Al-Mustansiriyah University

College of Science
Department of Physics


/
5102 5102

. :
. :.

1
 -3 -
- 10 -

- 24 - 1

- 31 - 2

- 36 - 3
)( A.C
- 40 - 4

- 44 - 5

-50- 6

:
-58-

7
-61- :

-64- 8

-69- 9

-75- 11

" "

2


.

- 1 .
- 2
- 3 .
- 4 .
- 5 .
- 6
.
- 7 .
- 8 .

-:

- 1 .
- 2 .
- 3 .

-:

-:

( ) . 1- 1
. 2- 1
. 3- 1
. 4- 1

3
 :

- 1 .
- 2 .
- 3 .
- 4 .
- 5 .
- 6 .
- 7 .

:
, .

: .

:
,
.

:
.

:
,
.

R I
V R .

4
 ,

, R
R . V , I V
I
. R

) HK , ( 1 , HK
G OG = a
, A ) , ( x ,y AN OX
GM . OY

K
Y A

a
H X
0 N
) ( 1

AMG

5
 m a
. o

m ) ( x2 , y2 ) ( x1 , y1

. ) ( 2 :

=m

QR = X2 X1 PR = Y 2 Y1
Y,X .

6
 : ) ( 3 E b ,
i , A , R (
) :

) ( 3

R=E

y mx + a

R 1/ i


) ( A + b .

( , ) .
( , ) .

, :

)R (

Slope = RI
7
 A+b

) ( 1

Hz Hertz
N Newton
Pa Pascal ,
, ,
J joule

W Watt
C Coulomb
V Volt ,
F Farad
Ohm
S Siemens
Wb Weber

T Tesla ,

H Henry
C Degree Celsius
lm Lumen
lx Lux

) ( 2

9

,
( )

,
- :

Atomic Structure- :

(
)

, ,
.
( )

,

,
-:

10
 - 1Conductors- :

- 2Insulators- :

, .

- 3 Semiconductors- :

...

Voltage- :

( ) EMF()electromotive force


, , ,
,
(.)V

11
 Electric current- :

,

.

( )
( ) ,
( )
,

(,)A ( )I , ( )I ) , ( C

. "
" Current " " Current intensity

- :

Direct - 1(
) Current D.C


.
()1 ,
.

- 2 ( ) Alternating Current - : A.C

.
, ,

12
 ,. ,
,
, .

-:

()2
Resistance - :


, ,......
,)( ,)R( ,)(
.

-:

.1 .2 . .3. .4 . .5 .
.

- :

) (1

- :

-: R (Electrical resistance ( .

-: )Resistivity) .

13
 - :L )Length of connector(.

- :A ( Cross section area ) .

Ohm's Law - :

,
,
,
- :

=R )... (2
- :

:V Voltage

: R Resistance Electrical

- :

* - : ,
.
.

* - : .

Capacitor-:


,
,


- :
14
)C=Q/V(3

c / v S.I .

- :

1 2 . 3 . .

() 3

Coil - :

,
, ,
,



, .)HENRY (

15
 ()4

Connecting Electrical Circuit Types of - :

,
,
, ,
( , ) I
) (V .

- :

, - :

16
 ()5

- :

.1 ( ) I -:

)Itotal=I1=I2=I3=. =I n . (3

.2 () V - :

)V total= V1+V2+V3+..+Vn (4

.3 ( ) Rtotal -:

)..................(5

,
, ,
(. mutual inductance (M

)Ltotal=L1+L2+L3+..+Ln. (6

,
- :

17
)1/Ctotal=1/C1+1/C2+1/C3...(7

- :

, ) I)
, .

()6
- :

.1 ( ) I -:

)I=I1+I2+I3+.. (1

.2 ( ) V -:

)V=V1=V 2=V 3=... (2

.3 ( ) Rtotal - :

)I/Rtotal=1/R1+1/R2+1/R3+ (3

- :

18
)1/Ltotal=1/L1+1/L2+1/L3.. (4

- :

)Ctotal= C1+C2+C3. (5

Electromagnetic - :

,
(
, )

,
(,)
.

(
)


.

Measurement Devices- :
Galvanometer - :


,
,

19


.

()Voltmeter - :
()
( )

( )

,
( )
.

()Ammeter- :

.

, (
).

( )Oscilloscope

,
.

20
 - :

.1(. (Screen

.2.)Power(

.3. ( Vertical axis )

.4. ( Horizontal axis )

.5 (.)Trigger

.6 (.)Inputs

.1 (-: (Screen

, -:
- 1 - :
.
- 2 -:
.

21
 3 -
.2 ( - :) Power

.

4 -
.2 ) - : ( Vertical axis
( ) ,

) ( CH1 , CH2 .

.3 ) - : ( Horizontal axis
( )
- :
- 1 -:
.

22
 - 2 - :
.

5 -

- 5 (- : )Trigger

, .

- 6 ( - : )Input
-:
- 1 -: CH1
.
- 2 - : CH2
.

- 6 -
23
 ) ( 1

Verifying Ohms law and measuring specific resistances
The objects of the experimental- :
.1 ) ) constantan
).)cross sectional-area
.2 ( (constantan .

.3 ( )constantan .

.4 ohm's law .

Principles - :

, ( (V
( (I , - :

24
 )V= I.R .. (1

( ) R ).)resistance
( ) R ) (L cross section area )A(
, (.)
( )R - :
)R=.L/A ... (2
= specific resistance of the material.

, ( ) ,
( .) 2

Apparatus- :

. 1 (.(R

.2 ( )Power supply D.C / A.C

.3 (.(100cm

.4 ). (100cm

.5 ). (25cm

)1( .6( )Ammeter/D.c .

)1( .7( )Voltmeter/D.c .

25
 Setup and carrying out the experiment :

.1 (.)1

() 1
.2 constantan( ,(1mm
.)Ammeter(

.3 (. constantan(0.7mm

.4 , )0V-1.2V ( ) ) 0.1V
(.)1

.5 ()4 )constantan)0.5mm ( 0.4V )3.6V

) )0.35mm()constantan ( 0.8V. ) 4V

.6 (.)constantan0.7 mm

.7 , .

.8 ( .(0.4V

26
 .9 ) ( Brass 0.5mm ) ( 0.1 V
) . ( Constantan 0.5 mm

.11 .

Evaluation and results - :

.1 ) ,(1 ) V)
(.Current )I

.2 ) ( 2 ( )Constantan()thickness d=0.7mm
, ( ) V
).Current(I

..3 )V( ( ) I ,
(,) a=0.8mm2 a=0.4mm2 a=0.2mm2 a=0.1 mm2
, ( ( R .)slope)

.4 ) R) ,(a)
.

.5 ) (V ( (I Constantan Brass
Cross-sectional area(a) Brass
Constantan ( )a=0.2mm ). )L=1m

27
 )1(

) a ( (d( ) Constantan(
)L=1m)

d=1.0mm d=0.7mm d=0.5mm d=0.35mm

a=0.8mm2 a=0.4mm2 a=0.2mm2 a=0.1mm2
V(volt) I (Amp) V(volt) I(Amp) V(volt) I(Amp) V(volt) I (Amp)

)2(

)L=1m( )d=0.5mm(

Brass Constantan
V(volt) I (Amp) V (volt) I (Amp)

28
 )V (volt

)I (Amp

) : (2

)R (

) a ( mm2

( : ) 3 R ) (a

)V (volt

)I (Amp

( : )4

29

. -1
. -2
. -3
. -4
. -5
-6
.
-7
.

30
 () 2

Verifying Kirchhoffs laws

The objects of the experimental- :

. 1 .
. 2 .
.3 2 1 .
Principles- :

, - :
.1 - :

31
I = 0

- 2 - :

, .
,
,
.
,
R1,R2,.., Rn ( ) v
( ,(I1,I2,I3 In :
I
, ( )R:

,
V1,V2,..V n
, :

R:

32
 Apparatus- :

.1 .) 220, 330, 470, 1K, 5.6K, 10K, 100K )

.2 ( )D.C .

.3 (.(50cm

.4( .)Voltmeter

.5 ) . ( Ammeter

Setup and carrying out the experiment :

.A Parallel Connection of resistors- :

.1 , (-:)1

() 1

.2 ( ) D.C .

.3 ) . ( V = 10 Volt
- :
.1 -:
Ri Ii R i . Ii
) (K )(mA )(Volt
220
330
470

33
 .2 (I( (.)1

.3 ( ) 2
.

()Ri I i
).)V

.4 .

.B - :
.1 , (.)2

() 2

.2 ( ) D.C .

.3 ( .)V=10 Volt

Evaluation and results - :

.1 -:

()1

Ri Ii Ri.Ii
) ( )( mA )(Volt
220
330
470

34
 . 2 .)I(

.3 (,V2,V3(V 1 (.)R1,R2,R3
.4 .
.5 (.)4
.6 .
- :

- :
-1
-2
-3

-4
-5

35
 ) ( 3
) ( A.c circuit
Determining the inductive reactance of a coil in an A.c circuit
The objects of the experimental - :
- 1 VL IL
- 2 V I

Principles - :

(
) D.c circuit ) ( short circuit
( )
.

36
 ) ( A.c Circuit
XL :

)XL = -------------------------------------------------------- (1

). ( 91

1 -

I R:

=I )---------------------------------------------------- (2

) ( VL ( Peak Voltage
) :

= XL )------------------------------------------------- (3

)XL = 2FL -------------------------------------------- (4

XL f XL L

37
 - :

- 1 ( .) 2
- 2 ) ( VR ) ( CH1 (
) VL ) ( CH2 .
- 3 ) ( DUAL
) ( VL ) ( VR

) ( 2
- 4 5KHZ ) ( 6 volt .

- 5 ( time ) ( Voltage )
.
- 6
.

b .

- 1 5KHZ
). ( t = 200 ms
- 2 .
- 3 ( ) peak voltage (
) . VL,VR .

c .

- 1 ) ( 2 L2 , L1 . 10
- 2 ( Peak voltage )
VR VL .

38
 Evaluation and results - :
- 1

( ) (
) ( )
91 .

2 .

- 1 -

R = 10 , f = 5000 Hz

N VR VL I = VR/R XL = VL / I
1000
2000

- 2 -

R = 10 , N = 2000

) F ( Hz VR VL I = VR / R XL = VL/I
400
500
1000
2000
4000
- 4 XL f
XL / f ) ( 4 .

)XL (

) F ( Hz

39
 ()4

Determining capacitive reactance
With a Wien measuring bridge
The Objects of the Experimental - :
.1 .

.2 (.)A.C

Principles - :

.
( )1843
.


(.)1

40
 ()1

.)cathode ray oscilloscope)

A, B ( )Amplitude
( )phase A, B , - :

- :

- :C1 ).(The Capacitance

- : f ) (A.C voltage.

41
 Apparatus- :
.1 (.)1F

.2 ( .)4.7F

.3 .Plug in board

.4 (.)100

.5 (.)potentiometer

.6 ( .)generator function

.7 ( .(Oscilloscope

Setup and carrying out the experiment - :

.1 (.)2

()2

.2 C1 ) )1F C2 .

.3 . R4

.4 (.)500HZ- 200HZ-100HZ

- 5 .

42
 Evaluation and results - :

.C1 - 1 ()4
- 2 ( )2 .

- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5

43
 ()5

Determining the capacitance of a sphere in free space
The objects of the experimental - :
. 1 .

.2 .

.3 ( ) .

Principles - :

, - :

)Q = C. V .(1

44
 - :C .

C ,
R- :

)C = 4. . . R.. (2

= 8.85. 10-12 C2 /N.m2

(.)1

=V ). -------------------------- (3

,
Q

- :

Q ). (4

C R - :
()1 C ) . (5

Q ) ( electrometer amplifier

) . ( Coulomb meter
. V A CA - :

)Q = CA. VA (6

Apparatus- :

.1 .

.2 ( .(10 KV

.3 ) .( electrometer amplifier

.4 .Faraday's cup

.5 ).(1nF

45
 .6 ).)10nF

.7 .( voltmeter )DC

.8 .

Setup and carrying out the experiment :-

.1 .

. 2 , ( V.)1 KV

. 3 (.)2

()2
. 4 ,
,
(. )3

46
 ()3
.5 ( (1KV-10KV
. 6 .

Evaluation and results - :

.1
()1

) V ( KV ) Q ( nAs ) Q ( nAs ) Q ( nAs

d= 2.5 cm d = 3.0 cm d = 3.5 cm
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0

.2 Q V

) ( Q = C . V

47
 )Q (nAs

)V (volt

. 3 ( ) C
) ) d - :

-2-

) d ( cm )C ( PF
2.5
3.0
3.5

) ) C ( )d

(. ) 2

)C ( PF

) d ( cm

48

-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

49
 )) 6
Measuring the induction voltage in a conductor loop
moving within a magnetic field


Objects of the experimental - :
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .

Principles - :

,) B(
(- : )1

) = B. A.. (1

50
 ( ) A ,
, ( )A
. ( )b ( )dX
) ) dA=-b.dX ( )dhi=B.b.dx
( )dt- :

)d/dt = -B.b.dx/dt (2

) ( 1

,
, ( ) V -:

)V= - d/dt .(3

-:

) = dx/dt (4
- :

51
)V =B.b. ... (5

Apparatus - :
.1 .Power Supply

)6( .2 .6 Pairs of magnets cylindrical

.3 .Experiment motor

.4 .Control unit for experiment motor

.5 .Microvolt meter

Setup and carrying out the experiment :

.1 ( (widths
, (,)b=4cm
),) b=2cm ) ,(b=4cmcos458
(.)2.8cm

.2 () ,
,
,
, .) 01:02:04(

,
,
.

.a - :

.1 meter microvolt (.)zero

.2 ) , )8
.

.3 ) )b=4cm ( ) g (. )2

52
 () 2

.4 ( ) Microvolt meter
( .)50 V

.5 ,
( ) Micro switch , ,
.

.6 , , .

Evaluation and results - :

. 1 - :

() 1

V volt
1
2
3

53
. 2 ,
, .

) V ( Volt
()3

)(m/sec

) ( 3

. B - :

. 1 ( ) b =4cm (.)g

. 2 .

.3 ( ) b= 2.8 cm .

Evaluation and results - :

.1 .

() 2
) b( cm )V (v
4
2.8
2

54
. 2 ,
.

)V ( V

)b ( cm

() 4
.C - :

.1 ( (b=4cm .

.2 ( (8 ,
.

. 3 , .

. 4 ( ) 6 ,
.

.5 ) n=2( .

55
 Evaluation and results - :
. 1 .

() 3
n )V (v
8
6
5
4
3
2

.2
.

)V ( V

()5

56
 - :
-1
e.m.f e.m.f -2
-3
-4

-5

-6
.

57
 () 7

Displaying lines of electric flux
The objects of the experimental- :
.
Principles- :

.

.
-:

58
 .1 .
.2 .
.3 .
( )
.
Apparatus- :
.1 .)overhead projector(
.2 .)cables)
.3 .Power supply
.4 . (.)1
Setup and carrying out the experiment :
.1 ))indicator vessel .
.2 .
.3 (indicator vessel) .
.4 ( )pvc ) ) socket
.5 ()power supply ).(10 kV from 100 mA

() 1

59
 - :
- 1 Electric field
- 2 .
- 3 .
- 4 - :
- 1 .
- 2 .
- 5 .
- 6 .
- 7 Electric field strength ( E) .

60
 )) 7
)(Relay
Generating D.C Voltage using stationary Field
The objects of the experimental - :
.

Principles - :

61

.
:

- 1

) ( Relay
6
( ) ,
Relay Relay .

Apparatus - :
- 1 . Relay
- 2 .
- 3 . 2
- 4 . 2
- 5 . power supply
- 6

62
Setup and carrying out the experiment - :
- 1 :

- 2

- 2 .
- 3 .
- 4 .

- 1 . ( Relay )
- 2 ) . ( Relay
- 3 .
- 4 ) . ( Relay
- 5 ( ) .
- 6 .

63
 ( ) 8

The ammeter as an Ohmic resistor in a circuit
The objects of the experimental -:
.1 .

.2 .

Principles - :

) (Ri
.
.
.

64
 (). -:

V
Ri ) (1
I Ri

- :

:V

:IRi

R R Ri,1

)RG R Ri ,1 (2

:RG .

:R .

:Ri,1 .

(A*)
)*(A

RG ) RG Ri , 2 ....................................................(3

: Ri,2 .

- :

1 RG
) (4
I Ri RG

.
.

)I I Ri I Rp ..(5

65
 - :I .

-:IRP .

- :

)I RP RP I Ri Ri (6

Ri
I Rp I Ri )...)7
Rp

()7 ( )5 -:

R
)I I Ri 1 i .. (8
Rp

( ) 8 ( ) RP
( )8 .

Apparatus - :
1 D.C power supply

2 Plug in board

- 3 82 3

4 4.7 k 1

setup and carrying out the experiment

a

- 1 ) ( 1
- 2 ( 1 mA)

66
 - 3

V VA . ( 1 mA)

- 4
.
-5 ). (V= 0

( ) 1
Evaluation and results - :
1

)( mA )( V )(
1.0

b () .

- 1 ) . ( 2
- 2 , ) A ( short circuit

.a bridging plug
V
- 3 * A. ( 1 mA )
-4
* A. (1 mA)
bridging plug ( +) -5
.
() 2
. -6
. ( V = 0 ) -7

C ()

- 1 * A. ( 10 mA)
- 2 A . 3

67
 - 3
. 3
RP = 246
V . R = 82
- 4
A* . ( 2 mA )

) ( 3

- 5 I * A
. A
- 6 (V=0) .

Evaluation and results - :

- 1
.
- 2 ( V = 0 ) .
- 3 .

)( )I ( mA )IRi ( mA I/ IRi (1+ )

246

164

82

41

68
 ( ) 9

Operating a DCpower supply as constant current and
constant voltage source

The objects of the experimental- :

- 1 .
- 2 .
- 3 .

Principles - :

RL V0
. Ri V ( )
V0 ( ) 1

69
 ( ) 1

-:

V = V0 Ri . I ---------------------------- ( 1 ) Real voltage source

, RL I0
( ) . Ri (
) I ( ) 2

( ) 2

- :

I = I0 V / Ri ---------------------------- ( 2 ) Real current source

V0 I0

) RG = V0 / I0 ------------------------------( 3

70
 Apparatus- :

- 1 . AC / DC power supply , 0 . 15 V / 0 5V
- 2 . Rheostat, 10
- 3
- 4 . Multimeter

Setup and carrying out the experiment :-

(a - :

- 1
) . ( 5 ampere
- 2 . 10 volt
- 3 ( ( ) 3

) .

) ( 3

- 4 .
- 5 (
0.5 ampere )
.

71
 - 6
.
- 7 .

(b - :

- 1 .
- 2 15
. ampere
- 3 . 3 ampere
- 4
.
- 5 ( . ) 3
- 6 .
- 7 1 volt

. ( 2 , 5 , 10 )
- 8 . 3 ampere

(c - :

- 1 ( ) .
- 2 . 6 volt
- 3 2
.
- 4 .
- 5 0.5 ampere .
- 6 .

72
 (d - :

- 1
.
- 2 1.5 ampere
.
- 3
.
- 4 10 ( .) 3
- 5
- 6 1 volt .
- 7 1 volt 1.5
ampere .
- 8 . 2 , 5

Evaluation and results - :

(a .
- 1
() 1
) V( volt ) I ( ampere ) RL (
10

10

10

5.5

0.3

- 2 ( RL ) ( V ) .
- 3

73
 (b - :

- 1 -:

() 2

) I ( ampere ) V (volt )RL(

3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
2.00
1.51

- 2 I RL
.
- 3 .

74
 ()11

Determining the Faraday constant
Objects of the experimental - :
- 1 .
- 2 ) ( W .
- 3 .

Principles - :

.
) ( Q .
NA - :

)F = N A .e(1

75
 () 1

, ( ) .
) ( 1moles ,
- :

)Q = n. F. z (2

,
. ( P )
) ,(T ) . ( V

) n1( moles -:

=n1

- :

R = 8.314 )(General gas constant

) H+ ( , ( )Z
( 1.1 ) ( ,)H+ ( 1 mole )
) H2 ( 1 mole ( 2 moles ) .

76
 ) moles( n1 .

n=2.

( W )
). (V

- :

==Q

()5 43 - :

=F

Apparatus- :

- 1 .
- 2 ( ).
- 3 .)15 V ) D.C
-4 ).(Thermometer

Setup and carrying out the experiment :

- :

- 1 H2SO4
.
- 2 watt meter )( 2
.
- 3 ) ( V0 15V 30V
.
- 4 ( 5 )
.

77
 - 5
.
- 6 15 ( ws . )
.

()2

Evaluation and results - :

- 1 ( )
2ml start/stop
7ml start / stop
.
- 2 ) ( W ) ( T
. ( P )
- 3 ) . ( 6

78