Cl tao thanh
3 lien ket BCl.
82
41
2
s sp
o
120
p
p sp 2
83
3p
Cl
2
sp
o
120
B
Cl Cl
sp 2
3p
3p
84
42
Lai hoa sp3:

1 orbital s che phu vi 3 orbital p tao
thanh 4 orbital lai hoa sp3 phan bo oi xng
trong khong gian theo hng en 4 nh cua
mot t dien eu, ngha la di nhng goc
109o28.
85
V du: phan t CCl4 co dang t dien eu

vi goc hoa tr 109O28.
Giai thch: nguyen t C trung tam s
dung 4 orbital lai hoa sp3 (c tao thanh t
s t che phu gia orbital 2s vi 3 orbital 2p)
che phu vi cac orbital 3p cua cac nguyen t
Cl tao thanh 4 lien ket CCl .
86
43
3
sp
p
p
p
sp3
s
sp 3 sp 3
109 o28'
87
- Giai thch cau hnh khong gian cac phan t

H2O, NH3, CH4:
Cac dang goc, thap tam giac, t dien eu cua
chung c giai thch bi trang thai lai hoa sp3 cua
cac nguyen t trung tam O, N, C (do cac goc hoa tr
cua chung bang hoac gan vi 109o28):
Cac nguyen t nay s dung cac orbital lai hoa
sp3 e che phu vi cac orbital 1s cua cac nguyen t
H tao thanh cac lien ket trong phan t.
88
44
S sai lech gia goc hoa tr cua H2O va NH3

c giai thch bang ly thuyet ay nhau gia cac
cap e hoa tr cua Gillespie: cac cap e hoa tr t do
trong 2 phan t tren ay cac cap e lien ket lam cho
goc hoa tr hep lai (so cap e hoa tr t do cang nhieu
ay cang manh).
* Cac kieu LKCHT:
- Co nhieu kieu LKCHT khac nhau phu thuoc
vao cach che phu va tnh oi xng cua cac AO tham
gia che phu tao lien ket: , , khong nh cho :
89
Lien ket : c tao thanh khi cac

AO che phu doc theo truc noi hat nhan
nguyen t. ay la loai lien ket chnh thc
hien gia 2 nguyen t, quyet nh cau hnh
khong gian (khung) phan t va co the xuat
hien do s che phu cua bat ky loai AO nao
(ss , sp ).
90
45
Lien ket : c tao thanh khi cac AO

che phu ve 2 ben truc noi hat nhan. ay la
loai lien ket phu bo sung them sau khi tao
thanh lien ket chnh ma cac nguyen t
tng tac van cha bao hoa hoa tr. No c
tao thanh do s che phu cua cac cap orbital
pp, dd, pd.
91
Lien ket khong nh cho (lien ket nhieu tam):

loai lien ket nhng c thc hien gia nhieu
nguyen t (t 3 nguyen t tr len) vi so e tham
gia tao lien ket co the nhieu hn 2. ay la loai
lien ket phu bo sung c dung e giai thch
trng hp cac lien ket xuat phat t nguyen t
trung tam co bac le, bang nhau va c bieu
dien bang nhng --- .
92
46
* Bac lien ket:

- Cho biet so cap e tham gia tao lien ket
gia 2 nguyen t. Bac lien ket co the nguyen
hay le, c tnh theo cong thc:
Bac = (So e lien ket) /(2 so lien ket )
- Bac lien ket tang, o dai lien ket giam,
nang lng va o ben lien ket tang.
93
V du:
Lien ket C - O C O C=O
Bac lien ket 1 1,33 2
o dai lien ket (AO ) 1,43 1,29 1,22
* Tnh co cc, s phan cc cua LKCHT:
T oc
94
47
b - Ap dung phng phap VB khao sat cau tao

mot so phan t, ion :
* Phan t N2 : N (2s22p3: co 3 e hoa tr oc
than 2p): 2 nguyen t N co the tao thanh vi nhau 3
lien ket bang cach gop chung 3 e oc than.
Cap 2px tao thanh lien ket , con 2 cap 2py va
2pz tao thanh cac lien ket .
Vay lien ket trong N2 la lien ket 3 (bac 3),
gom 1 lien ket va 2 lien ket .
95
* Phan t CO2:
- Phan t CO2 co dang ng thang, goc
hoa tr, lien ket C - O la lien ket oi, gom 1 lien
ket va 1 lien ket .
- Cau hnh e cua C, O:
C* : 1s2 2s1 2p3 (co 4 electron hoa tr oc
than). Suy ra C se dung 4 electron hoa tr oc
than e tao cac lien ket vi O.
96
48

V O C O = 180 o, nguyen t C trung tam co lai
hoa sp (AO 2s che phu vi 1 AO 2p tao
thanh 2 orbital lai hoa sp).
C se s dung 2 orbital lai hoa nay cung vi
2 orbital 2p khong tham gia lai hoa con lai
e che phu vi cac orbital cua O tao lien
ket.
97
O: 1s2 2s2 2p4 (co 2 e hoa tr oc than). Suy ra

O se dung 2 e hoa tr oc than va cac AO hoa tr
cha 1 e nay e tao cac lien ket vi C.
T ay: cac lien ket C O c tao thanh
do s che phu gia 2 orbital lai hoa sp cua C va
cac AO 2p cha 1 electron (v du 2px) cua 2 O , con
cac lien ket CO c tao thanh do s che phu
cap oi gia cac AO 2p cua C va O ( gia 2py vi 2py
va 2pz vi 2pz).
98
49
Z Z Z
y y y
2p y 2p y 2py
x
2px 2px
sp 2 sp 2
2pz 2pz 2p z
O C O
Bac lien ket C O:
= [ 4e (C) + 2e 2 (O) ] / [ 2 2 () ] = 2.
99
* Phan t BCl3 :
- Phan t BCl3 co dang tam giac eu, goc

hoa tr Cl B Cl = 120 o, lien ket B - Cl co bac bang
1,33; gom 1 lien ket va 1 lien ket khong nh
cho.
- Cau hnh e cua B va Cl:
B* : 1s22s12p2 (co 3 e hoa tr oc than): B se dung 3
e nay e tao cac lien ket vi Cl. Tuy nhien v

Cl B Cl = 120 o , nen B lai hoa sp2 ( AO 2s che phu vi
2 AO 2p tao 3 orbital lai hoa sp2 )
100
50
B se dung 3 AO lai hoa nay va AO 2p khong

tham gia lai hoa con lai e che phu vi cac AO cua
Cl tao lien ket.
Cl:1s22s22p63s23p5 (co 1 e hoa tr oc than): Cl se
dung e nay va cac AO 2p cha 1 e cung nh
cha cap e ghep oi tao lien ket vi B.
T ay: 3 lien ket BCl c tao ra do s che
phu cap oi gia 3 orbital lai hoa sp2 cua B vi cac
AO cha 1 e 2p (v du 2px) cua 3 Cl.
101
Cau hnh e hoa tr cua B van cha bao hoa (con 1

AO hoa tr 2p t do), e cho phan t BCl3 ben vng
(ngha la cac lien ket B Cl phai at c o ben cc
ai) can phai tao them lien ket bo sung: lien ket
khong nh cho, c tao thanh theo c che cho-nhan
do s che phu gia AO hoa tr t do 2p khong tham
gia lai hoa con lai (v du 2pz) cua B va 3 AO hoa tr 2p
cha cap e ghep oi san co (2pz) cua 3 Cl. Lien ket
nay chung cho ca 4 nguyen t B va Cl (nen c goi la
lien ket 2 e - 4 tam).
102
51
Bac lien ket B Cl:

= [ 3e (B) + 5e (3 Cl) ] / [ 2 3 () ] = 1,33.
3p
3p
sp 2 Cl
3p B
120 o
Cl sp 2
3p 2p Cl
3p 3p
103

2
* Ion CO3 :
2
- Ion CO3 co dang tam giac eu, goc hoa tr

O C O = 120 o , lien ket C-O co bac bang 1,33; gom 1
lien ket va 1 lien ket khong nh cho.
- Cau hnh e cua C va O:
V nen C trang thai lai hoa sp2 (AO 2s che phu
vi 2 AO 2p tao thanh 3 AO lai hoa sp; 4 e hoa tr
phan bo oc than tren 3 AO lai hoa sp2 va AO 2p con
lai khong tham gia lai hoa):
104
52
C se dung cac e hoa tr oc than va cac AO lai

hoa sp2, AO 2p khong tham gia lai hoa.
1 O co cau hnh e : 2s22p4 (co 2 e hoa tr oc than).
2 O con lai do nhan them 2 e ien tch cua ion nen
co cau hnh e hoa tr: 2s22p5 (ch co 1 e hoa tr oc
than).
e tao lien ket cac nguyen t O cung s dung cac e
hoa tr oc than va cac AO cha 1 e nay.
T ay: cac lien ket C O c tao thanh do s
che phu cap oi gia 3 orbital lai hoa sp2 cua C vi 3
orbital 2p cua 3 O 105
Sau khi tao 3 lien ket CO cau hnh e cua

C cung nh cua cac O van cha bao hoa (con thieu
1 e), e ion co cau tao ben, gia cac nguyen t C
va O tao them lien ket khong nh cho chung
cho ca 4 nguyen t theo c che gop chung do s che
phu gia orbital 2p khong tham gia lai hoa cua C
vi 3 orbital 2p cua 3 O ( lien ket 2 e 4 tam).
Bac lien ket C O:
= [ 4e (C) + 4e(3 O) ] / [ 2 3 () ] = 1,33.
106
53
2pz
2p Z
Z
x
O
o 2p x
120 X
O
sp 2
O 2p z
2p z
2p
x
2pz
107
2.2.2. Phng phap orbital phan t ( MO ).

a- Noi dung c ban:
- Phan t la to hp thong nhat gom:
Cac hat nhan va cac e cua cac nguyen t
tao thanh phan t.
Moi e chuyen ong trong trng tac dung
cua cac hat nhan va cac e con lai (phan t la
nguyen t a nhan ).
108
54
- Phan t co cau truc orbital nh nguyen

t:
Trong phan t trang thai e cung c ac
trng bang orbital phan t (MO);
Cac MO lai c xac nh bang to hp cac
so lng t.
Tng ng vi cac AO s ,p ,d ,f trong
nguyen t, trong phan t co cac MO , , , ..
109
- Cac e c phan bo tren cac MO theo quy

luat giong nh tren cac AO.
- Cac MO c tao thanh do s to hp tuyen tnh
(cong va tr) cac AO (tc s che phu cac AO):
So MO tao thanh bang so AO tham gia to hp.
S to hp tuyen tnh cong cac AO tao thanh MO
lien ket co nang lng thap hn cac AO xuat phat.
S to hp tuyen tnh tr cac AO tao thanh MO phan
lien ket co nang lng cao hn cac AO xuat phat.
110
55
MO khong lien ket do cac AO khong tham gia

to hp chuyen nguyen ven thanh, co nang lng
bang cac AO xuat phat.
Ten goi cac MO (, , , ) c xac nh tuy
thuoc vao cach che phu cua cac AO oi vi truc noi
hat nhan nguyen t giong nh trong pp VB.
V du: s to hp cua 2 AO 1s tao thanh 2 MO
lien ket 1s va phan lien ket hay s to hp cua 2
AO 2p co the tao thanh 2 MO lien ket 2p va phan
lien ket hoac 2 MO lien ket 2p va phan lien ket.
111
S to hp cac AO thanh cac MO cung

thng c bieu dien di dang gian o
nang lng.
ieu kien to hp: cac AO tham gia to
hp phai gan nhau ve nang lng, che
phu nhau ang ke, co oi xng giong
nhau oi vi ng lien ket trong phan
t.
112
56
Cac ac iem lien ket:

ong gop vao lien ket co the la cac cap e ghep oi
hoac cac e oc than rieng biet.
Lien ket c xac nh bang so e lien ket khong b e
phan lien ket triet tieu (1 e phan lien ket triet tieu 1
e lien ket).
Bac lien ket = (So e lk So e plk) / (2 so lk ).
Lien ket co ten goi t ten MO cha e lien ket
khong b triet tieu.
113
b - V du ap dung phng phap MO:

* Khao sat cac phan t 2 nguyen t cung loai cua
cac nguyen to CK I (H va He):
S tao thanh va trat t phan bo cac MO theo nang
lng:
Cac MO cua H2, He2 c tao thanh t s to hp
tuyen tnh 2 AO 1s cua cac nguyen t H va He: o la
cac MO lien ket 1s (co nang lng thap hn) va phan
*
lien ket (co nang lng cao hn).
1s
114
57
- S phan bo electron tren cac MO:
MO H 2+ H2 He 2+ He2
1*s
1s
Bac lien ket 0,5 1 0,5 0
Chieu dai lien ket (AO) 1,06 0,74 1,08
Nang lng lien ket
255 431 251
(kj/mol)
115
- Nhan xet:
Lien ket trong phan t H2 la lien ket , co bac
bang 1, nen no ton tai ben trong thc te;
Lien ket trong H2+ , ch co 1 e nhng do bac
lien ket > 0 nen chung van ton tai c trong thc
te du khong ben.
Phan t He2 khong the ton tai c ieu
kien bnh thng v co lien ket co bac bang 0 (lien
ket khong hnh thanh).
116
58
Cau hnh e phan t cua cac phan t va ion phan t

tren:
H 2 : [(1s ) 2 ]
H 2+ : [(1s )1 ]
He2+ : [(1s ) 2 (1*S )1 ]
117
Khao sat cac phan t 2 nguyen t cung loai (X2) cua cac
nguyen to CKII:
- S tao thanh va phan bo cac MO theo nang lng:
Cac nguyen t nguyen to CKII co 5 AO (1s, 2s, 2px,
2py, 2pz). S to hp 10 AO cua 2 nguyen t se tao thanh 10
MO cua phan t: T 2 AO 1s tao thanh 2 MO va con s to
hp cac AO 2s va 2p xay ra phc tap:
Cac nguyen to cuoi CK (t O en Ne): o chenh
lech nang lng E gia cac AO 2p va 2s ln nen ch xay
ra s to hp cua AO 2s vi 2s va 2p vi 2p.
118
59
S to hp 2 AO 2s tao thanh 2 MO 2s va 2s .
S to hp 2 AO 2px tao thanh 2 MO * va 2 px
2 px
(che phu theo truc x)
S to hp cap oi 2 AO 2py va 2 AO 2pz tao
thanh cac cap MO (che phu ve 2 pha truc noi hat
nhan).
1sCa
< c1*MO tao tha*nh phan bo theo nang ln*g nh sau: * *
s < 2s < 2s < 2 px < 2 py = 2 pz < 2 py = 2 pz < 2 px
Cac nguyen to au CK (t Li en N): do o chenh

lech nang lng E gia cac AO 2p va 2s nho nen cac AO
2s to hp c vi nhau va vi cac AO 2p:
119
S to hp 2 AO 2s va 2 AO 2px tao thanh 4 MO

2s , 2 px , *2s , *2 px
S to hp cac cap AO 2py hay 2pz tao thanh cac cap
MO , *
2 py
va
2 py
, *
2 pz 2 pz
Cac MO tao thanh c phan bo nh sau:
1s < 1*s < 2s < 2s < 2 py = 2 px < 2 px < *2 py = *2 pz < *2 px
- S phan bo e tren cac MO:
oi vi cac nguyen to au CK:
120
60
MO Li2 B2 C2 N2 2+
2 px
2 py,z
2 px
2py,z
2s
2s
Bac lien ket 1 1 2 3 2,5
Chieu dai lket (AO) 2,67 1,59 1,24 1,10 1,12
Nlng lket (kj/mol) 105 289 599 940 828
121
oi vi cac nguyen to cuoi CK:
MO 2+
O2 2
F2 Ne2
2 py,z
2py,z
2px
2s
2s
Bac lien ket 2,5 2 1,5 1 0
Chieu dai lket (AO) 1,12 1,21 1,26 1,41
Nlng lket (kj/mol) 629 494 328 154
122
61
- Nhan xet:
Bac lien ket tang o dai lien ket giam
Nang lng lien ket tang o ben lien ket tang.
S tang e tren cac MO lien ket lam tang o
ben cua lien ket cung nh phan t. Ngc lai, s
tang e tren cac MO phan lien ket lam giam o ben
cua lien ket cung nh phan t .
Trong cac phan t va ion phan t khao sat
ch co phan t Ne2 khong ton tai trong thc te v co
bac lien ket bang khong.
123
Phan t N2 co lien ket ba (gom 1 va 2), la

lien ket co bac ln nhat nen co o dai ngan nhat va
o ben ln nhat.
Cau hnh e hoa tr cua N2:
( 2s ) 2 (2s ) 2 ( 2 py,z ) 4 ( 2 px ) 2
Giai thch t tnh:
Nhng chat thuan t co e oc than (b nam
cham hut),
Ngc lai la nhng chat nghch t
V du thuan t co: B2, O2
124
62
Giai thch mau sac cac chat vo c:

Do cac e khi b kch thch se hap thu nang lng
tng ng cac tia vung anh sang thay c e chuyen
len orbital co nang lng cao.
V du: Iot co mau tm la do e khi chuyen t

orbital 5p len orbital 5x hap thu nang lng
tng ng tia vang-luc vang e lai cac tia xanh va o
2 ben tao ra mau tm.
125
Cac phan t 2 nguyen t khac loai cua cac nguyen to

CK II:
Cac phan t tao thanh t 2 nguyen t cua 2
nguyen to au CK va cuoi CK (CO, CN, CN, NO,
NO+ ) th phai s dung s o cau truc e cua cac
nguyen to au CK.
126
63
2.2.3. Phan t cong hoa tr va cc tnh.

T oc e hieu c cac khai niem ve:
- Phan t cong hoa tr co cc va khong cc.
- Lng cc, lng cc nhat thi,lng cc cam
ng.
- Momen lng cc:
ac trng cho o co cc cua lket va phan t.
Phu thuoc vao momen lng cc cua cac lket va cap
e hoa tr t do, cau tao phan t.
Tnh momen lng cc cua lket va phan t n gian.
127
2.3. LIEN KET ION

* Thuyet tnh ien hien ai ve lien ket ion:
S tao thanh lien ket ion bao gom 2 giai oan:
-Tao thanh cac ion + va - do cac nguyen t
chuyen e cho nhau.
-Cac ion ngc dau hut nhau va tien en gan
nhau cho en khi lc hut va lc ay gia chung bang
nhau th cac ion dng lai, khi o l ket ion hnh thanh.
V du: Na + Cl Na+ + Cl NaCl
1s22s22p63s1 1s22s22p63s23p5 1s22s22p6 1s22s22p63s23p6
128
64
* Nang lng lien ket ion:

Nang lng cua lien ket ion trong phan t ion AB (k)
tao thanh t cac nguyen t A(k) va B(k) (hoa tr 1):
A(k) = A+(k) + e + IA (1) B(k) + e = B(k) + FB
(2) A+(k) + B = AB(k) + E (3)
Cong cac phng trnh (1), (2), (3) c:
A+(k) + B(k) = AB(k) + IA+ FB + E.
at EAB = IA + FB + E th EAB la nang lng tao thanh
phan t ion AB (k) = gia tr nang lng lien ket ion AB:
129
oe2 1
E A B = E AB = (I A + FB + E) = (1 ) I A FB
4 o ro n
No: so Avogadro; e: ien tch e; , : hang so va
ien moi; n: he so Born.
* Kha nang tao lien ket ion cua cac nguyen to:
Cac nguyen to co tnh kim loai va phi kim loai
cang manh cang de tao lien ket ion vi nhau, v du
kim loai kiem va halogen.
130
65
* Tnh chat lien ket ion:

Lien ket ion co 2 tnh chat ngc lien ket
cong hoa tr: khong bao hoa va khong nh
hng.
* S phan cc ion:
S phan cc ion la s chuyen dch am may
e oi vi hat nhan cua mot ion di tac dung cua
ien trng mot ion khac.
131
Ion co am may e b bien dang c goi la ion

b phan cc, no c ac trng bang o b phan
cc;
Ion co ien trng tac dung c goi la ion
phan cc, no c ac trng bang o phan cc.
Cac yeu to anh hng en o b phan cc va o
phan cc cua ion: ien tch, kch thc, cau hnh e.
Khi ien tch va cau hnh e nh nhau th o b
phan cc cua ion tang theo chieu tang kch thc
ion.
132
66
o b phan cc nho nhat nhng ion co cau

hnh kh tr s2p6, ln nhat oi vi cac ion co cau hnh
s2p6d10 va trung gian la cac ion kim loai chuyen tiep.
o phan cc giam xuong theo chieu tang kch
thc ion. Khi ien tch tang o phan cc cua ion
tang len.
Anion b phan cc, con cation gay phan cc.
Anh hng ln en nhieu tnh chat cac hp chat
ion: o ben, o tan, s ien li
133
2.4. LIEN KET KIM LOAI

* Thuyet mien nang lng ve lien ket kim loai:
- ac iem cau tao cua khoi kim loai la mang tinh
the:
nhng ion dng nut mang va
cac e t do (e hoa tr b bt ra khoi nguyen t)
e chuyen ong hon loan trong toan bo tinh the
kim loai tao nen kieu lien ket ac biet cua kim loai:
lien ket rat nhieu tam.
134
67
-Thuyet mien nang lng nghien cu s chuyen

ong cua cac e t do nay.
Thc chat la ap dung phng phap MO vao
nghien cu he tng tac cha so nguyen t khong
lo.
Khi cac nguyen t trong tinh the kim loai tng
tac vi nhau th cac AO cua chung se che phu nhau
tao nen cac mien nang lng, cha cac orbital mien
nang lng (tng t nh cac AO, MO):
135
Tng ng vi cac trang thai nang lng s, p,

d, f cua nguyen t trong tinh the kim loai co cac
mien nang lng s, p, d, f Cac mien nang lng:
Mien hoa tr (cha cac electron hoa tr),
Mien dan (mien t do nam tren mien hoa tr).
oi vi kim loai 2 mien nay che phu nhau,
Chat ran noi chung co the che phu hoac khong.
Mien cam (mien e khong the co mat)
Khong che phu
136
68
S sap xep e vao cac orbital mien nang lng

cung tuan theo cac quy luat a biet.
So e toi a tren moi mien nang lng nh sau:
2N oi vi mien s,
6N oi vi mien p,
10N oi vi mien d,
14N oi vi mien f (N: so nguyen t kim loai).
* Ap dung thuyet mien nang lng giai thch cau
hnh electron va tnh chat cua natri:
137
Cau hnh e hoa tr 3s1 cua Na:

Mien hoa tr ch co 1N e nen no ch mi c
ien ay mot na.
Mot na mien con lai t do va ong vai tro mien
dan.
Khi kch thch nhe, v du tac dung len kim loai
mot ien trng, cac e hoa tr de dang chuyen len
nhng orbital con t do theo hng cua ien trng,
the hien tnh dan ien.
138
69
2.5. LIEN KET GIA CAC PHAN T

T oc, e hieu ve cac lien ket:
- Van der Walls: ban chat, cac thanh phan,
nang lng, ng dung thc te.
- Hyro: ban chat, nang lng, ng dung giai
thch mot so tnh chat cac chat.
139
CHNG III
NHIET ONG
NG LC HOC
CUA CAC QUA TRNH
HOA HOC
140
70
3.1. KHAI NIEM VE NHIET ONG LC HOC

T oc, e hieu c cac khai niem sau:
- nh ngha ve mon khoa hoc chung nhat cua
t nhien la nhiet ong lc hoc.
- Noi dung nghien cu cua nhiet ong lc hoc.
- Cac nguyen ly I va II la 2 trong 3 nguyen ly
quan trong cua nhiet ong lc hoc, c dung lam
c s e nghien cu cac van e at ra.
- Hieu ng nhiet, nhiet hoa hoc va noi dung
nghien cu.
141
- He nhiet ong (nh ngha, cac he: h, kn, co

lap, ong the, d the, can bang).
-Trang thai nhiet ong (nh ngha, thong so

trang thai, thong so dung o va cng o).
-Qua trnh nhiet ong (nh ngha, cac qua

trnh: ang ap, ang nhiet, ang tch, thuan nghch
va bat thuan nghch).
142
71
3.2. NGUYEN LY I VA HIEU NG NHIET

3.2.1. Nguyen ly I va noi nang, cong, hieu ng
nhiet :
a- Noi dung: Khi cung cp cho he 1 lng
nhiet la Q th lng nhiet nay c dung e
tang noi nang U cua he va e thc hien 1 cong
A chong lai cac lc ben ngoai tac dung len he :
Q = U + A
143
b- Noi nang U:
- Nang lng toan phan E cua he bao gom ong
nang cua toan he (E ), the nang cua toan he (Et),
noi nang (U) cua he: E = E + Et + U
Neu he khong chuyen ong, tng tac cua
moi trng oi vi he nho va khong oi th E = 0,
Et = 0 va E = U. Nh vay:
- Noi nang cua he: ong nang cua cac tieu phan
va the nang tng tac gia cac tieu phan trong he.
144
72
- Noi nang la tnh chat, la ai lng nang

lng xac nh trang thai cua he, la thong so dung
o (t le vi lng chat), la ai lng co gia tr
khong phu thuoc vao cach bien oi he (khong phu
thuoc vao ng i cua qua trnh).
- o bien oi noi nang khi he chuyen t trang
thai 1 sang trang thai 2:
U = U2 U1
145
c- Cong chong lai cac lc ben ngoai:

- Lc ben ngoai tac dung len he: ap suat,
ien trng, t trng, sc cang be mat
- oi vi phan ng hoa hoc chu yeu la
cong chong lai ap suat : A =
146
73
3.2.2. Cac qua trnh ang tch, ang ap va noi

nang, entanpi, hieu ng nhiet:
Ap dung nguyen ly I xet cac qua trnh ang
tch, ang ap:
a- Qua trnh ang tch, noi nang, nhiet ang
tch:
V V = const dV = 0
A = 0 QV = U (QV: nhiet ang tch).
147
Qua trnh ang tch: nhiet nang thu vao dung

e tang noi nang U cua he.
b- Qua trnh ang ap, entanpi, nhiet ang ap:
V P = const A = PV = P (V2V1)
QP = U + PV =(U2+ PV2) (U1+ PV1)
at : U + PV = H QP = H2 H1 = H.
QP: nhiet ang ap;
H: entanpi;
H: o bien oi entanpi.
148
74
Entanpi la tnh chat, ai lng nang

lung xac nh trang thai cua he, la thong so
dung o, khong phu thuoc vao ng i cua
qua trnh.
Trong qua trnh ang ap: nhiet nang thu
vao dung e tang entanpi H cua he.
149
c- Noi nang, entanpi va hieu ng nhiet:

Lng nhiet ma he trao oi (thu vao hay phat
ra) trong cac qua trnh c dung e bien oi noi
nang va entanpi cua he.
Lng nhiet nay chnh la hieu ng nhiet cua
cac qua trnh.
Vay hieu ng nhiet c xac nh bang o bien
oi noi nang (U), o bien oi entanpi (H).
150
75
3.2.3. Hieu ng nhiet cua phan ng hoa hoc:

- oi vi qua trnh phan ng hoa hoc th
lng nhiet trao oi o la hieu ng nhiet cua
phan ng hoa hoc xac nh bang H v cac
phan ng hoa hoc thng xay ra ap suat
khong oi.
151
Lien he gia H va U:
Phan ng ch co chat long va ran tham gia:
H = U do V 0.
Phan ng co chat kh tham gia:
H = U + PV = U + nRT.
Khi n = 0 H=U;
Khi n 0 H U.
152
76
- Hieu ng nhiet:
La ai lng dung o,
Khong phu thuoc vao ng i cua phan ng,
Trong khoang nhiet o khong qua ln co the xem
khong thay oi theo nhiet o.
- Hieu ng nhiet tieu chuan: ieu kien ap suat 1
atm, nhiet o 25oC va oi vi 1mol chat; ky hieu:
o298 hay Ho.
153
- Cac ai lng nhiet tao thanh va nhiet ot chay:

Nhiet tao thanh la hieu ng nhiet cua phan
ng tao thanh 1 mol chat t cac n chat trang
thai t do ben vng nhat.
Nhiet tao thanh tieu chuan (ky hieu o298tt ) cua cac
n chat ben c quy c bang khong.
V du: Al(r), C(graphit), Cl2(k) co o298tt = 0.
154
77
Nhiet ot chay (chat hu c) la hieu ng nhiet cua

phan ng ot chay bang oxy 1 mol chat hu c e
tao thanh kh CO2, nc long va 1 so san pham
khac. o298dc
Nhiet ot chay tieu chuan ky hieu:
3.2.4. Phng trnh nhiet hoa hoc:
-La phng trnh phan ng hoa hoc co ghi kem theo
hieu ng nhiet:
Dau : phan ng phat nhiet (giam entanpi),
Dau + : ng thu nhiet (tang entanpi ).
155
Ky hieu trang thai chat phan ng va san

pham:
r (ran ), l (long), k (kh), d (dung dch), gr (graphit)
V du: o298
o
Zn(r)+2HCl(d) = ZnCl2(d)+H2(k), 298 =36,5 kcal/mol
C(gr)+H2O(k) = CO(k)+H2(k), =+31,4 kcal/mol
- ieu kien xay ra phan ng da tren hieu ng
nhiet:
nhiet o thng phan ng phat nhiet co kha
nang t xay ra, con phan ng thu nhiet th khong.
156
78
3.2.5. Cac nh luat nhiet hoa hoc va he qua:

* nh luat Gess: Hieu ng nhiet cua
phan ng hoa hoc ch phu thuoc vao ban chat
va trang thai cua cac chat au va san pham
cuoi ch khong phu thuoc vao ng i cua
phan ng, ngha la khong phu thuoc vao so,
ac iem cua cac giai oan trung gian.
157
V du: phan ng chuyen chat X thanh chat Y

c thc hien theo 3 cach :
Qua 1 giai oan: X Y
Qua 2 giai oan: X A Y
Qua 3 giai oan: X B C Y
Theo nh luat Gess ta co:
H = H1 + H2 = H3 + H4 + H5.
158
79
A
H1 H2
X Y
H
H3 H5
H4
B C
159
* He qua:
He qua I: Hieu ng nhiet cua phan ng
bang tong nhiet tao thanh cua cac san pham
phan ng tr i tong nhiet tao thanh cua cac
chat au.
He qua II: Hieu ng nhiet cua phan ng
bang tong nhiet ot chay cua cac chat au tr i
tong nhiet ot chay cua cac san pham phan ng.
160
80
V du : oi vi phan ng tong quat

aA + bB = cC + dD
H = Httsp Httc
= [cHttC + dHttD] [aHttA + bHttB]
H = Hcc Hcsp
= [aHcA + bHcB] [cHcC + dHcD]
3.2.6. Tnh hieu ng nhiet phan ng hoa hoc:
C s tnh toan la nh luat Gess, cac he qua,
nhiet tao thanh, nhiet ot chay .
161
* Tnh hieu ng nhiet ieu kien chuan:

Trong trng hp nay s dung nhiet tao thanh,
nhiet ot chay tieu chuan.
o
- V du 1: Xac nh cua phan ng
298
C(gr) + O2(k) = CO(k), biet:
C(gr) + O2(k) = CO2(k), (o1) = 94,1 kcal
o
va CO(k) + O2(k) = CO2(k), (2) = 67,64 kcal
T s o chuyen hoa, theo nh luat Gess:
H (o1) = o298 + H (o2 )
H o298 = (o1) H (o2 ) = 94,1 + 67,74 = 26,46 kcal
162
81
CO( k )
1o o2
o298
C(gr ) CO2(k)
- V du 2: Xac nh hieu ng nhiet cua phan ng:
CaCO3(r) = CaO(r) + CO2(k) .
Theo he qua I:
H o298 = o298ttCaO + H o298ttCO 2 H o298ttCaCO 3
= 151,9 94,1 + 288,5 = 42,5 kcal
163
- V du 3: Xac nh hieu ng nhiet cua phan ng:

CH3COOH(l) + C2H5OH(l) = CH3COOC2H5(l) + H2O(l)
Theo he qua II:
H o298 = o298dcA + H o298dcR H o298dcE
= 208,2 326,7 + 545,9 = 11,0 kcal
* Tnh ieu kien khac chuan:
Tnh gan ung:
164
82
Tnh chnh xac (theo nhiet o): da tren

phng trnh Kirchoff:
T
H 2 = H 1 + 1 C p dT = H 1 + C p (T2 T1 );
T2
Cp = Cp(sp) Cp(c).
Cp la nhiet dung mol ang ap. Khi (T2T1) khong qua
ln co the xem Cp khong phu thuoc vaoT
V du: Tnh H398 cua phan ng:
CO(k) + O2(k) = CO2(k)
Cop (cal/mol.o) 6,97 7,0 8,88
298 tt
(kcal/mol) 26, 42 94,10
165
Gan unog:
298
H398 = = 94,10 (26,42)
= 67,68 kcal/mol
Chnho xac:
298
H398 = + [(8,88 6,977,02/2)(398298)] 103
= 67,84 kcal/mol.
166
83
3.3. NGUYEN LY II VA ENTROPI (S)

3.3.1. Khai niem ve entropi:
Lng nhiet Q ma he trao oi lien quan vi s
bien oi entropi cua he vi nhiet o tai o xay ra
s trao oi nhiet:
S = S2 S1 Q/T
(= : khi qua trnh thuan nghch ; > : khi qua trnh
bat thuan nghch).
167
-Cac ac iem cua entropi:

La tnh chat cua he nh to, p, U, H ,
la ai lng xac nh trang thai cua he, la
ai lng dung o, khong phu thuoc vao
ng i cua qua trnh.
Ban than S phu thuoc manh vao nhiet
o, nhng S lai t phu thuoc vao nhiet .
168
84
Entropi tieu chuan S: ieu kien 25oC, 1 atm,

kh ly tng, dung dch nong o 1 n v (1 mol/lit).
n v tnh entropi: j/mol.o hay
cal/mol.o (1 cal/mol.o = 1 ve).
Da tren entropi co the xac nh chieu xay
ra cua qua trnh trong he co lap: trong he co lap
qua trnh t xay ra la qua trnh co S > 0.
169
* Cong thc Boltzmann:

oi vi 1 phan t:
S = k lnW = (R/N) lnW;
oi vi 1 mol: S = RlnW.
k: hang so Boltzmann;
W : xac suat trang thai cua he;
R: hang so kh, R=1,987 cal/mol.o
hay 8,31 j/mol.o.
170
85
3.3.3. Tnh o bien oi entropi cua mot so qua trnh:

* Qua trnh ang nhiet, ang ap:
Thng ap dung cho qua trnh chuyen pha:
S = QP/ T = H/ T.
V du: Tnh S cua qua trnh chuyen 1 mol
nc a thanh nc long 0oC va tnh S cua 1 mol
nc long nhiet o tren, biet nhiet nong chay cua
nc a la 1436,3 cal/mol va S cua nc a 0oC la
12,4 cal/mol.o.
171
- Phng trnh nhiet hoa bieu dien qua

trnh nong chay nc a:
H2O(r) H2O(l)
ay la qua trnh ang nhiet, ang ap nen:
S = Sl Sr = Rln(Wl/Wr) = Hcp/T
= 1436,3/273 = 5,26 cal/mol.o.
- Entropi cua nc long 0oC:
Snl = Snd + S = 12,4 + 5,26 = 17,66 cal/mol.o.
172
86
* Qua trnh gian n ang nhiet cua kh ly tng:

oi vi kh ly tng U ch phu thuoc nhiet o nen
khi To = const th U = 0 va Q = A. T ay:
S = Q/T = A/T = nR ln (V2/V1) = nR ln(P1/P2).
V du : Tnh S cua qua trnh nen ang nhiet 1
mol oxy t P1 = 0,001 en P2 = 0,01atm.
S = 1 Rln(P1/P2) = 1,987 ln(0,001/0,01) = 4,576 ve.
* Qua trnh bien oi nhiet o ang ap:
Tnh chnh xac: S = nCpln(T2/T1).
Tnh gan ung: dung entropi tieu chuan e tnh S.
173
V du : Tnh S cua qua trnh ot nong 1 mol

nc long t 0oC len 25oC va tnh S cua 1 mol
nc long nhiet o nay, biet nhiet nong chay cua
nc a la 1436,3 cal/mol, Snc a 0oC la 12,4 ve.
- Tnh S qua trnh ot nong nc long:
S = 118ln(298/273) = 1,58 ve.
- Tnh S nc long 25oC:
Snl = Sn +Snnl +S025
= 12,4 +(1436,3/273)+1,58 = 19,24 ve.
174
87
* Qua trnh phan ng hoa hoc:

nh tnh: da vao s bien oi the tch phan ng:
(V > 0 S > 0; V < 0 S < 0 ; V = 0 S = 0).
V du: C(gr) + CO2(k) = 2CO(k):
V = 2V 1V > 0 S > 0.
N2(k) + 3H2(k) = 2NH3(k):
V = 2V 4V < 0 S < 0.
C(gr) + O2(k) = CO2(k):
V = 1V 1V = 0 S = 0.
175
nh lng:
S = Ssp Sc = ( cSC + dSD ) ( aSA + bSB )
V du: Tnh S cua phan ng sau 298oK va 1500oK:
C(gr) + CO2(k) = 2CO(k)

So298 (cal/mol.o) 1,37 51,06 47,22
S1500 (cal/mol.o) 8,0 69,80 59,50
- 298oK: S298 = 2 47,22 (1,37+51,06) = 42,01 ve
- 1500oK: S1500 = 2 59.50 (8,0+69,80) = 41,20 ve
176
88
3.4. THE ANG AP VA CHIEU XAY RA CUA

CAC QUA TRNH HOA HOC
3.4.1. Khai niem ve the ang ap:

O nhiet o va ap suat khong oi, da vao cac
nguyen ly I va II rut ra:
G = H TS
G goi la the ang ap ang nhiet hay n gian
the ang ap (nang lng t do Gibbs).
177
- Cac ac iem cua the ang ap:

La tnh chat cua he nh U, H , la ai lng
nang lng xac nh trang thai cua he, la ai
lng dung o, khong phu thuoc vao ng i
cua he .
G va G phu thuoc vao ap suat va nhiet o.
e xet chieu xay ra cua qua trnh da vao
G. Trong qua trnh ang nhiet ang ap:
G = H TS (t, p = const).
178
89
The ang ap tieu chuan: G o298 hay Go.

Nong o hoac ap suat rieng phan cua moi chat
bang 1 n v (1 mol / lit hoac 1 atm), kh ly tng,
chat ran va long phai dang a hnh ben.
The ang ap tao thanh tieu chuan: (chat tinh
khiet)
Go cua mot chat (tinh khiet) la G cua p tao
thanh 1 mol chat t cac n chat t do ben vng
ap suat 1 atm, nhiet o 298oK va c ky hie
Gu o298tt
Go cua cac n chat ben quy c bang 0.
179
3.4.2. o bien oi the ang ap va ieu kien xay ra cua

cac qua trnh hoa hoc:
A 'max = G la cong co ch cc ai he thc
hien c trong qua trnh thuan nghch.
- T ay suy ra:
Qua trnh (t) xay ra khi A'max > 0 , khi G < 0
Qua trnh khong xay ra khiA'max < 0 , khi G > 0
Khi G = 0 he at trang thai can bang ben vng.
nhiet o thap ( 0oK): TS 0 G = H
180
90
nhiet o cao: dau TS phu thuoc vao S:

S > 0: khi T cang cao TS cang am, qua
trnh cang co kha nang xay ra.
S < 0: khi T cang cao TS cang dng, qua
trnh cang t co kha nang xay ra.
ieu kien nay S chiem u the nen co the
da vao no xet chieu qua trnh.
nhiet o khong cao khong thap: da vao ca H,
S e xet chieu xay ra.
181
3.4.3. Tnh G cua cac phan ng hoa hoc:

Phng trnh G = H TS.
Khi khoang nhiet o khao sat khong qua ln,
o o
co the s dung trc tie
p298 S298
, e tnh G.
Ngoai ra, co: G = Gttsp Gttc.
V du : Tnh Go 298 va 1000oK cua p:
C(gr) + H2O(k) = 2CO(k) + H2(k)
298 tt(kj/mol) 0 - 241,8 - 110,5 0

o
So298tt(kj/mol.o) 5,7 188,7 197,9 130,6

G o298tt(kj/mol) 0 - 228,6 - 137,3 0
182
91
Tnh 298oK:
G o298 = o298 298.So298
= (110,5+241,8)298 (197,9 +130,6 5,7188,7)103
= 91,3 kj/mol.
G o298 = G o298CO G o298ttH O
2
= 137,3 + 228,6 = 91,3 kj/mol.

Tnh 1000oK:
o
G1000 = o298 1000.So298
= 131,3 1000 134,1 103 = 2,8 kj/mol.
183
3.5. CAN BANG HOA HOC

3.5.1. Khai niem ve can bang hoa hoc:
* Khai niem ve phan ng 1 chieu va 2 chieu:
- Phan ng 1 chieu:
- Phan ng 2 chieu hay phan ng thuan-nghch:
Phan ng thuan-nghch ch xay ra cho en khi at
c trang thai can bang.
V du: Phan ng thuan-nghch
H2 + I2 2 HI.
184
92
* Trang thai can bang hoa hoc:

- nh ngha: Trang thai can bang hoa hoc
la trang thai cua phan ng hoa hoc co vt = vn va
t le lng chat gia cac chat phan ng vi san
pham phan ng khong thay oi nhng ieu
kien ben ngoai nhat nh.
185
- Cac ac iem cua trang thai can bang hoa

hoc:
Toc o p thuan bang toc o p ng nghch.
T le lng chat gia cac chat tham gia p khong
thay oi nhng ieu kien ben ngoai nhat nh.
Can bang hoa hoc la can bang (cb) ong.
Tng ng o thay oi the ang ap G = 0.
Khong thay oi neu nhng ieu kien ben ngoai
quyet nh trang thai cb khong thay oi
Khong phu thuoc vao chieu i en cb neu ieu
kien ben ngoai quyet nh trang thai cb nh nhau 186
93
3.5.2. Hang so can bang va mc o dien ra cua

phan ng hoa hoc:
- Thiet lap bieu thc hang so can bang:
Phan ng tong quat: aA + bB cC + dD
trang thai can bang:
vt = kt [A]a [B]b = vn = kn [C]c [D]d.
Suy ra:
k t [C]c [D]d
KC = =
k n [A ]a [B]b
187
kt , kn: hang so toc o phan ng thuan va

phan ng nghch; [ ] : nong o can bang.
KC : hang so can bang bieu dien qua nong o.
Cac chat A, B, C, D la nhng chat kh ta co:
PCc PDd
KP =
PAa PBb
188
94
P: ap suat rieng phan luc can bang cua cac

chat A, B, C, D.
* Lu y:
Neu tham gia vao phan ng co ca chat
kh, long va ran th khi viet bieu thc hang
so can bang ch chu y en chat kh.
189
V du : phan ng aA(k)+ bB(l) = cC(r) + dD (k):

PDd
KP = a
PA
Moi lien he gia KC va KP: KP = KC R Tn,
vi: n = (c + d) (a + b).
Gia tr K phu thuoc vao cach viet phan ng:
V du : 2 SO2(k) + O2(k) 2 SO3(k)
SO2(k) + O2(k) SO3(k)
2
PSO /
PSO
KP = 2 3 KP = 3
K P = (K P/ ) 2
PSO PO PSO PO
2 2 2 2
190
95
K khong co n v.
-Y ngha cua hang so can bang:
K la hang so vi T =const, K ch phu thuoc nhiet
o, khong phu thuoc vao nong o va ap suat.
K cho biet mc o xay ra cua phan ng ve nh
tnh (nong, sau) va nh lng (hieu suat).
Da vao K co the tnh toan cac ai lng lien
quan vi trang thai can bang: nong o, lng cac
chat tham gia vao can bang, hieu suat phan ng.
191
V du : Cho phan ng:

FeO(r) + CO(k) Fe(r) + CO2(k).
1- Tnh nong o CO, CO2 luc can bang 1000oC, biet
hang so can bang KC = 0,5 va nong o ban au cua CO
la 0,06 mol/lit.
2- Sau khi can bang phan ng tren c thiet lap (
ieu kien a cho) them vao lng CO:1 mol/lit. Tnh
nong o CO, CO2 luc can bang mi c thiet lap.
3- Tnh hieu suat tong cong cua phan ng.
Giai: Hang so can bang [CO 2 ]
KC = = 0,5
[CO]
192
96
1- Goi x la nong o CO2 luc can bang th nong o cac chat

luc can bang se la: [CO2] = x mol/lit va [CO] = (0,06 x)
x
mol/lit. T ay: KC = = 0,5 x = 0,02mol / lit
0,06 x
Vay:[CO] = 0,06 0,02 = 0,04 mol/l va [CO2] = 0,02 mol/l.
2- V nhiet o khong thay oi nen KC = 0,5. Goi y la
nong o CO2 tang them sau khi cho them CO vao he
phan ng th nong o luc can bang mi c thiet lap se
la: [CO2] = (0,02 + y) mol/lit va [CO] = (1 + 0,04 y)
mol/lit. T ay:
0,02 + y
KC = = 0,5 y = 0,35mol / lit
1,04 y
193
Vay: [CO]= 1,04 0,35 = 0,69 mol/l va

[CO2] = 0,02 + 0,35 = 0,37 mol/l
0,37
3- Hieu suat tong cong: H% = x100% = 34,9%
1 + 0,06
3.5.3. Hang so can bang va the ang ap:
- Moi lien he gia K va cac ai lng nhiet ong:
o o o
ieu kien chuan: G T = 298 T.S298
= RT ln KP = 2,3 RT lg KP = 4,576 T lg KP.
ieu kien bat ky:
p cC p dD p cC p dD
G T = G oT + RT ln = RT ln K P + RT ln
paA p B
b
p aA p B
b
194
97
p: ap suat rieng phan cac kh ieu kien bat ky. Lu y:

Trong bieu thc G: chnh xac la KP, con ch ap dung
c KC khi KC = KP (tc la khi n = 0) hoac khi phan
ng dien ra trong dung dch. Tuy nhien cung co the ap
dung cach gan ung KC cho nhng trng hp khac.
T tren: khi biet chieu xay ra cua phan ng cung co
the biet mc o dien ra cua no. V du :
Cho phan ng: 2NO2(gr) N2O4(k)
o
298 tt (kcal/mol) 8019 2309
S298 (cal/mol.o) 57,46 72,73
195
1- 25oC va ap suat rieng phan moi kh la 1 atm phan

ng co xay ra khong? Neu co th hieu suat la bao nhieu?
2- Xac nh chieu xay ra cua phan ng cac ieu kien
25oC va ap suat rieng phan cac kh NO2 va N2O4 tng
ng la:a) 0,9 va 0,1 ; b) 0,72 va 0,28; c) 0,1 va 0,9 atm.
Giai :
1- Xac nh chieu xay ra cua phan ng ieu kien chuan
(ieu kien a cho)
Tnh o bien oi the ang ap cua phan ng ieu kien
chuan:
196
98
G o298 = (2309 28019) 298 (72,73257,46)

= 1300 cal/mol < 0.
V G o298 <0 nen phan ng xay ra c (theo chieu
thuan)
Guo298
Tnh hie sua=t:1,987x298 ln K P = 1300
1300
ln K P = = 2,1955 K P = 8,98
1,987x298
at x la ap suat tang them cua N2O4 th ap suat rieng
phan luc can bang cua cac kh se la:
PN 2 O4 = (1 + x) atm va PNO2 = (1 2 x) atm
197
T ay:
1+ x
KP = = 8,98 35,92 x 2 36,92 x + 7,98 = 0
(1 2 x)2
x1 = 0,72; x 2 = 0,31.
PN 2 O 4 = 1 + 0,31 = 1,31; PNO 2 = (1 2x0,31) = 0,38 atm
2x 0,62
va H% = x100 = x100 = 62%
1 1
2- Xac nh chieu xay ra cua phan ng ieu kien a cho:
pN 2 O 4 pN 2 O 4
a)G = RT ln K P + RT ln = RT(ln ln K P )
p2NO2 p2NO2
198
99
G = 1,987298{ln[0,9/(0,1)2]ln8,98} = 1365 cal > 0:

Xay ra theo chieu nghch.
b) G =1,987298 {ln [0,72/(0,28)2]ln 8,98} = 0 cal:
Phan ng at trang thai can bang.
c) G = 1,987298 {ln[0,1/(0,9)2] ln8,98} =2538 cal < 0:
Xay ra theo chieu thuan.
199
3.5.4. S chuyen dch can bang:

- Khai niem: La s bien oi trang thai can bang
khi thay oi mot trong cac ieu kien ben ngoai
(nong o, nhiet o, ap suat) quyet nh trang thai
can bang cua he.
- Nguyen nhan:
Do toc o phan ng thuan va phan ng nghch
bien oi khac nhau.
- Cac yeu to anh hng:
Nong o, nhiet o, ap suat.
200
100
- Nguyen ly chuyen dch can bang (Le Chatelier):

Khi thay oi mot ieu kien nao o quyet nh v
tr can bang, th v tr can bang cua he se dch
chuyen ve pha lam giam hieu qua tac dung
o.
* Ap dung:
9 Anh hng cua nong o:
9 Anh hng cua nhiet o:
9 Anh hng cua ap suat:
201
- V du: oi vi phan ng :
N2(k) + 3H2(k) 2 NH3(k),
o298 = 110 kcal / mol
Can bang chuyen dch:
Khi tang nong o hyro: theo chieu thuan.
Khi tang nhiet o cua he: theo chieu nghch.
Khi tang ap suat cua he: theo chieu thuan.
202
101
CHNG IV
ONG
NG HOC CUA
PHAN NG
NG HOA HOC
203
4.1. KHAI NIEM CHUNG VE ONG HOA

HOC
T oc, e hieu c cac khai niem ve:
- Noi dung nghien cu cua ong hoa hoc.
- Phan ng hoa hoc: he so t lng, bac
phan ng, phan ng n gian va phc tap, c che
phan ng, phan ng ong the va d the.
204
102
4.2. CAC YEU TO ANH HNG EN TOC O

PHAN NG
4.2.1. Khai niem ve toc o phan ng:
- nh ngha: Toc o cua phan ng hoa hoc
la so tac dung n gian trong mot n v thi gian
va n v the tch (oi vi phan ng ong the)
hoac trong mot n v thi gian va tren mot n
v dien tch be mat phan chia cac pha (oi vi
phan ng d the).
205
-Thc te thng dung nhng ai lng t le vi

so tac dung n gian nay: o thay oi nong o
(mol/lit) cua chat phan ng hay san pham phan
ng trong mot n v thi gian (phut).
-Toc o trung bnh (trong khoang thi gian):
206
103
* oi vi phan ng A + B = C + D:
Tnh theo chat phan ng: neu nong o
chat A hay B thi iem 1 la C1, thi iem 2
la C2 th toc o trung bnh cua phan ng trong
khoang thi gian nay la:
C 2 C1 C
= =
2 1
207
Tnh theo san pham: neu nong o chat D

hay E thi iem 1 la C, thi iem 2 la C th
toc o trung bnh cua phan ng trong khoang
thi gian nay la:
C '2 C1' C C
= =+ =
2 1
Dau : chat phan ng, dau +: san pham.
- Toc o tc thi (tnh tai thi iem nhat nh):
208
104
* oi vi phan ng tong quat

a A + b B = d D + e E:
- Toc o trung bnh:
1 C A 1 C B
v= =
a b
1 C D 1 C E
=+ =+
d e
209
- Cac yeu to anh hng: nong o, nhiet o, xuc

tac.
4.2.2. Anh hng cua nong o chat phan ng:
a- nh luat tac dung khoi lng:
- Muon cho phan ng xay ra cac tieu phan
chat phan ng phai va cham nhau, toc o phan
ng cang ln khi so va cham cang nhieu = khi so
tieu phan cang ln, nen toc o phan ng t le
thuan vi nong o chat phan ng.
210
105
nh luat tac dung khoi lng cua Guldberg

va Waage:
Trong he ong the, nhiet o khong oi, toc
o phan ng t le thuan vi tch so nong o cac
chat phan ng vi so mu bang he so t lng cua
cac chat phan ng.
211
- Bieu thc toc o phan ng:

oi vi phan ng tong quat aA + bB = cC + dD
: a b
v = kC A CB
v: toc o tc thi thi iem nhat nh;
C: nong o chat phan ng thi iem o;
k: he so t le va c goi la hang so toc o
phan ng.
212
106
a, b: bac phan ng theo chat phan ng;

a+b: bac phan ng cua phan ng.
Phan ng thuan -nghch: v = vt vn.
Phan ng ong the n gian 1 giai oan:
Bac theo cac chat phan ng ung bang he
so t lng trong phng trnh phan ng.
Phan ng phc tap nhieu giai oan:
Bac phan ng co gia tr khac vi he so t
lng trong phng trnh phan ng.
213
Toc o cua phan ng phc tap c xac nh

bi giai oan xay ra cham nhat, co the khac vi he
so t lng cua phan ng tong cong.
Bac phan ng va bieu thc toc o phan ng
thc te c xac nh bang thc nghiem.
V du cac phan ng: N2O = 4 NO2 + O2 (1)
2 NO + O2 = 2 NO2 (2)
eu la phan ng phc tap v chung eu dien ra qua 2
giai oan, thc nghiem xac nh phan ng (1) co:
214
107
v = kC N 2 O 4
bac phan ng la 1 (khac he so t lng cua N2O4),
con phan ng (2) co:
v = kC 2NO2 C O2
va do o co bac phan ng la 3 (bang he so t
lng cua NO2 va O2).
b- Hang so toc o phan ng :
- Theo tnh toan ly thuyet:
E* S* E*

k = z.e RT .e R = .e RT
215

z: heso t le ; = z .exp(S*/R);E*, S*: nang lng hoat
hoa, entropi hoat hoa cua phan ng.
- Phan ng cu the = const nen k ch phu thuoc vao
nhiet o, ngha la k la hang so tai nhiet o nhat nh.
- Y ngha vat ly cua k: khi CA = CB = 1 M th k = v,
t ay: k la toc o rieng cua phan ng a chon.
- Xac nh k: Lay tch phan cac phng trnh toc o
phan ng. Chang han oi vi phan ng bac mot:
dC dC
v = kC = = kd
d C
1 C
ln C = k + ln C 0 k = ln 0
C 216
108
c- Ly thuyet hoat hoa va nang lng hoat hoa, entropi

hoat hoa:
- Nang lng hoat hoa (E*):
* Muon va cham co hieu qua (xay ra phan ng) th
cac tieu phan va cham phai co nang lng d toi thieu
nao ay so vi nang lng trung bnh cua cac tieu phan
trong he e thang c lc ay gia cac lp vo electron
cua cac tieu phan, e co the va cham nhau, pha huy lien
ket cu, tao lien ket mi.
217
* Nang lng d toi thieu o goi la nang lng hoat

hoa cua tieu phan, con tieu phan la tieu phan hoat ong.
* Nang lng hoat hoa cua phan ng:
Bang tong nang lng hoat hoa cua cac chat phan ng
:
V du: oi vi phan ng aA + bB = cC + dD:
E * = aE*A + bE *B
Bang hieu so gia nang lng toi thieu can thiet cua he
phan ng e tng tac xay ra va nang lng ban au cua
he phan ng.
218
109
* Tom lai: nang lng hoat hoa cua chat la nang

lng toi thieu can cung cho cac tieu phan e chung tr
thanh hoat ong, do o nang lng hoat hoa cang nho,
phan ng cang de xay ra, toc o phan ng cang ln.
* C che phan ng:
Theo quan niem cu: phan ng dien ra theo con
ng tat ca lien ket cu phai b pha v het roi lien ket
mi mi c tao thanh. Con ng nay oi hoi nang
lng hoat hoa ln.
219
V du: Theo c che nay phan ng tong hp HI t H2 va

I2 oi hoi nang lng hoat hoa ln:
( E * = E plH 2 + E plI 2 = 104 + 36 = 140 kcal / mol )
nen phan ng kho xay ra, nhng thc te phan ng nay
tng oi de xay ra.
Theo quan niem mi: a so phan ng dien ra
qua giai oan tao thanh hp chat trung gian hoat ong
(phc chat hoat ong); hp chat nay khong ben se phan
huy tao thanh san pham. S tao thanh phc chat hoat
ong oi hoi nang lng hoat hoa nho nen phan ng de
xay ra.
220
110
Nh vay theo c che nay nang lng hoat hoa la

nang lng can thiet e chuyen cac chat phan ng sang
trang thai phc chat hoat ong.
Theo c che nay trong khi cac lien ket cu cha b
pha v het th lien ket mi a c tao thanh.
V du: phan ng tong hp HI theo c che nay co E*
= 4 kcal/mol va co the bieu dien :
-----
O O O----------O O O
Phc chat hoat ong
221
H2 + I2 H2 ---- I2 2 HI
* Xet gian o nang lng cua phan ng
tong hp HI noi tren (theo ca 2 c che). T gian o
nang lng tnh E* cua phan ng:
222
111
Theo c che mi :
E *tn = E *t E *n = ( H tg H ) ( H tg H c ) = Hc H
Nh vay:
E *tn = Hc Hd = H 0 = 140 144 = 4 kcal / mol
Theo c che cu :
E *tn= E *t E *n = ( H 'tg H 'd ) ( H 'tg H 'c ) = H 'c H 'd
Nh vay:
E *tn = H 'c H 'd = H 0 = 140 144 = 4 kcal / mol
T ay: Nang lng hoat hoa cua phan ng thuan
nghch co tr so bang hieu ng nhiet cua phan ng thuan
nghch.
223
* Nang lng hoat hoa cua phan ng co the tnh

c khi biet 2 gia tr cua hang so toc o phan ng k
(k1, k2) 2 nhiet o khac nhau (T1, T2):
T1T2 k TT k
E * = R( ) ln 2 = 4,576( 1 2 ) lg 2
T2 T1 k1 T2 T1 k1
- Entropi hoat hoa (S*):
* Khong ch nang lng hoat hoa ma con so yeu to
khac na, nh s nh hng trong khong gian khi va
cham cua cac tieu phan, cung co anh hng en hieu qua
cua va cham, ngha la co anh hng en toc o phan ng.
224
112
V du: oi vi phan ng tong hp HI noi tren e tao

thanh phc chat hoat ong H2---I2 th s nh hng
cua cac phan t H2 va I2 khi va cham theo trng hp
(a) se thuan li hn trng hp (b).
Tom lai e xay ra phan ng, cac tieu phan phai co
nang lng can thiet va phai co c s nh hng
thuan li nhat nh khi va cham.
* Entropi hoat hoa ac trng cho xac suat nh
hng co hieu qua khi va cham:
so cach nh hng thuan li
S* = R ln = R ln W
tong so cach nh hng co the co
225
* Xet gian o entropi cua phan ng tong hp HI theo c

che mi:
S*tn = S*t S*n = ( S tg Sd ) ( S tg Sc ) = Sc Sd
226
113
T ay entropi hoat hoa cua phan ng thuannghch

bang o bien oi entropi cua phan ng thuannghch.
-Hang so toc o k, ngha la toc o phan ng, c
quyet nh bi 2 yeu to nang lng (entanpi H) va hnh
hoc (entropi S): E* nho, nhng S* ln th k van rat be
va phan ng xay ra cham; ngc lai E* tuy co the rat
ln, nhng S* be th phan ng van xay ra nhanh.
- Tom lai theo thuyet hoat hoa: khi tang nong o
chat phan ng lam tang so tieu phan hoat ong, lam tang
so va cham co hieu qua, dan en tang toc o phan ng.
227
4.2.3. Anh hng cua nhiet o:

a- Quy tac (kinh nghiem) Vant Hoff:
Khi tang nhiet o len 10oC th toc o phan ng tang
len khoang t 2 en 4 lan.
So lan tang nay c goi la he so nhiet o cua toc o,
c ky hieu va:
k t +10 k
= = 2 4 hay tong quat n = t + n.10
kt kt
ay la quy tac kinh nghiem nen co sai so ang ke
(khoang 20%), tuy nhien co the dung e tnh nh hng
hang so k, toc o v tang bao nhieu lan
228
114
V du: Xac nh hang so toc o k 30oC va tnh toc

o phan ng tang len bao nhieu lan khi tang nhiet o
len 100oC oi vi phan ng phan huy N2O5 thanh NO2 va
O2, biet hang so k cua phan ng 0oCva 60oC tng
ng bang 7,9. 107 va 2,57. 103.
Giai: Tnh hang so k 30oC:
k 0 + 6.10 2,57.10 3
6
= = = (3,86 )6
= 3,86
k0 7,9.10 7
k 0 + 3.10
= (3,86)3 k 30 = k o x(3,86)3
k0
= 7,9.10 7 x(3,86)3 = 3,6.10 5
229
Tnh o tang toc o phan ng khi tang nhiet o len

100oC: v100 k 0 +10.10
= = (3,86)10 = 731200 lan
v0 k0
b- Phng trnh (thc nghiem) Arrhenius:
- Phng trnh :
* E* S* E*
a E
RT

ln k = +b= + ln k = .e = z.e R .e RT
T RT
k: hang so toc o phan ng; T: nhiet o tuyet oi.
a,b: xac nh bang thc nghiem, ve sau chng minh:
*
E
a= ; b = ln
R
230
115
-Theo ly thuyet hoat hoa: khi ot nong toc o phan ng

tang len khong phai do tang so lan va cham, ma la do
tang so tieu phan hoat ong. ieu nay la do khong t le
vi E*

RT N' so tieu phan hoat ong
e = =
N tong so tieu phan cua he
ma khi nhiet o tang t so nay tang manh.

V du: oi vi phan ng phan huy N2O5 noi tren, khi tang
nhiet o t 0oC len 100oC t so nay tang len 173800 lan.
231
4.2.4.Anh hng cua chat xuc tac:

a- Khai niem ve xuc tac:
Chat xuc tac la chat lam tang toc o
phan ng hoac gay nen phan ng.
Chat c che la chat lam cho toc o phan
ng cham lai.
Cac ac iem cua chat xuc tac:
232
116
- Lng dung t hn chat phan ng rat nhieu lan.

- Khong thay oi ve lng cung nh ve thanh
phan va tnh chat hoa hoc sau phan ng (ve ly
thuyet).
- Moi chat xuc tac thng ch co tac dung oi vi
mot phan ng nhat nh.
233
nh ngha: Chat xuc tac la nhng chat lam

tang toc o phan ng do tham gia vao tng tac
hoa hoc vi cac chat phan ng giai oan trung
gian, nhng sau phan ng no c phuc hoi va gi
nguyen ve lng cung nh thanh phan va tnh
chat hoa hoc.
Xuc tac ong the la chat xuc tac cung pha
vi hon hp phan ng, con khi chat xuc tac co pha
khac vi hon hp phan ng th o la xuc tac d the
.
234
117
V du: phan ng oxyhoa kh SO2

thanh kh SO3 khi dung hon hp kh NO
va NO2 lam xuc tac la qua trnh xuc tac
ong the, con khi dung bot V2O5 lam xuc
tac la qua trnh xuc tac d the.
235
Phan ng xuc tac enzim la phan ng hoa hoc

xay ra di tac dung xuc tac cua cac chat anbumin
ac biet c goi la cac enzim (men). Nhng phan
ng nay la nhng phan ng hoa hoc xay ra trong c
the sinh vat.
u iem cua xuc tac enzim la co tnh chon loc
cao va cac phan ng xuc tac enzim xay ra nhiet o
thng, co hieu suat ln.
236
118
Phan ng day chuyen la phan ng gom

nhieu tng tac hoa hoc (tac dung n gian) xay
ra lien tiep nhau, lap di lap lai (cac mat xch) vi
s tham gia cua nhng tieu phan ac biet c
goi la cac goc t do.
237
Goc t do la nhng tieu phan khong bao

hoa hoa tr (H., O., OH., Cl., do cac phan t b
pha v di tac dung chieu sang, ot nong,
phong ien tao thanh, co kha nang phan ng
rat ln va khi mot goc t do tham gia phan ng
mat i th se xuat hien nhieu goc t do mi tiep
tuc phan ng tao ra day chuyen.
Phan ng day chuyen co nang lng hoat
hoa rat nho, co khi bang khong.
238
119
Phan ng quang hoa la phan ng hoa hoc

xay ra di tac dung cua anh sang.
Anh sang la tac nhan cung cap nang lng
cho phan ng tao ra goc t do. Phan ng quang
hoa ty le thuan vi lng anh sang hap thu c,
khi chat phan ng hap thu 1 photon anh sang ch
sinh ra toi a 1 goc t do, se xay ra cach bnh
thng.
V du: phan ng phan huy AgBr di tac dung
cua anh sang thanh Ag va Br2.
239
Phan ng quang hoa, s hap thu anh

sang ch ong vai tro kch thch phan ng
xay ra, phan ng t xay ra khong phu
thuoc vao lng anh sang hap thu, ngha
la khi chat phan ng hap thu 1 photon lai
sinh ra c nhieu goc t do, se xay ra
theo kieu day chuyen.
240
120
V du: phan ng tong hp HCl t H2 va Cl2

khi c chieu sang se xay ra theo kieu day
chuyen:
Cl : Cl 2 Cl. ;
Cl. + H : H HCl + H. ;
H. + Cl : Cl HCl + H.
Phan ng loai nay c goi la phan ng quang xuc tac.
241
b -Tac dung cua chat xuc tac:

Lam giam nang lng hoat hoa bang cach
thay oi c che phan ng. oi vi qua trnh xuc tac
ong the: chat xuc tac tham gia tao phc chat hoat
ong mi lam giam nang lng hoat hoa cua phan
ng.
e minh hoa xet phan ng A + B = AB:E1*
- Khong co xuc tac: A + B A---B AB, E*2
- Co xuc tac K: A + K A---K AK, E*3
AK + B AK---B AB+ K,
242
121
Ca E*2 va E*3 eu nho hn E1* lam cho cac phan ng

khi co xuc tac eu xay ra nhanh hn, a en phan ng
xay ra nhanh hn khi khong co xuc tac.
V du: phan ng CH3CHO(k) CH4(k) + CO(k)
khi khong dung xuc tac co E*=45,5 kcal/mol, con khi
dung hi iot lam xuc tac co E* = 32,5 kcal/mol. Nh s
giam nang lng hoat hoa nay ma toc o phan ng tang
len 500000 lan 500oK.
243
Cung cap goc t do tao ra phan ng day chuyen,

la phan ng xay ra rat manh liet (no) v co nang lng
hoat hoa rat nho hoac bang khong nh a noi tren.
V du: Toc o cua phan ng 2CO + O2 = 2CO2
tang len manh khi dung hi nc lam xuc tac la do hi
nc cung cap cac goc t do H., O., OH. tao ra phan ng
day chuyen
OH. + CO = CO2 + H.
H . + O2 = OH. + O.
O. + CO = CO2
244
122
CHNG V
DUNG DCH
245
5.1. KHAI NIEM VE DUNG DCH

5.1.1. He phan tan va dung dch:
- He phan tan la he trong o co 1 chat phan bo
(chat b phan tan) vao 1 chat khac (moi trng phan
tan). Cac chat co the la kh (K), long (L), ran (R).
- Cac loai he phan tan (theo kch thc hat b
phan tan):
He phan tan tho (the l lng): 105 cm. He
khong ben, b sa lang.
V du : huyen phu at set trong nc (he RL),
nhu tng sa (he LL).
246
123
He phan tan cao (he keo): 105 107 cm. He cung

khong ben do cac hat lien hp vi nhau va sa lang.
V du: gelatin, keo dan, sng mu (he LK), khoi (he
RK).
He phan t ion (dung dch phan t ion):
107108 cm. He nay chnh la dung dch ben.
5.1.2. Khai niem ve dung dch:
- nh ngha: La he ong the gom 2 hay nhieu chat
ma thanh phan cua chung co the thay oi trong gii han
rong.
247
Dung dch giong vi hp chat hoa hoc tnh ong

nhat va vi hon hp c hoc co thanh phan thay oi,
chiem v tr trung gian, gan vi hp chat hoa hoc hn.
- oi vi dung dch: chat b phan tan la chat tan,
con moi trng phan tan la dung moi.
- Dung dch co the la kh (v du: khong kh), long
(v du: nc bien), ran (v du: hp kim Ag Au). Chu
yeu khao sat dung dch long trong nc.
5.1.3. Ly thuyet tao thanh dung dch:
248
124
- Qua trnh hoa tan va can bang hoa tan:

Hoa tan chat ran trong chat long tao dung dch long.
Co 2 qua trnh ngc nhau xay ra ong thi:
Tach cac tieu phan chat tan ra khoi tinh the chat
tan va phan bo chung vao dung moi (qua trnh hoa tan);
Ket tua cac tieu phan chat tan trong dung dch len
be mat tinh the chat tan (qua trnh ket tua).
Qua trnh hoa tan se dien ra cho en khi at c trang
thai can bang hoa tan (G = 0):
Tinh the chat tan X Dung dch chat tan X
249
- C che tao thanh dung dch:

C che tao thanh dung dch bao gom:
Qua trnh vat ly (qua trnh chuyen pha): pha v
mang tinh the chat tan va phan bo cac tieu phan chat
tan tao thanh trong dung moi.
Qua trnh hoa hoc (qua trnh sonvat hoa): tng
tac cua cac tieu phan chat tan vi dung moi tao thanh
hp chat sonvat.
Dung moi la nc th o la qua trnh hyrat hoa va
tao thanh hp chat hyrat.
250
125
V du : khi hoa tan CuSO4 vao nc th

trong qua trnh vat ly (chuyen pha) se tao
thanh cac ion Cu2+ va SO24, sau o ion Cu2+ tac
dung vi nc tao thanh ion hyrat Cu2+.5H2O
trong qua trnh hoa hoc (sonvat hoa).
251
- Nhiet hoa tan:

Qua trnh hoa tan t xay ra (G < 0) va
co the la thu nhiet hay phat nhiet tuy thuoc vao
qua trnh vat ly (thu nhiet) hay qua trnh hoa hoc
(phat nhiet) chiem u the:
Hht = Hcp + Hsh
nh ngha: Nhiet hoa tan la lng nhiet
thu vao hay phat ra khi hoa tan mot mol chat tan.
252
126
V du:
Qua trnh hoa tan NH4NO3 la thu nhiet
(Ho = + 25,10 kj).
Qua trnh hoa tan KOH la phat nhiet
(Ho = 54,39 kj).
253
5.1.4. Nong o dung dch va cach bieu dien. o tan va

cac yeu to anh hng.
T oc:
Nam vng ve nong o va cac cach bieu dien
nong o quan trong nh: mol, phan tram khoi
lng, ng lng, phan mol, molan.
Hieu c ve o tan va cac yeu to co anh
hng en o tan nh: ban chat chat tan va dung
moi, nhiet o, ap suat.
254
127
5.2. DUNG DCH CHAT KHONG IEN LI VA

CAC TNH CHAT
- Trong qua trnh tao thanh dd tnh chat
cua chat tan, dm thay oi va khac vi tnh chat
cua dd thu c.
Nguyen nhan do s tng tac gia cac tieu
phan chat tan va dm va s giam nong o tieu
phan t do cua dm khi tao thanh dung dch.
255
- Khi tang nong o chat tan anh hng cua 2

yeu to tren tang len manh lam cho cac tnh chat cua
dd tr nen phc tap.
Khi giam nong o chat tan, ac biet nhng
nong o rat loang, anh hng cua nhng yeu to tren
giam manh en mc co the bo qua.
Khi o co mot so tnh chat cua dd khong phu
thuoc vao ban chat chat tan ma ch phu thuoc vao
nong o chat tan, nh: ap suat hi bao hoa, nhiet o
soi, nhiet o ong ac, ap suat tham thau.
256
128
5.2.1. Ap suat hi bao hoa:

- Chat long nao (nguyen chat hay dd) cung
eu bay hi, hi nay gay tren be mat chat long cua
no mot ap suat goi la ap suat hi bao hoa.
Nh vay, ap suat hi bao hoa la:
ai lng ac trng cho can bang L H
ai lng khong oi tai nhiet o nhat nh oi
vi chat long (nguyen chat) nhat nh.
V du: ap suat hi bao hoa cua nc 25oC la
23,7 mmHg.
257
-Xet tnh chat nay oi vi dd cha chat tan kho bay

hi (co nhiet o soi cao hn dm khoang 150oC).
Ket qua khao sat cho thay:
cung nhiet o ap suat hi bao hoa cua dd (ap
suat hi dd P1) luon luon nho hn ap suat hi bao
hoa cua dm nguyen chat (ap suat hi dm P0).
258
129
nh luat Raoult I:
o giam tng oi ap suat hi bao hoa cua dd
bang phan mol cua chat tan trong dd.
P1 = Po N1 hay P/P0 = N2
N1, N2 : nong o phan mol cua dm va chat tan
trong dd.
P = Po P1: o giam tuyet oi ap suat hi bao
hoa cua dd.
P / Po : o giam tng oi ap suat hi bao hoa
cua dd.
259
5.2.2. Nhiet o soi:

- Nhiet o soi cua chat long nguyen chat la
nhiet o o ap suat hi bao hoa cua chat long
bang ap suat kh quyen va la ai lng khong oi
oi vi ap suat ben ngoai nhat nh. Nh vay nhiet
o soi la ai lng ac trng cho can bang L H.
V du: nc long co nhiet o soi la 100oC, ng
vi ap suat kh quyen la 1 atm.
- Xet dung dch cha chat tan kho bay hi:
260
130
cung ap suat ben ngoai nhat nh nhiet o soi

cua dung dch luon luon cao hn nhiet o soi cua
dung moi nguyen chat.
nh luat Raoult II:
o tang nhiet o soi cua dung dch t le thuan
vi nong o chat tan trong dung dch
o o
t s = t sdd t sdm = k s .C m
ts: o tang nhiet o soi; ks: hang so nghiem soi;
Cm: nong o molan cua dung dch.
261
oi vi dd nhiet o soi cua thc te la nhiet o

bat au soi cua dd.
5.2.3. Nhiet o ong ac:
- Nhiet o ong ac la nhiet o o ap suat hi
bao hoa cua pha long bang ap suat hi bao hoa cua
pha ran va la ai lng khong oi tai ap suat ben
ngoai nhat nh.
Nhiet o ong ac la ai lng ac trng cho
can bang
L R.
262
131
V du: nc co nhiet o ong ac 0oC, ap suat

hi bao hoa cua nc a va nc long la 0,006 atm.
- Xet dd cha chat tan kho bay hi:
cung ap suat ben ngoai nhat nh nhiet o
ong ac cua dd luon luon thap hn nhiet o ong
ac cua dm nguyen chat.
nh luat Raoult II:
o ha nhiet o ong ac cua dd t le thuan vi
nong o chat tan trong dd:
263
t = t odd t odm = k .C m
t: o ha nhiet o ong ac; k: hang so nghiem ong; Cm:
nong o molan cua dung dch.
Cung giong nh nhiet o soi, nhiet o ong ac
cua dung dch la nhiet o bat au ong ac cua dung dch.
5.2.4. Ap suat tham thau:
- Hien tng tham thau:
Khi cho dung dch chat tan trong nc tiep xuc trc tiep
vi nc se xay ra s khuech tan 2 chieu: cac tieu phan
chat tan chuyen t phan dung dch sang phan nc va cac
tieu phan nc t phan nc chuyen sang phan dung dch;
264
132
con khi khong cho dung dch chat tan va nc tiep xuc trc
tiep ma cho tiep xuc qua 1 mang ac biet ch cho cac tieu
phan nc dung moi i qua th ch xay ra s khuech tan 1
chieu cua cac tieu phan nc t phan nc sang phan dung
dch.
Mang ac biet o c goi la mang ban tham (mang
coloion, nguyen sinh chat, bong bong ong vat); s
khuech tan 1 chieu c goi la s tham thau va hien tng
tham thau c gay ra bi mot ap suat ma c goi la ap
suat tham thau.
265
- Ap suat tham thau:

Ap suat tham thau ac trng cho kha nang tham
thau cua dd.
nh ngha: La ap suat gay ra s tham thau va
bang ap suat can tac dung len dd e cho s tham
thau khong xay ra.
nh luat Vant Hoff: Ap suat tham thau cua dd
t le thuan vi nong o chat tan va nhiet o tuyet oi
cua dd.
= RC
266
133
: ap suat tham thau; C: nong o mol cua chat tan;

R: hang so kh; T: nhiet o tuyet oi.
5.2.5. Xac nh phan t lng chat tan:
T oc, nam c cach xac nh phan t lng
chat tan trong dd da tren viec o cac tnh chat cua
dd va trnh bay tren.
5.3. DUNG DCH CHAT IEN LI
5.3.1. Khai niem ve s ien li:
a- Cac ac iem cua dd axit, baz, muoi trong nc:
267
Cac dd axit, baz, muoi trong nc khong tuan theo

cac nh luat Raoult, VantHoff tren: cac ai lng
P , t, cua nhng dd nay co gia tr xac nh bang
thc nghiem luon luon ln hn so vi tnh toan theo
cac nh luat o.
V du: dd cha 1g NaCl trong 100 g nc co:
(t) o ln hn cong thc Raoult II (t) gan 2 lan.
Muon ap dung phai them he so ieu chnh goi la
he so Vant Hoff hay he so ang trng i:
268
134
P = i PoNB = i P; t = i k Cm = i t;
= i R C T = i ; i = P/P = t/t = /
P,t,: o bang thc nghiem; P,t, : tnh
theo cac nh luat Raoult,Vant Hoff.
Cac dd axit, baz, muoi trong nc co tnh
dan ien trong khi ban than axit, baz, muoi
nguyen chat khong dan ien .
e giai thch ngi ta a ra ly thuyet ien li.
269
b- Ly thuyet ien li:

Thuyet Arrhenius:
* Ngay khi hoa tan vao nc cac chat axit, baz, muoi
phan li thanh nhng ion dng (cation) va am (anion). Axit
phan li thanh cation H+ va anion goc axit, baz phan li
thanh cation kim loai va anion OH, con muoi phan li
thanh cation kim loai va anion goc axit.
* S phan li thanh ion cua chat tan trong dung dch
(hay khi nong chay) c goi la s ien li, con chat co kha
nang phan li nh tren c goi la chat ien li.
270
135
* Giai thch cac ac iem khac biet cua dd axit,

baz, muoi neu tren:
+ S ien li tao ion cua axit, baz, muoi lam tang
so tieu phan trong dd a en tang P, t, .
T ay: he so Vant Hoff i cho biet t so gia so tieu
phan co thc trong dd so vi so tieu phan hoa tan.
Neu i = 1: khong co ien li, i > 1: co ien li.
Khi pha loang vo cung dd th gia tr cua i tien
en nhng so nguyen 2, 3, 4 tng ng so ion co
trong phan t chat tan.
271
V du: 25oC cac dd KCl va Ca(NO3)2 nong o

0,2N co i tng ng la 1,8 va 2,5, nhng khi pha
loang vo cung chung co i tng ng la 2 va 3.
+ Cac dung dch axit, baz, muoi dan ien c
la do s co mat cac ion ong vai tro chat chuyen
ien.
Thuyet Kablukov:
S ien li la s phan li cua chat tan di tac
dung cua cac tieu phan dm thanh nhng ion sonvat
hoa.
272
136
V du: Phng trnh ien li cua NaCl:

Theo Arrhenius: NaCl = Na+ + Cl
Theo Kablukov:
NaCl(r) + (m+n)H2O(l) = Na+.mH2O(d) + Cl.nH2O(d)
c- C che ien li:
oi vi hp chat ion: qua trnh phan li cac ion
co san trong tinh the hp chat.
oi vi hp chat cong hoa tr: qua trnh ion
hoa phan t hp chat.
273
d- o ien li :
nh ngha: o ien li cua chat ien li la t so
gia so phan t a phan li thanh ion (n) tren tong so
phan t a hoa tan trong dd (no).
= n/n0 ( 0 1 )
o ien li c bieu dien bang phan n v
hay phan tram.
V du: dd axit HF 0,1 N 25oC co
= 0,09 hay = 9%.
274
137
Cac yeu to anh hng en o ien li:

+ Ban chat chat tan va dm.
+ Nong o dd: nong o tang o ien li giam
va ngc lai.
Khi pha loang dd se tang len va tien en 1
khi pha loang vo cung.
+ Nhiet o: nhiet o tang o ien li tang.
275
Cach xac nh:

+ Da vao he so Vant Hoff i:
=(i-1)/(m-1),
vi m: so ion trong phan t chat ien li.
+ Da vao o dan ien: =/, vi , : o
dan ien ng lng cua dd nong o khao sat va
khi pha loang vo cung.
276
138
Phan loai cac chat ien li:

Da theo o ien li phan loai nh sau:
- Ly thuyet: chia lam 2 nhom:
+ Manh: phan li hoan toan ( = 1), gom muoi
trung tnh, axit va baz vo c manh.
+ Yeu: phan li khong hoan toan (< 1), gom
axit va baz hu c, axit va baz vo c yeu, muoi axit
va muoi baz.
277
-Thc te:
Quy c chia lam 3 nhom oi vi dd nc
nong o 0,1 N:
Manh vi > 30%,
Yeu vi < 2% va
Trung bnh vi 2% < < 30%.
278
139
5.3.2. Dung dch chat ien li yeu:

- Tnh chat: Co < 1 va , tang len khi
pha loang dung dch. ieu nay c giai thch:
Do chat ien li yeu ien li khong hoan toan
nen khi pha loang chung tang len.
279
- Can bang ien li va hang so ien li K:

Qua trnh ien li cua chat ien li yeu la
thuannghch: ion hoa (thuan) va phan t hoa
(nghch), khi toc o cua 2 qua trnh nay bang nhau
co can bang ien li:
AmBn m An+ + n Bm
Can bang ien li la can bang hoa hoc, hang so can
bang goi la hang so ien li ky hieu la K:
280
140
[A n + ]m [Bm ]n
K=
[ A m Bn ]
K cang ln chat ien li cang manh va ngc lai. V du:
[CH 3COO ][H + ]
CH 3COOH CH 3COO + H + ; K a = = 1,9.10 5
[CH 3COOH]
[H + ][HCO3 ]
H 2 CO3 H +
+ HCO3 ; K1 = = 4,7.10 7
[H 2 CO3 ]
[H + ][CO 32 ]
HCO3 H +
+ CO 3 ; K2 = = 5,6.10 11
[HCO3 ]
[H + ]2 [CO32 ]
H 2 CO3 2H + + CO32 ; K a = = 2,44.10 17
[H 2 CO3 ]
281
[NH +4 ][OH ]
NH 4 OH NH +4
+ OH ; K b = = 1,8.10 5
[NH 4 OH]
[PbOH + ][OH ]
+
Pb(OH) 2 PbOH + OH ; K1 =
= 1,6.10 4
[Pb(OH) 2 ]
2+ [Pb 2 + ][OH ]
+
PbOH Pb
+ OH ; K 2 = = 3.10 8
[PbOH + ]
oi vi chat ien li a bac: K1 > K2 > K3 va K =
K1 K2 K3 thng ch xet nac ien li th nhat,
tng ng K1.
282
141
- Moi lien he gia hang so ien li va o ien li:

Xet dung dch chat ien li yeu AB co nong o
C, o ien li , hang so ien li K:
AB A+ + B
Luc can bang nong o cac chat va ion:

[A+]= [B]= C ;
[AB] = CC = C (1) mol/lit.
283
[A + ][B ] C x C 2
K= = =C
[AB] C(1 ) 1
Khi 1, mot cach gan ung co the xem
1- 1 khi o:
K

C
ay la bieu thc toan hoc cua nh luat
pha loang Ostwald.
284
142
- V du tnh toan ve ien li:

Hoa tan 0,1 mol chat ien li yeu XY trong nc
tao thanh 1 lit dd 25oC.
a) Tnh o ien li cua XY trong dd 25oC, biet
nong o ion X+ trong dd bang 0,0013 mol/lit.
b) Tnh hang so ien li K cua XY 25oC.
c) Tnh o ien li cua XY trong dd 25oC khi pha
loang dd 4 lan.
285
d) Tnh [X+] trong dd 25oC khi them vao dd

khong pha loang mot lng chat ien li manh AY
tng ng nong o 0,1 M. [X+] trong dd sau khi them
AY tang hay giam bao nhieu lan?
Giai: a) Tnh trong dd ban au:
XY X+ + Y
Nong o XY trong dd ban au: C = 0,1 M.
[X+] = C = [X+]/C = 0,0013/0,1 = 1.3%
b) Tnh K cua XY:
* Tnh chnh xac:
K = C2/(1-) = 0,1.(0.0013)2/(1-0,013)
= 0,0000171 = 1,71.105
286
143
* Tnh gan ung :

K = C2 = 0,1 (0,013)2 = 0,0000169 = 1,69.105
So sanh ket qua tnh toan thay 2 gia tr K thu
c hau nh khong khac nhau, nen trong thc te
khi chat ien li qua yeu (khi co C/K 102 ) thng
dung cach tnh gan ung.
287
* Tnh trong dd khi pha loang:

Nong o dd sau khi pha loang:
C = C/4 = 0,1/4 = 0,025 mol/lit.
V nhiet o khong thay oi nen K = 0,0000169.
T ay:
K = C' 2
K 0,0000169
= = = 0,026 = 2,6.10 2
C' 0,025
288
144
* Tnh [X+] sau khi them AY:

Viec them AY lam can bang ien li cua XY
chuyen dch theo chieu nghch, a en giam [X+].
at x la nong o mi cua ion X+ th nong o cac
chat va ion trong dd sau khi them AY se la:
[X+] = x; [Y] = (x+0,1); [XY] = (0,1x) M:
[X + ][Y ] x(x + 0,1) 0,1x

K= = =x
[XY ] (0,1 x) 0,1
= [X + ] = 0,0000169 = 1,69.10 5 mol / lit.
289
Sau khi them AY [X+]giam (1,3.10-3 /1.69.10-5 = 77 lan.

5.3.3. Dung dch chat ien li manh:
- Tnh chat:
Theo ly thuyet chat ien li manh phan li hoan
toan nen = 1 va , khong tang khi pha loang dd.
Thc te, giong nh dd chat ien li yeu, dd chat
ien li manh co < 1 va , tang khi pha loang.
Giai thch thc te nay cua dd chat ien li manh
dung ly thuyet tng tac ion cua Debye, Huckel va
Onsager.
290
145
- Ly thuyet tng tac ion:

Trong dd chat ien li manh nong o cac
ion ln, chung gan nhau nen gia chung xay ra
tng tac (tao thanh bau kh quyen ion, cac ion
lien hp), chung khong con hoan toan t do va
the hien nh trong dd so ion t hn so ion co thc.
Nong o dd cang ln tng tac gia cac ion
cang manh, anh hng cang ln va ngc lai.
291
T ay: nhng ai lng lien quan vi so ion

trong dd nh o ien li, nong o, o dan ien eu
the hien nho hn co thc. V vay , C , o c
trong thc te c goi la cac ai lng bieu kien : o
ien li bieu kien, nong o bieu kien .
Khi pha loang dd tng tac gia cac ion giam
xuong nen so ion hnh nh tang len, a en ,
tang len.
- Hoat o va he so hoat o:
292
146
e ac trng cho trang thai cua ion trong dd

chat ien li manh dung hoat o thay cho nong o.
Hoat o (cua chat, ion) la nong o hieu dung
(cua chat, ion) the hien trong thc te phan ng. Neu
goi a la hoat o, C la nong o ta co: a = fC.
f la he so hoat o;
f < 1 (co tng tac gia cac ion),
f = 1 (khong co tng tac gia cac ion).
V du khi dd c pha loang vo cung:
ai = fiC va aAmBn = fAmBn.CAmBn
293
Vay hoat o dang nong o, tong quat hn, co

the ap dung tot cho cac dd chat ien li manh cung
nh yeu, loang hay ac va khi dung hoat o th nh
luat tac dung khoi lng ap dung c cho moi chat,
moi nong o:
am
A
n
n + .a m
B
K=
a ABn
Xac nh f: Phng trnh DebyeHuckel:
AZ 2i I A Z A n+ .Z Bm I
lg fi = va lg fA m Bn =
1+ I 1+ I
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147
A: hang so, phu thuoc ban chat dm va nhiet o;

25 oC va dm la nc A = 0,5.
I = C i . Z 2i lc ion cua dd;
Z: ien tch ion.
Khi I < 0,01 va 25oC vi dm nc:
lg fi = 0,5Z 2i I
va lg fA m Bn = 0,5 Z A n + .Z Bm I
295
5.4. S IEN LI CUA NC VA CH SO HYRO pH

5.4.1. Can bang ien li cua nc va tch so ion cua nc:
-Nc la chat ien li rat yeu:
H2O H+ + OH
22oC hang so ien li cua nc:
+
[H ][OH ]
K= = 1,8.10 16
[H 2 O]
296
148
- Tch so ion cua nc Kn:

V K qua nho nen co the xem:
[H2O] = const = 1000/18 = 55,55 mol/lit. Do o:
K [H2O] = const = [H+][OH] = Kn
Tch so ion cua nc la tch so nong o cac ion
H+ va OH trong nc nguyen chat hay trong dd nc
va la hang so tai nhiet o nhat nh.
22oC Kn = [H+][OH-]
= 1,8.1016 55,55 = 1.1014 .
5.4.2. Ch so hyro pH va moi trng dung dch:
297
- T Kn suy ra:
Dd co tnh trung tnh:
[H + ] = [OH ] = K n = 1.10 14 = 10 7 mol / lit
Dd co tnh axt: [H+] > [OH-] va [H+] > 107 M.
Dd co tnh baz: [H+] < [OH-] va [H+] < 107 M.
- e xac nh tnh chat dd thuan li hn, thay cho
nong o ion [H+] ngi ta dung ch so hyro pH:
pH = lg [H+].
Khi o:
Dd co tnh trung tnh: pH = lg 107 = 7.
Dd co tnh axt: pH < 7.
Dd co tnh baz: pH > 7.
298
149
Thang pH:
[H+] 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9 10-10 10-11 10-12 10-13 10-14
pH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Trung
Axt tang tnh
Baz tang
- Xac nh pH bang chat ch th mau:

Chat ch th mau la nhng axt hoac baz hu c
yeu ma dang phan t va dang ion cua no co mau sac
khac nhau va tuy thuoc vao pH cua moi trng ma
ton tai dang nay hay dang kia.
V du : Quy tm (ky hieu HQ) la axt hu c yeu :
299
HQ (o) H+ + Q (xanh lam).

Trong moi trng axt co mau o cua HQ, trong
moi trng kiem co mau xanh lam cua Q .
Moi chat ch th co khoang pH o mau sac cua
no thay oi:
V du: Metyl da cam o < pH = 3,1 4,4 < vang
Quy o < pH = 5 8 < xanh lam
Phenol phtalein khong mau < pH = 8 10 < hong
- Tnh pH cac dung dch axt, baz:
Axt n bac HA:
300
150
* Manh: Axt co nong o Ca, =1, suy ra:

[H+] = Ca va pH = lg Ca.
* Yeu: HA H+ + A
Axt co nong o Ca , < 1, Ka, suy ra:
Vay: pH = (lg Ka+lg Ca)
Baz n bac MOH:
* Manh: Baz co nong o Cb , =1, suy ra:
[OH] = Cb = Kn/[H+]=10-14/[H+]
+ 10 14 10 14
[H ] = pH = lg = 14 + lg C b
Cb Cb
301
* Yeu: MOH M+ + OH
Baz co nong o Cb, <1, Kb , suy ra:
Kn 10 14
[OH ] = C b = K b C b = + = +
T ay: [ H ] [ H ]
10 14
+
[H ] = pH = 14 + 1 (lg K b + lg C b )
K bC b 2
Axt va baz a bac: thng ch xet bac ien li th

nhat va tien hanh nh tren.
5.4.3. Khai niem ve ly thuyet proton ve axtbaz va s
chuan o axtbaz:
302
151
- T oc:thuyet proton ve axtbaz cua Bronsted

va Lowry:
Nhng khai niem ve: axt, baz, phan ng
proton, vai tro cua dm;
Hang so ien li ac trng cho o manh cua axt,
baz;
Cac yeu to anh hng en o manh cua axt,
baz la ai lc proton, hang so t proton hoa cua dm.
- T oc: phan ng trung hoa gia axt va baz va
phng phap chuan o xac nh axt, baz.
303
5.5. S THUY PHAN MUOI

5.5.1. Khai niem ve s thuy phan muoi:
- S thuy phan muoi la qua trnh tng tac cua
cac ion muoi vi cac ion cua nc.
- S thuy phan cua muoi lam thay oi moi
trng dd muoi thu c.
- Phan ng thuy phan muoi la phan ng nghch
cua phan ng trung hoa gia axt va baz.
V du : NaCN + H2O NaOH + HCN
CN + H2O OH + HCN
304
152
5.5.2. C che thuy phan:

Cac muoi b thuy phan la nhng muoi tao bi:
axt manh va baz yeu; axt yeu va baz manh; axt yeu
va baz yeu. Xet c che thuy phan cua chung.
Muoi tao bi axt manh va baz yeu:

NH4Cl , Al2(SO4)3
NH4Cl + H2O NH4OH + HCl
NH +4 + H 2 O NH 4 OH + H +
305
C che thuy phan: s thuy phan cation.

Moi trng dd: axt.
* Muoi tao bi axt yeu va baz manh:
CH3COONa, K2CO3..
CH3COONa + H2O CH3COOH + NaOH
CH3COO + H2O CH3COOH + OH
C che thuy phan:
S thuy phan anion.
Moi trng dd: baz.
306
153
Muoi tao bi axt yeu va baz yeu:

NH4CN, (CH3COO)2Zn
NH4CN + H2O NH4OH + HCN
NH 4+ + CN + H 2 O NH 4 OH + HCN
C che thuy phan: s thuy phan ca cation lan
anion. Moi trng dd: tuy thuoc vao o manh, yeu
cua axt va baz tao thanh; neu axt manh hn (Ka >
Kb) dd co tnh axt, neu baz manh hn (Ka < Kb) dd
co tnh baz, con neu o manh cua chung bang nhau
(Ka = Kb) dd co tnh trung tnh.
307
V du: Trong trng hp ang xet dung dch co

tnh baz v baz NH4OH (Kb = 1,75.105) manh hn axt
HCN (Ka = 8.1010).
5.5.3. o thuy phan va hang so thuy phan:
ac trng cho can bang thuy phan: gia tr cua
chung cang ln muoi b thuy phan cang manh.
o thuy phan h:
- h = n/n0.
- Phu thuoc : ban chat muoi, nhiet o va nong o.
308
154
Hang so thuy phan Kt :

Vi moi muoi Kt la hang so tai nhiet o nhat
nh.
Ap dung nh luat tac dung khoi lng vao can
bang thuy phan cua cac muoi :
Muoi tao bi axt manh va baz yeu MA:
M[+MOH
+ H][2H
O+
] K MOH
n
+ Hh+2
Kt = +
= = Cm
[M ] K b (1 h )
Kt Kn
Cm h2 h = =
Cm K bC m
309
* Muoi tao bi axt yeu va baz manh MA:

A + H2O OH + HA
[OH ][ HA ] Kn h2
Kt = = = Cm
[A ] Ka (1 h )
Kt Kn
Cm h2 h = =
Cm K aC m
310
155
* Muoi tao bi axt yeu va baz yeu MOH:

M+ + A + H2O MOH + HA
[MOH ][ HA ]
Kn h2
Kt = = =
+
[M ][ A ] K K
a b (1 h )2
Kn
h2 h = K t =
K aK b
311
5.5.4. Tnh pH dung dch muoi thuy phan:

* Muoi tao bi axt manh va baz yeu:
M+ + H2O MOH + H+
Kn K nCm
[H + ] = C m .h = C m =
K bCm Kb
pH = (pKn pKb lg Cm)
312
156
* Muoi tao bi axt yeu va baz manh:

A + H2O OH + HA
Kn K nCm
[OH ] = C m .h = C m =
K aC m Ka
Kn K nKa
[H + ] = =
[OH ] Cm
pH = ( pKn + pKa + lg Cm)
313
* Muoi tao bi axt yeu va baz yeu:

M+ + A + H2O MOH + HA
[HA] Cm h h
[H + ] = K a = Ka = Ka
[A ] C m (1 h) 1 h
Kn K nKa
K a .h = K a
K aK b Kb
pH = ( pKn + pKa pKb )
pKn = lg Kn = pH +pOH =14; pKa = lg Ka .
pKb = lg Kb ; pOH = lg [OH];
Cm: nong o muoi trong dung dch.
314
157
5.6. S IEN LI CUA CHAT IEN LI KHO TAN

5.6.1. Can bang d the cua chat ien li kho tan va tch
so tan:
Trong dd co can bang d the gia chat ien li
kho tan va cac ion cua no.
V du: can bang ien li cua muoi kho tan AgCl
c bieu dien nh sau:
AgCl (r) Ag+ (d) + Cl (d)
315
n gian hoa: AgCl = Ag+ + Cl

[Ag + ][Cl ]
K= K[AgCl ] = [Ag + ][Cl ] = const = T.
[AgCl ]
T la hang so (tai nhiet o nhat nh) goi la tch
so tan cua AgCl.
5.6.2. Tch so tan va o tan cua chat ien li kho tan:
* nh ngha tch so tan: Chat ien li kho tan AmBn:
AmBn = mAn+ + nBm T = [An+]m[Bm]n
* Y ngha: ac trng cho tnh tan cua AmBn.
- nh tnh: T cang nho chat ien li cang kho tan.
316
158
V du: o tan cac chat ien li kho tan sau ay

giam dan theo th t:
AgCl(T=1,8.1010)AgBr(T=5,3.1013)AgI (T= 1.1016)
- nh lng:
Khi biet tch so tan T co the tnh c o tan S
cua chat ien li kho tan.
V du: Cho tch so tan cua Zn(OH)2 25oC
bang 1.1017.Tnh o tan (theo mol/lit) cua Zn(OH)2
25oC trong nc va trong dd ZnCl2 0,1 mol/lit.
317
Giai: + Trong nc:

Zn(OH)2 = Zn2+ + 2OH T = [Zn2+][OH]2 = 1.1017
T phng trnh ien li: [Zn2+] = S; [OH] = 2S M:
T = S(2S)2 = 4S3
T 3 1.10 17
S=3 = = 1,36.10 6 mol / lit.
4 4
318
159
+ Trong dd ZnCl2: ZnCl2 = Zn2+ + 2 Cl

tang nong o ion Zn2+, can bang chuyen dch theo
chieu nghch, lam giam o tan cua Zn(OH)2.
Neu goi 2x la nong o ion OH trong dd ZnCl2 th
nong o ion Zn2+ se la (x+0,1) mol/lit.
T ay (gan ung)
T = (x + 0,1)(2 x)2 0,4 x 2
T 1.10 17
S=x= = = 5.10 9 mol / lit.
0,4 0,4
319
Khi biet o tan co the tnh tch so tan :

V du: Tnh tch so tan cua CaSO4 20oC, biet o tan
cua no nhiet o tren la 1,5.102 mol/lit.
CaSO4 = Ca2 + + SO24
T = [Ca2 + ][SO24 ] = (1,5.10 2 )2 = 2,25.10 4.
- ieu kien ket tua va hoa tan chat ien li kho tan:
Ket tua: Tch so nong o cac ion (vi so mu tng
ng) cua chat ien li trong dd ln hn tch so tan cua
no nhiet o khao sat.
320
160
Hoa tan: Tch so nong o cac ion (vi so mu

tng ng) cua chat ien li trong dd nho hn tch so
tan cua no nhiet o khao sat.
V du: Co ket tua CaSO4 tao thanh hay khong
khi tron lan nhng the tch bang nhau cua 2 dd
CaCl2 va H2SO4 co nong o tng ng bang 0,5 va
0,1 mol/lit ( 20oC)?
321
CHNG VI
IEN HOA HOC
322
161
6.1. PHAN NG OXYHOA-KH VA DONG IEN

6.1.1. Khai niem ve phan ng oxyhoa kh :
- Phan ng xay ra co s thay oi so oxyhoa cua
cac nguyen to.
- ac iem chung:
* Co s trao oi e gia cac nguyen t cua cac
nguyen to.
* Gom 2 qua trnh :
Qua trnh cho e c goi qua trnh oxyhoa
Qua trnh nhan e c goi qua trnh kh.
323
* Gom 2 chat:
chat cho e c goi chat kh (chat b oxyhoa)
chat nhan e c goi chat oyhoa (chat b kh)
V du: Phan ng Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu la:
Phan ng oxyhoa-kh v co s trao oi e
gia Zn (cho 2 e) va Cu2+ (nhan 2 e).
Gom 2 qua trnh:
oxyhoa Zn (Zn 2e Zn2+)
kh Cu2+(Cu2+ +2e Cu).
324
162
Trong cac qua trnh oxyhoa va kh tren:

Zn va Cu c goi la dang kh,
Zn2+ va Cu2+ c goi la dang oxyhoa.
Gom 2 chat : chat kh la Zn va oxyhoa la
Cu2+.
KhI OxI + ne
OxII + ne KhII
Tong quat: KhI + OxII OxI + KhII
OxI, KhI va OxII, KhII la cac cap oxyhoa-kh I va II.
325
Phan ng oxyhoa-kh c tao thanh

t 2 cap oxyhoa-kh va chieu xay ra phu
thuoc vao ban chat cac cap oxyhoa-kh va
ieu kien tien hanh phan ng.
326
163
6.1.2. Phan ng oxyhoa-kh va dong ien:

- Tien hanh phan ng gia Zn va Cu2+:
chat oyhoa va chat kh tiep xuc trc tiep mot
cach bnh thng th hoa nang cua phan ng
chuyen thanh nhiet nang:
H o298 = 51,82 kcal / mol

s trao oi e xay ra trc tiep t Zn sang Cu2+.
327
-Cach khac:
Hai qua trnh oxyhoa Zn va kh Cu2+ xay ra
2 ni, e chuyen t Zn sang Cu2+ qua day dan kim
loai:
Co mot dong ien chay qua day dan, hoa nang
cua phan ng chuyen thanh ien nang.
Tien hanh phan ng oxyhoa kh trong mot
dung cu goi la nguyen to galvanic hay pin ien: la
thiet b thu c ien nang da tren phan ng
oxyhoa-kh xay ra trong no.
328
164
6.2. NGUYEN TO GALVANIC

6.2.1. Cau tao va hoat ong:
- Gom 2 ien cc noi vi nhau bang mot day
dan kim loai.
ien cc n gian gom 1 thanh kim loai nhung
trong dung dch chat ien li cua no.
V du: nguyen to galvanic CuZn : gom 2 ien
cc ong va kem (2 dung dch CuSO4, ZnSO4 c
ngan cach vi nhau bang mang xop; 2 thanh Cu, Zn
c noi vi nhau bang day dan).
329
- Hoat ong cua nguyen to CuZn:
Zn () (+) Cu
ZnSO4 CuSO4
mang xop
330
165
* ien cc kem:
qua trnh oxyhoa kem : Zn 2e Zn2+.
* ien cc ong:
qua trnh kh ion ong: Cu2+ + 2e Cu.
Cac qua trnh nay goi la qua trnh ien hoa hay
qua trnh ien cc.
Trong toan bo nguyen to galvanic:
dien ra phan ng oxyhoa-kh:
Zn +Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu.
331
Khi nguyen to galvanic hoat ong: tren cac

ien cc xay ra cac qua trnh ien hoa.
ien cc co qua trnh oxyhoa xay ra:
ien cc am (Zn).
ien cc co qua trnh kh xay ra la:
ien cc dng(Cu).
e t ien cc am (Zn) chuyen sang ien cc
dng (Cu).
332
166
- Ky hieu nguyen to galvanic:

Nguyen to CuZn: () Zn Zn2+ Cu2+ Cu (+)
Tong quat:
( ) M I M m
II
+
Mm
II
+
M II (+ )
333
6.2.2. Sc ien ong cua nguyen to galvanic:

- Sc ien ong E cua nguyen to galvanic la the
hieu cc ai cua nguyen to khi phan ng oxyhoa-kh c
s cua no dien ra thuan-nghch (nhiet ong).
- Khi nguyen to galvanic hoat ong thuan-nghch
th dong ien sinh ra co the thc hien c cong co ch
'
cc ai A 'max = nFE. khi t, p = const th A max = G ,
nen: G = n F E va Go = n F Eo = R T ln K
Sc ien ong cua nguyen to galvanic c s tren phan
ng oxyhoa-kh tong quat:
334
167
aA + bB = cC + dD
RT [C]c [D]d
c tnh theo phng trnh: E = E 0 ln
nF [A ]a [B]b
V du: Nguyen to galvanic CuZn, phan ng:

Cu2++Zn Cu+Zn2+ co Eo =1,1V. 25oC:
G o298 = nFE 0298 = 2x23062x1,1 = 50736 cal / mol
G 0298 = nFE 0298 = RT ln K

50736
ln K = 85,6845 K = 1,63.1037
1,987 298
335
6.2.3. The ien cc va phng trnh Nernst:

a- Khai niem ve the ien cc:
- The ien cc la ai lng the hieu ac trng cho
qua trnh ien cc hay ien cc, ky hieu la .
- Gia va G co quan he:
G = nF va G = nF o.
o: the ien cc tieu chuan;
n: so e trao oi trong qua trnh ien cc.
V du: oi vi qua trnh ien cc Zn Zn2+ +2e :
GZn = nFZn = 2 FZn.
336
168
- Sc ien ong cua nguyen to galvanic:

E = (+) () va
E o = (o+ ) (o )
V du: Sc ien ong tieu chuan cua nguyen to
galvanic CuZn:
b- Phng trnh Nernst:
- oi vi qua trnh ien cc tong quat, viet
theo chieu oxyhoa:
Kh Ox + ne:
RT [Ox]
= 0 + ln
nF [Kh ]
337
n: so electron trao oi trong qua trnh ien cc;

[Ox], [Kh]: tch nong o cac chat tham gia dang
oxyhoa dang kh;
F: so Faraday;
R: hang so kh ;
T: nhiet o tuyet oi.
Phng trnh Nernst, dung e tnh cua cac qua
trnh ien cc. 25oC:
0,059 [Ox]
= 0 + ln
nF [Kh ]
338
169
- phu thuoc vao ban chat chat tham gia qua trnh
ien cc (o), nhiet o (T) va nong o cac chat tham
gia qua trnh ien cc ([ ]).
- Y ngha cua o: The ien cc tieu chuan o
la the cua qua trnh ien cc a cho khi nong o cac
chat tham gia qua trnh o eu bang 1 n v.
- Ap dung phng trnh Nernst vao qua trnh
ien cc:
0,059 [H + ]2
H 2 2H +
+ 2e : H 2 = oH + lg
2 2 [H 2 ]
339
la the ien cc hyro tieu chuan (tng ng: p = 1

atm, [H+] = 1 mol/lit), theo quy c bang khong va
ap suat kh hyro s dung la 1 atm, nen:
H 2 = 0,059 lg[H + ] = 0,059 pH (V)
2+ o 0,059 [Zn 2 + ]
Zn Zn + 2e : Zn = H + lg
2 2 [Zn ]
o
V [Zn] = const va Zn = 0,763 V nen:
Zn = 0,763 + 0,030 lg [Zn2+] (V)
2+ 3+ [Fe 3+ ]
Fe Fe + 1e : Fe3+ = oFe3+ + 0,059 lg
Fe 2+
Fe 2+ [Fe 2 + ]
340
170
[Fe3+ ]
Fe3+ = 0,771 + 0,059 lg (V)
Fe 2+ [Fe2 + ]
c- Chieu xay ra cua phan ng oxyhoa-kh:

- Bang the ien cc tieu chuan: gom cua cac
qua trnh ien cc c sap xep theo th t tang
dan gia tr t au bang cho en cuoi bang.
Co the hieu c nhieu van e, v du: kha
nang oxyhoa-kh cua kim loai trong dung dch nc,
chieu hng xay ra cua cac phan ng oxyhoa-kh
341
- Xac nh chieu xay ra cua phan ng oxyhoa-

kh: da vao the ien cc cua cac qua trnh ien
cc trc tiep xac nh hoac tnh E hay G roi ket
luan:
Theo quy tac: Phan ng oxyhoa-kh xay ra
theo chieu dang oxyhoa cua qua trnh ien cc co
ln hn se oxyhoa dang kh cua qua trnh ien cc co
nho hn.
Chu y quy tac :
342
171
Tnh E va G: Neu E > 0 hay G < 0 th phan

ng xay ra theo chieu tnh toan, con neu E < 0 hay
G > 0 th phan ng xay ra theo chieu ngc lai.
V du 1: Xac nh chieu xay ra cua phan ng
oxyhoa kh 25oC:
5Fe2(SO4)3 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 8H2O
10FeSO4 + 2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4
Cho:
Fe2 + Fe3+ + 1e : o298 = 0,77 V;
Mn 2 + + 4H 2 O MnO4 + 8H + + 5e : o298 = 1,51 V
343
* Theo quy tac: V o298 cua cap MnO4 / Mn 2 +

ln hn nhieu cap Fe3+/ Fe2+ nen dang oxyhoa MnO4
cua cap MnO4 / Mn 2+ se oxyhoa dang kh Fe2+
cua cap Fe3+/ Fe2+, ngha la phan ng oxyhoa-
kh a cho dien ra theo chieu nghch khong
nhng ieu kien chuan ma con ca nhng
ieu kien khac.
344
172
* Tnh E theo chieu thuan:

Trong trng hp nay, theo quy tac xac
nh chieu xay ra cua phan ng oxyhoa-kh,
cap Fe3+/ Fe2+ ong vai tro ien cc dng va
cap ong vai tro ien cc am, nen:
Vay phan ng tren xay ra theo chieu nghch.
345
* Tnh G theo chieu nghch:

Theo quy tac xac nh chieu xay ra cua phan
ng oxyhoa-kh, cap Fe3+/ Fe2+ ong vai tro ien
2+
cc am va cap MnO 4 / Mn ong vai tro ien cc
dng, nen:
G o298 = nFE o298 = 10x96500x(1,51 0,77) = 714100 j = 714,1 kj
Vay phan ng tren xay ra theo chieu nghch.
V du 2: Xac nh chieu xay ra cua phan ng
oxyhoa-kh: Hg 22 + + 2Fe 2 + 2Hg + 2Fe3+
trong 2 trng hp:
346
173
a) [Hg 22 + ] = [Fe 2 + ] = 10 1 ,[Fe3+ ] = 10 4 mol / lit

b) [Hg 22 + ] = [Fe 2 + ] = 10 4 ,[Fe3+ ] = 10 1 mol / lit
Cho: 2 Hg [Hg 22 + ] + 2e, (o1) = 0,79 V;
Fe 2 + Fe 3+ + 1e, (o2 ) = 0,77 V
Muon xac nh chnh xac chieu xay ra cua
phan ng a cho can tnh the ien cc cua chung
trong moi trng hp cu the:
* Trng hp a:
(1) = (o1) + 0,030 lg[ Hg 22 + ] = 0,79 + 0,030 lg 10 1 = 0,76 V
347
[Fe 3+ ] 10 4
(2 ) = (o2 ) + 0,059 lg = 0,77 + 0,059 lg 1 = 0,59 V
[Fe 2 + ] 10
2+
V (1) > (2) nen Hg2 oxyhoa Fe2+, ngha la
phan ng dien ra theo chieu thuan.
* Trng hp b:
(1) = (1) + 0,030 lg[ Hg 22 + ] = 0,79 + 0,030 lg 10 4 = 0,67 V
o
[Fe 3+ ] 10 1
(2 ) = (o2 ) + 0,059 lg = 0,77 + 0,059 lg = 0,95 V
[Fe 2 + ] 10 4
V (1) < (2) nen Fe3+ oxyhoa Hg, ngha la phan
ng dien ra theo chieu nghch.
348
174
6.3. S IEN PHAN

T oc e hieu c:
- Khai niem ve qua trnh ien phan va moi
quan he gia no vi qua trnh galvanic
- Cac qua trnh ien phan chat ien li nong
chay, dung dch chat ien li.
- Cac nh luat ien phan va khai niem ng
lng ien hoa.
- Nguon ien: pin va acquy.
349
175

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Bài giảng Hóa đại cương A - ThS. Đặng Đình Khôi PDF

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TRNG AI HOC TON C THANG

KHOA KHOA HOC NG DUNG

E CNG CHI TIET MON HOC

Bai giang HOA AI CNG Gii thieu

1. Ten hoc phan: Hoa ai Cng A

7. Mo ta van tat noi dung hoc phan:

Bai giang HOA AI CNG Gii thieu

8. Nhiem vu cua sinh vien:

[2] BAI TAP HOA HOC AI CNG

Bai giang HOA AI CNG Gii thieu

12. Noi dung chi tiet hoc phan:

CHNG III: Nhiet ong lc hoc cua cac qua

Bai giang HOA AI CNG Gii thieu

1.1 NHNG KHAI NIEM VA NH LUAT C S

Bai giang HOA AI CNG Gii thieu

1.1.6 nh luat bao toan khoi lng

1.1.12 NG LNG VA NH LUAT

ng lng cua mot nguyen to, mot hp

Bai giang HOA AI CNG Gii thieu

Cac nguyen to hoa hoc ket hp vi nhau theo

Trong mot ng hoa hoc so ng lng

Bai giang HOA AI CNG Gii thieu

ng lng cua mot nguyen to phu thuoc vao

1.1.13 PHNG TRNH TRANG THAI KH

Bai giang HOA AI CNG Gii thieu

1.1.14 XAC NH KHOI LNG NGUYEN T

1.1.14 XAC NH NG LNG

Bai giang HOA AI CNG Gii thieu

1.2 KHAI NIEM VE NGUYEN T VA QUANG

Trong mot nguyen t trung hoa:

Bai giang HOA AI CNG Gii thieu

Khoi lng ien tch

Proton 1,672623.10 -27 1,007277 +1,602177.10 -19 +4,802298.10 -10 +1

b. Khai niem ve quang pho nguyen t

Bai giang HOA AI CNG Gii thieu

1.3 CAU TAO NGUYEN T THEO C HOC

a. Ban chat song - hat cua cac hat vi mo:

Bai giang HOA AI CNG Gii thieu

h: hang so Planck; m, v: khoi lng, toc o hat vi mo;

Bai giang HOA AI CNG Gii thieu

-Y ngha: ac trng cho trang thai

Bai giang HOA AI CNG Gii thieu

1.3.2. TRANG THAI E TRONG NGUYEN T

Giai phng trnh song Schrdinger oi vi he

b. Cac so lng t va y ngha

Bai giang HOA AI CNG Gii thieu

- n co gia tr nguyen, dng, t 1 en : 1 , 2 , 3 ,

Nguyen nhan xuat hien quang pho vach nguyen t.

Bai giang HOA AI CNG Gii thieu

- Cac e co cung mc nang lng hop thanh lp e hay

- oi vi nguyen t nhieu e, l con xac nh ca

Bai giang HOA AI CNG Gii thieu

- Hnh dang cac am may e:

* So lng t t ml va s nh hng cua am may e,

Bai giang HOA AI CNG Gii thieu

- ml ac trng cho tng tac cua t trng ngoai

Bai giang HOA AI CNG Gii thieu

Cach nh hng cua cac AO tng ng vi n=2:

Bai giang HOA AI CNG Gii thieu

So lng t spin hay spin ms:

Bai giang HOA AI CNG Gii thieu

1.3.2. TRANG THAI ELECTRON TRONG

Bai giang HOA AI CNG Gii thieu